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Food Network
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Food Network - wikipedia Food Network Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the US channel . For other uses , see Food Network ( disambiguation ) . Food Network Launched September 27 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 09 - 27 ) Owned by Scripps Networks Interactive ( 70 % ) Tribune Media ( 30 % ) Television Food Network , G.P. Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i / 576i ( SDTV ) Audience share UK : 0.21 % 0.02 % ( + 1 ) ( April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 ) , BARB ) Slogan Dig In ! Country United States Broadcast area Worldwide Headquarters New York City , New York , United States Formerly called Television Food Network ( 1993 -- 97 ) Sister channel ( s ) Cooking Channel DIY Network Fine Living GAC HGTV Travel Channel Travel Channel ( international ) Website www.foodnetwork.com Availability Terrestrial Freeview ( UK ) Channel 41 Freeview ( Australia ) Channel 33 Satellite Astro ( Malaysia ) Channel 727 ( HD ) DirecTV Channel 231 ( SD / HD ) Channel 2104 ( Asia ) Dish Network Channel 110 ( HD / SD ) Channel 9462 ( HD ) SKY Brasil ( Brazil ) Channel 492 ( HD ) Channel 1492 ( VOD ) Sky ( UK & Ireland ) Channel 248 Channel 250 ( + 1 ) Freesat ( UK ) Channel 148 Channel 149 ( + 1 ) Astra 2E 11426 V 27500 5 / 6 DStv ( South Africa ) Channel 175 D - Smart ( Turkey ) Channel 54 ( HD ) OSN ( Middle East and North Africa ) Channel 221 ( HD ) Kontinent TV ( Russia ) 11960 H ( SD ) MTS TV ( Russia ) 12033 V ( HD ) Cable Spectrum Channel 162 Virgin Media ( UK ) Channel 291 Virgin Media Ireland ( Ireland ) Channel 508 Sky Cable ( Philippines ) Channel 68 ( SD Digital ) Channel 182 ( HD ) Ziggo ( Netherlands ) Channel 138 ( HD ) Destiny Cable ( Philippines ) Channel 108 ( Analog ) IPTV AT&T U-verse 1452 ( HD ) 452 ( SD ) Meo Online Watch live ( Portugal only ) horizon Watch live ( Ireland only ) Virgin TV Anywhere Watch live ( UK only ) Fetch TV ( Australia ) Channel 127 now TV ( Hong Kong ) Channel 526 ( SD / HD ) Zazeen ( Canada ) Channel 115 ( HD ) Streaming media TVPlayer Watch live ( UK only ) TVPlayer Watch live ( + 1 Timeshift ) ( UK only ) PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television Food Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel . It is majority - owned by Scripps Networks Interactive , with a 30 % stake held by Tribune Media . It airs programming related to cooking and cuisine , including reality competition programs involving cooking , and food - oriented travel series . As of January 2016 , 95.0 million households receive Food Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Programming 3 Carriage 3.1 UK and international 4 Food Network video game 5 International versions 6 Television Food Network , G.P. 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Food Network was founded on April 19 , 1993 as `` TV Food Network '' and was launched on September 27 of that year ; its legal name remains Television Food Network , G.P. Within a few years , the network had shortened its on - air brand name by removing `` TV '' from its name . It was developed by Reese Schonfeld ( one of the founders of CNN ) , under the direction of Providence Journal president Trygve Myrhen . Its original partners included the Journal itself , Adelphia , Scripps - Howard , Continental Cablevision , Cablevision , and most importantly , the Tribune Company , which provided the network 's technical output . The network was initially launched as a preview in September 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten , Donna Hanover , and Robin Leach . Former logo , used from 1997 to 2003 . Schonfeld , who was also a partner in the company , was appointed as managing director of TV Food Network and maintained a spot on its management board along with two Providence Journal employees . The original lineup for the network included Emeril Lagasse ( Essence of Emeril ) , Debbi Fields , Donna Hanover , David Rosengarten , Curtis Aikens , Dr. Louis Arrone , Jacques Pépin , and Robin Leach . The following year , the network acquired the rights to the Julia Child library from WGBH . In 1995 , Schonfeld resigned as managing director of the network , but remained on its board until 1998 , when he sold his interest in the company to Scripps . Erica Gruen was hired as president / CEO of the network in 1996 , becoming only the second woman in history to be CEO of a U.S. television network , and led it to explosive growth through 1998 , tripling the subscriber base , viewership and revenue , and launching FoodNetwork.com , the # 1 site for food . In fact , in 1997 , it was the second fastest growing cable network . Gruen changed the brand positioning from Schonfeld 's `` TV for people who cook '' to `` TV for everyone who loves to eat , '' thereby greatly improving the appeal to viewers and advertisers , and saving the network from bankruptcy . Greg Willis and Cathy Rasenberger were two of the original members of the start - up team who led the affiliate sales and marketing of the company from 1995 to 1998 . Greg Willis served as senior vice president of worldwide distribution until he left to join Liberty Media in 1998 . Food Network logo used from 2003 to 2013 . In 2013 , a new version of this logo was introduced with a different font . The A.H. Belo Corporation acquired Food Network when it purchased The Providence Journal Company in 1996 . Myrhen left the Journal Company the following year . Belo sold the network to the E.W. Scripps Company in 1997 , in a trade deal that resulted in Belo acquiring the television - radio station combination of KENS - AM / TV in San Antonio , Texas . In March 2009 , the Food Network launched a repurposed Food.com as a bookmarking site that allows users to aggregate and search for recipes from different sources online . The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of Food Network launched on March 31 , 2008 . Food Network was first launched outside of North America in the United Kingdom on November 9 , 2009 , and in Asia on July 5 , 2010 ( on StarHub TV channel 433 and in HD on channel 468 ) . Since the UK launch on November 9 , 2009 on Sky , the channel has been added to the Freesat , Freeview and Virgin Media platforms . In 2017 , both of the network 's stakeholders became the subject of pending acquisitions , with Discovery Communications having announced its intent to acquire Scripps Networks Interactive , and Sinclair Broadcast Group having announced its intent to acquire Tribune . Programming ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : List of programs broadcast by Food Network Food Network programming is divided into a daytime block known as `` Food Network in the Kitchen '' and a primetime lineup branded as `` Food Network Nighttime '' . Generally , `` In the Kitchen '' is dedicated to instructional cooking programs , while `` Nighttime '' features food - related entertainment programs , such as cooking competitions , food - related travel shows , and reality shows . Promos identify `` Food Network Nighttime '' programming but not `` In the Kitchen '' daytime programming . Many of the channel 's personalities routinely pull double - duty ( or more ) -- hosting both daytime and nighttime programming -- and the channel regularly offers specials which typically either follow its personalities on working vacations , or bring together a number of personalities for a themed cooking event . Food Network airs infomercials on Sundays from 4 : 00 to 9 : 30 a.m. ET , Monday through Thursdays from 5 : 00 to 9 : 30 a.m. ET , and on Fridays and Saturdays from 4 : 00 to 7 : 00 a.m. ET . The UK channel has a teleshopping window from 03.00 to 06.00 ( UK time GMT / BST as applicable ) daily . Mario Batali and Bobby Flay joined the network in 1995 . In 1996 , Erica Gruen , the network 's CEO , and Joe Langhan , an executive producer at the Food Network , created Emeril Live ! , which became the channel 's signature series . Although Batali has moved on to other endeavours , Flay still appears regularly on many programs , including Iron Chef America , the channel 's well - received remake of the original Japanese series . Iron Chef America 's host , Alton Brown , gained a cult following for his Good Eats , which mixed science , cooking and off - beat humor . In 2002 , Food Network made an appeal to the home cook by adding Paula 's Home Cooking , hosted by Paula Deen . Home Cooking focused mostly on Southern cuisine and comfort food . The show took overly complicated recipes and classic dishes and broke them down for the home cook . The show did increasingly well , and Deen revamped the show in a series called Paula 's Best Dishes . In this series , friends and family members would join her in the kitchen and put a twist on classics and introduce new recipes . In June 2013 , Food Network announced that they were not renewing Deen 's contract due to publicity about her racial remarks revealed in a lawsuit brought on by a former worker . Currently , the channel 's biggest cross-over stars are Rachael Ray and Paula Deen , who have both taken their cable following ( primarily through the series 30 Minute Meals , $40 a Day , and Paula 's Best Dishes ) into a syndicated talk show and Positively Paula . Both Paula Deen and Rachael Ray also have merchandise lines of cookware , food products and pet lines . Beginning in 2005 , an annual reality contest , The Next Food Network Star , brought viewers to New York City to compete for their own show on the channel . Previous winners include Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh ( Party Line with The Hearty Boys ) , Guy Fieri ( Guy 's Big Bite , Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives , Guy Off the Hook , Ultimate Recipe Showdown , Guy 's Big Night , Guy 's Family Feast , Guy 's Grocery Games ) , Amy Finley ( The Gourmet Next Door ) , Aaron McCargo , Jr . ( Big Daddy 's House ) , Melissa d'Arabian ( Ten Dollar Dinners ) , and Aarti Sequeira ( Aarti Party ) . For the 2010 season , production of The Next Food Network Star was relocated to Los Angeles . It has become the network 's flagship show . For most of its 13 - year run , season finales of the show have been followed by lead - out shows the network deems has great potential and will draw even more viewers . These consist of either premieres of new shows , season premieres of continuing shows , or episodes of continuing shows that are significant to the schedule . For instance , the most recent season finale of Star was followed by the world premiere of Guy Fieri 's latest series , Guy 's Family Road Trip . In December 2007 , The New York Times business section published an article on the end of Emeril Lagasse 's show Emeril Live , and quoted Brooke Johnson , the president , as saying that Lagasse `` remains a valued member of the Food Network family '' . Derek Baine , senior analyst at the media research firm SNL Kagan , is reported to have commented , `` It 's not surprising that people move on ... They pay almost nothing for the people as they are building their careers ... That 's been their strategy all along '' . The article also commented on the declining popularity of the Food Network whose daily ratings were reported had fallen `` to an average of 544,000 people from 580,000 a year ( earlier ) '' . It noted , `` More significant , its signature weekend block of instructional programs , known collectively as ' In the Kitchen , ' has lost 15 percent of its audience in the last year , to 830,000 viewers on average . This had left the network owing refunds , known as ' make goods , ' to advertisers . '' Erica Gruen , president and CEO of the Food Network from 1996 -- 1998 who created Emeril Live during her tenure , was reported to have blamed the decline on increased competition , `` There 's all sorts of instructional cooking video on the Web '' . But it reported that , `` Bob Tuschman , Food Network 's senior vice president for programming and production , said the weekend ratings drop was ' nothing we have n't anticipated ' . He said the network 's ratings in that time period grew by double digits in each of the last four years , growth that could not be sustained . '' It also wrote , `` About a year ago , the Food Network began aggressively trying to change that with new deals that were ' way more onerous ' from the stars ' point of view , said a person who has been affected by the changing strategy , by insisting on a stake in book deals and licensing ventures , and control over outside activities . Carriage ( edit ) On January 1 , 2010 , HGTV and Food Network were removed from cable provider Cablevision , which operates systems serving areas surrounding New York City . Scripps removed HGTV and Food Network from Cablevision following the expiration of the company 's carriage contract on December 31 , 2009 ; Cablevision and Scripps had been in negotiations for several months to agree on a new contract , but no progress had been made . The discontinuance of Food Network from Cablevision led the channel to make arrangements with Tribune - owned CW affiliates WPIX in New York City and WTXX in Hartford , Connecticut to broadcast a special episode of Iron Chef America with First Lady Michelle Obama on January 10 , 2010 , after that episode enjoyed high ratings on its January 3 cable premiere . On January 21 , 2010 , Cablevision and Scripps reached an agreement that resulted in Food Network and HGTV being restored on Cablevision 's systems that day . A similar carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse resulted in Food Network , Cooking Channel , HGTV , DIY Network , and Great American Country being dropped by the provider on November 5 , 2010 ; the dispute was resolved two days later , on November 7 , 2010 , after the two parties reached a new carriage agreement . UK and international ( edit ) In accordance with an agreement between Scripps and Chellomedia , Food Network programs started to air internationally in the fourth quarter of 2009 in the United Kingdom and then in other markets in early 2010 . Food Network UK initially launched on the Sky platform as a free - to - air channel , joined by a + 1 hour timeshift , taking the channel slots vacated by the closure of Real Estate TV . ( Following Scripps ' acquisition of Travel Channel International , the four channel positions on Sky were reordered to move Food Network up the grid . ) Food Network and + 1 were subsequently also made available on the Freesat satellite platform . On terrestrial service Freeview , initially a four - hour primetime evening bloc was acquired , sharing capacity with channels including Create and Craft ; subsequently Food Network relocated to its own full - day service , with the four - hour berth used to bring Travel Channel to DTT . ( Travel has since itself moved to all - day operation , with the evening hours now absorbed into Create & Craft . ) Scripps subsequently signed a carriage deal with Virgin Media to bring Food Network and Travel Channel to the cable platform ( in Travel 's case this was a re-addition following its earlier removal from the cable platform . ) Food Network video game ( edit ) Red Fly Studio developed a video game for the Wii console in partnership with Food Network called Cook or Be Cooked . The game , which was published by Namco Bandai Games and was released on November 3 , 2009 , simulates real cooking experiences . Players can also try out the recipes featured on the game . There is also a video game based on Iron Chef America entitled Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine . International versions ( edit ) Some countries have their own Food Network . Examples include : Food Network Canada , Food Network Asia , Food Network Italy and Food Network Europe . In the second half of 2014 , Food Network Brazil began broadcasting with programs fully dubbed in Portuguese and optional subtitles . On February 1 , 2015 , Food Network launched on Australian IPTV service Fetch TV . Food Network South America began broadcasting in March 2015 with full Spanish dubbed programs . A localised free - to - air Australian version was launched on 17 November 2015 , owned by SBS which has a licensing and programming output arrangement with Scripps . Television Food Network , G.P. ( edit ) In 2011 , Scripps requested to add its Cooking Channel , formerly Fine Living Network , to the partnership and Tribune agreed . With the Cooking Channel considered to be worth $350 million , Tribune would need to add additional capital . See also ( edit ) United States portal Television portal Food portal Food Network ( Canada ) Food Network ( Australia ) List of programs broadcast by the Food Network The Food Network Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Food Business News : Schroeder , Eric `` Food Network to launch in international markets '' November 4 , 2009 . ( Registration required to view entire article . ) Jump up ^ `` Food Network coming to Sky '' . Digital Spy . October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network launches on Freesat '' . Digital Spy . December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network to launch on Freeview '' . Digital Spy . July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network , Travel Channel come to Virgin Media TV '' . Digital Spy . June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Discovery to Acquire Scripps Networks for $14.6 Billion '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sinclair Broadcast Group Sets $3.9 Billion Deal to Acquire Tribune Media '' . Variety . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paula Deen Dropped by Food Network After Racial Slur Controversy '' . People Magazine . June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron McCargo , Jr '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Next Food Network Star ' season finale recap : And the winner is ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Changing Courses at the Food Network , New York Times , December 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal : `` Scripps to Offer Free Show In Fight With Cablevision '' , January 6 , 2010 . ( Subscription required to view entire article . ) Jump up ^ Scripps , Cablevision Deal Returns Food Network , HGTV to Subscribers , The Wrap , January 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ AT&T 's U-verse Drops Food Network , HGTV and Other Scripps Networks , Chicago Tribune , November 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Food Network , HGTV , Back on U-verse , Chicago Tribune , November 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ AT&T U-verse , Scripps Reconnect on Carriage Contract , MultiChannel News , November 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Scripps , Chello to launch Food Network overseas '' . Business Courier of Cincinnati . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Randy ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Joystiq impressions : Food Network : Cook or Be Cooked '' . Joystiq.com . Jump up ^ Brion , Raphael ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Upcoming : Food Network 's Cook or Be Cooked Video Game '' . EatMeDaily.com . Jump up ^ Cat Cora ( 2016 ) . Cooking as Fast as I Can : A Chef 's Story of Family , Food , and Forgiveness . Simon and Schuster . p. 193 . ISBN 9781476766157 . Jump up ^ http://www.vcfaz.tv/artigo.php?t=216209 , Vc Faz , August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Fetch TV adds BBC First '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Kevin ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Big Blow for Foxtel as they Lose Exclusive Rights for Premium Drama Channel BBC First '' . Nelbie . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Food Network to launch on SBS November 17 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Brickley , Peg . ( February 14 , 2011 ) Tribune Seeks to Keep Food Network Stake . Wall Street Journal . Accessed on August 26 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Food Network . Official website Food Network Canada Food Network Europe Food Network South Africa Food Network UK SBS Food Network Australia Scripps Networks Interactive United States HGTV DIY Network Food Network ( 70 % ) Cooking Channel Travel Channel Great American Country International Fine Living Network Europe Italy Food Network Asia Australia Canada ( 19.84 % ) Asian Food Channel Travel Channel TVN UKTV ( 50 % ) Digital Genius Kitchen Related E.W. Scripps Company Tribune Media Corporate directors Bruce Karsh ( Chairman ) Peter Liguori ( President and CEO ) Chandler Bigelow ( CFO ) Tribune Broadcasting ( TV stations by primary affiliations ) TV networks Broadcast Antenna TV This TV Cable CLTV Food Network ( 30 % ) WGN America CBS KFSM WHNT WREG WTKR WTTV / WTTK WTVR The CW KDAF KIAH KPLR KRCW KTLA KWGN WCCT WDCW WGNT WNOL WPIX WSFL Fox KCPQ KDVR / KFCT KSTU KSWB KTVI KTXL WDAF WGHP WITI WJW WPMT WTIC WXIN WXMI Other ABC WGNO WNEP WQAD MyNet KXNW KZJO WPHL NBC KFOR WHO Ind . 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WWE Superstars WGN Morning News WGN Sports Yule Log Radio WGN WMIL - HD3 TV prodution Tribune Studios Acquisitions Local TV LLC Renaissance Broadcasting Tribune Digital Ventures Screener TV by the Numbers Related articles The WB ( 25 % , 1995 -- 2006 ) Tribune Publishing ( 1847 -- 2014 ) Tribune Media Services ( 1933 -- 2014 ) Chicago Cubs Radio Network ( 1925 to 2014 ) Gracenote ( sold 2017 ) A joint venture between Tribune and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Owned by Dreamcatcher Broadcasting , LLC , Tribune operates these stations through an SSA . Owned by iHeartMedia , and operated by Tribune . 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TV Xite International channels Al Jazeera English Arte CGTN Mediaset Italia Mezzo TV RTL Sat. 1 TRT Türk TV5MONDE TVE Internacional Defunct 13th Street Universal Adventure One The Box The Box Comedy Canal+ Consumenten 24 Discovery Travel & Living ESPN America ESPN Classic Euro 7 Family 24 Film1 Festival Film1 Sundance Filmnet Fox 8 Fox Kids Fox Life Geschiedenis 24 Het Gesprek Hallmark Channel HBO 1 / 2 / 3 Jetix Kindernet MGM Channel NBC Super Channel NostalgieNet NPO Doc NPO Humor TV RTL - Véronique Spirit 24 Sport1 Sport 7 Sterren 24 SuperSport Syfy TCM / TNT Classic Movies TMF TMF Dance TMF NL TMF Pure TNT Talpa / Tien TV10 TV10 Gold V8 Vesta TV Weer en Verkeer Yorin Zone Club Zone Horror Zone Reality Jump up ^ a joint venture with VRT ^ Jump up to : through SBS Broadcasting B.V. Jump up ^ a joint venture with Telegraaf Media Groep ^ Jump up to : distributed by Fox Networks Group Europe ^ Jump up to : through Eredivisie Media & Marketing CV , a joint venture with Eredivisie CV , Endemol and KNVB Jump up ^ a joint venture with Endemol ^ Jump up to : through A&E Networks UK , a joint venture with Sky plc Jump up ^ a joint venture with CBS Jump up ^ a joint venture with Outdoor Channel Holdings Inc . Jump up ^ a joint venture with Shorts International Jump up ^ Media Globe Networks ( 53 % ) , NBCUniversal News Group ( 25 % ) and European public broadcasters ( 22 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Network&oldid=811583571 '' Categories : Food Network Food and drink television English - language television stations in the United States Television channels in the Netherlands Entertainment companies based in New York City Television channels and stations established in 1993 1993 establishments in New York ( state ) Scripps Cable Networks Tribune Media subsidiaries American television networks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 15 : 49 . 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what channel is the food network on on spectrum
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"\nSpectrum\nChannel 162\n"
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Pyrite
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Pyrite - wikipedia Pyrite `` Fool 's Gold '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fool 's Gold ( disambiguation ) . This article is about iron pyrite . For other pyrite minerals , see Pyrite group . Pyrite Pyrite cubic crystals on marl from Navajún , La Rioja , Spain ( size : 95 by 78 millimetres ( 3.7 by 3.1 in ) , 512 grams ( 18.1 oz ) ; main crystal : 31 millimetres ( 1.2 in ) on edge ) General Sulfide mineral Formula ( repeating unit ) FeS Strunz classification 2. EB. 05a Dana classification 2.12. 1.1 Crystal system Isometric Crystal class Diploidal ( m3 ) H-M symbol : ( 2 / m 3 ) Space group Unit cell a = 5.417 Å , Z = 4 Identification Formula mass 119.98 g / mol Color Pale brass - yellow reflective ; tarnishes darker and iridescent Crystal habit Cubic , faces may be striated , but also frequently octahedral and pyritohedron . Often inter-grown , massive , radiated , granular , globular , and stalactitic . Twinning Penetration and contact twinning Cleavage Indistinct on ( 001 ) ; partings on ( 011 ) and ( 111 ) Fracture Very uneven , sometimes conchoidal Tenacity Brittle Mohs scale hardness 6 -- 6.5 Luster Metallic , glistening Streak Greenish - black to brownish - black Diaphaneity Opaque Specific gravity 4.95 -- 5.10 Density 4.8 -- 5 g / cm Fusibility 2.5 -- 3 to a magnetic globule Solubility Insoluble in water Other characteristics paramagnetic References The mineral pyrite , or iron pyrite , also known as fool 's gold , is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS ( iron ( II ) disulfide ) . Pyrite is considered the most common of the sulfide minerals . Pyrite 's metallic luster and pale brass - yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold , hence the well - known nickname of fool 's gold . The color has also led to the nicknames brass , brazzle , and Brazil , primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal . The name pyrite is derived from the Greek πυρίτης ( pyritēs ) , `` of fire '' or `` in fire '' , in turn from πύρ ( pyr ) , `` fire '' . In ancient Roman times , this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck against steel ; Pliny the Elder described one of them as being brassy , almost certainly a reference to what we now call pyrite . By Georgius Agricola 's time , c. 1550 , the term had become a generic term for all of the sulfide minerals . Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz veins , sedimentary rock , and metamorphic rock , as well as in coal beds and as a replacement mineral in fossils , but has also been identified in the sclerites of scaly - foot gastropods . Despite being nicknamed fool 's gold , pyrite is sometimes found in association with small quantities of gold . Gold and arsenic occur as a coupled substitution in the pyrite structure . In the Carlin -- type gold deposits , arsenian pyrite contains up to 0.37 % gold by weight . Contents 1 Uses 2 Formal oxidation states for pyrite , marcasite , and arsenopyrite 3 Crystallography 4 Crystal habit 5 Varieties 6 Distinguishing similar minerals 7 Hazards 7.1 Acid drainage 7.2 Dust explosions 7.3 Weakened building materials 8 Pyritised fossils 9 Images 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Uses ( edit ) An abandoned pyrite mine near Pernek in Slovakia . Pyrite enjoyed brief popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries as a source of ignition in early firearms , most notably the wheellock , where the cock held a lump of pyrite against a circular file to strike the sparks needed to fire the gun . Pyrite has been used since classical times to manufacture copperas , that is , iron ( II ) sulfate . Iron pyrite was heaped up and allowed to weather ( an example of an early form of heap leaching ) . The acidic runoff from the heap was then boiled with iron to produce iron sulfate . In the 15th century , new methods of such leaching began to replace the burning of sulfur as a source of sulfuric acid . By the 19th century , it had become the dominant method . Pyrite remains in commercial use for the production of sulfur dioxide , for use in such applications as the paper industry , and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid . Thermal decomposition of pyrite into FeS ( iron ( II ) sulfide ) and elemental sulfur starts at 540 ° C ; at around 700 ° C p is about 1 atm . A newer commercial use for pyrite is as the cathode material in Energizer brand non-rechargeable lithium batteries . Pyrite is a semiconductor material with a band gap of 0.95 eV . During the early years of the 20th century , pyrite was used as a mineral detector in radio receivers , and is still used by crystal radio hobbyists . Until the vacuum tube matured , the crystal detector was the most sensitive and dependable detector available -- with considerable variation between mineral types and even individual samples within a particular type of mineral . Pyrite detectors occupied a midway point between galena detectors and the more mechanically complicated perikon mineral pairs . Pyrite detectors can be as sensitive as a modern 1N34A germanium diode detector . Pyrite has been proposed as an abundant , inexpensive material in low - cost photovoltaic solar panels . Synthetic iron sulfide was used with copper sulfide to create the photovoltaic material . Pyrite is used to make marcasite jewelry . Marcasite jewelry , made from small faceted pieces of pyrite , often set in silver , was known since ancient times and was popular in the Victorian era . At the time when the term became common in jewelry making , `` marcasite '' referred to all iron sulfides including pyrite , and not to the orthorhombic FeS mineral marcasite which is lighter in color , brittle and chemically unstable , and thus not suitable for jewelry making . Marcasite jewelry does not actually contain the mineral marcasite . Formal oxidation States for pyrite , marcasite , and arsenopyrite ( edit ) From the perspective of classical inorganic chemistry , which assigns formal oxidation states to each atom , pyrite is probably best described as Fe S . This formalism recognizes that the sulfur atoms in pyrite occur in pairs with clear S -- S bonds . These persulfide units can be viewed as derived from hydrogen disulfide , H S. Thus pyrite would be more descriptively called iron persulfide , not iron disulfide . In contrast , molybdenite , Mo S , features isolated sulfide ( S ) centers and the oxidation state of molybdenum is Mo . The mineral arsenopyrite has the formula Fe As S. Whereas pyrite has S subunits , arsenopyrite has ( AsS ) units , formally derived from deprotonation of H AsSH . Analysis of classical oxidation states would recommend the description of arsenopyrite as Fe ( AsS ) . Crystallography ( edit ) Crystal structure of pyrite . In the center of the cell a S pair is seen in yellow . Iron - pyrite FeS represents the prototype compound of the crystallographic pyrite structure . The structure is simple cubic and was among the first crystal structures solved by X-ray diffraction . It belongs to the crystallographic space group Pa 3 and is denoted by the Strukturbericht notation C2 . Under thermodynamic standard conditions the lattice constant a ( \ displaystyle a ) of stoichiometric iron pyrite FeS amounts to 541.87 pm . The unit cell is composed of a Fe face - centered cubic sublattice into which the S ions are embedded . The pyrite structure is also used by other compounds MX of transition metals M and chalcogens X = O , S , Se and Te . Also certain dipnictides with X standing for P , As and Sb etc. are known to adopt the pyrite structure . In the first bonding sphere , the Fe atoms are surrounded by six S nearest neighbours , in a distorted octahedral arrangement . The material is a diamagnetic semiconductor and the Fe ions should be considered to be in a low spin divalent state ( as shown by Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as XPS ) , rather than a tetravalent state as the stoichiometry would suggest . The positions of X ions in the pyrite structure may be derived from the fluorite structure , starting from a hypothetical Fe ( S ) structure . Whereas F ions in CaF occupy the centre positions of the eight subcubes of the cubic unit cell ( ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ) etc. , the S ions in FeS are shifted from these high symmetry positions along < 111 > axes to reside on ( uuu ) and symmetry - equivalent positions . Here , the parameter u should be regarded as a free atomic parameter that takes different values in different pyrite - structure compounds ( iron pyrite FeS : u ( S ) = 0.385 ) . The shift from fluorite u = 0.25 to pyrite u = 0.385 is rather large and creates a S-S distance that is clearly a binding one . This is not surprising as in contrast to F an ion S is not a closed shell species . It is isoelectronic with a chlorine atom , also undergoing pairing to form Cl molecules . Both low spin Fe and the disulfide S moeties are closed shell entities , explaining the diamagnetic and semiconducting properties . The S atoms have bonds with three Fe and one other S atom . The site symmetry at Fe and S positions is accounted for by point symmetry groups C and C , respectively . The missing center of inversion at S lattice sites has important consequences for the crystallographic and physical properties of iron pyrite . These consequences derive from the crystal electric field active at the sulfur lattice site , which causes a polarisation of S ions in the pyrite lattice . The polarisation can be calculated on the basis of higher - order Madelung constants and has to be included in the calculation of the lattice energy by using a generalised Born -- Haber cycle . This reflects the fact that the covalent bond in the sulfur pair is inadequately accounted for by a strictly ionic treatment . Arsenopyrite has a related structure with heteroatomic As - S pairs rather than homoatomic ones . Marcasite also possesses homoatomic anion pairs , but the arrangement of the metal and diatomic anions is different from that of pyrite . Despite its name a chalcopyrite does not contain dianion pairs , but single S sulfide anions . Crystal habit ( edit ) Dodecahedron - shaped crystals from Italy . Pyrite usually forms cuboid crystals , sometimes forming in close association to form raspberry - shaped masses called framboids . However , under certain circumstances , it can form anastamozing filaments or T - shaped crystals . Pyrite can also form almost perfect dodecahedral shapes known as pyritohedra and this suggests an explanation for the artificial geometrical models found in Europe as early as the 5th century BC . Varieties ( edit ) Cattierite ( Co S ) and vaesite ( Ni S ) are similar in their structure and belong also to the pyrite group . Bravoite is a nickel - cobalt bearing variety of pyrite , with > 50 % substitution of Ni for Fe within pyrite . Bravoite is not a formally recognised mineral , and is named after Peruvian scientist Jose J. Bravo ( 1874 -- 1928 ) . Distinguishing similar minerals ( edit ) It is distinguishable from native gold by its hardness , brittleness and crystal form . Natural gold tends to be anhedral ( irregularly shaped ) , whereas pyrite comes as either cubes or multifaceted crystals . Pyrite can often be distinguished by the striations which , in many cases , can be seen on its surface . Chalcopyrite is brighter yellow with a greenish hue when wet and is softer ( 3.5 -- 4 on Mohs ' scale ) . Arsenopyrite is silver white and does not become more yellow when wet . Hazards ( edit ) A pyrite cube ( center ) has dissolved away from a host rock , leaving behind trace gold . Iron pyrite is unstable in the natural environment : in nature it is always being created or being destroyed . Iron pyrite exposed to air and water decomposes into iron oxides and sulfate . This process is hastened by the action of Acidithiobacillus bacteria which oxidize the pyrite to produce ferrous iron and sulfate . These reactions occur more rapidly when the pyrite is in fine crystals and dust , which is the form it takes in most mining operations . Acid drainage ( edit ) Sulfate released from decomposing pyrite combines with water , producing sulfuric acid , leading to acid rock drainage . An example of acid rock drainage caused by pyrite is the 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill . Dust explosions ( edit ) Pyrite oxidation is sufficiently exothermic that underground coal mines in high - sulfur coal seams have occasionally had serious problems with spontaneous combustion in the mined - out areas of the mine . The solution is to hermetically seal the mined - out areas to exclude oxygen . In modern coal mines , limestone dust is sprayed onto the exposed coal surfaces to reduce the hazard of dust explosions . This has the secondary benefit of neutralizing the acid released by pyrite oxidation and therefore slowing the oxidation cycle described above , thus reducing the likelihood of spontaneous combustion . In the long term , however , oxidation continues , and the hydrated sulfates formed may exert crystallization pressure that can expand cracks in the rock and lead eventually to roof fall . Weakened building materials ( edit ) Building stone containing pyrite tends to stain brown as the pyrite oxidizes . This problem appears to be significantly worse if any marcasite is present . The presence of pyrite in the aggregate used to make concrete can lead to severe deterioration as the pyrite oxidizes . In early 2009 , problems with Chinese drywall imported into the United States after Hurricane Katrina were attributed to oxidation of pyrite . In the United States , in Canada , and more recently in Ireland , where it was used as underfloor infill , pyrite contamination has caused major structural damage . Modern tests for aggregate materials certify such materials as free of pyrite . Pyritised fossils ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pyrite and marcasite commonly occur as replacement pseudomorphs after fossils in black shale and other sedimentary rocks formed under reducing environmental conditions . However , pyrite dollars or pyrite suns which have an appearance similar to sand dollars are pseudofossils and lack the pentagonal symmetry of the animal . Images ( edit ) As a replacement mineral in an ammonite from France Pyrite from Ampliación a Victoria Mine , Navajún , La Rioja , Spain Pyrite from the Sweet Home Mine , with golden striated cubes intergrown with minor tetrahedrite , on a bed of transparent quartz needles Radiating form of pyrite Paraspirifer bownockeri in pyrite Pink fluorite perched between pyrite on one side and metallic galena on the other side References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurlbut , Cornelius S. ; Klein , Cornelis ( 1985 ) . Manual of Mineralogy ( 20th ed . ) . New York , NY : John Wiley and Sons . pp. 285 -- 286 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 80580 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Pyrite '' . Webmineral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Pyrite '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Pyrite '' . Handbook of Mineralogy ( PDF ) . University of Arizona . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Julia A. Jackson ; James Mehl ; Klaus Neuendorf ( 2005 ) . Glossary of Geology . American Geological Institute . p. 82 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Albert H. Fay ( 1920 ) . A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry . United States Bureau of Mines . pp. 103 -- 104 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell ; Robert Scott ( eds . ) . `` πυρίτης '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Tufts University -- via Perseus . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell ; Robert Scott ( eds . ) . `` πύρ '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Tufts University -- via Perseus . Jump up ^ James Dwight Dana ; Edward Salisbury Dana ( 1911 ) . Descriptive Mineralogy ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` De Re Metallica '' . The Mining Magazine . Translated by Hoover , H.C. ; Hoover , L.H. London : Dover . 1950 ( 1912 ) . see footnote on p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` Armor - plated snail discovered in deep sea '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Washington , DC : National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ M.E. Fleet ; A. Hamid Mumin ( 1997 ) . `` Gold - bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis '' ( PDF ) . American Mineralogist. 82 : 182 -- 193 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial England in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century '' . Nature . 83 ( 2113 ) : 264 -- 268 . 1910 - 04 - 28 . Bibcode : 1910Natur ... 83 ... 264 ... doi : 10.1038 / 083264a0 . Jump up ^ Terkel Rosenqvist ( 2004 ) . Principles of extractive metallurgy ( 2nd ed . ) . Tapir Academic Press . p. 52 . ISBN 82 - 519 - 1922 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cylindrical Primary Lithium ( battery ) '' . Lithium - Iron Disulfide ( Li - FeS2 ) ( PDF ) . Handbook and Application Manual . Energizer Corporation . 2017 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ K. Ellmer & H. Tributsch ( 2000 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Iron Disulfide ( Pyrite ) as Photovoltaic Material : Problems and Opportunities '' . Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion -- ( QUANTSOL 2000 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Principles Underlying Radio Communication . U.S. Army Signal Corps . Radio Pamphlet. 40 . 10 Dec 1918 . section 179 , pp. 302 -- 305 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Lee ( 2004 ) . The Design of Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 4 -- 6 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Wadia , Cyrus ; Alivisatos , A. Paul ; Kammen , Daniel M. ( 2009 ) . `` Materials availability expands the opportunity for large - scale photovoltaics deployment '' . Environmental Science & Technology . 43 ( 6 ) : 2072 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2009EnST ... 43.2072 W . doi : 10.1021 / es8019534 . PMID 19368216 . Jump up ^ Robert Sanders ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` Cheaper materials could be key to low - cost solar cells '' . Berkeley , CA : University of California -- Berkeley . Jump up ^ Hesse , Rayner W. ( 2007 ) . Jewelrymaking Through History : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33507 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , D.J. ; Craig , J.R. ( 1978 ) . Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21489 - 0 . Jump up ^ W.L. Bragg ( 1913 ) . `` The structure of some crystals as indicated by their diffraction of X-rays '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 89 ( 610 ) : 248 -- 277 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 248B . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0083 . JSTOR 93488 . Jump up ^ M. Birkholz ; S. Fiechter ; A. Hartmann & H. Tributsch ( 1991 ) . `` Sulfur deficiency in iron pyrite ( FeS ) and its consequences for band structure models '' . Physical Review B. 43 ( 14 ) : 11926 -- 11936 . Bibcode : 1991PhRvB ... 4311926B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 43.11926 . Jump up ^ N.E. Brese & H.G. von Schnering ( 1994 ) . `` Bonding Trends in Pyrites and a Reinvestigation of the Structure of PdAs , PdSb , PtSb and PtBi '' . Z . Anorg . Allg . Chem. 620 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 404 . doi : 10.1002 / zaac. 19946200302 . Jump up ^ E.D. Stevens ; M.L. de Lucia & P. Coppens ( 1980 ) . `` Experimental observation of the Effect of Crystal Field Splitting on the Electron Density Distribution of Iron Pyrite '' . Inorg . Chem. 19 ( 4 ) : 813 -- 820 . doi : 10.1021 / ic50206a006 . Jump up ^ M. Birkholz ( 1992 ) . `` The crystal energy of pyrite '' . J. Phys. : Condens . Matt . 4 ( 29 ) : 6227 -- 6240 . Bibcode : 1992JPCM ... 4.6227 B . doi : 10.1088 / 0953 - 8984 / 4 / 29 / 007 . Jump up ^ Bonev , I.K. ; Garcia - Ruiz , J.M. ; Atanassova , R. ; Otalora , F. ; Petrussenko , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Genesis of filamentary pyrite associated with calcite crystals '' . European Journal of Mineralogy. 17 ( 6 ) : 905 -- 913 . Bibcode : 2005EJMin ... 17 ... 905B . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.378. 3304 . doi : 10.1127 / 0935 - 1221 / 2005 / 0017 - 0905 . Jump up ^ The pyritohedral form is described as a dodecahedron with pyritohedral symmetry ; Dana J. et al. , ( 1944 ) , System of mineralogy , New York , p 282 Jump up ^ Mindat -- bravoite . Mindat.org ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pyrite on . Minerals.net ( 2011 - 02 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Andrew Roy , Coal Mining in Iowa , Coal Trade Journal , quoted in History of Lucas County Iowa , State Historical Company , Des Moines ( 1881 ) pp. 613 -- 615 . Jump up ^ Zodrow , E ( 2005 ) . `` Colliery and surface hazards through coal - pyrite oxidation ( Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield , Nova Scotia , Canada ) '' . International Journal of Coal Geology. 64 : 145 -- 155 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coal. 2005.03. 013 . Jump up ^ Oliver Bowles , The Structural and Ornamental Stones of Minnesota , Bulletin 663 , United States Geological Survey , Washington ( 1918 ) p. 25 . Jump up ^ Tagnithamou , A ; Sariccoric , M ; Rivard , P ( 2005 ) . `` Internal deterioration of concrete by the oxidation of pyrrhotitic aggregates '' . Cement and Concrete Research . 35 : 99 -- 107 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cemconres. 2004.06. 030 . Jump up ^ William Angelo , A Material Odor Mystery Over Foul - Smelling Drywall , from the web site of Engineering News - Record , dated 1 / 28 / 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PYRITE and Your House , What Home - Owners Should Know Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . '' -- ISBN 2 - 922677 - 01 - X - Legal deposit -- National Library of Canada , May 2000 Jump up ^ Shrimer , F. and Bromley , AV : Pyritic Heave in Ireland ; published in Proceedings of the Euroseminar on Building Materials / International Cement Microscopy Association , 2012 ( Halle Germany ) Jump up ^ The Irish Times -- Saturday , June 11 , 2011 -- Homeowners in protest over pyrite damage to houses ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Irish Independent -- 22 February 2010 ( Michael Brennan ) Devastating ' pyrite epidemic ' hits 20,000 newly built houses Jump up ^ I.S. EN 13242 : 2002 Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction Jump up ^ Briggs , D.E.G. ; Raiswell , R. ; Bottrell , S.H. ; Hatfield , D. ; Bartels , C. ( 1996 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Controls on the pyritization of exceptionally preserved fossils ; an analysis of the Lower Devonian Hunsrueck Slate of Germany '' . American Journal of Science . 296 ( 6 ) : 633 -- 663 . Bibcode : 1996AmJS ... 296 ... 633B . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 296.6. 633 . ISSN 0002 - 9599 . Further reading ( edit ) American Geological Institute , 2003 , Dictionary of Mining , Mineral , and Related Terms , 2nd ed. , Springer , New York , ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 01271 - 9 . David Rickard , Pyrite : A Natural History of Fool 's Gold , Oxford , New York , 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 020367 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyrite . Educational article about the famous pyrite crystals from the Navajun Mine How Minerals Form and Change `` Pyrite oxidation under room conditions '' . Poliakoff , Martyn ( 2009 ) . `` Fool 's Gold '' . The Periodic Table of Videos . University of Nottingham . Sulfur compounds Al S As S As S As S As S Au S BaS BeS Bi S Br S Br S CS CaS CdS CeS SCl S Cl CoS Cr S CuS Dy S Er S EuS SF SF FeS GaS HfS HgS InS LaS LiS MgS MoS NiS SO SO PbS PbS PtS ReS SrS TlS SV SeS S U WS Sb S Sb S Sm S Y S Ag SO SOBr CSTe CaSO CuFeS H SO H SO F OS NaHS K SO O S Sb Yb ( SO ) AlKO S CHCl S KSCN CdSO PSCl SOCl Cs O S Re S Na S H S O H SO NH S HgSO K SO RaSO SnSO SrSO Zr ( SO ) Ti ( SO ) Tm ( SO ) AlNa ( SO ) Er ( SO ) Eu ( SO ) CHNS Co ( SCN ) C H SN PSI ZrS SiS CSSe Chemical formulas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrite&oldid=852975169 '' Categories : Firelighting Pyrite group Iron minerals Cubic minerals Sulfide minerals Alchemical substances Semiconductor materials Transition metal dichalcogenides Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 16 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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what is the name of fool's gold
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"The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron(II) disulfide). Pyrite is considered the most common of the sulfide minerals.\n"
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"pyrite, or iron pyrite"
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List of volcanoes in the United States
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List of volcanoes in the United States - wikipedia List of volcanoes in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A list of volcanoes in the United States of America and its territories . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Contents ( hide ) 1 Alaska 2 American Samoa 3 Arizona 4 California 5 Colorado 6 Hawaii 7 Idaho 8 Louisiana 9 Mississippi 10 Missouri 11 Nevada 12 New Hampshire 13 New Mexico 14 Northern Mariana Islands 15 Oregon 16 South Dakota 17 Texas 18 Utah 19 Virginia 20 Washington 21 Wyoming 22 See also 23 References 24 External links Alaska ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Mount Adagdak 645 2115 51 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 176 ° 35 ′ 30 '' W / 51.98778 ° N 176.59167 ° W / 51.98778 ; - 176.59167 ( Mount Adagdak ) - Mount Akutan 1303 4275 54 ° 8 ′ 4 '' N 165 ° 59 ′ 10 '' W / 54.13444 ° N 165.98611 ° W / 54.13444 ; - 165.98611 ( Mount Akutan ) Amak Volcano 488 1601 55 ° 25 ′ 26 '' N 163 ° 8 ′ 57 '' W / 55.42389 ° N 163.14917 ° W / 55.42389 ; - 163.14917 ( Mount Amak ) 1796 Mount Amukta 1066 3497 52 ° 30 ′ 0 '' N 171 ° 15 ′ 8 '' W / 52.50000 ° N 171.25222 ° W / 52.50000 ; - 171.25222 ( Mount Amukta ) Mount Aniakchak 1341 4400 56 ° 53 ′ 0 '' N 158 ° 10 ′ 0 '' W / 56.88333 ° N 158.16667 ° W / 56.88333 ; - 158.16667 ( Mount Aniakchak ) 1931 Mount Augustine 1252 4108 59 ° 21 ′ 48 '' N 153 ° 26 ′ 0 '' W / 59.36333 ° N 153.43333 ° W / 59.36333 ; - 153.43333 ( Mount Augustine ) 2005 Bogoslof Island 150 492 53 ° 56 ′ 0 '' N 168 ° 2 ′ 0 '' W / 53.93333 ° N 168.03333 ° W / 53.93333 ; - 168.03333 ( Bogoslof Island ) 2017 Buldir Volcano 656 2152 52 ° 21 ′ 0 '' N 175 ° 54 ′ 38 '' W / 52.35000 ° N 175.91056 ° W / 52.35000 ; - 175.91056 ( Mount Buldir ) - Mount Bona 5005 16,421 61 ° 23 ′ 6 '' N 141 ° 45 ′ 3 '' W / 61.38500 ° N 141.75083 ° W / 61.38500 ; - 141.75083 ( Mount Bona ) - Mount Blackburn 4996 16,390 61 ° 43 ′ 54 '' N 143 ° 25 ′ 59 '' W / 61.73167 ° N 143.43306 ° W / 61.73167 ; - 143.43306 - Buzzard Creek 830 2723 64 ° 4 ′ 0 '' N 148 ° 25 ′ 0 '' W / 64.06667 ° N 148.41667 ° W / 64.06667 ; - 148.41667 ( Buzzard Creek ) 1050 BC Capital Mountain 2356 7728 62 ° 26 ′ N 144 ° 06 ′ W / 62.43 ° N 144.10 ° W / 62.43 ; - 144.10 ( Capital ) - Mount Carlisle 1620 5315 52 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 170 ° 3 ′ 15 '' W / 52.89389 ° N 170.05417 ° W / 52.89389 ; - 170.05417 ( Mount Carlisle ) Mount Chagulak 1142 3747 52 ° 34 ′ 36 '' N 171 ° 8 ′ 0 '' W / 52.57667 ° N 171.13333 ° W / 52.57667 ; - 171.13333 ( Mount Chagulak ) - Mount Chiginagak 2221 7287 57 ° 8 ′ 6 '' N 156 ° 59 ′ 24 '' W / 57.13500 ° N 156.99000 ° W / 57.13500 ; - 156.99000 ( Mount Chiginagak ) 1998 Mount Cleveland 1730 5676 52 ° 49 ′ 30 '' N 169 ° 56 ′ 38 '' W / 52.82500 ° N 169.94389 ° W / 52.82500 ; - 169.94389 ( Mount Cleveland ) 2017 Cold Bay Volcano 1920 6299 55 ° 04 ′ 55 '' N 162 ° 53 ′ 38 '' W / 55.082 ° N 162.894 ° W / 55.082 ; - 162.894 ( Cold Bay Volcano ) - Mount Dana 1354 4442 55 ° 38 ′ 28 '' N 161 ° 12 ′ 50 '' W / 55.64111 ° N 161.21389 ° W / 55.64111 ; - 161.21389 ( Mount Dana ) 1890 BC Davidof Volcano 328 1076 51 ° 57 ′ 15 '' N 178 ° 19 ′ 34 '' E / 51.9542 ° N 178.326 ° E / 51.9542 ; 178.326 ( Davidof Volcano ) - Mount Denison 2318 7606 58 ° 25 ′ 4 '' N 154 ° 26 ′ 57 '' W / 58.41778 ° N 154.44917 ° W / 58.41778 ; - 154.44917 ( Mount Denison ) - Devils Desk 1954 6409 58 ° 30 ′ N 154 ° 18 ′ W / 58.5 ° N 154.3 ° W / 58.5 ; - 154.3 ( Devils Desk ) - Mount Douglas 2140 7021 58 ° 51 ′ 19 '' N 153 ° 32 ′ 31 '' W / 58.85528 ° N 153.54194 ° W / 58.85528 ; - 153.54194 ( Mount Douglas ) - Mount Dutton 1506 4941 55 ° 10 ′ 5 '' N 162 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 55.16806 ° N 162.27167 ° W / 55.16806 ; - 162.27167 ( Mount Dutton ) Unknown Mount Edgecumbe 970 3132 57 ° 3 ′ 0 '' N 135 ° 45 ′ 0 '' W / 57.05000 ° N 135.75000 ° W / 57.05000 ; - 135.75000 ( Mount Edgecumbe ) 2220 BC ± 100 years Mount Emmons 1436 4711 55 ° 20 ′ 26 '' N 164 ° 4 ′ 43 '' W / 55.34056 ° N 164.07861 ° W / 55.34056 ; - 164.07861 ( Mount Emmons ) - Mount Fisher 1112 3648 54 ° 39 ′ 0 '' N 164 ° 26 ′ 0 '' W / 54.65000 ° N 164.43333 ° W / 54.65000 ; - 164.43333 ( Mount Fisher ) 1830 Mount Frosty 2012 6601 55 ° 4 ′ 54 '' N 162 ° 48 ′ 50 '' W / 55.08167 ° N 162.81389 ° W / 55.08167 ; - 162.81389 ( Mount Frosty ) Unknown Fourpeaked 2105 6906 58 ° 46 ′ 12 '' N 153 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 58.77000 ° N 153.67222 ° W / 58.77000 ; - 153.67222 ( Fourpeaked ) 2006 Gareloi Volcano 1573 5161 51 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 178 ° 47 ′ 38 '' W / 51.79028 ° N 178.79389 ° W / 51.79028 ; - 178.79389 ( Mount Gareloi ) 1989 Mount Gilbert 818 2684 54 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 165 ° 39 ′ 43 '' W / 54.2521 ° N 165.662 ° W / 54.2521 ; - 165.662 ( Mount Gilbert ) - Great Sitkin 1740 5709 52 ° 4 ′ 34 '' N 176 ° 7 ′ 48 '' W / 52.07611 ° N 176.13000 ° W / 52.07611 ; - 176.13000 ( Great Sitkin ) Mount Gordon 2755 9039 62 ° 8 ′ 0 '' N 143 ° 5 ′ 0 '' W / 62.13333 ° N 143.08333 ° W / 62.13333 ; - 143.08333 ( Mount Gordon ) - Mount Griggs 2317 7602 58 ° 21 ′ 14 '' N 155 ° 5 ′ 30 '' W / 58.35389 ° N 155.09167 ° W / 58.35389 ; - 155.09167 ( Mount Griggs ) - Hayes Volcano 3034 9954 61 ° 38 ′ 25 '' N 152 ° 24 ′ 41 '' W / 61.64028 ° N 152.41139 ° W / 61.64028 ; - 152.41139 ( Hayes Volcano ) 1200 ± 300 years Mount Herbert 1280 4199 52 ° 44 ′ 32 '' N 170 ° 6 ′ 38 '' W / 52.74222 ° N 170.11056 ° W / 52.74222 ; - 170.11056 ( Mount Herbert ) - Mount Iliamna 3053 10,016 60 ° 1 ′ 55 '' N 153 ° 5 ′ 25 '' W / 60.03194 ° N 153.09028 ° W / 60.03194 ; - 153.09028 ( Mount Iliamna ) 1876 Imuruk Lake 610 2001 65 ° 36 ′ 0 '' N 163 ° 55 ′ 0 '' W / 65.60000 ° N 163.91667 ° W / 65.60000 ; - 163.91667 ( Imuruk Lake ) 300 Ingakslugwat Hills 190 623 61 ° 26 ′ 0 '' N 164 ° 28 ′ 0 '' W / 61.43333 ° N 164.46667 ° W / 61.43333 ; - 164.46667 ( Ingakslugwat Hills ) - Mount Isanotski 2446 8025 54 ° 45 ′ 54 '' N 163 ° 43 ′ 21 '' W / 54.76500 ° N 163.72250 ° W / 54.76500 ; - 163.72250 ( Mount Isanotski ) - Mount Kagamil 893 2930 52 ° 58 ′ 25 '' N 169 ° 43 ′ 0 '' W / 52.97361 ° N 169.71667 ° W / 52.97361 ; - 169.71667 ( Mount Kagamil ) 1929 Mount Kaguyak 901 2956 58 ° 36 ′ 30 '' N 154 ° 1 ′ 40 '' W / 58.60833 ° N 154.02778 ° W / 58.60833 ; - 154.02778 ( Mount Kaguyak ) 1650 BC Mount Kanaga 1307 4288 51 ° 55 ′ 22 '' N 177 ° 10 ′ 4 '' W / 51.92278 ° N 177.16778 ° W / 51.92278 ; - 177.16778 ( Mount Kanaga ) 1995 Kasatochi Island 314 1030 52 ° 10 ′ 39 '' N 175 ° 30 ′ 30 '' W / 52.17750 ° N 175.50833 ° W / 52.17750 ; - 175.50833 ( Kasatochi Island ) 2008 Mount Katmai 2047 6716 58 ° 16 ′ 47 '' N 154 ° 57 ′ 48 '' W / 58.27972 ° N 154.96333 ° W / 58.27972 ; - 154.96333 ( Mount Katmai ) 1912 Mount Kialagvik 1677 5502 57 ° 12 ′ 10 '' N 156 ° 44 ′ 43 '' W / 57.20278 ° N 156.74528 ° W / 57.20278 ; - 156.74528 ( Mount Kialagvik ) - Mount Kiska 1220 4003 52 ° 06 ′ 11 '' N 177 ° 36 ′ 13 '' E / 52.1031 ° N 177.6035 ° E / 52.1031 ; 177.6035 ( Mount Kiska ) Mount Koniuji 273 896 52 ° 13 ′ 0 '' N 175 ° 8 ′ 0 '' W / 52.21667 ° N 175.13333 ° W / 52.21667 ; - 175.13333 ( Mount Koniuji ) - Korovin Volcano 1533 5029 52 ° 22 ′ 54 '' N 174 ° 9 ′ 57 '' W / 52.38167 ° N 174.16583 ° W / 52.38167 ; - 174.16583 ( Korovin Volcano ) 2006 Mount Kukak 2043 6703 58 ° 27 ′ 10 '' N 154 ° 21 ′ 18 '' W / 58.45278 ° N 154.35500 ° W / 58.45278 ; - 154.35500 ( Mount Kukak ) - Mount Kupreanof 1895 6217 56 ° 0 ′ 40 '' N 159 ° 47 ′ 50 '' W / 56.01111 ° N 159.79722 ° W / 56.01111 ; - 159.79722 ( Mount Kupreanof ) Kookooligit Mountains 673 2208 63 ° 36 ′ 0 '' N 170 ° 26 ′ 0 '' W / 63.60000 ° N 170.43333 ° W / 63.60000 ; - 170.43333 ( Kookooligit Mountains ) Holocene Little Sitkin 1174 3852 51 ° 57 ′ 0 '' N 178 ° 32 ′ 35 '' W / 51.95000 ° N 178.54306 ° W / 51.95000 ; - 178.54306 ( Little Sitkin ) 1830 Mount Mageik 2165 7103 58 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 155 ° 15 ′ 10 '' W / 58.19472 ° N 155.25278 ° W / 58.19472 ; - 155.25278 ( Mount Mageik ) - Mount Makushin 1800 5905 53 ° 53 ′ 27 '' N 165 ° 55 ′ 22 '' W / 53.89083 ° N 165.92278 ° W / 53.89083 ; - 165.92278 ( Mount Makushin ) 1995 Mount Martin 1863 6112 58 ° 10 ′ 20 '' N 155 ° 21 ′ 40 '' W / 58.17222 ° N 155.36111 ° W / 58.17222 ; - 155.36111 ( Mount Martin ) 1953 Mount Moffett 1196 3924 51 ° 56 ′ 38 '' N 176 ° 44 ′ 48 '' W / 51.94389 ° N 176.74667 ° W / 51.94389 ; - 176.74667 ( Monte Moffett ) - Novarupta 841 2759 58 ° 16 ′ 0 '' N 155 ° 9 ′ 24 '' W / 58.26667 ° N 155.15667 ° W / 58.26667 ; - 155.15667 ( Novarupta ) 1912 Nunivak Island 511 1676 60 ° 1 ′ 0 '' N 166 ° 20 ′ 0 '' W / 60.01667 ° N 166.33333 ° W / 60.01667 ; - 166.33333 ( Nunivak Island ) - Mount Okmok 1073 3520 53 ° 26 ′ 0 '' N 168 ° 8 ′ 0 '' W / 53.43333 ° N 168.13333 ° W / 53.43333 ; - 168.13333 ( Mount Okmok ) 2008 Mount Recheschnoi 1984 6509 53 ° 9 ′ 24 '' N 168 ° 32 ′ 20 '' W / 53.15667 ° N 168.53889 ° W / 53.15667 ; - 168.53889 ( Mount Recheschnoi ) - Mount Redoubt 3108 10,197 60 ° 29 ′ 7 '' N 152 ° 44 ′ 31 '' W / 60.48528 ° N 152.74194 ° W / 60.48528 ; - 152.74194 ( Mount Redoubt ) 2009 Mount Roundtop 1871 6138 54 ° 48 ′ 0 '' N 163 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 54.80000 ° N 163.58889 ° W / 54.80000 ; - 163.58889 ( Mount Roundtop ) - Saint Michael ( volcano ) 715 2346 63 ° 27 ′ 0 '' N 162 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 63.45000 ° N 162.11667 ° W / 63.45000 ; - 162.11667 ( Saint Michael ( volcano ) ) - Saint Paul Island 203 666 57 ° 11 ′ 0 '' N 170 ° 18 ′ 0 '' W / 57.18333 ° N 170.30000 ° W / 57.18333 ; - 170.30000 ( Saint Paul Island ) 1280 BC ± 40 years Mount Pavlof 2519 8264 55 ° 25 ′ 0 '' N 161 ° 53 ′ 15 '' W / 55.41667 ° N 161.88750 ° W / 55.41667 ; - 161.88750 ( Mount Pavlof ) 2016 Pavlof Sister 2142 7027 55 ° 27 ′ 10 '' N 161 ° 50 ′ 35 '' W / 55.45278 ° N 161.84306 ° W / 55.45278 ; - 161.84306 ( Pavlof Sister ) 1786 Pogromni 2002 6569 54 ° 34 ′ N 164 ° 51 ′ W / 54.57 ° N 164.85 ° W / 54.57 ; - 164.85 ( Pogromni ) - Roundtop 1871 6139 54 ° 48 ′ N 153 ° 36 ′ W / 54.80 ° N 153.60 ° W / 54.80 ; - 153.60 ( Roundtop ) - Mount Sanford 4949 16,237 62 ° 13 ′ 0 '' N 144 ° 8 ′ 0 '' W / 62.21667 ° N 144.13333 ° W / 62.21667 ; - 144.13333 ( Mount Sanford ) - Mount Seguam 1054 3458 52 ° 18 ′ 55 '' N 172 ° 35 ′ 30 '' W / 52.31528 ° N 172.59167 ° W / 52.31528 ; - 172.59167 ( Mount Seguam ) 1993 Mount Segula 1160 3806 52 ° 0 ′ 55 '' N 178 ° 8 ′ 8 '' W / 52.01528 ° N 178.13556 ° W / 52.01528 ; - 178.13556 ( Mount Segula ) - Mount Semisopochnoi 1221 4006 51 ° 56 ′ 0 '' N 179 ° 35 ′ 0 '' W / 51.93333 ° N 179.58333 ° W / 51.93333 ; - 179.58333 ( Mount Semisopochnoi ) Mount Sergief 560 1837 52 ° 2 ′ 0 '' N 174 ° 56 ′ 0 '' W / 52.03333 ° N 174.93333 ° W / 52.03333 ; - 174.93333 ( Mount Sergief ) - Mount Shishaldin 2857 9373 54 ° 45 ′ 20 '' N 163 ° 58 ′ 0 '' W / 54.75556 ° N 163.96667 ° W / 54.75556 ; - 163.96667 ( Mount Shishaldin ) Snowy Mountain 2162 7093 58 ° 20 ′ 8 '' N 154 ° 40 ′ 55 '' W / 58.33556 ° N 154.68194 ° W / 58.33556 ; - 154.68194 ( Snowy Mountain ) - Mount Spurr 3374 11,069 61 ° 17 ′ 58 '' N 152 ° 15 ′ 4 '' W / 61.29944 ° N 152.25111 ° W / 61.29944 ; - 152.25111 ( Mount Spurr ) 1992 St. Michael 715 2346 63 ° 27 ′ 0 '' N 162 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 63.45000 ° N 162.11667 ° W / 63.45000 ; - 162.11667 ( St. Michael ) - St. Paul Island 203 666 57 ° 11 ′ 0 '' N 170 ° 18 ′ 0 '' W / 57.18333 ° N 170.30000 ° W / 57.18333 ; - 170.30000 ( St. Paul Island ) 1280 BC ± 40 years Mount Steller 2272 7454 58 ° 26 ′ 0 '' N 154 ° 24 ′ 0 '' W / 58.43333 ° N 154.40000 ° W / 58.43333 ; - 154.40000 ( Mount Steller ) - Mount Stepovak 1555 5102 55 ° 56 ′ 0 '' N 160 ° 0 ′ 0 '' W / 55.93333 ° N 160.00000 ° W / 55.93333 ; - 160.00000 ( Mount Stepovak ) - Table Top - Wide Bay 792 2598 53 ° 58 ′ 5 '' N 166 ° 40 ′ 38 '' W / 53.96806 ° N 166.67722 ° W / 53.96806 ; - 166.67722 ( Table Top - Wide Bay ) - Mount Takawangha 1449 4754 51 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 178 ° 0 ′ 20 '' W / 51.87278 ° N 178.00556 ° W / 51.87278 ; - 178.00556 ( Mount Takawangha ) - Tana ( Volcano ) 1170 3839 52 ° 49 ′ 48 '' N 169 ° 16 ′ 12 '' W / 52.83000 ° N 169.27000 ° W / 52.83000 ; - 169.27000 ( Tana ( Volcano ) ) - Mount Tanaga 1806 5925 51 ° 53 ′ 6 '' N 178 ° 8 ′ 45 '' W / 51.88500 ° N 178.14583 ° W / 51.88500 ; - 178.14583 ( Mount Tanaga ) 1914 Tlevak Strait - Suemez Island 50 164 55 ° 15 ′ 0 '' N 133 ° 18 ′ 0 '' W / 55.25000 ° N 133.30000 ° W / 55.25000 ; - 133.30000 ( Tlevak Strait - Suemez Island ) - Trident Volcano 1864 6115 58 ° 14 ′ 8 '' N 155 ° 6 ′ 0 '' W / 58.23556 ° N 155.10000 ° W / 58.23556 ; - 155.10000 ( Trident Volcano ) Ugashik - Peulik 1474 4836 57 ° 45 ′ 3 '' N 156 ° 22 ′ 5 '' W / 57.75083 ° N 156.36806 ° W / 57.75083 ; - 156.36806 ( Ugashik - Peulik ) 1814 Ukinrek Maars 91 299 57 ° 49 ′ 54 '' N 156 ° 30 ′ 35 '' W / 57.83167 ° N 156.50972 ° W / 57.83167 ; - 156.50972 ( Ukinrek Maars ) 1977 Mount Uliaga 888 2913 53 ° 3 ′ 54 '' N 169 ° 46 ′ 0 '' W / 53.06500 ° N 169.76667 ° W / 53.06500 ; - 169.76667 ( Mount Uliaga ) - Mount Veniaminof 2507 8225 56 ° 10 ′ 0 '' N 159 ° 23 ′ 0 '' W / 56.16667 ° N 159.38333 ° W / 56.16667 ; - 159.38333 ( Mount Veniaminof ) 2006 Mount Vsevidof 2149 7050 53 ° 7 ′ 48 '' N 168 ° 41 ′ 35 '' W / 53.13000 ° N 168.69306 ° W / 53.13000 ; - 168.69306 ( Mount Vsevidof ) 1957 Mount Westdahl 1654 5426 54 ° 31 ′ 6 '' N 164 ° 39 ′ 0 '' W / 54.51833 ° N 164.65000 ° W / 54.51833 ; - 164.65000 ( Mount Westdahl ) 1992 Yantarni Volcano 1345 4413 57 ° 1 ′ 17 '' N 157 ° 11 ′ 6 '' W / 57.02139 ° N 157.18500 ° W / 57.02139 ; - 157.18500 ( Yantarni Volcano ) 800 BC ± 500 years Mount Yunaska 550 1804 52 ° 38 ′ 34 '' N 170 ° 37 ′ 43 '' W / 52.64278 ° N 170.62861 ° W / 52.64278 ; - 170.62861 ( Mount Yunaska ) 1937 Prindle Volcano - - 63 ° 43 ′ N 141 ° 37 ′ W / 63.72 ° N 141.62 ° W / 63.72 ; - 141.62 ( Prindle Volcano ) Pleistocene Mount Churchill 4766 15,632 61 ° 15 ′ N 141 ° 42 ′ W / 61.25 ° N 141.7 ° W / 61.25 ; - 141.7 ( Mount Churchill ) 1250 years ago Mount Drum 3661 12,010 62 ° 06 ′ N 144 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° N 144.5 ° W / 62.1 ; - 144.5 ( Mount Drum ) - Mount Jarvis 4091 13,422 62 ° 1 ′ 4 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 2 '' W / 62.01778 ° N 143.61722 ° W / 62.01778 ; - 143.61722 ( Mount Jarvis ) - Mount Wrangell 4317 14,163 62 ° 00 ′ N 144 ° 01 ′ W / 62.00 ° N 144.02 ° W / 62.00 ; - 144.02 ( Mount Wrangell ) 1999 American Samoa ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Ta'u - 931 3054 14 ° 13 ′ 48 '' S 169 ° 27 ′ 14 '' W / 14.23 ° S 169.454 ° W / - 14.23 ; - 169.454 ( Ta'u - ) - Ofu - Olosega 639 2096 14 ° 10 ′ 30 '' S 169 ° 37 ′ 05 '' W / 14.175 ° S 169.618 ° W / - 14.175 ; - 169.618 ( Ofu - Olosega ) 1866 Tutuila 653 2142 14 ° 17 ′ 42 '' S 170 ° 42 ′ 00 '' W / 14.295 ° S 170.70 ° W / - 14.295 ; - 170.70 ( Tutuila ) - Vailulu'u - 592 - 1842 14 ° 17 ′ 42 '' S 170 ° 42 ′ 00 '' W / 14.295 ° S 170.70 ° W / - 14.295 ; - 170.70 ( Vailulu'u ) - Arizona ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Mount Baldy 3,480 11,420 33 ° 54 ′ 22 '' N 109 ° 33 ′ 46 '' W / 33.90611 ° N 109.56278 ° W / 33.90611 ; - 109.56278 8 - 9 million years ago Mount Elden 2,834 9,299 35 ° 14 ′ 28 '' N 111 ° 35 ′ 48 '' W / 35.24111 ° N 111.59667 ° W / 35.24111 ; - 111.59667 ( Mount Elden ) 250,000 years ago Merriam Cone 2,077 6,813 35 ° 18 ′ N 111 ° 18 ′ W / 35.300 ° N 111.300 ° W / 35.300 ; - 111.300 ( Merriam Cone ) 150,000 years ago Red Mountain 2428 7965 - 740,000 years ago San Francisco Mountain 3851 12,633 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W / 35.34639 ° N 111.67778 ° W / 35.34639 ; - 111.67778 ( San Francisco Mountain ) - SP Crater 2141 7021 35 ° 34 ′ 56 '' N 111 ° 37 ′ 55 '' W / 35.58222 ° N 111.63194 ° W / 35.58222 ; - 111.63194 ( SP Crater ) 71,000 years ago Sunset Crater 2447 8026 35 ° 21 ′ 51 '' N 111 ° 30 ′ 11 '' W / 35.36417 ° N 111.50306 ° W / 35.36417 ; - 111.50306 ( Sunset Crater ) 1122 ± 58 years California ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Amboy Crater 300 984 34 ° 32 ′ 38 '' N 115 ° 47 ′ 28 '' W / 34.54389 ° N 115.79111 ° W / 34.54389 ; - 115.79111 ( Amboy Crater ) 10,000 years ago Big Cave 1259 4131 40 ° 57 ′ 18 '' N 121 ° 21 ′ 54 '' W / 40.955 ° N 121.365 ° W / 40.955 ; - 121.365 ( Big Cave ) Holocene Black Butte 1939 6362 41 ° 22 ′ 01 '' N 121 ° 20 ′ 53 '' W / 41.367 ° N 121.348 ° W / 41.367 ; - 121.348 ( Black Butte ) 9,500 years ago Brushy Butte 1174 3852 41 ° 10 ′ 41 '' N 121 ° 26 ′ 35 '' W / 41.178 ° N 121.443 ° W / 41.178 ; - 121.443 ( Brushy Butte ) Holocene Burney Mountain 2397 7863 40 ° 48 ′ 24 '' N 121 ° 37 ′ 41 '' W / 40.80667 ° N 121.628 ° W / 40.80667 ; - 121.628 ( Burney Mountain ) Pleistocene Cima Volcanic Field 1509 6925 35 ° 15 ′ N 115 ° 45 ′ W / 35.25 ° N 115.75 ° W / 35.25 ; - 115.75 ( Cima Volcanic Field ) 10,000 years ago Cinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds 2105 6907 - 1666 Inyo Craters 2629 8625 37 ° 41 ′ 31 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 12 '' W / 37.692 ° N 119.02 ° W / 37.692 ; - 119.02 ( Inyo Craters ) ~ 1400 Mount Konocti 1312 4305 38 ° 58 ′ 29 '' N 122 ° 45 ′ 57 '' W / 38.9746 ° N 122.7659 ° W / 38.9746 ; - 122.7659 ( California Coast Range ) ~ 10,000 years ago Lassen Peak 3189 10,462 40 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 18 '' W / 40.48806 ° N 121.50500 ° W / 40.48806 ; - 121.50500 ( Lassen Peak ) 1917 Lassen Volcanic Center - - 40 ° 29 ′ 30 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 30 '' W / 40.49167 ° N 121.50833 ° W / 40.49167 ; - 121.50833 ( Lassen Volcanic Center ) 1917 Long Valley Caldera 3390 11,122 37 ° 36 ′ N 118 ° 48 ′ W / 37.6 ° N 118.8 ° W / 37.6 ; - 118.8 ( Long Valley Caldera ) Pleistocene Malapai Hill - - 33 ° 54 ′ N 116 ° 00 ′ W / 33.9 ° N 116.0 ° W / 33.9 ; - 116.0 ( Malapi Hill ) - Mammoth Mountain 3371 11,059 37 ° 38 ′ N 119 ° 02 ′ W / 37.63 ° N 119.03 ° W / 37.63 ; - 119.03 ( Mammoth Mountain ) ~ 1400 Medicine Lake Volcano 2412 7913 41 ° 22 ′ N 121 ° 20 ′ W / 41.36 ° N 121.33 ° W / 41.36 ; - 121.33 ( Medicine Lake Volcano ) 1080 ± 25 years Mono Craters 2,796 9,173 37 ° 53 ′ N 119 ° 00 ′ W / 37.88 ° N 119.00 ° W / 37.88 ; - 119.00 ( Mono Craters ) ~ 1350 Pinnacles - - 36 ° 29 ′ 13 '' N 121 ° 10 ′ 01 '' W / 36.487 ° N 121.167 ° W / 36.487 ; - 121.167 ( Pinnacles ) 23 million years ago Pisgah Crater 774 2,539 34 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 116 ° 22 ′ 30 '' W / 34.74639 ° N 116.37500 ° W / 34.74639 ; - 116.37500 ( Pisgah Crater ) 18,000 ± 5,000 years ago Red Cones 2,748 9,015 37 ° 51 ′ N 122 ° 11 ′ W / 37.85 ° N 122.19 ° W / 37.85 ; - 122.19 ( Red Cones ) Holocene Round Top 538 1,764 37 ° 35 ′ N 119 ° 03 ′ W / 37.58 ° N 119.05 ° W / 37.58 ; - 119.05 ( Round Top ) 10 Million Years Ago Mount Saint Helena 1,323 4,342 38 ° 40 ′ 10 '' N 122 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W / 38.669341 ° N 122.633488 ° W / 38.669341 ; - 122.633488 ( Clear Lake Volcanic Field ) 2.4 million years ago ? Mount Shasta 4,317 14,162 41 ° 24 ′ 32 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 35 '' W / 41.409 ° N 122.193 ° W / 41.409 ; - 122.193 ( Mount Shasta ) 1786 Sutter Buttes 650 2,130 39 ° 12 ′ 20.61 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 12.9 '' W / 39.2057250 ° N 121.820250 ° W / 39.2057250 ; - 121.820250 ( Sutter Buttes ) 1.5 million years ago Tumble Buttes 2,191 7,188 40 ° 41 ′ N 121 ° 33 ′ W / 40.68 ° N 121.55 ° W / 40.68 ; - 121.55 ( Tumble Buttes ) 15,000 years ago Twin Buttes 1631 5351 40 ° 47 ′ N 121 ° 36 ′ W / 40.78 ° N 121.60 ° W / 40.78 ; - 121.60 ( Twin Buttes ) Holocene Ubehebe Craters 752 2467 37 ° 01 ′ N 117 ° 27 ′ W / 37.02 ° N 117.45 ° W / 37.02 ; - 117.45 ( Ubehebe Craters ) 4050 BC Colorado ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Dotsero 2,230 7,316 39 ° 39 ′ 40 '' N 107 ° 03 ′ 22 '' W / 39.661 ° N 107.056 ° W / 39.661 ; - 107.056 ( Dotsero ) 2200 BC La Garita Caldera - - 37 ° 43 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 28 '' W / 37.72667 ° N 106.77444 ° W / 37.72667 ; - 106.77444 ( La Garita Caldera ) 26.3 Ma Never Summer Mountains 3,946 12,945 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 42 '' W / 40.46944 ° N 105.89500 ° W / 40.46944 ; - 105.89500 ( Never Summer Mountains ) ~ 20 Ma Hawaii ( edit ) Further information : Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes and List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian - Emperor seamount chain Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Diamond Head 232 761 21 ° 15 ′ 35 '' N 157 ° 48 ′ 42 '' W / 21.25972 ° N 157.81167 ° W / 21.25972 ; - 157.81167 ( Diamond Head ) 148,000 BC Haleakala or East Maui Volcano 3055 10,023 20 ° 43 ′ N 156 ° 15 ′ W / 20.71 ° N 156.25 ° W / 20.71 ; - 156.25 ( Haleakala ) between A.D. 1480 and 1600 Hanauma Bay ( Koko Head ) - 642 - 10,000 - 32,000 BP Hualalai 2521 8270 19 ° 41 ′ N 155 ° 52 ′ W / 19.69 ° N 155.87 ° W / 19.69 ; - 155.87 ( Hualalai ) 1801 Ka'ena Point - 3,000 - 4.2 MYA Kahoolawe 450 1475 20 ° 36 ′ N 156 ° 36 ′ W / 20.6 ° N 156.6 ° W / 20.6 ; - 156.6 ( Kahoolawe ) 1 MYA Kawaikini 1,598 5,243 22 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 159 ° 29 ′ 48 '' W / 22.05667 ° N 159.49667 ° W / 22.05667 ; - 159.49667 4 MYA Kilauea 1247 4091 19 ° 27 ′ 07 '' N 155 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 19.452 ° N 155.292 ° W / 19.452 ; - 155.292 ( Kilauea ) 1983 -- Present Kohala ( mountain ) 1670 5480 20 ° 5 ′ 10 '' N 155 ° 43 ′ 2 '' W / 20.08611 ° N 155.71722 ° W / 20.08611 ; - 155.71722 ( Kohala ( mountain ) ) 120,000 BP Koko Guyot - - - 50MYA Koko Crater 368 1207 - 10,000 BP Koʻolau Range 941 3149 21 ° 22 ′ N 157 ° 48 ′ W / 21.37 ° N 157.80 ° W / 21.37 ; - 157.80 ( Koolau ) Holocene Lanai 1,026 3,366 - 1.2 MYA Loihi Seamount - 975 - 3199 18 ° 55 ′ N 155 ° 15 ′ W / 18.92 ° N 155.25 ° W / 18.92 ; - 155.25 ( Loihi Seamount ) 2007 Mahukona - - 20 ° 06 ′ N 156 ° 06 ′ W / 20.1 ° N 156.1 ° W / 20.1 ; - 156.1 ( Mahukona ) About 470,000 BP Maui 3055 10,023 - - Mauna Kea 4208 13,796 19 ° 48 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W / 19.8 ° N 155.5 ° W / 19.8 ; - 155.5 ( Mauna Kea ) 2460 BC ± 100 years Mauna Loa 4169 13,679 19 ° 30 ′ N 155 ° 36 ′ W / 19.5 ° N 155.6 ° W / 19.5 ; - 155.6 ( Mauna Loa ) 1984 Mount Ka'ala 1342 4,025 21 ° 30 ′ 25 '' N 158 ° 08 ′ 34 '' W / 21.50694 ° N 158.14278 ° W / 21.50694 ; - 158.14278 2.6 MA Punchbowl Crater - 546 - 10,000 - 75,000 BC Mount Waialeale 1,544 5,066 - - West Maui Volcano 1,764 5,788 - Less than 500,000 BP Idaho ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Big Southern Butte 2298 7540 43 ° 14 ′ N 113 ° 01 ′ W / 43.24 ° N 113.01 ° W / 43.24 ; - 113.01 ( Big Southern Butte ) 0.3 Ma Blue Creek - - - - Craters of the Moon 2005 6578 43 ° 25 ′ N 113 ° 30 ′ W / 43.42 ° N 113.50 ° W / 43.42 ; - 113.50 ( Craters of the Moon ) 130 BC ± 50 years Henry 's Fork Caldera 2805 9203 - 1.3 Ma Island Park Caldera 2805 9203 44 ° 20 ′ N 111 ° 20 ′ W / 44.33 ° N 111.33 ° W / 44.33 ; - 111.33 ( Island Park Caldera ) 2.1 Ma Juniper Buttes 1905 6250 44 ° 12 ′ N 111 ° 32 ′ W / 44.20 ° N 111.53 ° W / 44.20 ; - 111.53 ( Juniper Buttes ) - Menan Buttes 1713 5619 43 ° 36 ′ N 111 ° 30 ′ W / 43.60 ° N 111.5 ° W / 43.60 ; - 111.5 ( Menan Buttes ) 1.0 Ma Split Butte - - - - The Great Rift - - - - Twin Peaks - - - - Louisiana ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Door Point Volcano - - - - Mississippi ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Jackson Volcano - - 32 ° N 90 ° W / 32 ° N 90 ° W / 32 ; - 90 ( Jackson Volcano ) 65 million years ago Midnight Volcano - - - - Missouri ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Taum Sauk Caldera 2375 1772 37 ° 31 ′ 44 '' N 90 ° 47 ′ 10 '' W / 37.5288 ° N 90.7862 ° W / 37.5288 ; - 90.7862 ( Taum Sauk Caldera ) 1.5 bya Nevada ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Big Cottonwood Canyon - - - - Crater Flat - - 36 ° 47 ′ N 116 ° 34 ′ W / 36.783 ° N 116.567 ° W / 36.783 ; - 116.567 ( Crater Flat ) 80,000 years ago Jessup area - - - Jurassic McDermitt Complex - - - - Steamboat Springs 1415 4642 39 ° 22 ′ 30 '' N 119 ° 43 ′ 12 '' W / 39.375 ° N 119.72 ° W / 39.375 ; - 119.72 ( Steamboat Springs ) Pleistocene - Fumarolic Soda Lakes 1251 4104 39 ° 53 ′ N 119 ° 27 ′ W / 39.883 ° N 119.450 ° W / 39.883 ; - 119.450 ( Soda Lakes ) Holocene Virgin Valley - - - - Yucca Mountain 2044 6707 36 ° 56 ′ N 116 ° 29 ′ W / 36.933 ° N 116.483 ° W / 36.933 ; - 116.483 ( Yucca Mountain ) 80,000 years ago New Hampshire ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Pawtuckaway Mountains - - 43 ° 06 ′ 39 '' N 71 ° 11 ′ 11 '' W / 43.11083 ° N 71.18639 ° W / 43.11083 ; - 71.18639 ( Pawtuckaway Mountains ) Cretaceous Ossipee Mountains - - 43 ° 44 ′ 37 '' N 71 ° 16 ′ 26 '' W / 43.74361 ° N 71.27389 ° W / 43.74361 ; - 71.27389 ( Ossipee Mountains ) Cretaceous New Mexico ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Capulin Volcano 2,494 8,182 36 ° 47 ′ 20 '' N 103 ° 57 ′ 42 '' W / 36.78889 ° N 103.96167 ° W / 36.78889 ; - 103.96167 ( Capulin Volcano ) 58,000 - 52,000 years ago Carrizozo Malpais 1,731 5,679 33 ° 47 ′ N 105 ° 56 ′ W / 33.78 ° N 105.93 ° W / 33.78 ; - 105.93 ( Carrizozo Malpais ) 140,000 years ago Cerros del Rio 664 2,178 35 ° 42 ′ N 106 ° 12 ′ W / 35.7 ° N 106.2 ° W / 35.7 ; - 106.2 ( Cerros del Rio ) 2.2 million years ago Jemez Mountains 3,525 - 35 ° 53 ′ N 106 ° 32 ′ W / 35.88 ° N 106.53 ° W / 35.88 ; - 106.53 ( Jemez Mountains ) 60,000 - 50,000 years ago Jornada del Muerto Volcano 1,565 5,136 33 ° 32 ′ N 106 ° 52 ′ W / 33.533 ° N 106.867 ° W / 33.533 ; - 106.867 ( Jornada del Muerto Volcano ) 760,000 years ago Kilbourne Hole 1,555 4,240 31 ° 58 ′ N 106 ° 58 ′ W / 31.97 ° N 106.97 ° W / 31.97 ; - 106.97 ( Kilbourne Hole ) 80,000 years ago El Malpais - - 34 ° 53 ′ 3 '' N 108 ° 0 ′ 7 '' W / 34.88417 ° N 108.00194 ° W / 34.88417 ; - 108.00194 ( El Malpais ) - Sierra Blanca 3,652 11,981 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W / 33.37417 ° N 105.80861 ° W / 33.37417 ; - 105.80861 ( Sierra Blanca ) 26 million years ago Mount Taylor 2,445 11,300 35 ° 14 ′ 19 '' N 107 ° 36 ′ 30 '' W / 35.23861 ° N 107.60833 ° W / 35.23861 ; - 107.60833 ( Mount Taylor ) 1,500,000 years ago Valles Caldera 3,430 11,253 35 ° 52 ′ N 106 ° 34 ′ W / 35.87 ° N 106.57 ° W / 35.87 ; - 106.57 ( Valles Caldera ) Pleistocene Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Major volcanoes of the Mariana Islands Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Agrigan 965 3165 18 ° 48 ′ N 145 ° 42 ′ E / 18.8 ° N 145.7 ° E / 18.8 ; 145.7 ( Agrigan ) - Ahyi Seamount - 137 - 449 20 ° 25 ′ N 145 ° 02 ′ E / 20.42 ° N 145.03 ° E / 20.42 ; 145.03 ( Ahyi ) 2001 Alamagan 744 2441 17 ° 36 ′ N 145 ° 50 ′ E / 17.60 ° N 145.83 ° E / 17.60 ; 145.83 ( Dante Rodondi ) 1887 Anatahan 788 2592 16 ° 21 ′ N 145 ° 40 ′ E / 16.35 ° N 145.67 ° E / 16.35 ; 145.67 ( Veronica Rodondi ) 2006 Asuncion Island 857 2810 19 ° 42 ′ N 145 ° 24 ′ E / 19.7 ° N 145.4 ° E / 19.7 ; 145.4 ( Asuncion ) - Esmeralda Bank - 43 - 141 15 ° 00 ′ N 145 ° 15 ′ E / 15.00 ° N 145.25 ° E / 15.00 ; 145.25 ( Ashley Rodondi ) - Farallon de Pajaros 360 1,180 20 ° 30 ′ N 144 ° 54 ′ E / 20.5 ° N 144.9 ° E / 20.5 ; 144.9 ( Farallon de Pajaros ) 1967 Guguan 287 942 17 ° 19 ′ N 145 ° 50 ′ E / 17.32 ° N 145.83 ° E / 17.32 ; 145.83 ( Guguan ) 1883 Maug Islands 227 745 20 ° 01 ′ N 145 ° 13 ′ E / 20.02 ° N 145.22 ° E / 20.02 ; 145.22 ( Maug Islands ) Quaternary Mount Tapochau 474 1554 - - Northwest Rota - 1 - 517 - 1696 14 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 144 ° 46 ′ 30 '' E / 14.601 ° N 144.775 ° E / 14.601 ; 144.775 ( Northwest Rota - 1 ) Pagan Island 570 1870 18 ° 06 ′ N 145 ° 46 ′ E / 18.10 ° N 145.76 ° E / 18.10 ; 145.76 ( Pagan Island ) 1993 Mount Rodondi Island Sarigan 538 1765 16 ° 42 ′ 29 '' N 145 ° 46 ′ 48 '' E / 16.708 ° N 145.78 ° E / 16.708 ; 145.78 ( Sarigan ) - Supply Reef - 8 - 26 20 ° 08 ′ N 145 ° 06 ′ E / 20.13 ° N 145.10 ° E / 20.13 ; 145.10 ( Supply Reef ) 1989 Oregon ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Mount Bachelor 2,763 9,064 43 ° 58 ′ 45.90 '' N 121 ° 41 ′ 18.63 '' W / 43.9794167 ° N 121.6885083 ° W / 43.9794167 ; - 121.6885083 ( Mount Bachelor ) 5800 BC ± 1000 years Bald Mountain Caldera - - 43 ° 25 ′ N 121 ° 25 ′ W / 43.417 ° N 121.417 ° W / 43.417 ; - 121.417 ( Bald Mountain Caldera ) - Mount Bailey 2,551 8,368 43 ° 9 ′ 18.52 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 11.98 '' W / 43.1551444 ° N 122.2199944 ° W / 43.1551444 ; - 122.2199944 ( Mount Bailey ) < 100,000 years ago Belknap Crater 2,095 6,873 44 ° 17 ′ 05.80 '' N 121 ° 50 ′ 32.04 '' W / 44.2849444 ° N 121.8422333 ° W / 44.2849444 ; - 121.8422333 ( Belknap Crater ) 460 AD Black Butte 1,962 6,436 44 ° 23 ′ 59.0 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 07.7 '' W / 44.399722 ° N 121.635472 ° W / 44.399722 ; - 121.635472 About 1,430,000 years ago Blue Lake Crater 1,230 4,035 44 ° 24 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 26 '' W / 44.411 ° N 121.774 ° W / 44.411 ; - 121.774 ( Blue Lake Crater ) 680 ± 200 Broken Top 2,800 9,185 44 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 121 ° 41 ′ 59 '' W / 44.08278 ° N 121.69972 ° W / 44.08278 ; - 121.69972 ( Broken Top ) About 100,000 years ago Brown Mountain - - 42 ° 22 ′ N 122 ° 16 ′ W / 42.36 ° N 122.27 ° W / 42.36 ; - 122.27 ( Brown Mountain ) > 12,000 years ago Cinnamon Butte 1956 6417 43 ° 14 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 29 '' W / 43.241 ° N 122.108 ° W / 43.241 ; - 122.108 ( Cinnamon Butte ) > 6845 years ago Columbia River Basalt Group - - - - Crater Lake or Mount Mazama 2,487 8,159 42 ° 56 ′ N 122 ° 07 ′ W / 42.93 ° N 122.12 ° W / 42.93 ; - 122.12 ( Crater Lake ) ~ 2290 BC Crooked River caldera - - - 29.5 Ma Diamond Craters 1,450 4,750 43 ° 06 ′ N 118 ° 42 ′ W / 43.1 ° N 118.7 ° W / 43.1 ; - 118.7 ( Diamond Craters ) Between 7320 and 7790 BC Diamond Peak 2,665 8,744 43 ° 31 ′ 14.5 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 58.5 '' W / 43.520694 ° N 122.149583 ° W / 43.520694 ; - 122.149583 > 11,000 years ago Fort Rock 1,716 5,628 43 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 121 ° 04 ′ 08 '' W / 43.37417 ° N 121.06889 ° W / 43.37417 ; - 121.06889 ( Fort Rock ) - Gorda Ridge - 3,000 - 9,842 42 ° 40 ′ N 126 ° 47 ′ W / 42.67 ° N 126.78 ° W / 42.67 ; - 126.78 ( Gorda Ridge ) Gray Butte - - 44 ° 30 ′ N 121 ° 18 ′ W / 44.5 ° N 121.3 ° W / 44.5 ; - 121.3 ( Gray Butte ) - Mount Hood 3,426 11,237 45 ° 22 ′ 24.65 '' N 121 ° 41 ′ 45.31 '' W / 45.3735139 ° N 121.6959194 ° W / 45.3735139 ; - 121.6959194 ( Mount Hood ) 1866 Jackies Butte 1,418 4,652 42 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 42.606 ° N 117.589 ° W / 42.606 ; - 117.589 ( Jackies Butte ) - Mount Jefferson 3199 10,492 44 ° 42 ′ N 121 ° 48 ′ W / 44.7 ° N 121.8 ° W / 44.7 ; - 121.8 ( Mount Jefferson ) 950 AD Jordan Craters 1400 4600 43 ° 08 ′ 49 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 36 '' W / 43.147 ° N 117.460 ° W / 43.147 ; - 117.460 ( Jordan Craters ) 1250 BC Maiden Peak 2,380 7,810 43 ° 37 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 57 ′ 50 '' W / 43.62694 ° N 121.96389 ° W / 43.62694 ; - 121.96389 ( Maiden Peak ) - McDermitt Complex - - - - Mahogany Mountain - - - About 15 million years ago Mount McLoughlin 2,894 9,492 42 ° 26 ′ 40.10 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 56.23 '' W / 42.4444722 ° N 122.3156194 ° W / 42.4444722 ; - 122.3156194 ( Mount McLoughlin ) About 30,000 years ago Middle Sister 3,063 10,050 44 ° 09 ′ N 121 ° 47 ′ W / 44.150 ° N 121.783 ° W / 44.150 ; - 121.783 ( Middle Sister ) 14,000 years ago Newberry Caldera 2,434 7,986 43 ° 42 ′ N 121 ° 30 ′ W / 43.7 ° N 121.5 ° W / 43.7 ; - 121.5 ( Newberry Caldera ) Approximately 690 AD North Sister 3,075 10,090 44 ° 10 ′ N 121 ° 46 ′ W / 44.167 ° N 121.767 ° W / 44.167 ; - 121.767 ( North Sister ) > 100,000 years ago Olallie Butte 2,200 7,219 44 ° 49 ′ 18.1 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 50.2 '' W / 44.821694 ° N 121.763944 ° W / 44.821694 ; - 121.763944 more than 25,000 years ago Pelican Butte - - 42 ° 31 ′ N 122 ° 04 ′ W / 42.51 ° N 122.06 ° W / 42.51 ; - 122.06 ( Pelican Butte ) < 300,000 years ago Rocky Butte - - - - Round Butte - - 44 ° 30 ′ N 121 ° 00 ′ W / 44.5 ° N 121.0 ° W / 44.5 ; - 121.0 ( Round Butte ) - Saddle Butte 1,700 - 43 ° 00 ′ N 117 ° 48 ′ W / 43.00 ° N 117.80 ° W / 43.00 ; - 117.80 ( Saddle Butte ) Holocene South Sister 3,158 10,360 44 ° 06 ′ N 121 ° 46 ′ W / 44.100 ° N 121.767 ° W / 44.100 ; - 121.767 ( South Sister ) 2,000 years ago South - Central Oregon Volcanics - - - - Strawberry Volcanics - - 44 ° 12 ′ N 118 ° 48 ′ W / 44.2 ° N 118.8 ° W / 44.2 ; - 118.8 ( Strawberry Volcanics ) - Mount Tabor - 636 - - Mount Thielsen 2,800 9,184 43 ° 09 ′ 10.21 '' N 122 ° 03 ′ 59.45 '' W / 43.1528361 ° N 122.0665139 ° W / 43.1528361 ; - 122.0665139 ( Mount Thielsen ) - Three Fingered Jack 2,390 7,840 44 ° 28 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 50 ′ 29 '' W / 44.47833 ° N 121.84139 ° W / 44.47833 ; - 121.84139 ( Three Fingered Jack ) > 300,000 years ago Tower Mountain caldera - - - Mount Washington 2,376 7,790 44 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 121 ° 50 ′ 13 '' W / 44.332 ° N 121.837 ° W / 44.332 ; - 121.837 ( Mount Washington ) 670 AD Western Cascades - - - 5 - 0.5 million years ago Wildcat Mountain caldera - - - South Dakota ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Bear Butte 1,349 4,426 44 ° 28 ′ 33 '' N 103 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 44.475833 ° N 103.426944 ° W / 44.475833 ; - 103.426944 ( Bear Butte ) - Texas ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Pilot Knob 169 554 30 ° 09 ′ 43 '' N 97 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W / 30.162 ° N 97.706 ° W / 30.162 ; - 97.706 ( Pilot Knob ) late Cretaceous Inge Mountain 125 410 29 ° 10 ′ 52 '' N 99 ° 45 ′ 58 '' W / 29.181 ° N 99.766 ° W / 29.181 ; - 99.766 ( Inge Mountain ) possibly Eocene Utah ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Bald Knoll 2,135 7,005 37 ° 19 ′ 41 '' N 112 ° 24 ′ 29 '' W / 37.328 ° N 112.408 ° W / 37.328 ; - 112.408 ( Bald Knoll ) Holocene Fumarole Butte 1,609 5,279 39 ° 36 ′ 54 '' N 112 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W / 39.615 ° N 112.803 ° W / 39.615 ; - 112.803 ( Fumarole Butte ) 900,000 years ago Pavant Butte 1,800 5,906 39 ° 07 ′ 35 '' N 112 ° 33 ′ 08 '' W / 39.1263 ° N 112.5521 ° W / 39.1263 ; - 112.5521 ( Pavant Butte ) 16,000 years ago Black Rock Desert volcanic field 1,800 5,904 38 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 112 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 38.970 ° N 112.500 ° W / 38.970 ; - 112.500 ( Black Rock Desert volcanic field ) 600 -- 900 years ago Santa Clara 1,465 4,806 37 ° 15 ′ 25 '' N 113 ° 37 ′ 30 '' W / 37.257 ° N 113.625 ° W / 37.257 ; - 113.625 ( Santa Clara ) - Virginia ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Mole Hill - - 38 ° 26 ′ 55 '' N 78 ° 57 ′ 12 '' W / 38.44861 ° N 78.95333 ° W / 38.44861 ; - 78.95333 ( Mole Hill ) 47 million years ago Trimble Knob - - 38 ° 24 ′ 17 '' N 79 ° 35 ′ 16 '' W / 38.40472 ° N 79.58778 ° W / 38.40472 ; - 79.58778 ( Trimble Knob ) 35 million years ago Washington ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Battle Ground Lake 229 750 45 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 29 '' W / 45.80528 ° N 122.65806 ° W / 45.80528 ; - 122.65806 ( Battle Ground Lake ) - Black Buttes - - 48 ° 46 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 51 ′ 10 '' W / 48.7692861 ° N 121.8526467 ° W / 48.7692861 ; - 121.8526467 ( Black Buttes ) 500,000 to 300,000 years ago Mount Adams 3,743 12,281 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.20250 ° N 121.49083 ° W / 46.20250 ; - 121.49083 ( Mount Adams ) 500 BC ± 1000 years Mount Baker 3,285 10,778 48 ° 46 ′ 38 '' N 121 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 48.77722 ° N 121.81333 ° W / 48.77722 ; - 121.81333 ( Mount Baker ) 1880 Glacier Peak 3,213 10,541 48 ° 06 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 06 ′ 50 '' W / 48.11250 ° N 121.11389 ° W / 48.11250 ; - 121.11389 ( Glacier Peak ) ~ 17th - 18th Century Goat Rocks 2,494 8,184 46 ° 30 ′ N 121 ° 27 ′ W / 46.50 ° N 121.45 ° W / 46.50 ; - 121.45 ( Goat Rocks ) - Indian Heaven 1,513 5,925 45 ° 56 ′ N 121 ° 49 ′ W / 45.93 ° N 121.82 ° W / 45.93 ; - 121.82 ( Indian Heaven ) ~ 6250 BC Lone Butte - - 46 ° 03 ′ 16 '' N 121 ° 50 ′ 21 '' W / 46.05444 ° N 121.83917 ° W / 46.05444 ; - 121.83917 ( Lone Butte ) - Marble Mountain - Trout Creek Hill volcanic zone - - 45 ° 54 ′ N 122 ° 00 ′ W / 45.9 ° N 122.0 ° W / 45.9 ; - 122.0 ( Marble Mountain - Trout Creek Hill volcanic zone ) ~ 7700 years ago Mount Rainier 4,392 14,411 46 ° 51 ′ 11 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 35 '' W / 46.85306 ° N 121.75972 ° W / 46.85306 ; - 121.75972 ( Mount Rainier ) 1894 Mount St. Helens 2,550 8,364 46 ° 11 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 39 '' W / 46.19111 ° N 122.19417 ° W / 46.19111 ; - 122.19417 ( Mount St. Helens ) 2008 Silver Star Mountain 1,330 4,364 45 ° 44 ′ 51.8 '' N 122 ° 14 ′ 20.5 '' W / 45.747722 ° N 122.239028 ° W / 45.747722 ; - 122.239028 - Simcoe Mountains - - 46 ° 06 ′ N 120 ° 54 ′ W / 46.1 ° N 120.9 ° W / 46.1 ; - 120.9 ( Simcoe Mountains ) - Trout Creek Hill 890 2,920 45 ° 50 ′ 11 '' N 121 ° 59 ′ 41 '' W / 45.8365040 ° N 121.9948065 ° W / 45.8365040 ; - 121.9948065 ( Trout Creek Hill ) 340,000 years ago West Crater 1,329 4,360 45 ° 53 ′ N 122 ° 05 ′ W / 45.88 ° N 122.08 ° W / 45.88 ; - 122.08 ( West Crater ) 5750 BC White Chuck Cinder Cone 1,830 6,002 48 ° 03 ′ N 121 ° 10 ′ W / 48.05 ° N 121.17 ° W / 48.05 ; - 121.17 ( White Chuck Cinder Cone ) Wyoming ( edit ) Name Elevation Location Last eruption meters feet Coordinates Yellowstone caldera 2,805 9,203 44 ° 26 ′ N 110 ° 40 ′ W / 44.43 ° N 110.67 ° W / 44.43 ; - 110.67 ( Yellowstone caldera ) 70,000 years ago ( magmatic ) / 1350 BC ± 200 years ( hydrothermal ) See also ( edit ) Geothermal energy in the United States List of volcanoes in Canada List of volcanoes in Mexico List of volcanoes in Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cleveland - Introduction '' . Jump up ^ CNN , Joshua Berlinger . `` Pavlof Volcano in Alaska still erupting '' . Jump up ^ McKINNEY , JOHN ( 25 March 2001 ) . `` Exploring Volcanic Remnants in the Bay Area '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790 '' . United States Geological Survey . September 9 , 1999 . Retrieved 1999 - 10 - 04 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program - Hood '' . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States&oldid=822158363 '' Categories : Volcanoes of the United States Lists of volcanoes United States geology - related lists Lists of landforms of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles using GVP links in vnum format Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Bahasa Melayu Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what is the largest active volcano in the united states
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"\n\nName\nElevation\nLocation\nLast eruption\n\n\nmeters\nfeet\nCoordinates\n\n\nMount Adagdak\n645\n2115\n51°59′16″N 176°35′30″W / 51.98778°N 176.59167°W / 51.98778; -176.59167 (Mount Adagdak)\n-\n\n\nMount Akutan\n1303\n4275\n54°8′4″N 165°59′10″W / 54.13444°N 165.98611°W / 54.13444; -165.98611 (Mount Akutan)\n1996\n\n\nAmak Volcano\n488\n1601\n55°25′26″N 163°8′57″W / 55.42389°N 163.14917°W / 55.42389; -163.14917 (Mount Amak)\n1796\n\n\nMount Amukta\n1066\n3497\n52°30′0″N 171°15′8″W / 52.50000°N 171.25222°W / 52.50000; -171.25222 (Mount Amukta)\n1997\n\n\nMount Aniakchak\n1341\n4400\n56°53′0″N 158°10′0″W / 56.88333°N 158.16667°W / 56.88333; -158.16667 (Mount Aniakchak)\n1931\n\n\nMount Augustine\n1252\n4108\n59°21′48″N 153°26′0″W / 59.36333°N 153.43333°W / 59.36333; -153.43333 (Mount Augustine)\n2005\n\n\nBogoslof Island\n150\n492\n53°56′0″N 168°2′0″W / 53.93333°N 168.03333°W / 53.93333; -168.03333 (Bogoslof Island)\n2017\n\n\nBuldir Volcano\n656\n2152\n52°21′0″N 175°54′38″W / 52.35000°N 175.91056°W / 52.35000; -175.91056 (Mount Buldir)\n-\n\n\nMount Bona\n5005\n16,421\n61°23′6″N 141°45′3″W / 61.38500°N 141.75083°W / 61.38500; -141.75083 (Mount Bona)\n-\n\n\nMount Blackburn\n4996\n16,390\n61°43′54″N 143°25′59″W / 61.73167°N 143.43306°W / 61.73167; -143.43306\n-\n\n\nBuzzard Creek\n830\n2723\n64°4′0″N 148°25′0″W / 64.06667°N 148.41667°W / 64.06667; -148.41667 (Buzzard Creek)\n1050 BC\n\n\nCapital Mountain\n2356\n7728\n62°26′N 144°06′W / 62.43°N 144.10°W / 62.43; -144.10 (Capital)\n-\n\n\nMount Carlisle\n1620\n5315\n52°53′38″N 170°3′15″W / 52.89389°N 170.05417°W / 52.89389; -170.05417 (Mount Carlisle)\n1987\n\n\nMount Chagulak\n1142\n3747\n52°34′36″N 171°8′0″W / 52.57667°N 171.13333°W / 52.57667; -171.13333 (Mount Chagulak)\n-\n\n\nMount Chiginagak\n2221\n7287\n57°8′6″N 156°59′24″W / 57.13500°N 156.99000°W / 57.13500; -156.99000 (Mount Chiginagak)\n1998\n\n\nMount Cleveland\n1730\n5676\n52°49′30″N 169°56′38″W / 52.82500°N 169.94389°W / 52.82500; -169.94389 (Mount Cleveland)\n2017[1]\n\n\nCold Bay Volcano\n1920\n6299\n55°04′55″N 162°53′38″W / 55.082°N 162.894°W / 55.082; -162.894 (Cold Bay Volcano)\n-\n\n\nMount Dana\n1354\n4442\n55°38′28″N 161°12′50″W / 55.64111°N 161.21389°W / 55.64111; -161.21389 (Mount Dana)\n1890 BC\n\n\nDavidof Volcano\n328\n1076\n51°57′15″N 178°19′34″E / 51.9542°N 178.326°E / 51.9542; 178.326 (Davidof Volcano)\n-\n\n\nMount Denison\n2318\n7606\n58°25′4″N 154°26′57″W / 58.41778°N 154.44917°W / 58.41778; -154.44917 (Mount Denison)\n-\n\n\nDevils Desk\n1954\n6409\n58°30′N 154°18′W / 58.5°N 154.3°W / 58.5; -154.3 (Devils Desk)\n-\n\n\nMount Douglas\n2140\n7021\n58°51′19″N 153°32′31″W / 58.85528°N 153.54194°W / 58.85528; -153.54194 (Mount Douglas)\n-\n\n\nMount Dutton\n1506\n4941\n55°10′5″N 162°16′18″W / 55.16806°N 162.27167°W / 55.16806; -162.27167 (Mount Dutton)\nUnknown\n\n\nMount Edgecumbe\n970\n3132\n57°3′0″N 135°45′0″W / 57.05000°N 135.75000°W / 57.05000; -135.75000 (Mount Edgecumbe)\n2220 BC ± 100 years\n\n\nMount Emmons\n1436\n4711\n55°20′26″N 164°4′43″W / 55.34056°N 164.07861°W / 55.34056; -164.07861 (Mount Emmons)\n-\n\n\nMount Fisher\n1112\n3648\n54°39′0″N 164°26′0″W / 54.65000°N 164.43333°W / 54.65000; -164.43333 (Mount Fisher)\n1830\n\n\nMount Frosty\n2012\n6601\n55°4′54″N 162°48′50″W / 55.08167°N 162.81389°W / 55.08167; -162.81389 (Mount Frosty)\nUnknown\n\n\nFourpeaked\n2105\n6906\n58°46′12″N 153°40′20″W / 58.77000°N 153.67222°W / 58.77000; -153.67222 (Fourpeaked)\n2006\n\n\nGareloi Volcano\n1573\n5161\n51°47′25″N 178°47′38″W / 51.79028°N 178.79389°W / 51.79028; -178.79389 (Mount Gareloi)\n1989\n\n\nMount Gilbert\n818\n2684\n54°15′08″N 165°39′43″W / 54.2521°N 165.662°W / 54.2521; -165.662 (Mount Gilbert)\n-\n\n\nGreat Sitkin\n1740\n5709\n52°4′34″N 176°7′48″W / 52.07611°N 176.13000°W / 52.07611; -176.13000 (Great Sitkin)\n1974\n\n\nMount Gordon\n2755\n9039\n62°8′0″N 143°5′0″W / 62.13333°N 143.08333°W / 62.13333; -143.08333 (Mount Gordon)\n-\n\n\nMount Griggs\n2317\n7602\n58°21′14″N 155°5′30″W / 58.35389°N 155.09167°W / 58.35389; -155.09167 (Mount Griggs)\n-\n\n\nHayes Volcano\n3034\n9954\n61°38′25″N 152°24′41″W / 61.64028°N 152.41139°W / 61.64028; -152.41139 (Hayes Volcano)\n1200 ± 300 years\n\n\nMount Herbert\n1280\n4199\n52°44′32″N 170°6′38″W / 52.74222°N 170.11056°W / 52.74222; -170.11056 (Mount Herbert)\n-\n\n\nMount Iliamna\n3053\n10,016\n60°1′55″N 153°5′25″W / 60.03194°N 153.09028°W / 60.03194; -153.09028 (Mount Iliamna)\n1876\n\n\nImuruk Lake\n610\n2001\n65°36′0″N 163°55′0″W / 65.60000°N 163.91667°W / 65.60000; -163.91667 (Imuruk Lake)\n300\n\n\nIngakslugwat Hills\n190\n623\n61°26′0″N 164°28′0″W / 61.43333°N 164.46667°W / 61.43333; -164.46667 (Ingakslugwat Hills)\n-\n\n\nMount Isanotski\n2446\n8025\n54°45′54″N 163°43′21″W / 54.76500°N 163.72250°W / 54.76500; -163.72250 (Mount Isanotski)\n-\n\n\nMount Kagamil\n893\n2930\n52°58′25″N 169°43′0″W / 52.97361°N 169.71667°W / 52.97361; -169.71667 (Mount Kagamil)\n1929\n\n\nMount Kaguyak\n901\n2956\n58°36′30″N 154°1′40″W / 58.60833°N 154.02778°W / 58.60833; -154.02778 (Mount Kaguyak)\n1650 BC\n\n\nMount Kanaga\n1307\n4288\n51°55′22″N 177°10′4″W / 51.92278°N 177.16778°W / 51.92278; -177.16778 (Mount Kanaga)\n1995\n\n\nKasatochi Island\n314\n1030\n52°10′39″N 175°30′30″W / 52.17750°N 175.50833°W / 52.17750; -175.50833 (Kasatochi Island)\n2008\n\n\nMount Katmai\n2047\n6716\n58°16′47″N 154°57′48″W / 58.27972°N 154.96333°W / 58.27972; -154.96333 (Mount Katmai)\n1912\n\n\nMount Kialagvik\n1677\n5502\n57°12′10″N 156°44′43″W / 57.20278°N 156.74528°W / 57.20278; -156.74528 (Mount Kialagvik)\n-\n\n\nMount Kiska\n1220\n4003\n52°06′11″N 177°36′13″E / 52.1031°N 177.6035°E / 52.1031; 177.6035 (Mount Kiska)\n1990\n\n\nMount Koniuji\n273\n896\n52°13′0″N 175°8′0″W / 52.21667°N 175.13333°W / 52.21667; -175.13333 (Mount Koniuji)\n-\n\n\nKorovin Volcano\n1533\n5029\n52°22′54″N 174°9′57″W / 52.38167°N 174.16583°W / 52.38167; -174.16583 (Korovin Volcano)\n2006\n\n\nMount Kukak\n2043\n6703\n58°27′10″N 154°21′18″W / 58.45278°N 154.35500°W / 58.45278; -154.35500 (Mount Kukak)\n-\n\n\nMount Kupreanof\n1895\n6217\n56°0′40″N 159°47′50″W / 56.01111°N 159.79722°W / 56.01111; -159.79722 (Mount Kupreanof)\n1987\n\n\nKookooligit Mountains\n673\n2208\n63°36′0″N 170°26′0″W / 63.60000°N 170.43333°W / 63.60000; -170.43333 (Kookooligit Mountains)\nHolocene\n\n\nLittle Sitkin\n1174\n3852\n51°57′0″N 178°32′35″W / 51.95000°N 178.54306°W / 51.95000; -178.54306 (Little Sitkin)\n1830\n\n\nMount Mageik\n2165\n7103\n58°11′41″N 155°15′10″W / 58.19472°N 155.25278°W / 58.19472; -155.25278 (Mount Mageik)\n-\n\n\nMount Makushin\n1800\n5905\n53°53′27″N 165°55′22″W / 53.89083°N 165.92278°W / 53.89083; -165.92278 (Mount Makushin)\n1995\n\n\nMount Martin\n1863\n6112\n58°10′20″N 155°21′40″W / 58.17222°N 155.36111°W / 58.17222; -155.36111 (Mount Martin)\n1953\n\n\nMount Moffett\n1196\n3924\n51°56′38″N 176°44′48″W / 51.94389°N 176.74667°W / 51.94389; -176.74667 (Monte Moffett)\n-\n\n\nNovarupta\n841\n2759\n58°16′0″N 155°9′24″W / 58.26667°N 155.15667°W / 58.26667; -155.15667 (Novarupta)\n1912\n\n\nNunivak Island\n511\n1676\n60°1′0″N 166°20′0″W / 60.01667°N 166.33333°W / 60.01667; -166.33333 (Nunivak Island)\n-\n\n\nMount Okmok\n1073\n3520\n53°26′0″N 168°8′0″W / 53.43333°N 168.13333°W / 53.43333; -168.13333 (Mount Okmok)\n2008\n\n\nMount Recheschnoi\n1984\n6509\n53°9′24″N 168°32′20″W / 53.15667°N 168.53889°W / 53.15667; -168.53889 (Mount Recheschnoi)\n-\n\n\nMount Redoubt\n3108\n10,197\n60°29′7″N 152°44′31″W / 60.48528°N 152.74194°W / 60.48528; -152.74194 (Mount Redoubt)\n2009\n\n\nMount Roundtop\n1871\n6138\n54°48′0″N 163°35′20″W / 54.80000°N 163.58889°W / 54.80000; -163.58889 (Mount Roundtop)\n-\n\n\nSaint Michael (volcano)\n715\n2346\n63°27′0″N 162°7′0″W / 63.45000°N 162.11667°W / 63.45000; -162.11667 (Saint Michael (volcano))\n-\n\n\nSaint Paul Island\n203\n666\n57°11′0″N 170°18′0″W / 57.18333°N 170.30000°W / 57.18333; -170.30000 (Saint Paul Island)\n1280 BC ± 40 years\n\n\nMount Pavlof\n2519\n8264\n55°25′0″N 161°53′15″W / 55.41667°N 161.88750°W / 55.41667; -161.88750 (Mount Pavlof)\n2016[2]\n\n\nPavlof Sister\n2142\n7027\n55°27′10″N 161°50′35″W / 55.45278°N 161.84306°W / 55.45278; -161.84306 (Pavlof Sister)\n1786\n\n\nPogromni\n2002\n6569\n54°34′N 164°51′W / 54.57°N 164.85°W / 54.57; -164.85 (Pogromni)\n-\n\n\nRoundtop\n1871\n6139\n54°48′N 153°36′W / 54.80°N 153.60°W / 54.80; -153.60 (Roundtop)\n-\n\n\nMount Sanford\n4949\n16,237\n62°13′0″N 144°8′0″W / 62.21667°N 144.13333°W / 62.21667; -144.13333 (Mount Sanford)\n-\n\n\nMount Seguam\n1054\n3458\n52°18′55″N 172°35′30″W / 52.31528°N 172.59167°W / 52.31528; -172.59167 (Mount Seguam)\n1993\n\n\nMount Segula\n1160\n3806\n52°0′55″N 178°8′8″W / 52.01528°N 178.13556°W / 52.01528; -178.13556 (Mount Segula)\n-\n\n\nMount Semisopochnoi\n1221\n4006\n51°56′0″N 179°35′0″W / 51.93333°N 179.58333°W / 51.93333; -179.58333 (Mount Semisopochnoi)\n1987\n\n\nMount Sergief\n560\n1837\n52°2′0″N 174°56′0″W / 52.03333°N 174.93333°W / 52.03333; -174.93333 (Mount Sergief)\n-\n\n\nMount Shishaldin\n2857\n9373\n54°45′20″N 163°58′0″W / 54.75556°N 163.96667°W / 54.75556; -163.96667 (Mount Shishaldin)\n2004\n\n\nSnowy Mountain\n2162\n7093\n58°20′8″N 154°40′55″W / 58.33556°N 154.68194°W / 58.33556; -154.68194 (Snowy Mountain)\n-\n\n\nMount Spurr\n3374\n11,069\n61°17′58″N 152°15′4″W / 61.29944°N 152.25111°W / 61.29944; -152.25111 (Mount Spurr)\n1992\n\n\nSt. Michael\n715\n2346\n63°27′0″N 162°7′0″W / 63.45000°N 162.11667°W / 63.45000; -162.11667 (St. Michael)\n-\n\n\nSt. Paul Island\n203\n666\n57°11′0″N 170°18′0″W / 57.18333°N 170.30000°W / 57.18333; -170.30000 (St. Paul Island)\n1280 BC ± 40 years\n\n\nMount Steller\n2272\n7454\n58°26′0″N 154°24′0″W / 58.43333°N 154.40000°W / 58.43333; -154.40000 (Mount Steller)\n-\n\n\nMount Stepovak\n1555\n5102\n55°56′0″N 160°0′0″W / 55.93333°N 160.00000°W / 55.93333; -160.00000 (Mount Stepovak)\n-\n\n\nTable Top-Wide Bay\n792\n2598\n53°58′5″N 166°40′38″W / 53.96806°N 166.67722°W / 53.96806; -166.67722 (Table Top-Wide Bay)\n-\n\n\nMount Takawangha\n1449\n4754\n51°52′22″N 178°0′20″W / 51.87278°N 178.00556°W / 51.87278; -178.00556 (Mount Takawangha)\n-\n\n\nTana (Volcano)\n1170\n3839\n52°49′48″N 169°16′12″W / 52.83000°N 169.27000°W / 52.83000; -169.27000 (Tana (Volcano))\n-\n\n\nMount Tanaga\n1806\n5925\n51°53′6″N 178°8′45″W / 51.88500°N 178.14583°W / 51.88500; -178.14583 (Mount Tanaga)\n1914\n\n\nTlevak Strait-Suemez Island\n50\n164\n55°15′0″N 133°18′0″W / 55.25000°N 133.30000°W / 55.25000; -133.30000 (Tlevak Strait-Suemez Island)\n-\n\n\nTrident Volcano\n1864\n6115\n58°14′8″N 155°6′0″W / 58.23556°N 155.10000°W / 58.23556; -155.10000 (Trident Volcano)\n1975\n\n\nUgashik-Peulik\n1474\n4836\n57°45′3″N 156°22′5″W / 57.75083°N 156.36806°W / 57.75083; -156.36806 (Ugashik-Peulik)\n1814\n\n\nUkinrek Maars\n91\n299\n57°49′54″N 156°30′35″W / 57.83167°N 156.50972°W / 57.83167; -156.50972 (Ukinrek Maars)\n1977\n\n\nMount Uliaga\n888\n2913\n53°3′54″N 169°46′0″W / 53.06500°N 169.76667°W / 53.06500; -169.76667 (Mount Uliaga)\n-\n\n\nMount Veniaminof\n2507\n8225\n56°10′0″N 159°23′0″W / 56.16667°N 159.38333°W / 56.16667; -159.38333 (Mount Veniaminof)\n2006\n\n\nMount Vsevidof\n2149\n7050\n53°7′48″N 168°41′35″W / 53.13000°N 168.69306°W / 53.13000; -168.69306 (Mount Vsevidof)\n1957\n\n\nMount Westdahl\n1654\n5426\n54°31′6″N 164°39′0″W / 54.51833°N 164.65000°W / 54.51833; -164.65000 (Mount Westdahl)\n1992\n\n\nYantarni Volcano\n1345\n4413\n57°1′17″N 157°11′6″W / 57.02139°N 157.18500°W / 57.02139; -157.18500 (Yantarni Volcano)\n800 BC ± 500 years\n\n\nMount Yunaska\n550\n1804\n52°38′34″N 170°37′43″W / 52.64278°N 170.62861°W / 52.64278; -170.62861 (Mount Yunaska)\n1937\n\n\nPrindle Volcano\n-\n-\n63°43′N 141°37′W / 63.72°N 141.62°W / 63.72; -141.62 (Prindle Volcano)\nPleistocene\n\n\nMount Churchill\n4766\n15,632\n61°15′N 141°42′W / 61.25°N 141.7°W / 61.25; -141.7 (Mount Churchill)\n1250 years ago\n\n\nMount Drum\n3661\n12,010\n62°06′N 144°30′W / 62.1°N 144.5°W / 62.1; -144.5 (Mount Drum)\n-\n\n\nMount Jarvis\n4091\n13,422\n62°1′4″N 143°37′2″W / 62.01778°N 143.61722°W / 62.01778; -143.61722 (Mount Jarvis)\n-\n\n\nMount Wrangell\n4317\n14,163\n62°00′N 144°01′W / 62.00°N 144.02°W / 62.00; -144.02 (Mount Wrangell)\n1999\n\n"
] |
[
"Mount Bona"
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Good Luck Charlie
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Good Luck Charlie - wikipedia Good Luck Charlie This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For the 2007 romantic comedy film , see Good Luck Chuck . Good Luck Charlie Genre Sitcom Created by Phil Baker Drew Vaupen Starring Bridgit Mendler Leigh - Allyn Baker Bradley Steven Perry Mia Talerico Eric Allan Kramer Jason Dolley Theme music composer Jeanne Lurie Chen Neeman Aris Archontis Opening theme `` Hang In There Baby '' by Bridgit Mendler Composer ( s ) Stephen R. Phillips & Tim P . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 97 ( and 1 film ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Phil Baker Drew Vaupen Dan Staley Producer ( s ) Pixie Wespiser Camera setup Videotape ( filmized ) Multi-camera Running time 23 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format HDTV 720p Original release April 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 04 ) -- February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) Chronology Related shows Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/good-luck-charlie Good Luck Charlie is an American sitcom that originally aired on Disney Channel from April 4 , 2010 , to February 16 , 2014 . The series ' creators , Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen , wanted to create a program that would appeal to entire families , not just children . It focuses on the Duncan family of Denver as they adjust to the births of their fourth and fifth children , Charlotte `` Charlie '' ( Mia Talerico ) and Toby ( Logan Moreau ) . In each episode , Teddy Duncan ( Bridgit Mendler ) adds to a video diary that contains advice for Charlie about their family and life as a teenager . Teddy tries to show Charlie what she might go through when she is older for future reference . Each video diary ends with Teddy ( or another family member , even Charlie ) saying the eponymous phrase , `` Good luck , Charlie '' . Among other decisions , executives included adult - centric scenes and changed the series title from Oops to Love , Teddy and finally to Good Luck Charlie in order to ensure the series would appeal to all family members . Good Luck Charlie premiered on Disney Channel in the United States on April 4 , 2010 , in Canada on April 5 , 2010 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland on May 14 , 2010 , and in Australia and New Zealand on July 23 , 2010 . In March 2011 , a feature - length Christmas Disney Channel Original Movie based on the series , entitled Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! , began production for a December 2011 premiere . In June 2013 , Disney Channel announced that the series would end its run after four seasons . The finale aired on February 16 , 2014 , with a one - hour episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Development and production 3.1 Naming 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Film 6 Indian adaptation 7 Broadcast 8 Music 9 Reception 9.1 Viewership 9.2 Protest 10 Awards and nominations 11 References 12 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Denver , Colorado , the series focuses on the Duncan family , who are still adjusting to the birth of their fourth child , Charlotte `` Charlie '' Duncan ( Mia Talerico ) . When parents Amy ( Leigh - Allyn Baker ) , a nurse , and Bob ( Eric Allan Kramer ) , an exterminator , return to work , they ask their three older children -- PJ ( Jason Dolley ) , Teddy ( Bridgit Mendler ) , and Gabe ( Bradley Steven Perry ) -- to help raise their little sister . At the same time , Teddy , PJ , and Gabe try to deal with school and general social challenges in their lives . The events in each episode become material for a video diary that Teddy is making for Charlie . Teddy hopes the videos will provide useful advice for Charlie after they have both grown up and Teddy has moved out . At the end of each video , she ( and / or other cast members ) says , `` Good luck , Charlie '' or may even say it indirectly such as `` Wish them good luck , Charlie . '' During the movie , Amy reveals to Teddy that she is pregnant with her fifth child , but this story plot is not brought into the series until the third season , during which Amy gives birth to a baby boy , Toby . Each episode ends , after the video diary , with an event that is weird and usually can not happen in real life . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) The season four cast of Good Luck Charlie ( The Duncan family , from left to right ) , Mia Talerico as Charlie Duncan , Bradley Steven Perry as Gabe Duncan , Bridgit Mendler as Teddy Duncan , Leigh - Allyn Baker as Amy Duncan , Jason Dolley as PJ Duncan , Eric Allan Kramer as Bob Duncan and Logan Moreau as Toby Duncan Teddy Duncan Teddy R. Duncan ( Bridgit Mendler ) , Charlie 's only sister , is the second - oldest Duncan sibling . Feeling that she will not be around as much when Charlie is grown , she produces and directs video diaries for her , hoping they will give her advice that will help her be successful as a teenager . She produces these video diaries at the end of every episode , and at the end of every video diary she says `` Good luck Charlie '' . Her best friend is Ivy Wentz . It was mentioned in `` Sun Show : Part 1 '' , that her parents were expecting a boy , hence the generally masculine name `` Teddy '' . She dated Spencer Walsh in season one , but they broke up after she caught him two - timing both her and a pretty , dim - witted brunette named Skyler , breaking her heart . She and Skyler later become friends . She and Spencer get back together in season two . Throughout the show Teddy has had numerous boyfriends . Teddy shows much care towards her brothers , such as saving PJ from falling out of the treehouse window , or offering to help Gabe deal with Jo , who has given him a black eye . Teddy 's best friend Ivy often calls her G.G. for `` goody - goody . '' She and Spencer get back together in `` Can You Keep A Secret ? '' . In `` All Fall Down '' Teddy and Spencer break up because they do n't want to be in a long - distance relationship while Spencer attends the Boston Institute for Performing Arts ( BIPA ) . But when Bob 's newest employee Beau admits that he likes Teddy , they begin dating . The two break up when he decides to move home . In `` Accepted '' , Teddy finds out that she is on the waiting list for Yale after Victor ; later she is accepted . Later in the last episode , Spencer and Teddy get back together and kiss , and she shoots the final entry in her video diary before leaving for Yale . It was never revealed what her middle initial `` R '' stands for . Amy Duncan Amy B. Duncan -- ( née Blankenhooper ) ( Leigh - Allyn Baker ) is Bob 's wife and the mother of PJ , Teddy , Gabe , Charlie , and Toby . She worked as a hospital nurse and is often portrayed as dutiful , protective and comedic . She loves her family and does everything to care for and protect them . She appears out - of - her - element when she is n't nurturing them , especially Charlie , but as the series progresses , she begins to feel assured that her youngest children are in good hands and trusts that her husband and 3 eldest children can look after Charlie and Toby . She is notoriously conceited and enjoys bragging about her accomplishments , be they admirable , real , or otherwise . Amy used to be on the local news team and was also a poet in her high - school days . A running gag on the show is that she was involved in virtually every extracurricular activity at Southwest Denver Community College but still earned a nursing degree . She lets special opportunities , such as being on TV or singing in front of a group , go to her head . She has a habit of taking any chance of any publicity that may shine on her family to focus onto her , but this never works out well ; usually she ends up being cut from the project or tossed out of certain groups . Amy seldom accepts her children 's misbehavior . It is revealed in the movie , that she is pregnant again with her fifth child . In the middle of the third season , Amy quit her nursing job to be a stay - at - home mother to Charlie and Toby . In the final episode , Amy is chosen to be the new anchor on `` Good Morning , Denver '' , thanks to Charlie calling in during her on - air audition . Gabe Duncan Gabriel `` Gabe '' Duncan ( Bradley Steven Perry ) is the middle Duncan sibling , being both the younger brother of Teddy and PJ and the older brother of Charlie and Toby . From the beginning Gabe does n't approve of Charlie 's arrival and is the last one of the family to get used to her , but finally he reaches the point of reluctantly assisting in her care and demonstrating some fondness of her . He is a prankster and troublemaker , often sarcastic and lazy , but can also be dutiful and determined at times . He is front - man when it comes to the Duncans ' running rivalry with their neighbor Mrs. Dabney , who is often the target of Gabe 's pranks and stunts -- which is the only time the family does n't mind them . Although he does n't like Mrs. Dabney , he ends up dating a relative of Mrs. Dabney , Lauren . He and Toby are the only brown - haired Duncans ; all of the others are blondes . A running gag in the show is that he insults Bob 's weight and baldness , Amy 's cooking , PJ being a goofball , Teddy being a `` goody - goody , '' and occasionally Charlie . He also likes to harass and tease Mrs. Dabney , whom he finds annoying . He also won the right to name his baby brother Toby ; in one episode , he tried to impress a girl by making video diaries for Toby , ending them with `` Good Fortune , Toby ! '' . It has been revealed that Gabe was a calm and docile baby . Charlie Duncan Charlotte `` Charlie '' Duncan ( Mia Talerico ) is the title character and the second - youngest Duncan sibling . She is generally portrayed as being happy . It sometimes takes a few tries to get her to do the right thing . Charlie can also be mischievous at times . Many of the Duncan family 's adventures revolve around Charlie . Both her older brothers , PJ and Gabe , are often seen using Charlie for their own benefit , although PJ shows that he cares about her deeply . Gabe seems to dislike Charlie the most although , in some episodes , he is seen being quite fond of her . Amy thinks of Charlie as the perfect baby . It was revealed in `` Charlie is 1 '' , that it was Teddy 's idea to nickname her Charlie . Charlie speaks more often in later episodes of seasons two and three . Toby was born on her birthday ; she responded to this by `` I like this present . '' In season three , her personality begins to develop , as she is seen as sneaky and mischievous , such as pretending to like a doll Amy bought for her to like Toby , then throwing it away when she was not looking ; and also telling Amy 's `` friends '' what she really thinks of them , causing her to lose them all . Also , she can be seen as not liking Toby as in the episode `` Doppel Date '' when she asks Bob if Toby is going to stay at the hotel and he says no and Charlie asks if they can talk about it . Bob Duncan Bob William Duncan ( Eric Allan Kramer ) is the father of Teddy , PJ , Gabe , Charlie , and Toby , and husband of Amy . He owns a pest control company , `` Bob 's Bugs Be Gone '' . He sometimes refers to his business as the `` Triple B-G '' . He loves bugs and attends the Bug Convention every year . Bob is the coach of Gabe 's basketball team , but he was temporarily replaced by his wife . It is also mentioned in `` Snow Show : Part 1 '' that Bob and Amy are not legally married because they were scammed by a con man who impersonated a judge ; they have a legal ceremony with all 4 children present . His childhood dream was to be a professional wrestler named `` Bobzilla '' , which he showed in his company 's commercial . Bob gets made fun of a lot throughout the series because of his weight and baldness , usually by Gabe . He is barely more intelligent than the bugs he kills , and breeds much resentment among his kids by being very `` cheap '' and `` tight '' with his money . He wants his family to know him as a `` fix - it '' man , though his projects never seem to work out . He is slightly afraid of Amy , but he calls it a `` strong respect '' . He has two positions of authority when it comes to the children : driving lessons and barbecuing . He can be lazy but is determined to spend quality time with his wife and children . He has issues with his mother - in - law , Petunia . It is revealed he has apologized to Amy at least 162 times , while Amy just soaks it up . In `` Baby Steps , '' it is revealed that he dropped all of his kids including Toby . In multiple episodes Bob brags about having his own band in high school , `` The Bob Duncan Experience '' , which made a grand total of one record ( an LP , no copies ) . He can still play bass guitar and occasionally sits in with PJ & The Vibe . Late in the third season , Bob began exercising and dropped a massive amount of fat , replacing most of it with muscle . After Amy and the kids staged an intervention to stop his more - revealing wardrobe choices , he admits the catalyst for his getting back in shape was someone in the park mistaking him for Toby 's grandfather . It is revealed in `` Amy Needs a Shower '' that his middle name is William . In the final episode , PJ 's culinary talents motivates Bob to pry open his wallet and invest in his son 's business . PJ Duncan PJ Duncan ( Jason Dolley ) is the eldest Duncan sibling . He and Teddy often fight , although they care about each other , and he usually gets along well with his younger brother Gabe . He often appears awkward , somewhat careless , and childish , but on numerous occasions has been known to be resourceful , creative , and intelligent . He has also been shown to be a good cook , and Bob once tricked Amy ( who is n't a very good cook ) into working later so that PJ would cook . He and his best friend Emmett have their own band entitled `` PJ and the Vibe '' . PJ occasionally uses his younger sister Charlie for his personal gain , like when he uses her to make big tips while working for Kwikki Chikki by saying that his mother was in the hospital when she actually worked there ( customers just assumed she was ill ) . He dated Teddy 's friend Skyler , who has his type of scatterbrain , but they broke up in `` PJ in the City '' , when Skyler had to move to New York City because of her father 's new job . He was originally intended to be named after his great - grandfather , Patrick John , but Bob was nervous as he was writing on his birth certificate , resulting in the legal name of `` Potty John '' instead of the intended `` Patty John '' . Despite Bob trying to correct this in the season two episode `` Can You Keep a Secret ? '' , he accidentally changed the intended name to `` PP Duncan '' . It is revealed in the `` Special Delivery '' episode that his middle name is Darth . In season three , PJ moves into an apartment shared with Emmett , but is still in the Duncan house a lot . In the season - four episode `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' he gets back together with Skyler , who will be attending college in Denver . In the final episode , PJ has graduated cooking school , buys a food truck , hires Emmett to work for him , and makes Bob his business partner . Also in the last episode , PJ finds Skyler in Denver , who forgot to mention she moved back to Denver to go to college . Recurring ( edit ) Ivy Wentz Ivy Renee Wentz ( Raven Goodwin ) is Teddy 's best friend , and is one of the major recurring characters in the series . She is seen spending most of her time with Teddy at the Duncan 's residence and often accompanies her on her dutiful , or personal , excursions . Ivy is energetic and witty and has proven to be quite intuitive ; although she does not receive the best grades in school . She is passionate , if not obsessed , about clothes , money , popularity , boys , and texting ; but on numerous occasions has proven to be a loyal and comforting friend . Ivy briefly dated Emmett when they were younger , and now never misses a chance to insult him , but went to the school dance with him so she and Teddy could have a ride in `` Dance Off '' . It is revealed that she loves country music and animal - print clothes . At one point , it is implied that Ivy has ( or had ) an addiction to chocolate . Spencer Walsh Spencer Walsh ( Shane Harper ) is Teddy 's ex-boyfriend . At first , they started dating after they begin studying together . He cheated on her in the episode `` Girl Bites Dog '' , and Teddy broke up with him . In `` Snow Show '' , he goes to the lodge that the Duncan family is staying at to get back together with Teddy . They share a kiss on the ski lift . At the end , they just decide to stay friends . He and Emmett share similar dancing abilities that rival each other , and they eventually become friends . In the episode , `` Can You Keep a Secret ? '' , he and Teddy get back together but they break up in `` All Fall Down '' because Spencer goes to college in Boston . Later , on Teddy 's birthday , he returns , asking to get back together . However , Teddy turns him down as she ends up with Beau . He leaves devastated . He and Teddy end up back together in the series finale . Emmett Emmett ( Micah Stephen Williams ) is PJ 's best friend . He is slender , comedic , and has a desperate , misguided & very one - sided attraction to Teddy , though Teddy constantly rejects him . Emmett accompanies PJ on the drums in his band `` PJ and the Vibe '' , and sometimes assists PJ on his problematic excursions . Emmett has a nephew named Mason who , he claimed , was better than Charlie , until Charlie beat Mason in a `` baby race '' by learning to walk . Emmett is also an incredible dancer , with skills matched only by Spencer . He once went out with Ivy when they were younger . In his mind , he sees himself as being suave , sophisticated , and very attractive to girls . In season three , Emmett and PJ get an apartment together . Mrs. Dabney Mrs. Estelle Dabney ( Patricia Belcher ) is the Duncans ' strict and easily annoyed neighbor . In `` The Curious Case of Mr. Dabney '' , she was mistakenly accused of killing her husband . In `` Kit and Kaboodle '' , it is mentioned that Mrs. Dabney and her four sisters were born in Sheboygan , Wisconsin , in 1958 . She wanted the Duncans ' tree , which housed PJ and Teddy 's tree house , cut down ; but the family fought back . It is revealed that Estelle is one of quintuplets ; her four sisters are played by Belcher via split screen ; and her four sisters all love children and get along well with Gabe , accusing her of being the black sheep . Mrs. Dabney is often suspicious of Gabe , because his pranks and troublemaking are often directed towards her . She is often antagonistic towards the Duncans -- Bob , PJ , and Gabe especially - but is fairly tolerant of Charlie . She was also a big fan of the fictional Higgins and Zork television show when she was younger . She loves her son and her cat more than her husband , and some wonder why she married Mr. Dabney if she hated him so much . It is also revealed that she has a granddaughter named Lauren who ends up dating Gabe . In `` It 's A Charlie Duncan Thanksgiving '' , it is revealed that she and Mr. Dabney had recently divorced . In the same episode , she flirted with the Duncan kids ' grandfather , but broke up with him not much later . It is revealed that in `` Make Room for Baby '' that she does not know about the Internet . Debbie Dooley Debbie Dooley ( Ericka Kreutz ) is the Duncans ' new neighbor . Her husband is Deputy Doug Dooley and has a daughter named Dede . She speaks with a strong Upper Midwestern accent . She first appears in `` Monkey Business '' where she becomes friends with Amy . Teddy and Ivy then takes Charlie and Dede to Make - a-Monkey , but Teddy ends up taking her diamond earrings . She then ends up losing them in Dede 's monkey . Teddy then sneaks into her house and rips up Dede 's monkey to find the earring , but is secretly watched by Debbie and Amy through a hidden security camera . She next appears in `` Amy Needs a Shower '' where Amy invites her to her baby shower but only because she can bake . Charlie then tells Debbie that Amy thinks she talks funny , causing her to storm out . She then appears in `` All Fall Down '' where it is revealed that she has a mommy blog , where she blogs about her family . She appears in `` Rock Enroll '' where Teddy invites her , Mrs. Dabney , and an old neighbor to help her with a question on her college enrollment essay , but instead , the 3 of them end up getting into an argument and they all storm out . She recently appeared in `` The Unusual Suspects '' where after a playdate with Dede , Charlie ends up getting an attitude with Amy . Amy then decides to talk with Debbie about it , but Debbie blames Charlie for Dede 's attitude problem , causing the two to start telling fruit - related insults at each other and Debbie then storms out . Bob and her husband , Doug decide to talk to sort it out but the two end up getting into a fight . While Amy and Debbie try to break them up , they find out that Charlie and Dede got their attitudes from Mrs. Dabney . Beau Beau Landry ( Luke Benward ) is the newest employee at Bob 's company Bob 's Bugs Be Gone . He moved from Tennessee and was first seen in `` Rat - A-Teddy '' . In `` Charlie 4 , Toby 1 '' Teddy helped him break up with his girlfriend in Tennessee . After the breakup , they hug . At the end of the episode , Teddy smiled in her video diary when she said Beau was single , showing that the two like each other . In `` Teddy 's Choice '' , it is revealed that Beau and Teddy are dating . Teddy and Beau break up in the episode `` Bob 's Beau Be Gone '' because Beau moved back to Tennessee to work for another exterminating company . Jo Jo Keener ( G. Hannelius ) is Gabe 's tomboyish bully - turned - friend . She was introduced in `` Boys Meets Girls '' , bullying Gabe before revealing she has a crush on him . Since that episode , she appears friendly with Gabe , assisting him with certain situations with an occasional wise - crack and insult at his expense . It is demonstrated that she is good with babies after taking care of Charlie . It is also revealed that Gabe also has a small crush on her but does n't show it . In `` Duncan 's Got Talent '' , Jo played a trick on Gabe that almost ruined his chance of being class president . Earlier in that episode , Gabe revealed that he had had a dream about Jo , but he stopped himself before he could say what she did in it . In season 2 , Gabe and Jo settle their differences in `` Duncan vs. Duncan '' . According to Jo , she and Gabe have a complicated relationship . Jo no longer appeared in the series , since G. Hannelius started playing Avery Jennings in another Disney Channel sitcom , Dog With a Blog . Mary Lou Wentz Mary Lou Wentz ( Ellia English ) is Ivy Wentz 's mother and Amy Duncan 's friend . She first appears to be rather bland ; but as the series progresses , she becomes more entertaining and vibrant . She is a skilled knitter ; and , in `` Ally Oops '' , she is shown to be a talented singer , performing the national anthem at a game . She has appeared in six episodes . In season 1 , she appeared in `` The Curious Case of Mr. Dabney '' and `` Butt Dialing Duncans ; '' and , in season 2 , she has appeared in `` Gabe 's 12 1 / 2 Birthday '' , `` Appy Days '' , `` Ally Oops '' , `` Amazing Gracie '' , and `` Teddy on Ice '' . She is married to Harry Wentz , and their highly conservative and traditional ways easily creep out Ivy and Teddy . In one episode , Teddy visits their home ; and they invite her to participate in a family sing - a-long of Row , Row , Row Your Boat ( first in English then latter in German ) , eat liver and onions , and put together a big puzzle causing Teddy to leave the house in the middle of a snowstorm . Teddy arrives home practically frozen . In `` Amy Needs A Shower '' , she hosts Amy 's baby shower . Amy Duncan describes her as too perky . Harry Wentz Harry Wentz ( William Allen Young ) is the husband of Mary Lou Wentz and the father of Ivy Wentz , Teddy 's best friend . Throughout the series , he has appeared in four episodes , three in Season Two : `` Gabe 's 12 - 1 / 2 Birthday '' , `` Amazing Gracie '' , and `` Teddy on Ice '' . Harry and Mary Lou do numerous creepy things which easily annoy Teddy and Ivy such as singing rounds of Row , Row , Row Your Boat ( in German ) and eating liver and onions . It is shown in `` Amazing Gracie '' that he had a car named Gracie that he was extremely attached to . He reluctantly sold it to Teddy before she crashed it . It is also shown that he and Mary Lou own a small cabin by a lake in `` Teddy on Ice . '' In Season 3 , Harry quits his plumbing job and starts a weather - themed restaurant . Skyler Skyler ( Samantha Boscarino ) is Teddy 's friend and P.J. 's girlfriend . She first appears and was introduced in the episode `` Girl Bites Dog '' , as a complete stranger to Teddy . Later Teddy finds out that she is Spencer 's other girlfriend and they break up with him . She then appeared in `` Teddy 's Broken Heart Club Band '' , where she and Teddy record a mean song about Spencer to get back at him . Teddy and Skyler become good friends . She and PJ become a couple when she and Teddy enter a battle of the bands contest to compete against PJ and Emmett and also Spencer . She and PJ broke up in `` PJ in the City '' , when Skyler had to move to New York due to her father 's new job which required him to relocate . Skyler is a gifted guitarist and pianist , a talented singer , and is able to write incredible poems and songs . She has not been seen onscreen in season 3 , but is mentioned by P.J. in `` All Fall Down '' when he was comforting Teddy over her breakup with Spencer . However , she is briefly seen in Season 4 in the episode `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' in which she gets back together with PJ because she was moving back to Denver for college . Jake Jake ( Tucker Albrizzi ) is Gabe 's empty - headed best friend . He first appeared in `` Pushing Buttons '' , where he bought Gabe 's bike from him for $10 . He then appeared in `` Baby 's New Shoes '' , where he went to a movie theater with Gabe and Teddy to help her expose an employee selling children age - inappropriate movie tickets in exchange for money . He also appeared faking a broadcast with Gabe at the end of the episode . He made another appearance in `` Termite Queen '' , where he helps Gabe shoot a monster movie , and `` Special Delivery '' , where he convinces Gabe to buy a video game over a toy for Charlie . Toby Duncan Toby Duncan ( uncredited season 3 , Logan Moreau season 4 ) is the fifth and youngest Duncan sibling . He was born in the back of an ice - cream truck Bob and Amy were riding in on the way to the hospital and Teddy helped deliver him . He and Charlie share the same birthday but she is three years older . Gabe came up with his name , and Gabe started to make a video diary for him to impress a girl . At the end he says `` Good Fortune , Toby '' . In the episode Special Delivery , Amy said `` Welcome to the World Toby Wan Kenobi Duncan , '' suggesting his middle name is Wan Kenobi , a reference to the Star Wars character Obi - Wan Kenobi . The July 12 , 2012 , Disney press release announcing season four stated that the role of Toby would be cast for that season ( as by then he would be a toddler ) . Logan Moreau ( born January 27 , 2012 in Los Angeles , California ) was selected for the role in season four . In the series finale , after thanking Gabe , Mrs. Dabney claims to see the same evil twinkle in Toby 's eye that she saw in Gabe 's and runs off , shouting that Toby is another devil - child , implying that Toby will grow up to become a troublemaker like Gabe . Lauren Lauren Dabney ( Jaylen Barron ) is Mrs. Dabney 's grand daughter and later Gabe 's girlfriend . They went on a date , but it did not go so well . Mrs. Dabney did not like them being together , but later approved . In `` Futuredrama '' Gabe broke up with her thinking she was going to dump him . After Teddy spoke to Lauren , she gave Gabe a second chance . It is shown that Lauren is very nice , which is what Charlie said when she found out Lauren was Mrs. Dabney 's grand daughter , because the Duncans think Mrs. Dabney is mean . Karen Karen ( Brooke Dillman ) is Amy 's heartless boss at the hospital . She first appears in `` Monkey Business '' where Gabe gives Bob a fake lottery ticket , causing him and Amy to think they are rich . Amy then quits her job but when Gabe finds out , he tries to convince Karen to let Amy return . When that backfires , Gabe gives her a fake lotto ticket , causing her to think she is rich so she then quits her job . She next appears in `` Amy Needs a Shower '' where Amy invites her to her baby shower to get an expensive gift because she married a rich guy . Charlie ends up telling Karen the reason Amy invited her , causing her to storm out of the house . She recently appears in `` Teddy and the Bambino '' where Amy returns to work and finds out that Karen is working there again as well because she 's divorced . In the end , Amy quits her job again to become a stay - at - home mom . She is shown in season 4 episode `` Bug Prom '' where she is shown to be Beau 's aunt . In this episode , Amy and Karen are shown to still hate each other . Vonnie Vonnie ( Cyrina Fiallo ) is a girl who is friends with Teddy . She first appears in the Season 3 episode , `` T. Wrecks '' , when Teddy joins the girls ' volleyball team . She later appears in the episode `` Team Mom '' , when the volleyball team is on a losing streak and Amy is their new Team Mom . She is also friends with Kelsey ( Coco Jones ) . In `` Nurse Blakenhooper '' , she teams up with Teddy to do a project because she knows Teddy can get them a good grade . Kelsey Kelsey ( Coco Jones ) is a friend of Teddy who first appears in `` Team Mom '' , where she becomes a member of Teddy 's girls ' volleyball team . She is shown to be an extremely perky airhead . She next appears in `` Go Teddy ! '' where she gets Teddy to join the cheer - leading squad with her to go on their trip to the cheer - leading competition in Oahu . Teddy makes the team but it turns out that the competition is actually in Ohio . It is also shown that Gabe has a crush on her . She recently appears in `` Rat - A-Teddy '' where she asks PJ for advice on how to tell if a guy likes you , and actually receives good advice . Victor Victor DeLeseur ( Kevin Covais ) is the only friend of Teddy 's who is smarter than her , but this given him a much bigger ego . He first appears in the episode , `` Baby 's First Vacation '' when he helps Teddy put video feed in the home security system so she can have a party while the family is on vacation . He is dating Victoria . He reappears in `` Teddy and the Bambino '' to help Teddy win the Student U.N. Competition . Finally , in `` Study Buddy '' , he preps Teddy for the SAT 's since he got a perfect score . In `` Baby 's First Vacation '' , he is shown to have some dislike for Spencer , and also , Ivy does not get along with him . In the final episode `` Good - Bye , Charlie '' , Victor goes to Yale with Teddy . Linda Duncan Linda Duncan ( Shirley Jones ) is Bob 's despicable and overly perky mother , who regularly upstages Amy , and gives her son a great deal of attention and praise , two things Amy can not stand ( this could well explain Amy 's disturbed need to steal the spotlight from all other family members ) . She has appeared twice , in the episode following Toby 's birth and the third season Christmas episode , in which she brags about how she will be singing the same carol at the family talent show as Amy ( probably after eavesdropping from the front porch ) , even trying to silence Amy during their agreed duet . Her cruel tactics include faint praise by her favorite expression `` and whatnot , '' and making fun of Amy 's `` Ba - Bam ! '' catchphrase . Frank Duncan Frank Duncan ( Alan Rachins ) is Bob 's father who appears in `` It 's a Charlie Duncan Thanksgiving '' . He falls in love with the mean neighbor Mrs. Dabney just after she divorced her husband . In the end of the episode they get into a fight and break up . He then goes back to Arizona and does not appear in anymore episodes . Development and production ( edit ) `` A lot of the high - concept shows have kids in an extraordinary situation where the parent or adult takes a backseat , and sometimes the adult is n't as smart as the kid , or it 's all about the kids putting one over on the adults . But we have a new show called `` Good Luck Charlie '' that has a very different kind of concept . It is very grounded , very relatable , and it 's not about the parents being dumber than the kids . We try and mine as much comedy out of the parents as possible , but it does n't mean the kids ca n't learn from the parents and get guidance from the parents `` . Adam Bonnett , senior Vice President of original programming for Disney . The Good Luck Charlie pilot , entitled `` Study Date '' , was shot in February 2009 , at Sunset Bronson Studios ( where Hannah Montana was taped ) and the series was picked up later that year . The show 's production occurs at Sunset Bronson Studios in Los Angeles even though the show is set in Denver , Colorado . Starting with the 2nd season , the series is taped at Los Angeles Center Studios , where Shake It Up is also taped . The show operates on a weekly schedule . Scripts for a new episode are issued on Monday before a read - through , Wednesdays are rehearsal and network run - through day , final scripts are issued on Thursday , and the episode is shot in front of a live studio audience on Friday night . According to Mendler , occasionally `` episodes are too big to handle with a live audience ( and are ) taped without an audience , but mostly they 're live '' . Good Luck Charlie was created by Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen , who have been writing together since 1993 on shows ranging from Suddenly Susan to Sonny with a Chance . The pair aspired to create a program that would appeal to entire families rather than simply kids . Inspired by the success of reruns of shows such as Full House and George Lopez with young audiences , Vaupen and Baker turned to family sitcoms . `` We wanted to do a show about a family , to bring back a family sitcom and make it about a real family , not wizards , nobody 's a pop star , nobody has a TV show '' , said Vaupen , referring to Wizards of Waverly Place , Hannah Montana , and Sonny with a Chance . Veteran writer - producer Dan Staley ( Cheers ) later joined the show as executive producer . Disney 's Gary Marsh said `` because most network television abandoned the traditional sitcom , Disney has been able to snatch up a lot of experienced talent for behind the camera , including executive producer Dan Staley ... '' Good Luck Charlie 's central family , the Duncans from Denver , Colorado , was carefully crafted for broad appeal . While the series is still told primarily through the view point of the Duncan children , the children 's parents , Amy and Bob , are less on the periphery and writers attempt to add scenes that adult viewers can relate to . For example , in one scene in the pilot episode Amy confesses to Bob that she is overwhelmed with becoming a working new mother again . `` She 's not sure she can pull this off '' , says Bonnet . `` And just playing that scene the way we did , a very real scene between husband and wife , kind of makes this show different '' . The writers also try to include jokes for adult viewers while remaining chaste enough for their young target audience . Unlike most previous Disney Channel series such as Sonny with a Chance , Hannah Montana , or Cory in the House , both parents are seen in the Duncan family . `` It felt like the right time to have a show with two parents , to debunk the myth that Disney never has the mom in the picture '' , says Adam Bonnett , Senior Vice President of original programming for Disney Channel . `` Because it is a myth '' . Because a series about the rich and famous might alienate viewers in a troubled economy , the Duncans were made middle class . According to Gary Marsh , Entertainment President of Disney Channel Worldwide , `` What we want to do is acknowledge the reality of the times in which we live , where two parents work , where kids are expected to help out around the house in meaningful ways . Real - life issues happen . Everyone is n't living ' The Life of Riley ' all the time . '' Naming ( edit ) Broadening Disney Channel 's appeal was a concern when choosing the names of the characters and the title of the program . `` You want a title that says , a ) this is a sitcom and , b ) this is something that will interest the main demographic but also we 're trying to expand the Disney brand beyond just girls '' , Vaupen commented . The series ' title was originally `` Love , Teddy '' , the phrase Teddy had used to end her video diary entries during development . However , `` Love , Teddy '' immediately felt feminized and almost excludes boys `` , Vaupen said . `` We also did n't want to have the word ' Baby ' in the title because that would exclude certain people '' . The Duncan baby was originally named `` Daisy '' during development , but producers thought that `` Charlie '' , which is generally a masculine name , would attract more boys . Casting ( edit ) As Good Luck Charlie is low concept and character - driven , `` the actors not only had to carry the show , they also had to have `` pitch - perfect '' chemistry with each other to make the family dynamic believable `` . Bonnet says Disney Channel executives `` just fell in love with '' Bridgit Mendler , who stars as teenaged Teddy Duncan . `` She has all the attributes of a Disney star '' , said Bonnet . Mendler first heard about Good Luck Charlie in late November 2008 . After several rounds of auditions and cast reads , she finally secured the part in January 2009 . Mendler and Jason Dolley , who plays Teddy 's older brother PJ , have starred in preceding Disney Channel series and movies before both were cast in Good Luck Charlie ; Mendler had a recurring role on Wizards of Waverly Place and Dolley starred in Cory in the House and numerous Disney Channel television movies . Variety magazine 's Brian Lowry says their careers `` ( reflect ) the Disney Channel 's knack for identifying young performers and rolling them from one project to the next , in a fashion reminiscent of the old studio system '' . Both Eric Allan Kramer , who plays Bob Duncan , and Leigh - Allyn Baker , who plays Amy Duncan , have also guest starred in preceding Disney Channel shows , and both Kramer and Baker had respectively guest starred in one episode each of the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl , where Charlie writers Erika Kaestle & Patrick McCarthy had served as writers and supervising producers . Both Baker and Kramer were in the same episode of the NBC sitcom Will and Grace , entitled `` Sour Balls '' . Baker says Disney had been `` courting ( her ) for awhile to play a mom '' , but she had always felt too young . `` I kind of feel like hey , you know what ? When I 'm done with this stint , I 'll actually be the age everyone thinks I am to be able to play the part '' . Baker , who was a new mother herself , was nine months pregnant at the time she was auditioning for the role . Mia Talerico -- Like most series featuring baby actors , producers of Good Luck Charlie had originally intended to have identical twins play Charlie Duncan , the title character and the Duncans ' new baby . Hiring two babies would allow for longer work days without violating child labor laws as well as the ability to substitute one child for the other if one was unavailable . However , the show makers were unsuccessful in finding the proper set of twins and decided to cast Mia Talerico instead . Marsh says casting Talerico , who was ten months old at the time of her casting for the role , was their highest risk while creating the show : `` It 's like flying without a net . She may have a bad day and we ca n't shoot and it 'll cost us tens of thousands of dollars . But so far , so good . She 's the most obedient actor I 've ever worked with '' . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Luck Charlie episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 April 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 04 ) January 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) 30 February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) Film December 2 , 2011 21 May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) January 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) 20 April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) Film ( edit ) Main article : Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! also known as `` Good Luck Charlie : The Road Trip Movie '' is a 2011 Christmas film based on the series . The film premiered December 2 , 2011 , on the Disney Channel . The film was directed by Arlene Sanford and written by Geoff Rodkey . The Disney Channel Original Movie follows the Duncan family on their road trip to Amy Duncan 's parents ' house for Christmas . Indian adaptation ( edit ) An Indian adaptation of the show titled Best of Luck Nikki , premiered on Disney Channel India on April 3 , 2011 . Sheena Bajaj plays Dolly Singh , a character similar to that of Teddy Duncan , Ananya Kolvankar portrays Nikita `` Nikki '' Singh a character similar to that of Charlie and Gurdeep Kohli portrays Himani Singh , a character similar to that of Amy . The series ran successfully for 4 seasons , 104 episodes and 3 special episodes and ended on April 16 , 2016 . Broadcast ( edit ) Worldwide the series airs on Disney Channel . In Canada it previewed on April 5 , 2010 and premiered on May 14 , 2010 . In Australia and New Zealand it previewed on May 14 , 2010 and premiered on July 23 , 2010 . In the United Kingdom and Ireland it previewed on the same date and premiered on June 12 , 2010 . It premiered in Singapore , Malaysia , and the Philippines on August 14 , 2010 . Music ( edit ) Although a soundtrack for the show was not released , several songs were produced for the show . `` Hang in There Baby '' , performed by Bridgit Mendler , was written by Aris Archontis , Jeannie Lurie , and Chen Neeman . The premiere was on Radio Disney in March 26 , 2010 . It was included in the Walt Disney compilation Make Your Mark : Ultimate Playlist , in 2012 `` One Step Closer '' , performed by Shane Harper , is featured in the episode `` Battle of the Bands '' as the song that Spencer performs in a Battle of the Bands contest that Teddy , Skyler , PJ , and Emmett also compete in . The song can be found on Harper 's self - titled album . `` I 'm Gonna Run to You '' , performed by Mendler , was and featured in the movie Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! . It was written by Mendler and Jamie Houston and produced by Houston . The song was released as promotional single on November 18 , 2011 . The official music video premiered on Disney Channel in December 2 , 2011 . It was directed by Arlene Sanford . `` You 're Something Beautiful '' , performed by Mendler , was featured in the 1 - hour special episode , `` Special Delivery '' . The song has not been released in any form . `` My Song for You '' , performed by Mendler and Harper , was featured in the Season 3 Christmas episode `` A Duncan Christmas '' . The song included in the Christmas compilation Holiday Playlist , in 2012 . `` My Song for You '' peaked at number two on Billboard Kid Digital Songs and three on Holiday Songs `` Your Song '' , originally by Elton John , was covered by Mendler and Harper to Season 4 episode `` Good Bye Charlie '' . The song has not be released in any form . Reception ( edit ) The series earned positive reviews . Robert Lloyd of The Los Angeles Times described it as a `` professional sitcom from sitcom professionals '' with efficient jokes and typical sitcom characters , and situations which are `` willfully arranged '' . However , Lloyd praised the series for offering a `` contextually novel picture of a teenage girl taking care of her baby sister with a persuasive nonchalance and practical ease that transcends the strenuous comedy that surrounds it '' . Neal Justin of the Star Tribune said the `` slapstick heavy , laugh - track fueled sitcom '' had no redeeming qualities other than `` keeping your 11 - year - old sedated for a half hour '' . Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said Good Luck Charlie would appeal to kids , but not adults . `` Parents have seen the same sort of show done before and better in ABC 's 1980s - era TGIF lineup '' , wrote Owen . Contrarily , Brian Lowry of Variety magazine said Good Luck Charlie was `` a surprisingly refreshing throwback to ABC 's `` TGIF '' - style sitcoms `` . He commented that while the series did not `` push sitcom boundaries '' , it was `` sprightly '' and `` pleasantly handled '' . Viewership ( edit ) The series premiered to 4.7 million viewers , making it the highest - rated series premiere for a Disney Channel Original Series since The Suite Life on Deck in 2008 , and the week 's highest - rated cable program . Maclean 's reported that overall , the first season `` has been doing about as well as Disney 's more successful shows -- The Suite Life and so on '' . On June 24 , 2012 , the episode `` Special Delivery '' became the most watched episode ever of Good Luck Charlie , earning 7.48 million viewers , surpassing the episode `` Snow Show ( Part 1 ) '' which had 7.24 million viewers as well as the episode `` Good Luck Jessie NYC Christmas '' that garnered 5.8 million viewers and the series ' pilot episode `` Study Date '' which had 4.68 million viewers . The most - watched episode of the series was `` Special Delivery '' with 7.5 million viewers . The least watched episode was `` The Unusual Suspects '' with 1.9 million viewers . The most viewed episode in the United Kingdom and Ireland was `` Special Delivery '' with 602,000 viewers when it aired on October 12 , 2012 . Protest ( edit ) On January 28 , 2014 , Disney Channel announced that a television episode of Good Luck Charlie , `` Down a Tree '' , would feature a same - sex couple . This decision caused a protest from the conservative group `` One Million Moms '' asking Disney Channel not to air the episode . One of Disney 's spokespersons told TV Guide the episode was `` developed to be relevant to kids and families around the world and to reflect themes of diversity and inclusiveness . '' Disney aired the episode as planned . Other people including actors Miley Cyrus and Evan Rachel Wood expressed their support . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Female Breakout Star Bridgit Mendler Nominated Hollywood Teen TV Awards Teen Pick Actor : Comedy Jason Dolley Nominated Teen Show Pick : Comedy Good Luck Charlie Nominated 2011 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actor Bradley Steven Perry Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Ten and Under Tucker Albrizzi Won Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actress 11 -- 15 Ryan Newman Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote : TV Good Luck Charlie Won 2012 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated Favorite TV Actress Bridgit Mendler Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Bradley Steven Perry Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 18 -- 21 Booboo Stewart Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote : TV Good Luck Charlie Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 2013 Producers Guild of America Award Outstanding Children 's Program Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated Favorite TV Actress Bridgit Mendler Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actress 14 -- 16 Isabella Palmieri Won Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actress Ten and Under Gianna Gomez Nominated 2014 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Good Luck Charlie Nominated Favorite TV Actress Bridgit Mendler Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel , Disney XD Present Programming Plans for 2010 -- 11 '' . Disney Channels Worldwide . March 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Orders Third Season of Hit Comedy Series Good Luck Charlie '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel Medianet . August 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' To End Its Run '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Channel Schedules Good Luck Charlie Finale '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` A new Disney Channel niche : adults '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Good Luck Charlie '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Good Luck Charlie -- Disney Channel '' . Tv.disney.go.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Delivery '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 3 . Episode 7 . June 24 , 2012 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Rebounds '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 22 . November 28 , 2010 . 09 : 02 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` A L.A.R.P. in the Park '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 2 . Episode 6 . March 27 , 2011 . 14 : 00 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Snow Show : Part 2 '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 25 . January 23 , 2011 . 05 : 00 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Did It ! '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 6 . May 9 , 2010 . 06 : 38 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Amy Needs a Shower '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 3 . Episode 3 . May 13 , 2012 . 15 : 30 minutes in . Disney Channel . ^ Jump up to : `` Can You Keep a Secret ? '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 2 . Episode 27 . November 6 , 2011 . 11 : 40 & 17 : 45 minutes in . Disney Channel . In the episode it is revealed that PJ was supposed to be named after his great - grandfather Patrick `` Patty '' John , but as a result of Bob 's mistake on PJ 's birth certificate , he was named Potty John Duncan instead . Later in the episode , the birth certificate is changed , but as a result of another mistake , it was changed to PP Duncan instead of the intended PJ Duncan . Jump up ^ `` Teddy 's Broken Heart Club Band '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 21 . November 21 , 2010 . 14 : 12 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Kit and Kaboodle '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 12 . July 11 , 2010 . 11 : 28 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Duncan 's Got Talent '' . Good Luck Charlie . Season 1 . Episode 16 . September 12 , 2010 . 9 : 27 minutes in . Disney Channel . I 'm Jo Keener Jump up ^ Disney Press Release ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Good Luck Charlie ' Renewed by Disney Channel for Season 4 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LOGAN MOREAU -- `` Toby Duncan '' `` . Disney Channel Medianet. 2013 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Q&A : Adam Bonnett '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alex ( March 2010 ) . `` Former Tam student turned starlet '' . Tamalpais High School . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maria ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bridgit Mendler Bites Back on ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Pilot Production Listings '' . Backstage.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weinman , Jaime ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Channel News , In Which The Name `` Jonas '' Is Rarely Mentioned -- TV Guidance , Uncategorized `` . Macleans.ca . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuned In : Disney Channel hopes `` Good Luck Charlie '' will appeal to both kids and parents `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kinon , Cristina ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' harks back to traditional family sitcoms '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , Paul ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Disney eyes another teen star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Bond , Paul ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Disney eyes another teen star '' . dapsmagic.com . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arbios , Traci ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with TV Mom Leigh - Allyn Baker '' . News & Observer . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergstrom , Elaine ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` ' Good Luck Charlie ' : Leigh - Allyn Baker stars in a family - friendly winner '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAMILY CHANNEL Family Channel welcomes its newest addition : Disney Channel 's Good Luck Charlie '' . Newswire.ca . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newsome , Brad ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pay TV - Friday , July 23 '' . The Age . p. 34 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB . January 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lilo and Stitch . `` What 's On TV Disney Channel UK Disney UK '' . Disney.co.uk . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hang In There Baby Music Video -- Good Luck Charlie -- Disney Channel Asia '' . YouTube . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BRIDGIT MENDLER : ' HANG IN THERE BABY ' MUSIC VIDEO '' . Shine on Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Make Your Mark : Ultimate Playlist '' . Amazon . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Trilha sonora '' . Ringos Track . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Gonna Run to You -- Single by Bridgit Mendler ( GB ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashley Kline ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` '' Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! , '' A Disney Channel Original Movie Premieres Friday , December 2 `` . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Something Beautiful -- Bridgit Mendler '' . SoundCloud . cambio . May 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Good Luck Charlie '' Video : Bridgit Mendler And Shane Harper `` Song For You '' `` . Disney 411 . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bridgit Mendler And Shane Harper `` My Song For You '' `` . Disney Dreaming . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December 22 , 2012 -- Kid Digital Songs '' . Billboard . September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Holiday Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Bridgit Mendler and Shane Harper Sing Elton John 's ' Your Song ' In ' Good Luck Charlie ' Series Finale '' . Classicalite . cambio . May 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ neal justin television ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV critic 's picks : Friday '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owen - TV : Good luck finding parents to watch ' Charlie ' '' . ScrippsNews . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Idol , ' Fox top week in demos '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ zap2it.com Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( June 11 , 1013 ) . `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings '' . Futon Critic . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Viewing Figures 8 -- 14 October 2012 '' . barb.co.uk . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , James ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` One Million Moms Responds To Lesbian Couple On Disney Channel 's ' Good Luck Charlie ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ August 8 , 2010 by Corinne Heller . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Check out the nominees -- 08 / 08 / 2010 Entertainment News from '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards Winners List -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Teen TV Awards '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2011 BAFTA Awards '' . Awards.bafta.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- Winners '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . May 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2012 BAFTA Awards '' . Awards.bafta.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards nominations for 2012 -- Outstanding Children 's Program '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Producers Guild Awards 2013 -- Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Producers Guild Awards Winners : Argo , Homeland , Modern Family & More '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 TV nominees - EXCLUSIVE '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Good Luck Charlie Disney portal Television portal Official website Good Luck Charlie on IMDb Good Luck Charlie at TV.com Good Luck Charlie at TV Guide Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Luck_Charlie&oldid=808872196 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings American children 's comedy television series American teen sitcoms Bridgit Mendler Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows Television shows set in Colorado Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 59 . 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who plays the older sister in good luck charlie
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[
"Teddy R.[9] Duncan (Bridgit Mendler), Charlie's only sister, is the second-oldest Duncan sibling. Feeling that she will not be around as much when Charlie is grown, she produces and directs video diaries for her, hoping they will give her advice that will help her be successful as a teenager. She produces these video diaries at the end of every episode, and at the end of every video diary she says \"Good luck Charlie\". Her best friend is Ivy Wentz. It was mentioned in \"Sun Show: Part 1\", that her parents were expecting a boy, hence the generally masculine name \"Teddy\". She dated Spencer Walsh in season one, but they broke up after she caught him two-timing both her and a pretty, dim-witted brunette named Skyler, breaking her heart. She and Skyler later become friends. She and Spencer get back together in season two. Throughout the show Teddy has had numerous boyfriends. Teddy shows much care towards her brothers, such as saving PJ from falling out of the treehouse window, or offering to help Gabe deal with Jo, who has given him a black eye. Teddy's best friend Ivy often calls her G.G. for \"goody-goody.\" She and Spencer get back together in \"Can You Keep A Secret?\". In \"All Fall Down\" Teddy and Spencer break up because they don't want to be in a long-distance relationship while Spencer attends the Boston Institute for Performing Arts (BIPA). But when Bob's newest employee Beau admits that he likes Teddy, they begin dating. The two break up when he decides to move home. In \"Accepted\", Teddy finds out that she is on the waiting list for Yale after Victor; later she is accepted. Later in the last episode, Spencer and Teddy get back together and kiss, and she shoots the final entry in her video diary before leaving for Yale. It was never revealed what her middle initial \"R\" stands for."
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"Bridgit Mendler"
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-5904574086270885644
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New York and New Jersey campaign
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New York and New Jersey campaign - wikipedia New York and New Jersey campaign Jump to : navigation , search New York and New Jersey campaign Part of the American Revolutionary War Map of the campaign Date July 1776 -- March 1777 Location New York and New Jersey Result New York British victory British control New York City for the rest of the war New Jersey American victory Americans retain control of New Jersey Continental Army preserved Belligerents United States Great Britain Loyalists Hesse Waldeck Commanders and leaders George Washington Charles Lee John Sullivan Nathanael Greene Robert Magaw Hugh Mercer † Sir William Howe Sir Henry Clinton Lord Cornwallis Lord Richard Howe Wilhelm Knyphausen Carl Donop Johann Rall † Strength 23,000 soldiers and militia 32,000 soldiers Casualties and losses 1,500 killed and wounded and over 4,000 captured 3,000 killed and wounded and 1,400 captured Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip 's Bay Harlem Heights Pell 's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters Boston Quebec New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Western Northern Northern ( after Saratoga ) Southern Yorktown Caribbean Gulf Coast Gold Coast Naval The New York and New Jersey campaign was a series of battles in 1776 and the winter months of 1777 for control of New York City and the state of New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington . Howe was successful in driving Washington out of New York City , but overextended his reach into New Jersey , and ended the active campaign season in January 1777 with only a few outposts near the city . The British held New York harbor for the rest of the war , using it as a base for expeditions against other targets . First landing unopposed on Staten Island on July 3 , 1776 , Howe assembled an army composed of elements that had been withdrawn from Boston in March following their failure to hold that city , combined with additional British troops , as well as Hessian troops hired from several German principalities . Washington had New England soldiers as well as regiments from states as far south as Virginia . Landing on Long Island in August , Howe defeated Washington in the largest battle of the war , but the Continental Army was able to make an orderly retreat to Manhattan under cover of darkness and fog . Washington suffered a series of further defeats in Manhattan , with the exception of the skirmish at Harlem Heights , and eventually withdrew to White Plains , New York . At that point Howe returned to Manhattan to capture forces Washington had left in the north of the island . Washington and much of his army then crossed the Hudson River into New Jersey , and retreated all the way across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania , shrinking due to ending enlistment periods , desertions , and poor morale . Howe ordered his troops into winter quarters in December , establishing a chain of outposts from New York to Burlington , New Jersey . Washington , in a tremendous boost to American morale , launched a successful strike against the Trenton garrison after crossing the icy Delaware River , prompting Howe to withdraw his chain of outposts back to New Brunswick and the coast near New York , while Washington established his winter camp at Morristown . During the remaining winter months , both sides skirmished frequently as the British sought forage and provisions . Britain maintained control of New York City and some of the surrounding territory until the war ended in 1783 , using it as a base for operations elsewhere in North America . In 1777 , General Howe launched a campaign to capture Philadelphia , leaving General Sir Henry Clinton in command of the New York area , while General John Burgoyne led an attempt to gain control of the Hudson River valley , moving south from Quebec and failed at Saratoga . Northern New Jersey was the scene of skirmishing between the opposing forces for the rest of the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Capture of New York City 3 Reactions 4 Howe 's strategy 5 Washington 's counterstrike 6 Aftermath 7 Next steps 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Boston campaign When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775 , British troops were under siege in Boston . They defeated Patriot forces in the Battle of Bunker Hill , suffering very high casualties . When news of this expensive British victory reached London , General William Howe and Lord George Germain , the British official responsible , determined that a `` decisive action '' should be taken against New York City using forces recruited from throughout the British Empire as well as troops hired from small German states . General George Washington , recently named by the Second Continental Congress as the commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , echoed the sentiments of others that New York was `` a post of infinite importance '' , and began the task of organizing military companies in the New York area when he stopped there on his way to take command of the siege of Boston . In January 1776 Washington ordered Charles Lee to raise troops and take command of New York 's defenses . Lee had made some progress on the city 's defenses when word arrived in late March 1776 that the British army had left Boston after Washington threatened them from heights south of the city . Concerned that General Howe was sailing directly to New York , Washington hurried regiments from Boston , including General Israel Putnam , who commanded the troops until Washington himself arrived in mid-April . At the end of April , Washington dispatched General John Sullivan with six regiments to the north to bolster the faltering Quebec campaign . George Washington , by Charles Willson Peale , 1776 General Howe , rather than moving against New York , withdrew his army to Halifax , Nova Scotia , and regrouped while transports full of British troops , shipped from bases around Europe and intended for New York , began gathering at Halifax . In June he set sail for New York with the 9,000 men assembled there , before all of the transports arrived . German troops , primarily from Hesse - Kassel , as well as British troops from Henry Clinton 's ultimately unsuccessful expedition to the Carolinas , were to meet with Howe 's fleet when it reached New York . General Howe 's brother , Admiral Lord Howe , arrived at Halifax with further transports after the general sailed , and immediately followed . When General Howe arrived in the outer harbor of New York , the ships began sailing up the undefended Narrows between Staten Island and Long Island on July 2 , and started landing troops on the undefended shores of Staten Island that day . Washington learned from prisoners taken that Howe had landed 10,000 men , but was awaiting the arrival of another 15,000 . General Washington , with a smaller army of about 19,000 effective troops , lacked significant intelligence on the British force and plans , and was uncertain exactly where in the New York area the Howes intended to strike . He consequently split the Continental Army between fortified positions on Long Island , Manhattan and mainland locations , and also established a `` Flying Camp '' in northern New Jersey . This was intended as a reserve force that could support operations anywhere along the New Jersey side of the Hudson . Capture of New York City ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Long Island , Landing at Kip 's Bay , Battle of Harlem Heights , Battle of Fort Washington , Battle of White Plains , and Battle of Pell 's Point Admiral Richard Howe , from a mezzotint engraving by R. Dunkarton , after the painting by John Singleton Copley The Howe brothers had been granted authority as peace commissioners by Parliament , with limited powers to pursue a peaceful resolution to the conflict . King George III was not optimistic about the possibility of a peace , `` yet I think it right to be attempted , whilst every act of vigour is unremittingly carried on '' . Their powers were limited to granting of `` general and special pardons '' and to `` confer with any of his Majesty 's subjects '' . On July 14 , pursuant to these powers , Admiral Howe sent a messenger with a letter addressed to `` George Washington , Esq . '' across the harbor . Washington 's adjutant , Joseph Reed , politely informed the messenger that no person with that title was in their army . Admiral Howe 's aide wrote that `` the Punctilio of an Address '' should not have prevented the letter 's delivery , and Howe was said to be visibly annoyed by the rejection . A second request , addressed to `` George Washington , Esq. , etc . '' was similarly rejected , although the messenger was told that Washington would receive one of Howe 's adjutants . In that fruitless meeting , held July 20 , Washington pointed out that the limited powers the Howe brothers had been given were not of much use , as the rebels had done no wrong requiring an amnesty . General William Howe , 1777 mezzotint In late August , the British transported about 22,000 men ( including 9,000 Hessians ) from Staten Island to Long Island . In the Battle of Long Island on August 27 , 1776 , the British outflanked the American positions , driving the Americans back to their Brooklyn Heights fortifications . General Howe then began to lay siege to the works , but Washington skillfully managed a nighttime retreat through his unguarded rear across the East River to Manhattan Island . Howe then paused to consolidate his position and consider his next move . During the battle , the British had captured General John Sullivan . Admiral Howe convinced him to deliver a message to Congress in Philadelphia , and released him on parole . Washington also gave his permission , and on September 2 Sullivan told the Congress that the Howes wanted to negotiate , and had been given much broader powers to treat than those they actually held . This created a diplomatic problem for Congress , which did not want to be seen as aggressive , which is how some representatives felt a direct rejection of the appeal would appear . Consequently , Congress agreed to send a committee to meet with the Howes in a move they did not think would bear any fruit . On September 11 , the Howe brothers met with John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , and Edward Rutledge in the Staten Island Peace Conference . It had exactly the outcome the Americans expected . Lord Stirling leading an attack against the British in order to enable the retreat of other troops at the Battle of Long Island , 1776 . Painting by Alonzo Chappel , 1858 . During this time , Washington , who had previously been ordered by Congress to hold New York City , was concerned that he might have escaped one trap for another , since the army was still vulnerable to being surrounded on Manhattan . To keep his escape routes open to the north , he placed 5,000 troops in the city ( which then only occupied the lower portion of Manhattan ) , and took the rest of the army to Harlem Heights . In the first recorded use of a submarine in warfare , he also attempted a novel attack on the Royal Navy , launching the Turtle in a failed attempt to sink the HMS Eagle , Admiral Howe 's flagship . On September 15 , General Howe landed about 12,000 men on lower Manhattan , quickly taking control of New York City . The Americans withdrew to Harlem , where they skirmished the next day , but held their ground . Rather than attempting to dislodge Washington from his strong position a second time , Howe again opted for a flanking maneuver . Landing troops with some opposition in October in Westchester County , he sought once again to encircle Washington . To defend against this move , Washington withdrew most of his army to White Plains , where after a short battle on October 28 he retreated further north . This isolated the remaining Continental Army troops in upper Manhattan , so Howe returned to Manhattan and captured Fort Washington in mid November , taking almost 3,000 prisoners . Depiction of the British landing at the Palisades near Fort Lee , New Jersey . Watercolor attributed to Thomas Davies Four days later , November 20 , Fort Lee , across the Hudson River from Fort Washington , was also taken . Washington brought much of his army across the Hudson into New Jersey , but was immediately forced to retreat by the aggressive British advance . General Howe , after consolidating British positions around New York harbor , detached 6,000 men under the command of two of his more difficult subordinates , Henry Clinton , and Hugh , Earl Percy to take Newport , Rhode Island ( which they did without opposition on December 8 ) , while he sent General Lord Cornwallis to chase Washington 's army through New Jersey . The Americans withdrew across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania in early December . Reactions ( edit ) The outlook of the Continental Army -- and thus the revolution itself -- was bleak . `` These are the times that try men 's souls '' , wrote Thomas Paine in The American Crisis . Washington 's army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men fit for duty and would be significantly reduced after enlistments expired at the end of the year . Spirits were low , popular support was wavering , and Congress had abandoned Philadelphia , fearing a British attack . Washington ordered some of the troops that returned from the failed invasion of Quebec to join him , and also ordered General Lee 's troops , which he had left north of New York City , to join him . Lee , whose relationship with Washington was at times difficult , made excuses and only traveled as far as Morristown , New Jersey . When Lee strayed too far from his army on December 12 , his exposed position was betrayed by Loyalists , and a British company led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton surrounded the inn where he was staying and took him prisoner . Lee 's command was taken over by John Sullivan , who finished marching the army to Washington 's camp across the river from Trenton . A hand - drawn period sketch depicting the locations of British outposts in New Jersey . Orientation is with north to the right . The capture of Lee presented the Howes with a problematic prisoner . As with a number of other Continental Army leaders , he had previously served in the British Army . Because of this the Howes at first treated him as a deserter , with threats of military punishment . However , Washington intervened , tying the treatment of Lee to the treatment of prisoners he held . Lee was ultimately treated well , and apparently offered the British commanders advice on how to win the war . Because the Americans did not have a prisoner of comparable rank , Lee remained a prisoner in New York until 1778 , when he was exchanged for Richard Prescott . The failure of the Continental Army to hold New York also brought about a rise in Loyalist activity , as the city became a haven for refugee supporters of the Crown from elsewhere across the region . The British therefore actively recruited in New York and New Jersey to build regiments of provincial militia , with some success . Loyalists in these areas may have been motivated by seeing elements of the rebel army head home after their enlistments ended . One New York Patriot militia leader wrote that thirty of his men , rather than reenlisting with him , had instead signed up with the enemy . On November 30 Admiral Howe offered amnesty to anyone that had taken up arms against the Crown , provided they swore an oath to it . Washington responded with his own proclamation suggesting that those who did not renounce such oaths should immediately go behind British lines . As a result , New Jersey became a civil battlefield , with militia activity as well as spying and counterspying continuing for the rest of the war . News of the capture of New York was favorably received in London , and General Howe was awarded the Order of the Bath for his work . Combined with news of the recovery of Quebec , circumstances suggested to British leaders that the war could be ended with one more year 's campaigning . News of Admiral Howe 's amnesty proclamation was met with some surprise , as its terms were more lenient than the hardliners in the government expected . Politicians opposed to the war pointed out that the proclamation failed to mention the primacy of the Parliament . Furthermore , the Howes were criticized for failing to keep Parliament informed of the various peace efforts they embarked on . Howe 's strategy ( edit ) ( Howe ) shut his eyes , fought his battles , drank his bottle , had his little whore , advised with his counsellors , received his orders from North and Germain ( one more absurd than the other ) . Charles Lee on General Howe With the campaign at an apparent conclusion for the season , the British established a chain of outposts in New Jersey stretching from Perth Amboy to Bordentown , and entered winter quarters . They controlled New York harbor and much of New Jersey , and were in a good position to resume operations in the spring , with the rebel capital of Philadelphia in striking distance . Howe detached General Clinton with 6,000 men to occupy Newport , Rhode Island as a base for future operations against Boston and Connecticut ( Clinton occupied Newport in early December without opposition . ) Howe then sketched a campaign for the following year in a letter to Lord Germain : 10,000 men at Newport , 10,000 for an expedition to Albany ( to meet an army descending from Quebec ) , 8,000 to cross New Jersey and threaten Philadelphia , and 5,000 to defend New York . If additional foreign forces were available , operations could also be considered against the southern states . Washington 's counterstrike ( edit ) While worrying over how to hold his army together , Washington organized attacks on the relatively exposed British outposts , which were as a result continually on edge due to ongoing militia and army raids . German commanders Carl von Donop and Johann Rall , whose brigades were at the end of the chain of outposts , were frequent targets of these raids , but their repeated warnings and requests for support from General James Grant were dismissed . Emanuel Leutze 's 1851 painting Washington Crossing the Delaware is an iconic image of American history . Beginning in mid-December , Washington planned a two - pronged attack on Rall 's outpost in Trenton , with a third diversionary attack on Donop 's outpost in Bordentown . The plan was aided by the fortuitous presence of a militia company that drew Donop 's entire 2,000 - man force away from Bordentown to the south that resulted in a skirmish at Mount Holly on December 23 . The consequence of this action was that Donop was not in a position to assist Rall when Washington 's attack on Trenton took place . On the night of December 25 -- 26 , Washington and 2,400 men stealthily crossed the Delaware and surprised Rall 's outpost the following morning in a street - to - street battle , killing or capturing nearly 1,000 Hessians . This action not only significantly boosted the army 's morale ; it also brought Cornwallis out of New York . He reassembled an army of more than 6,000 men , and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton . Leaving a garrison of 1,200 at Princeton , Cornwallis then attacked Washington 's position on January 2 , 1777 , and was three times repulsed before darkness set in . During the night Washington once again stealthily moved his army , going around that of Cornwallis with the intention of attacking the Princeton garrison . Hugh Mercer , leading the American advance guard , encountered British soldiers from Princeton under the command of Charles Mawhood . The British troops engaged Mercer and in the ensuing battle , Mercer was mortally wounded . Washington sent reinforcements under General John Cadwalader , which were successful in driving Mawhood and the British from Princeton , with many of them fleeing to Cornwallis in Trenton . The British lost more than one quarter of their force in the battle , and American morale rose with the victory . The defeats convinced General Howe to withdraw most of his army from New Jersey , only leaving outposts at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy . Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown , having retaken most of the state from the British . However , provisions for both armies were limited , and commanders on both sides sent out parties to forage for food and other supplies . For the next few months , they engaged in a forage war , in which each targeted the foraging parties of the other . This led to numerous skirmishes and minor confrontations including the Battle of Millstone . The British also sniped with each other over the subject of provisions . Lord Percy resigned his command after a series of disagreements with Howe came to a head over the ability of the Newport station to provide forage to the New York and New Jersey forces . Aftermath ( edit ) General Charles Cornwallis , 1st Marquess Cornwallis , by John Singleton Copley The British gained control of New York harbor and the surrounding agricultural areas , and held New York City and Long Island until the war ended in 1783 . The Americans suffered significant casualties and lost important supplies , but Washington managed to retain the core of his army and avoid a decisive confrontation that could have ended the war . With the bold strokes of Trenton and Princeton , he had regained initiative and boosted morale . The areas around New York City in New York , New Jersey , and Connecticut were an ongoing battleground for the rest of the war . The early reports that General Howe sent to his superiors in London concerning the battles at Trenton and Princeton attempted to minimize their significance , blaming Rall for Trenton , and trying to recast Princeton as a nearly successful defense . Not everyone was fooled by his accounts , in particular Lord Germain . In a letter to the Hessian General Leopold Philip von Heister Germain wrote that `` the officer who commanded ( the forces at Trenton ) and to whom this misfortune is to be attributed has lost his life by his rashness . '' Heister in turn had to report the loss to his ruler , Frederick II , Landgrave of Hesse - Kassel , with the news that not only had an entire brigade been lost , but sixteen regimental colors and six cannon as well . The news reportedly enraged Frederick , who broadly suggested that Heister return home ( which he did , turning over command of the Hessian forces to Wilhelm von Knyphausen ) . Frederick also ordered extensive inquiries into the events of 1776 , that took place in New York from 1778 to 1782 . These inquiries created a unique archive of materials about the campaign . The news of Washington 's successes reached Paris at a critical time . Britain 's ambassador to France , Lord Stormont , was preparing complaints to France 's foreign minister , the Comte de Vergennes , concerning the semi-secret financial and logistical support France had been giving to the rebels . Stormont had learned that supplies bound for America were to be shipped under French flags , where they had previously sent under American colors . He wrote that the French court was extremely happy with the news , and that the French diplomatic position noticeably hardened : `` that M. de Vergennes is hostile in his heart and anxious for the success of the Rebels I have not a shadow of a doubt . '' Next steps ( edit ) Main articles : Philadelphia campaign and Saratoga campaign The British planned two major operations for the 1777 campaign season . The first was an ambitious plan to gain control of the Hudson River valley , whose central thrust was a move along Lake Champlain by the army from Quebec under General John Burgoyne . Execution of this plan ultimately failed , ending with the surrender of Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga , New York , in October . The second operation was General Howe 's plan to take Philadelphia , which , after a difficult start , met with success in September . Washington 's strategy in 1777 continued to be a basically defensive one . He successfully fended off an attempt by Howe to draw him into a general engagement in northern New Jersey , but was unable to prevent Howe 's later success taking Philadelphia . He did send material help to General Horatio Gates , who was tasked with defending against Burgoyne 's movements . Major General Benedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan 's riflemen all played a notable role in the defeat of Burgoyne , following which France entered the war . Legacy ( edit ) A plaque commemorating the Battle of Harlem Heights on the Math Building at Columbia University In the urban environments of Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Trenton there are plaques and other memorials placed to commemorate the actions that took place in and around those locations . The Princeton Battlefield and Washington 's Crossing are National Historic Landmarks , with state parks also preserving all or part of the locations where events of this campaign occurred in those areas . Morristown National Historical Park preserves locations occupied by the Continental Army during the winter months at the end of the campaign . `` When the illustrious part that your Excellency has borne in this long and arduous contest becomes a matter of history , fame will gather your brightest laurels rather from the banks of the Delaware than from those of the Chesapeake . '' -- Cornwallis to Washington , after dining with him following the Siege of Yorktown , 1781 See also ( edit ) Book : New York and New Jersey campaign American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peak strength , early September 1776 ( Fischer , p. 381 ) Jump up ^ Peak reported strength , late August 1776 ( Fischer , p. 383 ) Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 419 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Shecter , p. 60 Jump up ^ Shecter , p. 61 Jump up ^ Schecter , p. 67 Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 67 -- 90 Jump up ^ Johnston , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Lengel , p. 135 Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 100 -- 103 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 89,381 Jump up ^ Lundin , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 94 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 88 -- 102 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 116 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 170 -- 174 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 102 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 109 -- 125 Jump up ^ Ridpath , p. 2531 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , pp. 259 -- 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 140 Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 266 -- 267 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 142 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 150 Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 262 -- 266 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. 289 Jump up ^ Leckie , p. 471 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , pp. 181 -- 189 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 190 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , pp. 191 -- 193 Jump up ^ Lundin , pp. 403 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 269 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 192 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 217 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 137 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 182 -- 190 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 188 -- 203 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 307 Jump up ^ Schecter , p. 267 Jump up ^ Schecter , p. 268 Jump up ^ Fredriksen , p. 386 Jump up ^ Ward , p. 837 Jump up ^ Lengel , p. xlii Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 395 -- 396 Jump up ^ Ward , pp. 616 -- 628 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , pp. 325 -- 326 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 427 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , pp. 388 -- 389 ^ Jump up to : Lengel , pp. 216 -- 250 Jump up ^ Lengel , pp. 220 -- 221 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 515 Jump up ^ Trenton Battle Monument Jump up ^ New York Freedom Trail Jump up ^ National Historic Landmark designation for Princeton Battlefield Jump up ^ National Historic Landmark designation for Washington 's Crossing Jump up ^ Morristown National Historical Park -- Things to do Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 362 References ( edit ) Fischer , David Hackett ( 2004 ) . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 . OCLC 53075605 . Winner of the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for History . Fredriksen , John C ( 2001 ) . America 's military adversaries : from colonial times to the present . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . OCLC 47927582 . Johnston , Henry Phelps ( 1878 ) . The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn . Brooklyn , NY : Long Island Historical Society . OCLC 234710 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1973 ) . The Winter Soldiers . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 05490 - 4 . OCLC 640266 . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . Leckie , Robert ( 1993 ) . George Washington 's War : The Saga of the American Revolution . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092215 - 3 . OCLC 29748139 . Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 4 . OCLC 255642134 . Lundin , Leonard ( 1972 ) ( 1940 ) . Cockpit of the Revolution : the war for independence in New Jersey . New York : Octagon Books . ISBN 0 - 374 - 95143 - 8 . Ridpath , John Clark ( 1915 ) . The new complete history of the United States of America , Volume 6 . Cincinnati : Jones Brothers . OCLC 2140537 . Schecter , Barton ( 2002 ) . The Battle for New York . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 . OCLC 50658296 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 23 . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . Alden , John , ed . The War of the Revolution . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 254465166 . `` Morristown National Historical Park -- Things to do '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . `` New York Freedom Trail '' . NYFreedom.com. 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . `` National Historic Landmark designation for Princeton Battlefield '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . `` National Historic Landmark designation for Washington 's Crossing '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . `` Trenton Battle Monument '' . New Jersey DEP Division of Parks and Forestry . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Boatner , Mark Mayo , III ( 1974 ) ( 1966 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . New York : McKay . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Buchanan , John ( 2004 ) . The Road to Valley Forge : How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 44156 - 2 . Dwyer , William M ( 1983 ) . The Day is Ours ! . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 11446 - 4 . Edgar , Gregory T ( 1995 ) . Campaign of 1776 : the road to Trenton . Bowie , MD : Heritage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 0185 - 5 . OCLC 32971099 . Gallagher , John J. The Battle of Brooklyn 1776 ( 2009 ) McCullough , David ( 2005 ) . 1776 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 . Wood , W. J ( 1995 ) . Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80617 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) . External links ( edit ) The Continental Army Bibliography of Operations in New England Theater compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History The Continental Army Bibliography of Operations in New York Theater compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. 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Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New Jersey in the American Revolution 1776 Turtle Gut Inlet Fort Lee Geary ambush Iron Works Hill George Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River First Trenton 1777 Second Trenton Princeton Millstone Forage War Bound Brook Short Hills Red Bank Gloucester Middlebrook encampment 1778 Quinton 's Bridge Monmouth Molly Pitcher Baylor Massacre The Affair at Little Egg Harbor Chestnut Neck 1779 Paulus Hook 1780 Connecticut Farms Springfield Bull 's Ferry 1781 Pennsylvania Line Mutiny 1783 U.S. Capital at Princeton New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign&oldid=834368814 '' Categories : Campaigns of the American Revolutionary War Battles of the New York Campaign New York ( state ) in the American Revolution New Jersey in the American Revolution Resistance to the British Empire Hidden categories : Articles with attributed pull quotes Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 10 : 50 . 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who won new york in the revolutionary war
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"The New York and New Jersey campaign was a series of battles in 1776 and the winter months of 1777 for control of New York City and the state of New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War between British forces under General Sir William Howe and the Continental Army under General George Washington. Howe was successful in driving Washington out of New York City, but overextended his reach into New Jersey, and ended the active campaign season in January 1777 with only a few outposts near the city. The British held New York harbor for the rest of the war, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets."
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John Pasche
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John Pasche - wikipedia John Pasche Jump to : navigation , search John Pasche ( born 24 April 1945 ) is an English art designer , most famous for designing the `` Tongue and Lip Design '' logo for the rock band The Rolling Stones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Education 2 Work 2.1 Royal College of Art 2.2 Music industry 3 Awards 4 Notes 5 External links Education ( edit ) John Pasche completed his B.A. in graphic design from the Brighton College of Art between 1963 and 1967 . He completed his M.A. at the Royal College of Art in London from 1967 to 1970 . Work ( edit ) Royal College of Art ( edit ) At the Royal College of Art , Pasche created a film poster for Judex in 1969 . He also created a film poster , in 1970 , for Roger Vadim 's film And God Created Woman . He made the poster for a Stamp Design Seminar held at the Royal College of Art in 1970 . `` John Pasche designed four tour posters for the Rolling Stones between 1970 and 1974 and also worked for other reputed artists , such as Paul McCartney , The Who , The Stranglers and Dr Feelgood . He works as a freelance designer in Surrey , UK , and he still remains a fan of the band , as he says `` I have fond memories of a good working relationship with them . The logo is one of the strongest and most recognizable worldwide . And of course I 'm proud of that . '' '' Music industry ( edit ) The Rolling Stones ' logo , designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun , was introduced in 1971 . For The Rolling Stones , Pasche designed the `` Tongue and Lip Design '' logo in 1969 , which was originally reproduced on the Sticky Fingers album . In August 2008 , the design was voted the greatest band logo of all time in an online poll . In what was perhaps one of the first cases of rock brand marketing , Jagger reportedly approached the Royal College of Art in 1969 looking to commission images for the band . Pasche designed the logo and ended up working for the Stones from 1970 to 1974 . `` Face to face with him , the first thing you were aware of was the size of his lips and his mouth , '' Pasche said . He also designed posters for many Rolling Stones tours , namely the European tours of 1970 and 1973 , and the American tour of 1972 . He made a promotional sticker for Goats Head Soup ( the image being an actual pot of soup being made with a goat 's head ) and the single sleeve for the single `` She 's So Cold '' . For the United Artists , Pasche has done considerable design work . Among these he has designed album and single sleeves , as well as concert posters for The Stranglers ; The Raven ( 1979 ) , The Stranglers IV ( 1979 ) , La Folie ( 1981 ) , Live ( X Cert ) ( 1979 ) , `` Duchess '' ( 1979 ) and `` Peaches '' ( 1979 ) . He created the single disc picture for Fischer - Z 's `` The Worker '' ( 1979 ) and the album cover for Going Deaf For A Living ( 1980 ) . He made the album cover for The Vapors 1980 album New Clear Days , as well as a 1979 Dr. Feelgood single , `` As Long as the Price Is Right '' which featured different denomination notes ( £ 5 , £ 10 and £ 20 ) stuffed into a bra . Apart from this , he has also done some work for Chrysalis Records , mainly for Art of Noise ( 1985 -- 87 ) , Les Enfants ( 1985 ) , Innocence ( 1990 ) , Into Paradise ( 1991 ) , Kingmaker ( 1991 ) , and Jethro Tull , in their two albums Under Wraps and Crest of a Knave ( 1984 - 87 ) . His freelance work includes designs for noted performers like Jimi Hendrix ( 1977 ) , Judas Priest ( 1975 ) , David Bowie ( 1976 ) , The Who ( 1975 ) , Van der Graaf Generator ( 1975 ) and the Bay City Rollers ( 1975 ) . Awards ( edit ) Awards 1970 IPA Award Best RCA Graphic Design Student 1970 D&AD Awards Annual 1971 D&AD Awards Annual 1973 D&AD Awards Annual Music Week - Highly Commended Album Sleeve D&AD Awards Annual 1976 D&AD Silver Award 1977 D&AD Awards Annual 1979 Music Week - Top classical album 1980 D&AD Awards Annual 1980 NME Top Album Sleeve 1980 Music Week - Top Point of Sale Design 1980 Music Week - Top TV Commercial 1981 D&AD Awards Annual 1982 Music Week - Top classical sleeve D&AD Awards Annual Music Week - Top Classical Sleeve 1985 D&AD Awards Annual Music Week - Top Album Sleeve Music Week - Top Single Sleeve D&AD Awards Annual Communication Arts - Award of Excellence Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pasche , John . `` John Pasche CV '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Pasche , John . `` John Pasche Design '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ For The Record ( Billboard Magazine ) . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1995 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Art of the Rolling Stones : Behind That Zipper and That Tongue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ 50 Greatest Band Logos Of All Time Jump up ^ Original Rolling Stones Tongue Logo Sold for $92,500 External links ( edit ) Official website Wealth and taste : V&A buys original Rolling Stones logo , The Guardian , 2 September 2008 `` Rolling Stones Lips and Tongue '' . Theatre and Performance Collection . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . VIAF : 95777904 ULAN : 500015792 MusicBrainz : b1ac2dd9 - f2c8 - 4f52 - baa5 - 5d8ac8a6a6ea RKD : 61968 ( hide ) The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Avory Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Associated places Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pasche&oldid=812560309 '' Categories : 1945 births Living people Alumni of the University of Brighton Alumni of the Royal College of Art Film poster artists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 15 : 06 . 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where did the rolling stones lips come from
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"John Pasche (born 24 April 1945)[1] is an English art designer, most famous for designing the \"Tongue and Lip Design\" logo for the rock band The Rolling Stones.[2][3]"
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Origins of rock and roll
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Origins of rock and roll - wikipedia Origins of rock and roll Jump to : navigation , search `` History of rock and roll '' and similar terms redirect here . For the radio program , see The History of Rock and Roll . For the TV program , see History of Rock ' n ' Roll ( TV series ) Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s . It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s , which itself developed from earlier blues , boogie woogie , jazz and swing music , and was also influenced by gospel , country and western , and traditional folk music . Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that , since the mid-1960s , has been generally known simply as rock music . The phrase rocking and rolling originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean , but it was used by the early twentieth century , both to describe a spiritual fervor and as a sexual analogy . Various gospel , blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently -- but still intermittently -- in the late 1930s and 1940s , principally on recordings and in reviews of what became known as rhythm and blues music aimed at a black audience . In 1951 , Cleveland - based disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the term rock and roll to describe it . Various recordings that date back to the 1940s have been named as the first rock and roll record , including the frequently cited 1951 song `` Rocket 88 '' , although some have felt it is too difficult to name one record . Bill Haley 's `` Rock Around the Clock '' is often cited as the first rock and roll record to achieve significant commercial success and was joined in 1955 by a number of other records that pioneered the genre . Contents ( hide ) 1 The term `` rock and roll '' 2 Development of the musical style 3 Key recordings 3.1 1920s 3.2 1930s 3.3 1940s 3.4 Early 1950s 4 Views on the first rock and roll record 5 References 5.1 Sources The term `` rock and roll '' ( edit ) The alliterative phrase rocking and rolling was originally used by mariners at least as early as the 17th century , to describe the combined rocking ( fore and aft ) and rolling ( side to side ) motion of a ship on the ocean . Examples include an 1821 reference , `` ... prevent her from rocking and rolling ... '' , and an 1835 reference to a ship `` ... rocking and rolling on both beam - ends '' . As the term referred to movement forwards , backwards and from side to side , it acquired sexual connotations from early on ; the sea shanty `` Johnny Bowker '' ( or `` Boker '' ) , probably from the early nineteenth century , contains the lines `` Oh do , my Johnny Bowker / Come rock and roll me over '' . The hymn `` Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep '' , with words written in the 1830s by Emma Willard and tune by Joseph Philip Knight , was recorded several times around the start of the twentieth century , by the Original Bison City Quartet before 1894 , the Standard Quartette in 1895 , John W. Myers at about the same time , and Gus Reed in 1908 . By that time , the specific phrase `` rocking and rolling '' was also used by African Americans in spirituals with a religious connotation . The earliest known recording of the phrase in use was on a 1904 Victor phonograph record , `` The Camp Meeting Jubilee '' by the Haydn Quartet , with the words `` We 've been rockin ' an ' rolling in your arms / Rockin ' and rolling in your arms / Rockin ' and rolling in your arms / In the arms of Moses . '' Another version was issued on the Little Wonder record label in 1916 . `` Rocking '' was also used to describe the spiritual rapture felt by worshippers at certain religious events , and to refer to the rhythm often found in the accompanying music . At the same time , the terminology was used in secular contexts , for example to describe the motion of railroad trains . It has been suggested that it was also used by men building railroads , who would sing to keep the pace , swinging their hammers down to drill a hole into the rock , and the men who held the steel spikes would `` rock '' the spike back and forth to clear rock or `` roll '' , twisting it to improve the `` bite '' of the drill . `` Rocking '' and `` rolling '' were also used , both separately and together , in a sexual context ; writers for hundreds of years had used the phrases `` They had a roll in the hay '' or `` I rolled her in the clover '' . By the early twentieth century the words were increasingly used together in secular black slang with a double meaning , ostensibly referring to dancing and partying , but often with the subtextual meaning of sex . In 1922 , blues singer Trixie Smith recorded `` My Man Rocks Me ( With One Steady Roll ) , '' first featuring the two words in a secular context . Although it was played with a backbeat and was one of the first `` around the clock '' lyrics , this slow minor - key blues was by no means `` rock and roll '' in the later sense . However , the terms `` rocking '' , and `` rocking and rolling '' , were increasingly used through the 1920s and 1930s , especially but not exclusively by black secular musicians , to refer to either dancing or sex , or both . In 1927 , blues singer Blind Blake used the couplet `` Now we gon na do the old country rock / First thing we do , swing your partners '' in `` West Coast Blues '' , which in turn formed the basis of `` Old Country Rock '' by William Moore the following year . Also in 1927 , traditional country musician Uncle Dave Macon , with his group the Fruit Jar Drinkers , recorded `` Sail Away Ladies '' with a refrain of `` Do n't she rock , daddy - o '' , and `` Rock About My Saro Jane '' . Duke Ellington recorded `` Rockin ' In Rhythm '' in 1928 , and Robinson 's Knights Of Rest recorded `` Rocking and Rolling '' in 1930 . In 1932 , the phrase `` rock and roll '' was heard in the Hal Roach film Asleep in the Feet . In 1934 , the Boswell Sisters had a pop hit with `` Rock and Roll '' from the film Transatlantic Merry - Go - Round , where the term was used to describe the motion of a ship at sea . In 1935 , Henry `` Red '' Allen recorded `` Get Rhythm in Your Feet and Music in Your Soul '' which included the lyric , `` If Satan starts to hound you , commence to rock and roll / Get rhythm in your feet ... '' The lyrics were written by the prolific composer J. Russel Robinson with Bill Livingston . Allen 's recording was a `` race '' record on the Vocalion label , but the tune was quickly covered by white musicians , notably Benny Goodman with singer Helen Ward . Other notable recordings using the words , both released in 1938 , were `` Rock It For Me '' by Chick Webb , a swing number with Ella Fitzgerald on vocals featuring the lyrics `` ... Wo n't you satisfy my soul , With the rock and roll ? '' ; and `` Rock Me '' by Sister Rosetta Tharpe , a gospel song originally written by Thomas Dorsey as `` Hide Me In Thy Bosom '' . Tharpe performed the song in the style of a city blues , with secular lyrics , ecstatic vocals and electric guitar . She changed Dorsey 's `` singing '' to `` swinging , '' and the way she rolled the `` R '' in `` rock me '' led to the phrase being taken as a double entendre , interpretable as religious or sexual . The following year , Western swing musician Buddy Jones recorded `` Rockin ' Rollin ' Mama '' , which drew on the term 's original meaning -- `` Waves on the ocean , waves in the sea / But that gal of mine rolls just right for me / Rockin ' rollin ' mama , I love the way you rock and roll '' . In August 1939 , Irene Castle devised a new dance called `` The Castle Rock and Roll '' , described as `` an easy swing step '' , which she performed at the Dancing Masters of America convention at the Hotel Astor . The Marx Brothers ' 1941 film The Big Store featured actress Virginia O'Brien singing a song starting out as a traditional lullaby which soon changes into a rocking boogie - woogie with lines like `` Rock , rock , rock it , baby ... '' ' . Although the song was only a short comedy number , it contains references which , by then , would have been understood by a wide general audience . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , an early use of the word `` rock '' in describing a style of music was in a review in Metronome magazine on July 21 , 1938 , which stated that `` Harry James ' `` Lullaby in Rhythm '' really rocks . '' In 1939 , a review of `` Ciribiribin '' and `` Yodelin ' Jive '' by the Andrews Sisters with Bing Crosby , in the journal The Musician , stated that the songs `` ... rock and roll with unleashed enthusiasm tempered to strict four - four time '' . By the early 1940s , the term `` rock and roll '' was also being used in record reviews by Billboard journalist and columnist Maurie Orodenker . In the May 30 , 1942 , issue , for instance , he described Sister Rosetta Tharpe 's vocals , on a re-recording of `` Rock Me '' with Lucky Millinder 's band , as `` rock - and - roll spiritual singing '' , and on October 3 , 1942 , he described Count Basie 's `` It 's Sand , Man ! '' as `` an instrumental screamer ... ( which ) ... displays its rock and roll capacities when tackling the righteous rhythms . '' In the April 25 , 1945 edition , Orodenker described Erskine Hawkins ' version of `` Caldonia '' as `` right rhythmic rock and roll music '' , a phrase precisely repeated in his 1946 review of `` Sugar Lump '' by Joe Liggins . A double , ironic , meaning came to popular awareness in 1947 in blues artist Roy Brown 's song `` Good Rocking Tonight '' , covered in 1948 by Wynonie Harris in a wilder version , in which `` rocking '' was ostensibly about dancing but was in fact a thinly - veiled allusion to sex . Such double - entendres were well established in blues music but were new to the radio airwaves . After the success of `` Good Rocking Tonight '' many other R&B artists used similar titles through the late 1940s . At least two different songs with the title `` Rock and Roll '' were recorded in the late 1940s : by Paul Bascomb in 1947 , and Wild Bill Moore in 1948 . In May 1948 , Savoy Records advertised `` Robbie - Dobey Boogie '' by Brownie McGhee with the tagline `` It jumps , it 's made , it rocks , it rolls . '' Another record where the phrase was repeated throughout the song was `` Rock and Roll Blues '' , recorded in 1949 by Erline `` Rock and Roll '' Harris . These songs were generally classed as `` race music '' or , from the late 1940s , `` rhythm and blues '' , and were barely known by mainstream white audiences . However , in 1951 , Cleveland , Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began broadcasting rhythm , blues , and country music for a multi-racial audience . Freed , familiar with the music of earlier decades , used the phrase rock and roll to describe the music he aired over station WJW ( 850 AM ) ; its use is also credited to Freed 's sponsor , record store owner Leo Mintz , who encouraged Freed to play the music on the radio . Originally Freed used the name `` Moondog '' for himself and any concerts or promotions he put on , because he used as his regular theme music a piece called `` Moondog Symphony '' by the street musician Louis `` Moondog '' Hardin . Hardin subsequently sued Freed on grounds that he was stealing his name and , since Freed was no longer allowed to use the term Moondog , he needed a new catchphrase . After a night of heavy drinking he and his friends came up with the name The Rock and Roll Party since he was already using the phrase Rock and Roll Session to describe the music he was playing . As his show became extremely popular , the term caught on and became widely used to describe the style of music . Development of the musical style ( edit ) Rock and roll music emerged from the wide variety of musical genres that existed in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century , among different ethnic and social groups . Each genre developed over time through changing fashion and innovation , and each one exchanged ideas and stylistic elements with all the others . The greatest contribution came from the musical traditions of America 's black population , with an ancient heritage of oral storytelling through music of African origin , usually with strong rhythmic elements , with frequent use of `` blue notes '' and often using a `` call and response '' vocal pattern . African music was modified through the experience of slavery , and through contact with white musical styles such as the folk ballad , and instruments , such as the Spanish guitar . New styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early twentieth century , in the form of blues , ragtime , jazz , and gospel music . According to the writer Robert Palmer : `` Rock ' n ' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest . Its roots are a complex tangle . Bedrock black church music influenced blues , rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos , blues and black pop influenced jazz , and so on . But the single most important process was the influence of black music on white . '' By the 1930s , African American musicians , such as Cab Calloway , Fletcher Henderson and Duke Ellington , were developing swing music , essentially jazz played for dancing , and in some areas such as New York City processes of social integration were taking place . According to Palmer , by the mid-1930s , elements of rock and roll could be found in every type of American folk and blues music . Some jazz bands , such as Count Basie 's , increasingly played rhythmic music that was heavily based on blues riffs . In Chicago , blues performers formed into small groups , such as the Harlem Hamfats , and explored the use of amplification . In the Midwest , jump bands developed instrumental blues based on riffs , with saxophone solos and shouted vocals . In Nashville and elsewhere , country music played by white musicians such as Jimmie Rodgers incorporated blues styles , and in some cases was recorded with ( uncredited ) black musicians . In Texas and Oklahoma , Western swing bands , such as Bob Wills , combined elements of big band , blues and country music into a new style of dance music . As musicians from different areas and cultures heard each other 's music , so styles merged and innovations spread . Increasingly , processes of active cross-fertilisation took place between the music played and heard by white people and that predominantly played and heard by black people . These processes of exchange and mixing were fuelled by the spread of radio , 78 rpm and later records and jukeboxes , and the expansion of the commercial popular music business . The music also benefited from the development of new amplification and electronic recording techniques from the 1930s onwards , including the invention of the electric guitar , first recorded as a virtuoso instrument by Charlie Christian . Louis Jordan in 1946 In 1938 , promoter and record producer John H. Hammond staged the first `` From Spirituals to Swing '' concert in New York City , to highlight black musical styles . It featured pianist Pete Johnson and singer Big Joe Turner , whose recording of `` Roll ' Em Pete '' helped spark a craze across American society for `` boogie woogie '' music , mostly played by black musicians . In both musical and social terms , this helped pave the way for rock and roll music . Economic changes also made the earlier big bands unwieldy ; Louis Jordan left Chick Webb 's orchestra the same year to form his own small group , the Tympany Five . Mixing of genres continued through the shared experiences of the Second World War , and afterwards a new style of music emerged , featuring `` honking '' saxophone solos , increasing use of the electric guitar , and strongly accented boogie rhythms . This `` jump blues '' encompassed both novelty records , such as those by Jordan , and more heavily rhythmic recordings such as those by Lionel Hampton . Increasingly , the term `` rocking '' was used in the records themselves , and by the late 1940s was frequently used to describe the music of performers such as Wynonie Harris whose records reached the top of the newly christened `` rhythm and blues '' charts . In 1947 , blues singer Roy Brown recorded `` Good Rocking Tonight '' , a song that parodied church music by appropriating its references , including the word `` rocking '' and the gospel call `` Have you heard the news ? '' , relating them to very worldly lyrics about dancing , drinking and sex . The song became much more successful the following year when recorded by Wynonie Harris , whose version changed the steady blues rhythm to an uptempo gospel beat , and it was re-recorded by Elvis Presley in 1954 as his second single . A craze began in the rhythm and blues market for songs about `` rocking '' , including `` We 're Gonna Rock '' by Wild Bill Moore , the first commercially successful `` honking '' sax record , with the words `` We 're gon na rock , we 're gon na roll '' as a background chant . One of the most popular was `` Rock the Joint '' , first recorded by Jimmy Preston in May 1949 , and a R&B top 10 hit that year . Preston 's version is often considered a prototype rock and roll song , and it was covered in 1952 by Bill Haley and the Saddlemen . Marshall Lytle , Haley 's bass player , claimed that this was one of the songs that inspired Alan Freed to coin the phrase `` rock and roll '' to refer to the music he played . Freed first started playing the music in 1951 , and by 1953 the phrase `` rock and roll '' was becoming used much more widely to market the music beyond its initial black audience . The practitioners of the music were young black artists , appealing to the post-war community 's need for excitement , dancing and increasing social freedoms , but the music also became very attractive to white teenagers . As well as `` rocking '' rhythm and blues songs , such as the massively successful and influential `` Rocket 88 '' recorded by Ike Turner and his band but credited to singer Jackie Brenston , the term was used to encompass other forms of black music . In particular , vocal harmony group recordings in the style that later became known as `` doo - wop '' , such as `` Gee '' by the Crows , and `` Earth Angel '' by the Penguins , became huge commercial successes , often for the new small independent record companies becoming established . These included Modern , Imperial , Specialty , Atlantic , King and Chess . The adoption of rock and roll by white people was hindered by racist attitudes . As Billy Burnette said about his father Dorsey Burnette and uncle Johnny Burnette : They 'd buy their clothes on Beale Street , at Lansky Brothers , where all the black people shopped . Right outside Memphis , there was a voodoo village , all black - real mystic kind of people ... A lot of real old line southern people called my dad and my uncle white nigger . Nobody was doing rock - and - roll in those days except people they called white trash . When my dad and my uncle started doin ' it , they were just about the first . Although some of the rhythm and blues musicians who had been successful in earlier years -- such as Joe Turner , Ruth Brown , and Fats Domino who had his first R&B hit in 1950 -- were able to make the transition into new markets , much of the initial breakthrough into the wider pop music market came from white musicians , such as Haley , Presley , Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis , re-recording earlier rhythm and blues hits , often making use of technological improvements in recording and innovations such as double tracking , developed by the large mainstream record companies , as well as the invention of the 45 - rpm record and the rapid growth of its use in jukeboxes . At the same time , younger black musicians such as Little Richard , Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley took advantage of the gradual breakdown of ethnic barriers in America to become equally popular and help launch the rock and roll era . By the time of Haley 's first hits in 1953 , and those of Berry , Little Richard and then Presley the next year , rock and roll was firmly established . The Pentecostal church has also been identified as a crucial component in the development of rock and roll . The modern Pentecostal movement parallels rock and roll in many ways . Further , the unhinged , wild energy of the church is evidenced in the most important of early rock performers that were also raised in Pentecostal churches , including Sister Rosetta Tharpe , Elvis Presley , Little Richard , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Key recordings ( edit ) See also : Timeline of music in the United States ( 1880 -- 1919 ) , Timeline of music in the United States ( 1920 -- 1949 ) , and Timeline of music in the United States ( 1950 -- 1969 ) 1920s ( edit ) `` My Man Rocks Me ( With One Steady Roll ) '' by Trixie Smith was issued in 1922 , the first record to refer to `` rocking '' and `` rolling '' in a secular context . Papa Charlie Jackson recorded `` Shake That Thing '' in 1925 . `` That Black Snake Moan '' , a country blues first recorded in 1926 by Blind Lemon Jefferson , contains the lines `` That 's all right mama / That 's all right for you / Mama , that 's all right / Most any old way you do '' , later famously used by Arthur Crudup and then Elvis Presley . `` Sail Away Ladies '' and `` Rock About My Saro Jane '' were recorded by Uncle Dave Macon and his Fruit Jar Drinkers on May 7 , 1927 . `` Sail Away Ladies '' is a traditional square dance tune , with , in Macon 's version , a vocal refrain of `` Do n't she rock , daddy - o '' , which in other versions became `` Do n't you rock me , daddy - o '' . `` Do n't You Rock Me , Daddy - o '' later became a hit in the UK in 1957 for both the Vipers Skiffle Group and Lonnie Donegan . Macon is thought to have learned the song `` Rock About My Saro Jane '' from black stevedores at Nashville in the 1880s , although Alan Lomax believed that the song dated from the mid-nineteenth century . `` Jim Jackson 's Kansas City Blues '' by Jim Jackson . recorded on October 10 , 1927 , was a best selling blues , suggested as one of the first million - seller records . Its melody line was later re-used and developed by Charlie Patton in `` Going To Move To Alabama '' ( 1929 ) and Hank Williams ( `` Move It On Over '' ) ( 1947 ) before emerging in `` Rock Around the Clock '' , ( 1954 ) and its lyrical content presaged Leiber and Stoller 's `` Kansas City '' . It contains the line `` It takes a rocking chair to rock , a rubber ball to roll , '' which had previously been used in 1924 by Ma Rainey in `` Jealous Hearted Blues '' , and which Bill Haley would later incorporate into his 1952 recording , `` Sundown Boogie . '' `` It 's Tight Like That '' by Tampa Red with pianist Georgia Tom ( Thomas A. Dorsey ) , recorded on October 24 , 1928 , was a highly successful early hokum record , which combined bawdy rural humour with sophisticated musical technique . With his Chicago Five , Tampa Red later went on to pioneer the Chicago small group `` Bluebird '' sound , while Dorsey became `` the father of gospel music '' . `` Pine Top 's Boogie Woogie '' by Clarence `` Pinetop '' Smith , recorded on December 29 , 1928 , was one of the first hit `` boogie woogie '' recordings , and the first to include classic rock and roll references to `` the girl with the red dress on '' being told to `` not move a peg '' until she could `` shake that thing '' and `` mess around '' . Smith 's tune itself derives from Jimmy Blythe 's 1925 recording , `` Jimmy 's Blues '' , and earlier records had been made in a similar style by Meade `` Lux '' Lewis and others . A hit `` pop '' version of Smith 's record was released by Tommy Dorsey in 1938 , as `` Boogie Woogie '' . `` Crazy About My Baby '' by Blind Roosevelt Graves and brother Uaroy , recorded in 1929 , was a rhythmic country blues with small group accompaniment . Researcher Gayle Dean Wardlow has stated that this `` could be considered the first rock ' n ' roll recording '' . The brothers also recorded rhythmic gospel music . The Graves brothers , with an additional piano player , were later recorded as the Mississippi Jook Band , whose 1936 recordings including `` Skippy Whippy '' , `` Barbecue Bust '' and `` Hittin ' The Bottle Stomp '' were highly rhythmic instrumental recordings which , according to writer Robert Palmer , `` ... featured fully formed rock and roll guitar riffs and a stomping rock and roll beat '' . 1930s ( edit ) Jimmie Rodgers `` Standing on the Corner ( Blue Yodel No. 9 ) '' by Jimmie Rodgers , recorded on July 16 , 1930 , was one of a series of recordings made by the biggest early star of country music in the late 1920s and early 1930s , based on blues songs he had heard on his travels . `` Blue Yodel No. 9 '' was recorded with an uncredited Louis Armstrong ( cornet ) and Lil Armstrong ( piano ) , foreshadowing later collaborations between black and white musicians but which at the time were almost unprecedented . `` Tiger Rag '' by the Washboard Rhythm Kings ( later known as the Georgia Washboard Stompers ) , recorded in 1932 , was a virtually out of control performance , with a rocking washboard and unusually high energy . It opens with a repeated one - note guitar lick that would transform into a chord in the hands of Robert Johnson , T - Bone Walker and others . This is just one of many recordings by spasm bands , jug bands , and skiffle groups that have the same wild , informal feel that early rock and roll had . After the original recording by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917 , `` Tiger Rag '' had become not only a jazz standard , but was also widely covered in dance band and march orchestrations . `` Good Lord ( Run Old Jeremiah ) '' by Austin Coleman with Joe Washington Brown , from 1934 , was a frenzied and raucous ring shout recorded by John and Alan Lomax in a church in Jennings , Louisiana , with the singer declaiming `` I 'm going to rock , you gon na rock ... I sit there and rock , I sit there and rock , yeah yeah yeah . '' ' Music historian Robert Palmer wrote that `` the rhythmic singing , the hard - driving beat , the bluesy melody , and the improvised , stream - of - consciousness words ... all anticipate key aspects of rock ' n roll as it would emerge some 20 years later . '' `` Oh ! Red '' by the Harlem Hamfats , recorded on April 18 , 1936 , was a hit record made by a small group of jazz and blues musicians assembled by J. Mayo Williams for the specific purpose of making commercially successful dance records . Viewed at the time ( and subsequently by jazz fans ) as a novelty group , the format became very influential , and the group 's recordings included many with sex and drugs references . `` I Believe I 'll Dust My Broom '' ( recorded on November 23 , 1936 ) , `` Crossroad Blues '' ( recorded on November 27 , 1936 ) , and other recordings by Robert Johnson , while not particularly successful at the time , directly influenced the development of Chicago blues and , when reissued in the 1960s , also strongly influenced later rock musicians . `` Rock It For Me '' was recorded by Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb and his Orchestra in 1937 . Its lyrics mentioned a kind of music called `` rock and roll '' : `` Every night / You 'll see all the nifties / Plenty tight / Swingin ' down the fifties / Now they 're all through with symphony / Ho ho ho , rock it for me ! / Now it 's true that once upon a time / The opera was the thing / But today the rage is rhythm and rhyme / So wo n't you satisfy my soul / With the rock and roll ? '' `` One O'Clock Jump '' by Count Basie , arranged by Eddie Durham and recorded on July 7 , 1937 , was based on a 12 - bar blues that builds in rhythmic intensity and features , like many of Basie 's other records , the rhythm section of Jo Jones ( drums ) , Walter Page ( bass ) , and Freddie Green ( rhythm guitar ) that `` all but invented the notion of swing through their innovations '' . `` Sing , Sing , Sing '' by Benny Goodman , also from 1937 , written by Louis Prima , featured repeated drum breaks by Gene Krupa , whose musical nature and high showmanship presaged rock and roll drumming . `` Rock Me '' by Sister Rosetta Tharpe , recorded on October 31 , 1938 , was important not only for its lyrical content , but for its style . Many later rock and roll stars , including Elvis Presley , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Little Richard , cited Tharpe 's singing , electric guitar playing , and energetic performance style as an influence . Tharpe performed the song with pianist Albert Ammons at the From Spirituals to Swing concert presented by John Hammond in Carnegie Hall on December 23 , 1938 . She also re-recorded the song with Lucky Millinder 's band in 1942 , when columnist Maurie Orodenker described her vocals as `` rock - and - roll spiritual singing '' . `` Ida Red '' by Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys , recorded in 1938 by a Western swing band , featuring electric guitar by Eldon Shamblin . The tune was recycled again some years later by Chuck Berry in `` Maybellene '' . `` Roll ' Em Pete '' by Pete Johnson and Joe Turner , recorded on December 30 , 1938 , was an up - tempo , non-swung boogie woogie with a hand - clapping backbeat and a collation of blues verses `` Rocking the Blues '' by the Port of Harlem Jazz Men , a group comprising Frank Newton , J.C. Higginbotham , Albert Ammons , Teddy Bunn , John Williams and Sidney Catlett , was an upbeat instrumental issued in 1939 as Blue Note no . 3 . 1940s ( edit ) `` New Early in the Morning '' and `` Jivin ' the Blues '' , both recorded on May 17 , 1940 by `` Sonny Boy '' Williamson , the first of the two musicians who used that name , are examples of the very influential and popular rhythmic small group Chicago blues recordings on Lester Melrose 's Bluebird label , and among the first on which drums ( by Fred Williams ) were prominently recorded . `` Down the Road a Piece '' by the Will Bradley Orchestra , a smooth rocking boogie number , was recorded in August 1940 with drummer `` Eight Beat Mack '' Ray McKinley sharing the vocals with the song 's writer , Don Raye . The song would later become a rock and roll standard . The `` eight beats '' in McKinley 's nickname and the popular phrase `` eight to the bar '' in many songs indicate the newness of the shift from the four beats per bar of jazz to boogie woogie 's eight beats per bar , which became , and remains , characteristic of rock and roll . Bradley also recorded the first version of Raye 's `` Beat Me Daddy , Eight to the Bar '' , later recorded with greater commercial success by the Andrews Sisters , whose biggest hit `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' also contains numerous proto - rock and roll elements . `` Flying Home '' was most famously recorded in 1942 by Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra , with tenor sax solo by Illinois Jacquet , recreated and refined live by Arnett Cobb . This became a model for rock and roll solos ever since : emotional , honking , long , not just an instrumental break but the keystone of the song . The Benny Goodman Sextet had a popular hit in 1939 with a more subdued version of the song , featuring electric guitarist Charlie Christian . The book What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record by Jim Dawson and Steve Propes discusses 50 contenders as the `` first rock and roll record '' , the earliest being `` Blues , Part 2 '' from the 1944 Jazz at the Philharmonic live album , also featuring Jacquet 's saxophone but with an even more `` honking '' solo . `` Mean Old World '' by T - Bone Walker , recorded in 1942 , is an early classic by this hugely influential guitarist , often cited as the first song in which he fully found his sound . B.B. King credits Walker as inspiring him to take up the electric guitar , but his influence extended far beyond the blues to jazz and rock and roll . Among other innovations , `` Mean Old World '' has a two - string guitar lick where Walker bends notes on the G string up to the notes on the B string , which would be used by Chuck Berry in `` Johnny B. Goode '' and other songs . `` Caldonia '' , first recorded by Louis Jordan and then by Erskine Hawkins and others , seems to have been the first song to which the phrase `` right rhythmic rock and roll music '' was applied , by Billboard magazine in 1945 . Jordan , by the time of his recording of the song , was an established star , whose novelty performances had been influenced in particular by Cab Calloway . Jordan 's 1944 disc , `` G.I. Jive '' , had been the first record by a black performer to top both the pop and R&B charts . Big bands became increasingly less economically viable , and smaller groups such as Jordan 's Tympany Five became more popular . Many of his recordings , including `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' ( recorded in January 1946 ) and `` Let the Good Times Roll '' , were hugely influential in style and content , and popular across both black and white audiences . Their producer Milt Gabler went on to produce Bill Haley 's hits , and Jordan 's guitarist Carl Hogan , on such songs as `` Ai n't That Just Like a Woman '' ( also 1946 ) , was also a direct influence on Chuck Berry 's guitar style , and specifically Berry 's solo in `` Johnny B. Goode '' . `` Rock Me Mamma '' by Arthur `` Big Boy '' Crudup , recorded on December 15 , 1944 , was the blues singer 's first and biggest R&B chart hit , but in later decades became overshadowed by his -- at the time , much less successful -- 1946 recording of `` That 's All Right '' , later to be covered by Elvis Presley in 1954 as his first single . `` Strange Things Happening Every Day '' by Sister Rosetta Tharpe , recorded in 1944 with pianist Sammy Price , was a boogie - woogie flavored gospel song that `` crossed over '' to become a hit on the `` race records '' chart , the first gospel recording to do so . It featured Tharpe on an electric guitar and is considered an important precursor to rock and roll . `` The Honeydripper '' by Joe Liggins , recorded on April 20 , 1945 , synthesized boogie - woogie piano , jazz , and the riff from the folk chestnut `` Shortnin ' Bread '' , into an exciting dance performance that topped the R&B `` race '' charts for 18 weeks ( a record later shared with Jordan 's `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' ) and also made the pop charts . The lyrics proclaimed urban arrogance and were sexually suggestive -- `` He 's a solid gold cat , the honeydripper ... he 's a killer , a Harlem diller ... '' . `` Guitar Boogie '' by Arthur Smith , originally recorded in 1945 but not a hit until reissued in 1948 , was the first boogie woogie played on the electric guitar , and was much imitated by later rock and roll guitarists . The tune was based on `` Pinetop 's Boogie Woogie '' from 1929 . `` The House of Blue Lights '' by Freddie Slack and Ella Mae Morse , was recorded on February 12 , 1946 . The song was co-written by Slack with Don Raye , and , like Raye 's `` Down the Road a Piece '' , was later recorded by many rock and roll singers . Morse was one of the first white singers to perform what would now be regarded as rhythm and blues music . `` Route 66 '' , was recorded by the Nat Cole Trio on March 15 , 1946 . Written by Bobby Troup , the song was a big hit for Cole -- who by that time had already had 11 top ten hits on the R&B chart , starting with `` That Ai n't Right '' in 1942 -- and was later widely covered by rock and roll performers including Chuck Berry . `` Boogie Woogie Baby , '' `` Freight Train Boogie '' and `` Hillbilly Boogie '' by the Delmore Brothers , featuring harmonica player Wayne Raney , were typically up - tempo recordings , heavily influenced by the blues , by this highly influential country music duo , who had first recorded in 1931 . `` Open the Door , Richard '' , was a novelty R&B record based on a comedy routine performed by Dusty Fletcher , Pigmeat Markham and others . It was first recorded in September 1946 by Jack McVea , and immediately covered by many other artists including Fletcher himself , Count Basie , The Three Flames , and Louis Jordan , all of whom had hits with it . It was the precursor of many similar novelty R&B - based records , which became a mainstay of early rock and roll in recordings by groups such as the Coasters . `` Move It On Over '' by Hank Williams was recorded on April 21 , 1947 . It was Williams ' first hit on the country music charts , reaching # 4 . It used a similar melody to Jim Jackson 's 1927 `` Kansas City Blues '' and was itself adapted several years later for `` Rock Around The Clock '' . `` Good Rocking Tonight '' , in separate versions by Roy Brown ( 1947 ) and Wynonie Harris ( 1948 ) led to a craze for blues with `` rocking '' in the title . `` Rock and Roll '' by Wild Bill Moore was recorded in 1948 and released in 1949 . This was a rocking boogie where Moore repeats throughout the song `` We 're going to rock and roll , we 're going to roll and rock '' and ends the song with the line , `` Look out mamma , going to do the rock and roll . '' Another version of this song ( with songwriting credit to Moore ) was recorded in 1949 by Doles Dickens . Also related were `` Rock and Roll Blues '' by Erline ' Rock and Roll ' Harris , a female singer , with the lyrics `` I 'll turn out the lights , we 'll rock and roll all night '' ; and `` Hole in the Wall '' by Albennie Jones , co-written and produced by Milt Gabler , with the lyrics `` We 're gon na rock and roll at the hole in the wall tonight '' . `` Boogie Chillen ' '' ( or `` Boogie Chillun '' ) is a blues song written by John Lee Hooker and recorded in 1948 . It was Hooker 's debut record release and became a No. 1 Billboard R&B chart hit in 1949 . The guitar figure from `` Boogie Chillen ' '' has been called `` the riff that launched a million songs '' , inspiring many popular blues and rock songs . It is considered one of the blues recordings most influential on the forthcoming rock ' n ' roll . `` Rock Awhile '' by Goree Carter was recorded in April 1949 . It has been cited as a contender for the `` first rock and roll record '' title and a `` much more appropriate candidate '' than the more frequently cited `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) . Carter 's over-driven electric guitar style was similar to that of Chuck Berry from 1955 onwards . `` Rock the Joint '' , recorded by Jimmy Preston in May 1949 , was a prototype rock and roll song which was successful in its own right , and was highly influential in that it was recorded three years later in 1952 , by Bill Haley , in the same hard rocking style . Although Haley first recorded in 1946 , his early recordings , including `` Rovin ' Eyes '' , were essentially in the Western swing style of country music , as was his 1951 cover of `` Rocket 88 '' ( see below ) . `` Rock the Joint '' became the first of his records in the style that became known as `` rockabilly '' . `` The Fat Man '' by Fats Domino , recorded in New Orleans on December 10 , 1949 , featured Domino on wah - wah mouth trumpet as well as piano and vocals . The insistent backbeat of the rhythm section dominates . The song is based on `` Junker 's Blues '' , by pianist Willie Hall . It was the first of Domino 's 35 US Top 40 hits and helped establish his career ; he also played piano on Lloyd Price 's big 1952 hit , `` Lawdy , Miss Clawdy '' . Early 1950s ( edit ) `` Boogie in the Park '' by Joe Hill Louis , recorded in July 1950 and released in August 1950 . It featured Louis as a one - man band performing `` one of the loudest , most overdriven , and distorted guitar stomps ever recorded '' while playing on a rudimentary drum kit at the same time . It was the only record ever released on Sam Phillips ' early Phillips label before founding Sun Records . Louis ' electric guitar work is also considered a distant ancestor of heavy metal music . `` Hot Rod Race '' recorded by Arkie Shibley and His Mountain Dew Boys in late 1950 , another early example of `` rockabilly '' , highlighted the role of fast cars in teen culture . `` Sixty Minute Man '' by the Dominoes , recorded on December 30 , 1950 , was the first ( and most sexually explicit ) big R&B hit to cross over to the pop charts . The group featured the gospel - style lead vocals of Clyde McPhatter ( though not on this song ) , and appeared at many of Alan Freed 's early shows . McPhatter later became lead singer of the Drifters , and then a solo star . `` Rocket 88 '' was recorded on March 5 , 1951 by Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats -- actually Ike Turner and the Kings of Rhythm -- and covered later in the year by Bill Haley and the Saddlemen . Brenston 's version -- produced in Memphis by Sam Phillips and leased to Chess Records -- was highly influential for its sound and lyrical content , and was a big hit . It reached No. 1 on the Billboard Rhythm and Blues chart on June 9 , 1951 , and set Phillips on the road to success by helping to finance his company , Sun Records . Haley 's version was one of the first white covers of an R&B hit . The song also features an early example of distortion , or fuzz guitar , played by the band 's guitarist Willie Kizart . `` How Many More Years '' recorded by Howlin ' Wolf in May 1951 . Robert Palmer has cited it as the first record to feature a distorted power chord , played by Willie Johnson on the electric guitar . `` Cry '' by Johnnie Ray was recorded on October 16 , 1951 . Ray 's emotional delivery -- he was mistaken for a woman , as well as for a black man -- set a template for later vocal styles and , more importantly , showed that music could cross racial barriers both ways , by topping the R&B chart as well as the pop chart . `` Rock and Roll Blues '' by Anita O'Day recorded on January 22 , 1952 . One of Anita O'Day's few compositions , she was one of the best jazz singers ever , and recorded this blues single on Mercury Records with her own orchestra . `` Hound Dog '' , by Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton , was recorded on August 13 , 1952 . A raucous R&B song recorded with Johnny Otis ' band ( uncredited for contractual reasons ) , it was written by white teenagers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , covered three years later by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys ( Teen Records 101 ) , and then in turn , more famously , by Elvis Presley . `` Love My Baby '' and `` Mystery Train '' were recorded by Junior Parker with his electric blues band , the Blue Flames , in 1953 , `` contributing a pair of future rockabilly standards '' that would later be covered by Hayden Thompson and Elvis Presley , respectively . For Presley 's version of `` Mystery Train '' , Scotty Moore also borrowed the guitar riff from Parker 's `` Love My Baby '' , played by Pat Hare . `` Gee '' by the Crows was recorded on February 10 , 1953 . This was a big hit in 1954 , and is credited by rock n ' roll authority , Jay Warner , as being `` the first rock n ' roll hit by a rock and roll group '' . `` Crazy Man , Crazy '' by Bill Haley and his Comets , recorded in April 1953 , was the first of his recordings to make the Billboard pop chart . This was not a cover , but an original composition , and has been described as `` the first white rock hit '' . `` Mess Around '' by Ray Charles was recorded in May 1953 , one of his earliest hits . The writing credit was claimed by Ahmet Ertegün , with some lyrics riffing off of the 1929 classic , `` Pinetop 's Boogie Woogie '' . `` I 've Got a Woman '' , recorded in November 1954 and first performed when Charles was on tour with T - Bone Walker , was a bigger hit , and is also widely considered to be the first soul song , combining gospel with R&B ; its tune was derived from the gospel song `` My Jesus Is All the World to Me '' by Alex Bradford . `` The Things That I Used to Do '' by Guitar Slim was recorded on October 16 , 1953 . It was an electric blues song that had a major impact on rock & roll and featured distorted overtones on the electric guitar a full decade before Jimi Hendrix . It is listed as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . `` Work with Me , Annie '' by Hank Ballard and the Midnighters , was recorded on January 14 , 1954 . Despite , or because of , its salacious lyrics , it was immediately successful in the R&B market , topping the R&B chart for seven weeks , and led to several sequels , including Ballard 's `` Annie Had a Baby '' and Etta James ' first hit `` The Wallflower '' , also known as `` Roll with Me , Henry '' . Although the records were banned from radio play and led to calls for rock and roll itself to be banned , the lyrics were soon rewritten for a more conservative white audience , and Georgia Gibbs topped the pop charts in 1955 with her version , `` Dance with Me , Henry '' . `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' by Big Joe Turner was recorded on February 15 , 1954 , and was covered early in July by Bill Haley and his Comets , whilst Turner 's version topped the Billboard R&B chart in June . Haley 's version , which was substantially different in lyric and arrangement , reached No 7 in the pop chart at the end of August and predated his much wider success with `` Rock Around the Clock '' by almost a year . Elvis Presley 's later 1956 version combined Haley 's arrangement with Turner 's lyrics , but was not a substantial hit . `` Rock Around the Clock '' by Bill Haley and his Comets ( recorded on April 12 , 1954 ) was the first number one rock and roll record on the US pop charts . It stayed in the Top 100 for a then - record 38 weeks . The record is often credited with propelling rock into the mainstream , at least the teen mainstream . At first it had lackluster sales but , following the success of two other Haley recordings , `` Shake Rattle and Roll '' and `` Dim , Dim the Lights '' , was later included in the movie Blackboard Jungle about a raucous high - school , which exposed it to a wider audience and took it to worldwide success in 1955 . The song itself had first been recorded in late 1953 by Sonny Dae & His Knights , a novelty group whose recording had become a modest local hit at the time Haley recorded his version . James Cotton 's `` Cotton Crop Blues '' and Pat Hare 's `` I 'm Gonna Murder My Baby '' ( both recorded in May 1954 ) , were electric blues records which feature heavily distorted , power chord - driven electric guitar solos by Pat Hare that anticipate elements of heavy metal music . The other side of Cotton 's `` Cotton Crop Blues '' single , `` Hold Me in Your Arms , '' also featured a heavily distorted guitar sound by Hare that resembles the `` distorted tones favored by modern rock players . '' `` That 's All Right '' by Elvis Presley , was recorded on July 5 , 1954 . This cover of Arthur Crudup 's tune was Presley 's first single . Its B - side was a rocking version of Bill Monroe 's bluegrass song `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' , itself recognized by various rock singers as an influence on the music . See also : Elvis Presley 's Sun recordings Views on the first rock and roll record ( edit ) The identity of the first rock and roll record is one of the most enduring subjects of debate among rock historians . Various recordings dating back to the 1940s and 1950s have been cited as the first rock and roll record . A number of sources have considered the first to be `` Rocket 88 '' , which was recorded in 1951 by Ike Turner and his band , but credited to his saxophonist and the song 's vocalist Jackie Brenston . According to The Boston Globe 's Joan Anderman , most rock historians cite it as the first , while The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll and the website of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame said that it is `` frequently cited '' and `` widely considered the first '' , respectively . People in the music industry have also called it the first , among several others . `` Rocket 88 '' is cited for its forceful backbeat and unrefined , distorted electric guitar . By contrast , writer and musician Michael Campbell wrote that , `` from our perspective , '' it was not the first rock and roll record because it had a shuffle beat rather than the rock rhythm originally characteristic in Chuck Berry 's and Little Richard 's songs , although he added that `` Rocket 88 '' had basic characteristics of rock music such as the emphasis on guitar and distortion . Its characterization as a rock and roll or rhythm and blues song continues to be debated . Nigel Williamson questions whether it was really an R&B song `` with an unusually fast , bottom - heavy eight - to - the bar boogie rhythm and a great lyric about cars , booze and women '' . The music historian Robert Palmer wrote that Goree Carter 's earlier 1949 song `` Rock Awhile '' is a `` much more appropriate candidate '' than `` the more frequently cited '' `` Rocket 88 '' , primarily because of the presence of loud electric guitar work on the former song . Palmer wrote that `` Rocket 88 '' is credited for its raucous saxophone , boogie - woogie beat , fuzzy amplified guitar , and lyrics that celebrate the automobile . However , he regards `` Rock Awhile '' to be a more appropriate candidate for the `` first rock and roll record '' title , because it was recorded two years earlier , and because of Carter 's guitar work bearing a striking resemblance to Chuck Berry 's later guitar work , while making use of an over-driven amplifier , along with the backing of boogie - based rhythms , and the appropriate title and lyrical subject matter . Roger Wood and John Nova Lomax have also cited `` Rock Awhile '' as the first rock & roll record . Others have taken the view that the first was Roy Brown 's `` Good Rocking Tonight '' , or Wynonie Harris ' 1948 version ; the song received greater exposure when Elvis Presley covered it in 1954 . Sister Rosetta Tharpe 's 1944 song `` Strange Things Happening Every Day '' has also been viewed as among the first . Most rock historians have cited Bill Haley 's 1953 song `` Crazy Man , Crazy '' as the first rock and roll record to reach the Billboard charts . Haley 's `` Rock Around the Clock '' released in 1954 was the first rock and roll record to achieve significant commercial success and was joined in 1955 by a number of other records that pioneered the genre . Along with `` Rock Around the Clock '' , several rock critics have also pointed to Presley 's `` That 's All Right '' from 1954 as a candidate for the first rock and roll record . The 1992 book What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record by Jim Dawson and Steve Propes discusses 50 contenders , from Illinois Jacquet 's `` Blues , Part 2 '' ( 1944 ) to Elvis Presley 's `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( 1956 ) , without reaching a definitive conclusion . In their introduction , the authors claim that since the modern definition of rock ' n ' roll was set by disc jockey Alan Freed 's use of the term in his groundbreaking The Rock and Roll Show on New York 's WINS in late 1954 , as well as at his Rock and Roll Jubilee Balls at St. Nicholas Arena in January 1955 , they chose to judge their candidates according to the music Freed spotlighted : R&B combos , black vocal groups , honking saxophonists , blues belters , and several white artists playing in the authentic R&B style ( Bill Haley , Elvis Presley ) . The artists who appeared at Freed 's earliest shows included orchestra leader Buddy Johnson , the Clovers , Fats Domino , Big Joe Turner , the Moonglows , Clyde McPhatter and the Drifters , and the Harptones . That , say Dawson and Propes , was the first music being called rock ' n ' roll during that short time when the term caught on all over America . Because the honking tenor saxophone was the driving force at those shows and on many of the records Freed was playing , the authors began their list with a 1944 squealing and squawking live performance by Illinois Jacquet with Jazz at the Philharmonic in Los Angeles in mid-1944 . That record , `` Blues , Part 2 , '' was released as Stinson 6024 and is still in print as a CD on the Verve label . Several notable jazz greats accompanied Jacquet on `` Blues '' including Paul Leslie and Slim Nadine ( the monikers employed by Les Paul and Nat `` King '' Cole , respectively , in order to appear at the JATP concert incognito ) . In 2004 , Elvis Presley 's `` That 's All Right Mama '' and Bill Haley 's `` Rock Around the Clock '' both celebrated their 50th anniversaries . Rolling Stone felt that Presley 's song was the first rock and roll recording . At the time Presley recorded the song , Big Joe Turner 's `` Shake , Rattle & Roll '' , later covered by Haley , was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts . The Guardian felt that while there were rock'n'roll records before Presley 's , his recording was the moment when all the strands came together in `` perfect embodiment '' . Presley himself is quoted as saying : `` A lot of people seem to think I started this business , but rock ' n ' roll was here a long time before I came along . '' Also formative in the sound of rock and roll were Little Richard and Chuck Berry . From the early 1950s , Little Richard combined gospel with New Orleans R&B , heavy backbeat , pounding piano and wailing vocals . Ray Charles referred to Little Richard as being the artist that started a new kind of music , which was a funky style of rock'n'roll that he was performing onstage for a few years before appearing on record in 1955 as `` Tutti Frutti . '' Chuck Berry , with `` Maybellene '' ( recorded on May 21 , 1955 , and which reached # 1 on the R&B chart and # 5 on the US pop chart ) , `` Roll over Beethoven '' ( 1956 ) , `` Rock and Roll Music '' ( 1957 ) and `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1958 ) , refined and developed the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive , focusing on teen life and introducing guitar intros and lead breaks that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music . Early rock and roll used the twelve - bar blues chord progression and shared with boogie woogie the four beats ( usually broken down into eight eighth - notes / quavers ) to a bar . Rock and roll however has a greater emphasis on the backbeat than boogie woogie . Bo Diddley 's 1955 hit `` Bo Diddley '' , with its B - side `` I 'm A Man '' , introduced a new beat and unique guitar style that inspired many artists without either side using the 12 - bar pattern -- they instead played variations on a single chord each . His more insistent , driving rhythms , hard - edged electric guitar sound , African rhythms , and signature clave beat ( a simple , five - accent rhythm ) , have remained cornerstones of rock and pop . Others point out that performers like Arthur Crudup and Fats Domino were recording blues songs as early as 1946 that are indistinguishable from later rock and roll , and that these blues songs were based on themes , chord changes , and rhythms dating back decades before that . Wynonie Harris ' 1947 cover of Roy Brown 's `` Good Rocking Tonight '' is also a claimant for the title of first rock and roll record , as the popularity of this record led to many answer songs , mostly by black artists , with the same rocking beat , during the late 1940s and early 1950s . Big Joe Turner 's 1939 recording `` Roll ' Em Pete '' is close to 1950s rock and roll . Sister Rosetta Tharpe was also recording shouting , stomping music in the 1930s and 1940s , such as `` Strange Things Happening Every Day '' ( 1944 ) , that in some ways contained major elements of mid-1950s rock and roll . Pushing the date back even earlier , blues researcher Gayle Dean Wardlow has stated that `` Crazy About My Baby '' by Blind Roosevelt Graves and his brother , recorded in 1929 , `` could be considered the first rock ' n ' roll recording '' . By contrast , musician and writer Billy Vera argued that because rock and roll was `` an evolutionary process '' , it would be foolish to name any single record as the first . Writer Nick Tosches similarly felt that , `` It is impossible to discern the first modern rock record , just as it is impossible to discern where blue becomes indigo in the spectrum . '' Music writer Rob Bowman remarked that the long - debated question is useless and can not be answered because `` criteria vary depending upon who is making the selection . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bordowitz , Hank ( 2004 ) . Turning Points in Rock and Roll . New York , New York : Citadel Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2631 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan Wright 's HoyHoy.com : The Dawn of Rock'n'Roll , 1998 - 2008 Jump up ^ Richard Franck , Northern Memoirs , calculated for the meridian of Scotland ... , A. Constable and Co. , 1821 Jump up ^ The United Service Journal , 1835 , p. 406 ^ Jump up to : Nick Tosches , Country : the twisted roots of rock ' n ' roll , New York : Da Capo Press , 1985 . The quote with the blue and indigo comparison is on page 32 . Jump up ^ John Ward 's `` Shanties and Sea Songs '' : Johnny Boker Jump up ^ `` Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep '' at Ingeb.org Jump up ^ `` Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep '' at Cyberhymnal.org Jump up ^ `` Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep '' by the Original Bison City Quartet Jump up ^ Tim Brooks , Lost sounds : Blacks and the birth of the recording industry , 1890 -- 1919 , University of Illinois Press , 2004 , p. 99 Jump up ^ `` Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep '' by John W. Myers Jump up ^ `` Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep '' by Gus Reed Jump up ^ Victor Records number 4003 . A video of this record being played is here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Scott Reynolds Nelson , Steel Drivin ' Man , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Bill Haley & The Comets ^ Jump up to : Richie Unterberger , Birth of Rock & Roll , Allmusic.com Jump up ^ A. DeCurtis , Present tense : rock & roll and culture ( Duke University Press , 1992 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ N. Tosches , Where Dead Voices Gather ( Little Brown And Company , 2002 ) , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Trixie Smith Jump up ^ Bill Wyman and Richard Havers , Bill Wyman 's Blues Odyssey , Dorling Kindersley , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7513 - 3442 - 1 , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Uncle Dave Macon discography Jump up ^ Transatlantic Merry - Go - Round ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ C. Perkins and D. McGee , Go , Cat , Go ! ( Hyperion , 1996 ) , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6073 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Sisters Jump up ^ `` Sister Rosetta '' Tharpe ( 1915 -- 1973 ) -- Encyclopedia of Arkansas Jump up ^ Wald , Gayle , Shout , Sister , Shout ! , p. 42 Jump up ^ Eve Golden , Vernon and Irene Castle 's Ragtime Revolution , University Press of Kentucky , 2007 , p. 245 Jump up ^ English Language & Usage : Why do exciting things `` rock '' ? Jump up ^ The Musician , vols 44 -- 45 , 1939 , p. 219 ^ Jump up to : Billboard , May 30 , 1942 , page 25 Jump up ^ J.J. Hayes 's Amazing Antifolk Explicator & Philosophic Explicator Jump up ^ Billboard , April 25 , 1945 , page 66 Jump up ^ Billboard , June 22 , 1946 , page 33 Jump up ^ R. Aquila , That old - time rock & roll : a chronicle of an era , 1954 -- 1963 ( Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , pp. 4 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Tosches , Unsung Heroes of Rock'n'Roll , Secker & Warburg , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 436 - 53203 - 4 Jump up ^ JammUpp -- Issue no . 11 , e-magazine , http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/otherfems.html , retrieved 05 / 08 / 09 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 55 , track 3 ; show 3 , track 3 . Jump up ^ `` Freed , Alan '' . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert Palmer , `` Rock Begins '' , in Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll , New York : Rolling Stone Press / Random House , 1976 - 1980 , pp. 3 -- 14 ( UK edition ) ^ Jump up to : DeCurtis , Anthony ; Palmer , Robert ; et al. ( 1992 ) . `` Church of the Sonic Guitar '' . Present Tense . Duke University Press . pp. 13 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Szatmary , David P. ( 2014 ) . Rockin ' in Time . New Jersey : Pearson . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 93624 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cosby , James A. Devil 's Music Holy Rollers and Hillbillies : How America Gave Birth to Rock and Roll . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 2016 . Print . 6 - 9 , 112 - 19 Jump up ^ Francis Davis , The History of the Blues : The Roots , the Music , the People , p , 122 Jump up ^ The Fiddler 's Companion : Sail Away Ladies Jump up ^ Comparative Video 101 : `` Rockabout My Saro Jane '' Jump up ^ Trail of the Hellhound : Jim Jackson ^ Jump up to : Peter J. Silvester , A Left Hand Like God : a history of boogie - woogie piano ( 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80359 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lyrics of `` Jealous Hearted Blues '' ^ Jump up to : Jim Dawson and Steve Propes , What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record , Boston ( etc . ) : Faber and Faber , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Gayle Dean Wardlow , Chasin ' That Devil Music , 1998 Jump up ^ Press release -- Roots of Rock and Roll to be honored with Blues Trail Marker Jump up ^ Blind Roosevelt Graves and Brother Jump up ^ Ted Ownby , Jimmie Rodgers : The Father of Country Music , Mississippi History Now , July 2004 Jump up ^ Yanow , Scott , `` Washboard Rhythm Kings : Biography '' Jump up ^ WFMU 's Beware of the Blog , 22 February 2010 Jump up ^ Sleevenotes to CD Let 's Get Drunk And Truck , Fabulous FABCD 253 , 2003 Jump up ^ David Rickert , Count Basie : `` One O'Clock Jump '' , All About Jazz , 4 March 2005 Jump up ^ Gayle Wald , Shout , Sister , Shout ! , p. ix Jump up ^ Bob Wills Jump up ^ Port of Harlem Jazzmen at Allmusic.com Jump up ^ Classic Jazz Guitar : Rockin ' The Blues Jump up ^ Biography : John Lee Williamson Jump up ^ The Andrews Sisters Bio Jump up ^ Helen Oakley Dance and B.B. King , Stormy Monday , p. 164 Jump up ^ Dahl , Bill , T - Bone Walker : Biography Jump up ^ Rubin , Dave ( 2007 ) . Inside the Blues : 1942 to 1982 . Hal Leonard . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1423416661 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur ' Big Boy ' Crudup '' . The Online Roots of Rock . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan DeLuca , Sister Rosetta Tharpe got rock rolling long before Elvis , The Philadelphia Inquirer , 27 February 2007 ^ Jump up to : G.F. Wald ( 2007 ) . Shout , Sister , Shout ! : The Untold Story of Rock - and - Roll Trailblazer Sister Rosetta Tharpe . Beacon Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 0984 - 9 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nat `` King '' Cole Discography Jump up ^ Delmore Brothers at Country Musc Hall of Fame Archived July 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Delmore Brothers discography Jump up ^ The Vocal Group Harmony Web Site : Doles Dickens Jump up ^ Erline Harris Jump up ^ Koda , Cub . `` Boogie Chillen ' -- Song review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Propes 1992 ^ Jump up to : Robert Palmer , `` Church of the Sonic Guitar '' , pp. 13 -- 38 in Anthony DeCurtis , Present Tense , Duke University Press , 1992 , p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 . Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Present Tense : Rock & Roll and Culture ( 4 . print . ed . ) . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 . His first venture , the Phillips label , issued only one known release , and it was one of the loudest , most overdriven , and distorted guitar stomps ever recorded , `` Boogie in the Park '' by Memphis one - man - band Joe Hill Louis , who cranked his guitar while sitting and banging at a rudimentary drum kit . Jump up ^ Miller , Jim ( 1980 ) . The Rolling Stone illustrated history of rock & roll . New York : Rolling Stone . ISBN 0 - 394 - 51322 - 3 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Black country bluesmen made raw , heavily amplified boogie records of their own , especially in Memphis , where guitarists like Joe Hill Louis , Willie Johnson ( with the early Howlin ' Wolf band ) and Pat Hare ( with Little Junior Parker ) played driving rhythms and scorching , distorted solos that might be counted the distant ancestors of heavy metal . Jump up ^ Shepard , John ( 2003 ) . Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World . Performance and Production . Vol. II . Continuum International . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( 1992 ) . `` Church of the Sonic Guitar '' . In DeCurtis , Anthony . Present Tense : Rock & Roll and Culture . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . pp. 13 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 . Jump up ^ Junior Parker at AllMusic Jump up ^ PARKER , Little Junior : MusicWeb Encyclopaedia of Popular Music Archived June 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gillett , Charlie ( 1984 ) . The sound of the city : the rise of rock and roll ( Rev. ed . ) . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72638 - 3 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . `` Love My Baby '' in particular featured some blistering guitar playing by Pat Hare , which inspired the rockabilly style discussed elsewhere . Jump up ^ Warner , Jay , American Singing Groups : A History from 1940 to Today ( 2006 ) , published by Hal Leonard Corporation , p. 137 Jump up ^ Lydon , Michael , Ray Charles : Man and Music , p. 113 Jump up ^ Ray Charles ( inducted 1986 ) , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum Jump up ^ Aswell , Tom ( 2010 ) . Louisiana Rocks ! The True Genesis of Rock & Roll . Gretna , Louisiana : Pelican Publishing Company . pp. 61 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 677 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Album Discography '' . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 4 , track 5 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 55 , track 2 ; show 5 , track 2 . Jump up ^ Koda , Cub . `` Pat Hare '' . Allmusic . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Michael ( 2008 ) . Popular Music in America : And The Beat Goes On : And the Beat Goes on . Cengage Learning . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 50530 - 7 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William ( 2004 ) . Breaking Records : 100 Years of Hits . Routledge . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 64403 - 4 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Farley , Christopher John ( July 6 , 2004 ) . `` Elvis Rocks . But He 's Not the First '' . Time . New York . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderman , Joan ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Man Who Was n't There '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . He had a band by 1949 and wrote and recorded what most historians consider the first rock and roll record , 1951 's `` Rocket 88 '' ( singer Jackie Brenston 's on the label , but it 's Ike 's band and Ike 's song ) . Jump up ^ Gillett , Charlie ( 1978 ) . The Sound of the City : The Rise of Rock ' n ' Roll ( 3rd ed . ) . Laurel / Dell . p. 147 . Jump up ^ Schinder , Scott ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33845 - 0 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Michael ( 2011 ) . Popular Music in America , 4th ed. : The Beat Goes on . Cengage Learning . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8400 - 2976 - 4 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Nigel ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to the Blues . Foreword by Robert Plant . p. 112 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 519 - X . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ; et al. ( 1992 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music . Random House . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73728 - 6 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roger Wood ( 2003 ) , Down in Houston : Bayou City Blues , pages 46 - 47 , University of Texas Press Jump up ^ John Nova Lomax ( December 2014 ) , Roll Over , Ike Turner , Texas Monthly Jump up ^ Warner , Jay ( 2006 ) . On this Day in Black Music History . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 255 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 09926 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Richard ( 2000 ) . Big Bang , Baby : Rock Trivia . Dundurn . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4597 - 1890 - 9 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gulla , Bob ( 2007 ) . Icons of R & B and Soul . ABC - CLIO . p. 189 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34044 - 7 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cave , Damien , Matt Diehl , Gavin Edwards , Jenny Eliscu , David Fricke , Lauren Gitlin , Matt Hendrickson , Kirk Miller , Austin Scaggs , and Rob Sheffield. 2004 . Truck Driver Invents Rock . Rolling Stone , no . 951 ( June 24 ) : 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ P. Browne , The guide to United States popular culture ( Popular Press , 2001 ) , p. 358 . Jump up ^ O'Hagan , Sean ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` The 50 moments that shaped pop history '' . The Observer . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Race , Rock and Elvis , Michael T. Bertrand ( p. 199 ) Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ White , Charles ( 2003 ) , p. 55 The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ J. Mowitt , Percussion : drumming , beating , striking ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Little Richard '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Charles . ( 2003 ) . p55 . The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ `` Little Richard : inducted in 1986 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : M. Campbell , ed. , Popular Music in America : And the Beat Goes on ( Cengage Learning , 3rd edn. , 2008 ) , pp. 168 -- 9 . Jump up ^ P. Hurry , M. Phillips , M. Richards , Heinemann advanced music ( Heinemann , 2001 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ P. Buckley , The rough guide to rock ( Rough Guides , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Diddley '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Diddley '' . Rolling Stone . 2001 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Bo Diddley , guitarist who inspired the Beatles and the Stones , dies aged 79 '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ M. Campbell , ed. , Popular Music in America : And the Beat Goes on ( Cengage Learning , 3rd edn. , 2008 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Billy Vera , Foreword to What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record , by Jim Dawson and Steve Propes , Faber & Faber 1992 Jump up ^ Bowman , Rob ( 2013 ) . The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music , Volume 1 . Routledge . p. 397 . ISBN 1 - 136 - 09570 - 5 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Sources ( edit ) Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Crammer : A lively cram course on the history of rock and some other things '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . 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who used the term rock n roll on the radio for the first time
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"The phrase rocking and rolling originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean, but it was used by the early twentieth century, both to describe a spiritual fervor and as a sexual analogy. Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently – but still intermittently – in the late 1930s and 1940s, principally on recordings and in reviews of what became known as rhythm and blues music aimed at a black audience. In 1951, Cleveland-based disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the term rock and roll to describe it.[1]"
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"Alan Freed"
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Earth's rotation
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Earth 's rotation - Wikipedia Earth 's rotation Jump to : navigation , search For the duration of daylight and night , see Daylight . An animation is showing the rotation of Earth around its own axis Long - exposure photograph of the northern night sky over the Nepal Himalayas , showing the paths of the stars as Earth rotates . Earth 's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis . Earth rotates eastward , in prograde motion . As viewed from the north pole star Polaris , Earth turns counter clockwise . The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . This point is distinct from Earth 's North Magnetic Pole . The South Pole is the other point where Earth 's axis of rotation intersects its surface , in Antarctica . Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the sun and once every 23 hours , 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars ( see below ) . Earth 's rotation is slowing slightly with time ; thus , a day was shorter in the past . This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth 's rotation . Atomic clocks show that a modern - day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago , slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds . Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Empirical tests 2 Rotation period 2.1 True solar day 2.2 Mean solar day 2.3 Stellar and sidereal day 2.4 Angular speed 3 Changes in rotation 3.1 Change in rotational axis 3.2 Change in rotational velocity 3.2. 1 Tidal interactions 3.2. 2 Resonant stabilization 3.2. 3 Global events 3.3 Measurement 3.4 Ancient observations 4 Origin 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Among the ancient Greeks , several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens . Perhaps the first was Philolaus ( 470 -- 385 BCE ) , though his system was complicated , including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire . A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas , Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun . In the third century BCE , Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun 's central place . However , Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation . He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth . This was accepted by most of those who came after , in particular Claudius Ptolemy ( 2nd century CE ) , who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated . In 499 CE , the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily , and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth . He provided the following analogy : `` Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction , in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward . '' In the 10th century , some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to al - Biruni , Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d. circa 1020 ) invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries `` that the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : `` According to the geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . '' Treatises were written to discuss its possibility , either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy 's arguments against it . At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth 's rotation was discussed by Tusi ( b . 1201 ) and Qushji ( b . 1403 ) ; the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus . In medieval Europe , Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle 's view and so , reluctantly , did John Buridan and Nicole Oresme in the fourteenth century . Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth 's rotation begin to be established . Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent , then the movement of the stars must be very much more so . He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion . For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun . Tycho Brahe , who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws , used Copernicus 's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth . In 1600 , William Gilbert strongly supported the earth 's rotation in his treatise on the earth 's magnetism and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries . Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called `` semi-Copernicans '' . A century after Copernicus , Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then - observable eastward deflections in falling bodies ; such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect . However , the contributions of Kepler , Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth . Empirical tests ( edit ) The earth 's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened . In his Principia , Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1 : 230 , and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity , but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite . However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening , thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position . In the Earth 's rotating frame of reference , a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference . Because of the Coriolis effect , falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release , and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere ( and left in the southern ) from the direction in which they are shot . The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale , where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres . Hooke , following a 1679 suggestion from Newton , tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters , but definitive results were only obtained later , in the late 18th and early 19th century , by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna , Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg , using taller towers and carefully released weights . A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m ( 520 ft ) departed by 27.4 mm ( 1.08 in ) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm ( 1.11 in ) . The most celebrated test of Earth 's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851 , which consisted of a lead - filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris . Because of the Earth 's rotation under the swinging pendulum , the pendulum 's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude . At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour . Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world . Rotation period ( edit ) Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole , seen overhead at ESO 's La Silla Observatory . True solar day ( edit ) Main article : Solar time Earth 's rotation period relative to the Sun ( solar noon to solar noon ) is its true solar day or apparent solar day . It depends on the Earth 's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth 's orbit . Both vary over thousands of years , so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies . Generally , it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two . The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual , taking about 10 seconds longer to do so . Conversely , it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion . It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun 's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual . Conversely , near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds . Currently , the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds , but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer . The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds , respectively . Mean solar day ( edit ) Main article : Mean solar day The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day , which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds . Currently , each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth 's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction . The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds . Random fluctuations due to core - mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms . The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun . These tables were used to calculate the world 's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983 , so this second became known as the ephemeris second . In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second . The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth 's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time . Stellar and sidereal day ( edit ) On a prograde planet like the Earth , the stellar day is shorter than the solar day . At time 1 , the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead . At time 2 , the planet has rotated 360 ° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not ( 1 → 2 = one stellar day ) . It is not until a little later , at time 3 , that the Sun is overhead again ( 1 → 3 = one solar day ) . Earth 's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) , is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.098 903 691 , 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days ) . Earth 's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox , named sidereal day , is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.090 530 832 88 , 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds . The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623 -- 2005 and 1962 -- 2005 . Recently ( 1999 -- 2010 ) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms , which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds ( see Fluctuations in the length of day ) . Angular speed ( edit ) Plot of latitude vs tangential speed . The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example . The dot - dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed . The angular speed of Earth 's rotation in inertial space is ( 7.2921150 ± 0.0000001 ) × 10 radians per SI second ( mean solar second ) . Multiplying by ( 180 ° / π radians ) × ( 86,400 seconds / mean solar day ) yields 360.9856 ° / mean solar day , indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 ° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day . Earth 's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again , even though it rotates only once ( 360 ° ) relative to the mean Sun . Multiplying the value in rad / s by Earth 's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m ( WGS84 ellipsoid ) ( factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel ) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m / s ( 1,526 ft / s ) , or 1,674.4 km / h ( 1,040.4 mph ) . Some sources state that Earth 's equatorial speed is slightly less , or 1,669.8 km / h . This is obtained by dividing Earth 's equatorial circumference by 24 hours . However , the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space , so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour . This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day , 1.002 737 909 350 795 , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km / h . The tangential speed of Earth 's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude . For example , the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59 ° N , which yields a speed of : cos 28.59 ° × 1,674.4 km / h ( 1,040.4 mph ; 465.1 m / s ) = 1,470.23 km / h ( 913.56 mph ; 408.40 m / s ) Changes in rotation ( edit ) Main articles : Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT Earth 's axial tilt is about 23.4 ° . It oscillates between 22.1 ° and 24.5 ° on a 41,000 - year cycle and is currently decreasing . Change in rotational axis ( edit ) The Earth 's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars ( inertial space ) ; the components of this motion are precession and nutation . It also moves with respect to the Earth 's crust ; this is called polar motion . Precession is a rotation of the Earth 's rotation axis , caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun , Moon and other bodies . The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble . Change in rotational velocity ( edit ) Tidal interactions ( edit ) Over millions of years , the Earth 's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon . In this process , angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( - 6 ) ) , where r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the orbital radius of the Moon . This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth . This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites ; a compilation of these measurements found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago to the current 24 hour value . By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides , tidal frequencies ( and thus day lengths ) can be estimated , much like counting tree rings , though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages . Resonant stabilization ( edit ) The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high , implying the Earth 's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past . Empirical data tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago . Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian . This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally - driven atmospheric tide ; at this day length , the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide , resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period . This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature . Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago , citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data . Deviation of day length from SI based day Global events ( edit ) Additionally , some large scale events , such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , have caused the rotation to speed up by around 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth 's moment of inertia . Post-glacial rebound , ongoing since the last Ice age , is also changing the distribution of the Earth 's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and , by the conservation of angular momentum , the Earth 's rotation period . Measurement ( edit ) The permanent monitoring of the Earth 's rotation is performed with very - long - baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System , satellite laser ranging , and other satellite techniques . This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time , precession , and nutation . Ancient observations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are preserved observations of solar and lunar eclipses from Babylonian astronomy and Chinese astronomy beginning from the 8th century BCE . These observations , as well as further astronomical historical records from astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere , can be used to determine the actual changes in the rotation of the Earth over the last 27 centuries : The calculation to describe the place and time of eclipse is dependent on the rotation of the Earth . The ancient observations are consistent with the Earth having rotated a significant fraction of a total turn than would result from today 's value of the speed of rotation would indicate : The Earth was turning ever faster throughout the past . The cumulative effect of the faster turn , of a magnitude of milliseconds per day per century , 36,525 days per century , shows up in a magnitude of hours and thousands of kilometers in observations . Scholars have combed the ancient records and calculated by modern models the magnitude of the long term historical slowing down of the Earth 's rotation . Origin ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of the protoplanetary disk . The Earth 's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust , rocks , and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System . This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang , as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas . As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous , any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet . However , if the giant - impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct , this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago . Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth 's rotation before the impact , it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact . Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value . See also ( edit ) Allais effect Axial precession Diurnal cycle Earth 's orbit Formation and evolution of the Solar System Geodesic ( in mathematics ) Geodesics in general relativity Geodesy Giant - impact hypothesis History of Earth History of geodesy , Space techniques List of important publications in geology Newcomb 's Tables of the Sun Nychthemeron Spherical Earth World Geodetic System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation ( German Wikipedia article ) . Jump up ^ When Earth 's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice , only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks . Jump up ^ Aoki , the ultimate source of these figures , uses the term `` seconds of UT1 '' instead of `` seconds of mean solar time '' . Jump up ^ In astronomy , unlike geometry , 360 ° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale , either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth 's axis , or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy ; Kenneth P. Seidelmann ( 18 September 2009 ) . Time : From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics . John Wiley & Sons . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 62795 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , F. Richard ( 2003 ) . `` Historical eclipses and Earth 's rotation '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 ( 2 ) . pp. 2.22 -- 2.27 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1468 - 4004.2003. 44222. x . Jump up ^ Burch , George Bosworth ( 1954 ) . `` The Counter-Earth '' . Osiris. 11 : 267 -- 294 . doi : 10.1086 / 368583 . JSTOR 301675 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . Of the Heavens . Book II , Ch 13 . 1 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy . Almagest Book I , Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA71 Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2 November 2006 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1 January 1993 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Sally P. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn Sīnā : Abū ʿAlī al ‐ Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 570 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 Jump up ^ Aquinas , Thomas . Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo . Lib II , cap XIV . trans in Grant , Edward , ed. ( 1974 ) . A Source Book in Medieval Science . Harvard University Press . pages 496 -- 500 Jump up ^ Buridan , John ( 1942 ) . Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo . pp. 226 -- 232 . in Grant 1974 , pp. 500 -- 503 Jump up ^ Oresme , Nicole . Le livre du ciel et du monde . pp. 519 -- 539 . in Grant 1974 , pp. 503 -- 510 Jump up ^ Copernicus , Nicolas . On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres . Book I , Chap 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , William . De Magnete , On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies , and on the Great Magnet the Earth . pp. 313 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Russell , John L. `` Copernican System in Great Britain '' . In J. Dobrzycki . The Reception of Copernicus ' Heliocentric Theory . p. 208 . Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Almagestum novum , chapter nine , cited in Graney , Christopher M. ( 2012 ) . `` 126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth . GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM '' ( PDF ) . Journal for the History of Astronomy . volume 43 , pages 215 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1846 ) . Newton 's Principia . Trans . A. Motte . p. 412 . Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment . U of Chicago Press . pp. 324 , 355 . Jump up ^ `` Starry Spin - up '' . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Meeus ; J.M.A. Danby ( January 1997 ) . Mathematical Astronomy Morsels . Willmann - Bell . pp. 345 -- 346 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 943396 - 51 - 4 . Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations Jump up ^ R. Hide et al. , `` Topographic core - mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth 's rotation '' 1993 . Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : IERS EOP Useful constants Jump up ^ Aoki , et al. , `` The new definition of Universal Time '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 ( 1982 ) 359 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , ed . P. Kenneth Seidelmann , Mill Valley , Cal. , University Science Books , 1992 , p. 48 , ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400 s ... since 1623 Graph at end . Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962 -- 2005 Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox , ed. , Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities p. 244 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich , The Cambridge planetary handbook , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butterworth and Palmer . `` Speed of the turning of the Earth '' . Ask an Astrophysicist . NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center . ^ Jump up to : Williams , George E. ( 1 February 2000 ) . `` Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth 's rotation and the Moon 's orbit '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 38 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 59 . doi : 10.1029 / 1999RG900016 . ISSN 1944 - 9208 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Walker , J.C. ( 1 January 1987 ) . `` A constant daylength during the Precambrian era ? '' . Precambrian Research . 37 : 95 -- 105 . doi : 10.1016 / 0301 - 9268 ( 87 ) 90073 - 8 . ISSN 0301 - 9268 . PMID 11542096 . Jump up ^ Scrutton , C.T. ( 1 January 1978 ) . Brosche , Professor Dr Peter ; Sündermann , Professor Dr Jürgen , eds . Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 154 -- 196 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 67097 - 8_12 . ISBN 9783540090465 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Benjamin C. ; Stevenson , David J. ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Analysis of a Precambrian resonance - stabilized day length '' . Geophysical Research Letters : 2016GL068912 . doi : 10.1002 / 2016GL068912 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth 's rotation , Nature , 30 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1984 ) . `` Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth 's rotation : a new analysis '' . Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 76 ( 3 ) : 753 -- 792 . Bibcode : 1984GeoJ ... 76 ... 753W . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1984. tb01920. x . Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring Jump up ^ Sid Perkins ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Ancient eclipses show Earth 's rotation is slowing '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aa10469 . Jump up ^ FR Stephenson ; LV Morrison ; CY Hohonkerk ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Measurement of the Earth 's rotation : 720 BC to AD 2015 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 ( 2196 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 2016.0404 . Jump up ^ `` Why do planets rotate ? '' . Ask an Astronomer . Jump up ^ Stevenson , D.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Origin of the moon -- The collision hypothesis '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 15 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 315 . Bibcode : 1987AREPS ... 15 ... 271S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 15.050187. 001415 . External links ( edit ) USNO Earth Orientation new site , being populated USNO IERS old site , to be abandoned IERS Earth Orientation Center : Earth rotation data and interactive analysis International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) If the Earth 's rotation period is less than 24 hours , why do n't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun ? ( hide ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_rotation&oldid=810045277 '' Categories : Dynamics of the Solar System Earth Rotation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 01 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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time it takes for earth to rotate on its axis
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"Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the sun and once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern-day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago,[1] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.[2]"
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"about 24 hours with respect to the sun and once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars"
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Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 7)
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Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 7 ) Cover used by the iTunes Store Starring Rasheeda Mimi Faust Karlie Redd Jessica Dime Tommie Lee Erica Mena Stevie J Country of origin United States Release Original network VH1 Original release March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta episodes The seventh season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta will premiered on VH1 on March 19 , 2018 . The show was primarily filmed in Atlanta , Georgia . It is executively produced by Mona Scott - Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment , Toby Barraud , Stefan Springman , David DiGangi , Lashan Browning and Donna Edge - Rachell for Eastern TV , and Nina L. Diaz , Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1 . The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the Atlanta area , involved in hip hop music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Music 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Season seven of Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta began filming during the last week of October 2017 . A few days prior , singer Jhonni Blaze , who appeared on Love & Hip Hop : New York and the cancelled Love & Hip Hop : Houston , exposed several of the upcoming season 's storylines in a series of Instagram videos , including Rasheeda and Kirk 's allegedly fabricated secret baby storyline and Stevie J 's alleged sexual tryst with transgender model Shauna Brooks . Blaze was set to join the cast as Stevie 's new artist , serving as a replacement for Joseline Hernandez , however she fell out with show 's producers after her Love & Hip Hop : Houston co-star and rival Just Brittany was cast . On December 11 , 2017 , filming was interrupted in Buckhead after an mall security guard was allegedly run down by a disgruntled customer . The show made headlines again a few weeks later , after it was alleged that cast member Tommie Lee brought a loaded gun to set , in a heated confrontation with Karen King . In February 2018 , Tommie ran into legal issues during filming after allegedly attacking a jewelry store employee . On February 16 , 2018 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta would be returning for a seventh season on March 19 , 2018 , with Love & Hip Hop : New York 's Erica Mena as part of the cast . The same day they released a scene from the premiere episode , showing Erica 's arrival to Atlanta . With the exception of Joseline Hernandez , all main cast members from the previous season returned . Season seven saw the promotion of Jessica Dime to the main cast after appearing as a supporting cast member for three seasons . New cast members include Grammy Award winning songwriter Sean Garrett , Jamaican recording artist Spice , singer and Signed star Just Brittany , rappers Tokyo Vanity and BK Brasco and music executive Keely the Boss . Although not included in the initial cast announcement , Tokyo 's boyfriend Tabius Tate and Keely 's boyfriend K. Botchey would also appear in supporting roles . On February 20 , 2018 , VH1 released a teaser with the season 's tagline `` the game has changed '' , featuring Mena alongside returning cast members Rasheeda , Stevie J , Karlie Redd and Mimi Faust . The season 's promotional videos would all follow a card game or poker - themed aesthetic , with cast members dressed as playing cards . On March 12 , 2018 , a five - minute super-trailer was released , followed by `` meet the cast '' interview promos featuring new cast members Erica Mena , Tokyo Vanity , Spice , Keely the Boss , BK Brasco , and Estelita Quintero . On March 13 , 2018 , VH1 released the first five minutes of the season 's premiere episode . Love & Hip Hop Atlanta : Check Yourself , which features the cast 's reactions to each episode , was released weekly on digital platforms . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Rasheeda Mimi Faust Karlie Redd Jessica Dime Tommie Lee Erica Mena Stevie J Supporting cast ( edit ) Kirk Frost ( episodes 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) Yung Joc ( episodes 1 -- 5 ) Estelita Quintero ( episodes 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Spice ( episodes 1 , 3 ) Jasmine Washington ( episodes 1 -- 2 , 4 ) Shirleen Harvell ( episodes 1 , 2 , 5 ) Sierra Gates ( episodes 1 , 2 -- 3 ) BK Brasco ( episodes 1 , 2 -- 3 ) Tokyo Vanity ( episodes 2 -- 3 ) Melissa Scott ( episodes 2 , 3 ) Shooter Gates ( episodes 3 , 4 ) Tabius Tate ( episodes 3 , 4 ) Samantha ( episodes 1 , 4 ) Keely The Boss ( episodes 4 -- 5 ) Just Brittany ( episodes 3 , 4 -- 5 ) Savannah Jordan ( episode 5 ) Sean Garrett ( episodes 1 , 4 ) K. Botchy ( episode 4 ) Tiarra Becca ( episodes 4 -- 5 ) Momma Dee Karen `` KK '' King Notable guest stars ( edit ) Friends and family Ty Young ( episodes 1 , 3 , 5 ) -- Mimi 's girlfriend . Versace ( episodes 1 , 4 ) -- Tommie 's estranged sister . Kelsie Frost ( episodes 1 -- 2 , 5 ) -- Kirk 's daughter . Albee Yours ( episodes 1 -- 2 ) -- Erica 's friend . Ky Frost ( episode 2 ) -- Rasheeda and Kirk 's son . Shawne Williams ( episode 3 ) -- Jessica 's fiancé . Sas ( episode 4 ) -- KK 's son . Sade Jordan ( episode 5 ) -- Stevie 's daughter . Dorian Jordan ( episode 5 ) -- Stevie 's son . Ernest Bryant -- Momma Dee 's husband . Hip hop music industry and other celebrities Jazze Pha ( episodes 1 , 3 ) Bleu DaVinci ( episode 4 ) Dr. Jackie Walters ( episode 5 ) Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 105 `` Let the Games Begin '' March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 2.21 Kirk and Rasheeda deal with the long awaited DNA test results . Stevie clashes with Estelita and tries to replace her with a new first lady of Danger Zone . A new face in the A causes a splash on the scene . Jessica Dime and Erica Mena are added to the opening credits , replacing departing cast members Tammy and Joseline . This episode marks the first appearance of Spice as a supporting cast member , as well as the first appearance of Erica Mena . 106 `` Oh Baby '' March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1.90 The Frost family is shaken by Jasmine 's pop up at Pressed . Erica mixes it up with old friends , ex friends , and a new love interest . Sierra 's smitten with her new boo , but a revelation about her estranged husband leaves her heartbroken . This episode marks the first appearance of BK Brasco as a supporting cast member , as well as the first appearance of Tokyo Vanity . Although credited , Jessica and Stevie do not appear . 107 `` Beginnings and Endings '' April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 1.90 Sierra and Shooter 's marital drama is put on pause by a shocking death in the family . Dime takes a pregnancy test . Estelita gets the courage to confront Stevie . Tommie and Spice share a heart to heart . Although credited , Rasheeda does not appear . 108 `` Do It For Finesse '' April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) TBD Kirk and Jasmine come face to face for the first time in a year . Samantha pushes Tommie to make up with her sister Versace . Karlie finds herself in a new role as caretaker for her sick father . Shooter leans on friends while grieving his son . This episode marks the first appearances of Tabius Tate and Just Brittany as supporting cast members , as well as the first appearance of Keely the Boss . Although credited , Mimi , Jessica , Erica and Stevie do not appear . 109 5 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBD Stevie stuns his family with a shocking announcement . Mimi and Keely attempt to mediate between Stevie 's artists . Karlie encourages Rasheeda to date her hunky new trainer . Dime hears her baby 's heartbeat for the first time . 110 6 TBA April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) TBD 111 7 TBA April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) TBD Music ( edit ) Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes . List of songs performed and / or featured in Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta season seven Title Performer Album Episode ( s ) Notes Ref Back Bend Spice single performed onstage HeadCrack Jessica Dime single performed in music video shoot That 's My Sis Just Brittany single performed onstage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's Unstoppable Streak Continues with a New Season of `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta '' and the Return of Erica Mena Monday , March 19 at 8PM ET / PT `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://dallasblack.com/entertainment/stevie-j-allegedly-having-sex-w-trans-model-shauna-brooks Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2017/12/11/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-production-halted-hit-and-run/ Jump up ^ http://sandrarose.com/2017/12/love-hip-hop-atlanta-star-tommie-lee-caught-gun-set-karen-king-fears-life/ Jump up ^ http://hiphopenquirer.com/updated-tommie-lee-speaks-out-against-alleged-gun-possession-claims-exclusive/ Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/02/14/love-hip-hop-atlanta-tommie-lee-assault-mall-investigation/ Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/02/26/love-and-hip-hop-star-tommie-lee-warrant-arrest-battery-case/ Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/03/08/tommie-lee-love-and-hip-hop-jail-turned-self-in-mall-beatdown/ Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/349032/erica-mena-returns-season-seven-love-hip-hop-atlanta/ Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/gkmfbr/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-erica-mena-arrives-in-the-atl Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/22wanx/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-gamechanger Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/gi3rrg/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-super-trailer Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/idr503/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-erica-mena Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/zo2x2u/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-tokyo-vanity Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/um1mb9/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-spice Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/dtdkc1/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-keely-the-boss Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/3nit44/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-bk-brasco Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/rx3mzt/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-estelita Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/xz7k0g/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-premiere Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/hxpvji/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-check-yourself-season-7-episode-1-man-or-manager Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta on IMDb ( hide ) Love & Hip Hop franchise Series Love & Hip Hop : New York Cast Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta Cast Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood Cast Episodes Season 1 Love & Hip Hop : Miami Cast Season 1 Spin - offs Chrissy & Mr. Jones K. Michelle : My Life Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Leave It to Stevie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta_(season_7)&oldid=835716840 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Love & Hip Hop Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when do love and hip hop atlanta come on 2018
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"The seventh season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta will premiered on VH1 on March 19, 2018. The show was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Lashan Browning and Donna Edge-Rachell for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1.[1]"
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"March 19, 2018"
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Universal precautions
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Universal precautions - wikipedia Universal precautions Jump to : navigation , search A US Navy hospital corpsman wearing personal protective equipment ( PPE ) while handling blood samples . Universal precautions refers to the practice , in medicine , of avoiding contact with patients ' bodily fluids , by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves , goggles , and face shields . The practice was introduced in 1985 -- 88 . In 1987 , the practice of universal precautions was adjusted by a set of rules known as body substance isolation . In 1996 , both practices were replaced by the latest approach known as standard precautions . Use of personal protective equipment is now recommended in all health settings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical significance of universal precautions 2 Use 3 Equipment 4 Additional precautions 5 Issues of stigma and discrimination 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links Historical significance of universal precautions ( edit ) Under universal precautions all patients were considered to be possible carriers of blood - borne pathogens . The guideline recommended wearing gloves when collecting or handling blood and body fluids contaminated with blood , wearing face shields when there was danger of blood splashing on mucous membranes and disposing of all needles and sharp objects in puncture - resistant containers . Universal precautions were designed for doctors , nurses , patients , and health care support workers who were required to come into contact with patients or bodily fluids . This included staff and others who might not come into direct contact with patients . Pathogens fall into two broad categories , bloodborne ( carried in the body fluids ) and airborne . Use ( edit ) Universal precautions were typically practiced in any environment where workers were exposed to bodily fluids , such as : Blood Semen Vaginal secretions Synovial fluid Amniotic fluid Cerebrospinal fluid Pleural fluid Peritoneal fluid Pericardial fluid Feces Urine Bodily fluids that did not require such precautions included : Nasal secretions Vomitus Perspiration Sputum Saliva Universal precautions were the infection control techniques that were recommended following the AIDS outbreak in the 1980s . Every patient was treated as if infected and therefore precautions were taken to minimize risk . Essentially , universal precautions were good hygiene habits , such as hand washing and the use of gloves and other barriers , correct handling of hypodermic needles and scalpels , and aseptic techniques . Equipment ( edit ) Protective clothing included but was not limited to : Barrier gowns barrier contraception Gloves mask Eyewear ( goggles or glasses ) Face shields Additional precautions ( edit ) Additional precautions were used in addition to universal precautions for patients who were known or suspected to have an infectious condition , and varied depending on the infection control needed of that patient . Additional precautions were not needed for blood - borne infections , unless there were complicating factors . Conditions indicating additional precautions : Prion diseases ( e.g. , Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease ) Diseases with air - borne transmission ( e.g. , tuberculosis ) Diseases with droplet transmission ( e.g. , mumps , rubella , influenza , pertussis ) Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin ( e.g. , colonisation with MRSA ) or contaminated surfaces or any combination of the above . Issues of stigma and discrimination ( edit ) Research around stigma and discrimination in health - related settings has implicated universal precautions as a means by which health care workers discriminate against patients . Particularly the employment of universal precautions when working with people with HIV and / or hepatitis C has been demonstrated to be inconsistent and implicated with feelings of stigmatization reported by those populations . Health - cased social research reveals that by not applying universal precautions universally , as is the purpose , health professionals are instead making judgements based on an individual 's health status . It is speculated that this differential approach to care stems from stigma towards HIV and hepatitis C , rooted largely in fears and misconceptions around transmission and assumptions about patient lifestyle and risk . See also ( edit ) Barrier nursing Body substance isolation Viral hemorrhagic fever Hepatitis B Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ CDC . Update : universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus , hepatitis B virus , and other bloodborne pathogens in health - care settings . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988 ; 37 ( 24 ) : 377 - 82 , 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ CDC . Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T - lymphotropic virus type III / lymphadenopathy - associated virus in the workplace . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985 ; 34 ( 45 ) : 681 - 6 , 91 -- 5 . Jump up ^ CDC . Update : universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus , hepatitis B virus , and other bloodborne pathogens in health - care settings . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988 ; 37 ( 24 ) : 377 - 82 , 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Lynch P , Jackson MM , Cummings MJ , Stamm WE . Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections . Ann Intern Med 1987 ; 107 ( 2 ) : 243 - 6 . Jump up ^ Garner JS . Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals . The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996 ; 17 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 80. ( s ) . Jump up ^ Welch , S.E. , & Bunin , J. ( 2010 ) . Glove use and the HIV positive massage therapy client . Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies , 14 ( 1 ) , 35 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Rintamaki , L.S. , Scott , A.M. , Kosenko , K.A. , & Jensen , R.E. ( 2007 ) . Male patient perceptions of HIV stigma in health care contexts . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 21 ( 12 ) , 956 -- 969 . Jump up ^ Treloar , C. , & Hopwood , M. ( 2004 ) . Infection control in the context of hepatitis C disclosure : Implications for education of healthcare professionals . Education for Health , 17 ( 2 ) , 183 -- 191 . External links ( edit ) Recommendations for Prevention of HIV Transmission in Health - Care Settings ( hide ) Health care Economics Equipment Guidelines Industry Philosophy Policy Providers Ranking Reform System Professions Medicine Nursing Healthcare science Dentistry Allied health professions Pharmacy Health information management Settings Assisted living Clinic Hospital Nursing home Medical school ( Academic health science centre , Teaching hospital ) Care Acute Chronic End - of - life Hospice Overutilization Palliative Primary Self Total Skills / Training Bedside manner Cultural competence Diagnosis Education Universal precautions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_precautions&oldid=823324943 '' Categories : Medical hygiene Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the cdc develop the universal precautions
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"Universal precautions refers to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields. The practice was introduced in 1985–88.[1][2] In 1987, the practice of universal precautions was adjusted by a set of rules known as body substance isolation. In 1996, both practices were replaced by the latest approach known as standard precautions. Use of personal protective equipment is now recommended in all health settings."
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"1985–88"
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NCAA March Madness (CBS/Turner)
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NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) - wikipedia NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) Jump to : navigation , search NCAA March Madness Logo used for the 2018 tournament Genre College basketball telecasts Opening theme `` CBS College Basketball Theme '' ( main theme , 2011 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 Production Location ( s ) Various NCAA tournament sites ( game telecasts ) CBS Broadcast Center , New York City Turner Sports Studios , Atlanta , Georgia ( pregame and postgame shows ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 120 minutes or until game ends Production company ( s ) CBS Sports Turner Sports Release Original network CBS TBS TNT truTV CBS Sports Network ( game re-airs ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) -- present Chronology Related shows College Basketball on CBS NBA on TNT External links Website NCAA March Madness is the branding used for coverage of the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament that is jointly produced by CBS Sports , the sports division of the CBS television network , and Turner Sports , the sports division of the Turner Broadcasting System in the United States . Through the agreement between CBS and Turner , which began with the 2011 tournament , games are televised on CBS , TNT , TBS and truTV . CBS Sports Network has re-aired games from all networks . Initially , CBS continued to provide coverage during most rounds , with the three Turner channels covering much of the early rounds up to the Sweet Sixteen . Starting in 2016 , the regional finals , Final Four and national championship game began to alternate between CBS and TBS . TBS holds the rights to the final two rounds in even numbered years , with CBS getting the games in odd numbered years . This joint tournament coverage should be distinguished from CBS 's regular - season coverage , which it produces independently through its sports division . Turner does not currently cover regular - season college basketball games . Games broadcast on all four networks use a variation of the longtime CBS College Basketball theme music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and coverage breakdown 1.1 Team Streams 1.2 Other college basketball coverage from Turner Sports 1.3 International coverage 2 Commentary 3 Theme music 4 References 5 External links Background and coverage breakdown ( edit ) Logo used until 2018 . On April 22 , 2010 , the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) reached a 14 - year agreement , worth US $ 10.8 billion , with CBS and the Turner Broadcasting System to receive joint broadcast rights to the Division I men 's college basketball tournament . This came after speculation that ESPN would try to obtain the rights to future tournament games . The NCAA took advantage of an opt - out clause in its 1999 deal with CBS ( which ran through 2013 , even though the NCAA had the option of ending the agreement after the 2010 championship ) to announce its intention to sign a new contract with CBS and Turner Sports , a division of Time Warner ( which , incidentally , jointly owns The CW with the CBS television network 's corporate parent CBS Corporation ) . The new contract came amid serious consideration by the NCAA of expanding the tournament to 68 teams . The agreement , which runs through 2032 ( extended from 2024 in 2016 ) , stipulates that all games are available nationally . All First Four games air on truTV . During the first and second rounds , a featured game in each time `` window '' is broadcast terrestrially on CBS , while all other games are shown on TBS , TNT or TruTV . Sweet 16 ( regional semifinal ) and Elite 8 ( regional finals ) games are split among CBS and TBS . In 2014 and 2015 , Turner channels had exclusive rights to the Final Four ( with standard coverage airing on TBS ) , and CBS broadcast the championship game . Since 2016 , rights to the Final Four and championship game alternate between Turner and CBS ; the 2016 tournament marked the first time that the national championship game was not broadcast on over-the - air television . The same number of `` windows '' are provided to CBS as before , although unlike with the previous schedule where all games in a window started within 10 minutes of each other , resulting in the possibility of multiple close games ending at once , the start times of games are staggered , with action lasting later in the night and fewer simultaneous games than in the previous format . As a result of the new deal , Mega March Madness , a pay - per - view out - of - market sports package covering games in the tournament , was discontinued . March Madness On Demand ( now called March Madness Live ) remained unchanged , with Turner Interactive taking over management of both that service and NCAA.com at the start of 2011 . The contract was expected to be signed after a review by the NCAA Board of Directors . In 2012 , the service was changed ; only games televised by CBS are available for free . All other games are available to authenticated subscribers to the channels on participating television providers . The 2018 tournament , with TBS televising the national semifinals and final , is the first in which those particular games are subject to authentication restrictions . The CBS - Turner coverage formally begins with The Selection Show -- in which the teams participating in the tournament are announced , which follows CBS 's coverage of the final game on Selection Sunday . During the tournament itself , truTV broadcasts pre-game coverage , Infiniti NCAA Tip - Off , while TBS and TruTV also air the post-game show Inside March Madness . CBS also produces coverage of the Reese 's College All - Star Game ( held on the afternoon of the Final Four at its venue ) , and the Division II championship game , which are both aired as part of the March Madness package . In 2016 , CBS extended the selection show to a two - hour format ; however , the new special was criticized by viewers for being too padded , while the full bracket was leaked shortly into the broadcast . In 2017 , the selection show was shortened to a 90 - minute format . Beginning with 2018 , the selection show will return to a two - hour format , but the special aired on TBS instead , marking the first time since 1982 that the official bracket unveiling has not aired on CBS . The Selection Show will now alternate between TBS and CBS with TBS airing the Selection Show in even numbered years , with CBS airing the Selection Show in odd numbered years . On April 16 , 2016 , the contract was extended to 2032 in an $8.8 billion deal . The current broadcasting arrangements , including alternating broadcasts of the semi-finals and final , will remain in force . Team streams ( edit ) Additionally , for 2014 , truTV and TNT aired special `` Teamcast '' coverage of the Final Four alongside TBS 's conventional coverage , which featured commentators and other guests representing the schools in each game . While the consortium planned to tap local radio announcers from each team for the teamcasts , the majority refused due to commitments in calling the games for their local radio networks . However , Turner Sports ' senior vice president of production , Craig Barry , did expect such difficulties , and planned accordingly with the possibility of using talent from outlets associated with the team , general region , or their conference ( such as regional networks ) . The Teamcast feeds returned for the 2015 tournament , now branded as Team Stream powered by Bleacher Report . For 2016 , they were also used on the National Championship game . As CBS prefers having a singular broadcast feed , the Team Stream feature will not be used during any year that CBS holds the rights for the Final Four . Other College Basketball coverage from Turner Sports ( edit ) Prior to 2011 , Turner Sports ' best known association with college basketball perhaps occurred on December 11 , 1982 , when TBS ( with the aid of more than 100 independent network affiliates and stations ) broadcast a contest between Virginia and Georgetown ( led by Ralph Sampson and Patrick Ewing respectively ) . The game in question ( in which TBS paid approximately US $600,000 for the broadcasting rights ) was called by Skip Caray and Abe Lemons . Beginning in 2012 , TruTV also began to air the preseason Coaches vs. Cancer Classic as part of a separate deal between Turner Sports and the National Association of Basketball Coaches . International coverage ( edit ) The same year that the CBS - Turner consortium took over , ESPN International acquired rights to the tournament for broadcast outside of the United States for networks such as TSN in Canada . While most of the coverage is simulcast from the main U.S. feeds , coverage of the Final Four and national championship game uses a separate world feed produced by the ESPN College Basketball staff ; in 2013 , the Final Four broadcasts on ESPN International were called by ESPN 's lead commentators Dan Shulman and Dick Vitale ( alternatively joined by Brad Nessler for the second semi-final game ) . Commentary ( edit ) Main article : List of NCAA March Madness commentary crews for CBS / Turner CBS and Turner pool their resources for the tournament . While CBS 's Jim Nantz remains the lead voice for the tournament , CBS 's analysts are joined by analysts from NBA TV and TNT . Turner also provides play - by - play man Brian Anderson , who calls baseball for TBS and formerly did the same with lead NBA voice Marv Albert until he ended his association with CBS . ( TNT 's # 2 NBA voice , Kevin Harlan , is already employed by CBS and thus does not require special arrangement to appear . ) Coverage originates from the CBS Broadcast Center in New York City , and the Turner Sports studio in Atlanta , where many of the studio shows for the latter division 's coverage of the National Basketball Association and Major League Baseball emanate from . CBS 's college basketball studio host Greg Gumbel and Inside the NBA host Ernie Johnson , Jr. split hosting duties in the New York studio while Turner Sports 's Casey Stern hosts in the Atlanta studio . Johnson 's colleagues on Inside the NBA , Charles Barkley and Kenny Smith , join CBS analyst Clark Kellogg in the studio in New York City while Stern is joined by NBA TV 's Steve Smith , CBS Sports Network 's Wally Szczerbiak , and CBS 's Seth Davis in Atlanta . Theme music ( edit ) As previously mentioned , all four networks use a variation of the CBS College Basketball Theme during the tournament . Although CBS uses this arrangement for the tournament , they still use the arrangement that has been in use since 2004 during its regular season coverage . During all intros and outros into commercial breaks in the 2014 coverage , Spanish coverage Galavision used Fiesta by Chilean Singer Denise Rosenthal , all broadcasters used Shot At The Night by The Killers as the theme / bumper music . During select intros and into commercial breaks in the 2016 coverage , all broadcasters used Turn Up by The Heavy as the bumper music . For the 2017 tournament , all broadcasts used Something Just Like This by American EDM group The Chainsmokers and British group Coldplay , as its bumper music . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Sports , Turner Broadcasting , NCAA Reach 14 - Year Agreement '' . NCAA.com ( Press release ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` NCAA Mens Basketball Tournament Expands To 68 Teams ; CBS Adds Turner To Television Team '' . CBS ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers ( Zap2It / Tribune Media ) . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` CBS cuts in Turner on NCAA basketball tournament '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Looking back at how the NCAA - CBS / Turner partnership began '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surber , Don ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ESPN to snag the Final Four ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bonesteel , Matt ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` CBS and Turner Sports lock down NCAA tournament through 2032 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Fast Break : TBS to Air Final Four in 2014 : College hoops title game shifts to cable in 3 years '' . Adweek . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA tournament changing schedule to air more games in full '' . ESPN . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports , Turner Sports Unveil TV Schedule For 2011 March Madness Tournament '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro , Inc . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Networks To Air 41 March Madness Tournament Games '' . Multichannel News . February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS , Turner win TV rights to tourney '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turner 's Expanded TV Everywhere Presence Should Boost Delivery of NCAA March Madness Live '' . Multichannel News . March 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Miss That Game Again '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ratings for CBS 's NCAA tournament selection show were almost as bad as show itself '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schilken , Chuck ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` NCAA says it 's investigating the bracket leak that saved us from the two - hour Selection Sunday show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS to Televise 2018 NCAA March Madness Selection Show on Sunday , March 11 , at 6 p.m. ET '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucia , Joe ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` TBS will air this year 's NCAA Tournament Selection Show , which is expanding back to two hours '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Selection Sunday 2018 : Watch the NCAA Selection Show live now '' . CNET . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Choose your perspective '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness : CBS To Move Up National Championship Tip Time '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Local Voices Are n't So Eager to Go National '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` A conversation with vice president of the NCAA tournament , Dan Gavitt '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Four Teamcasts Will Return In 2015 '' . Awful Announcing . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TNT / truTV Final Four Teamcasts To Be Branded `` Team Stream by Bleacher Report '' `` . Awful Announcing . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS / Turner unveil 2016 NCAA Tournament announcers ; Brian Anderson to call Elite Eight '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Circus : Breaking down CBS and Turner 's March Madness broadcast package '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 1982 83 # 1 Virginia at # 4 Georgetown 1 of 1 on YouTube Jump up ^ Greg Stoda ( December 10 , 1982 ) . `` Battle of giants forms collation '' . Star - News . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fred Rothenberg ( July 22 , 1982 ) . `` Superstation Wtbs Fights Network Methods , Programs '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Richard ( July 22 , 1982 ) . `` Awesome Basketball Game Spotlights Sampson - Ewing Confrontation '' . The Cavalier Daily . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 1982 - 83 UVA vs. Georgetown 12 / 11 on YouTube Jump up ^ Peter Meade ( December 8 , 1982 ) . `` The Biggest Showdown ? '' . The Times - News . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larry Siddens ( September 16 , 1982 ) . `` Court Ruling Is Made On Televised NCAA Athletics '' . Daily Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Relive Caray Of Announcing Duties '' . The Palm Beach Post . 4 February 1983 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ken Fang ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Turner Sports Snatches The Rights To Coaches vs. Cancer Classic Starting in 2012 '' . Fang 's Bites . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruce Dowbiggin ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` TSN catches March Madness '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ chappelll ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN Europe '' ESPN America Tipping Off Exclusive Coverage of NCAA ® March Madness ® `` . ESPN MediaZone . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Vitale , finally , to call NCAA Final Four action '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner Sports ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` CBS , Turner combine talent rosters '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) CBS , Turner Double Up on Resources for NCAA Tournament CBS - Turner March Madness Partnership Will ' Take Some Getting Used To ' Most of TNT NBA Crew to Handle NCAA Tournament Coverage Official sites NCAA March Madness Live - Official site NCAA Basketball on CBS - Official site NCAA Basketball on TBS - Official site NCAA Basketball on TNT - Official site NCAA Basketball on TruTV - Official site Turner Newsroom : Sports CBS , Turner Reveal Blueprints for NCAA Tournament Coverage CBS , Turner choose NCAA tournament announcers Why heck is truTV covering the NCAA basketball tourney ? New March Madness format for TV viewers Fans can now see every NCAA Tournament game from start to finish NCAA Tournament Tip Times For 1st & 2nd Round Plus Announcing Teams truTV lands First Four games Sports Media Watch : NCAA Tournament on Turner Some First Thoughts on the First Four on TruTV Talking NCAA Tourney Deal With CBS , Turner Sports Presidents ( show ) NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators NBA Awards 2017 2018 Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . 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Bob Lorenz Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Charles Barkley Magic Johnson Lisa Leslie Kevin McHale Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Isiah Thomas NBA Drafts 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 All - Star Game 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Lore Music Christmas Day NBA outdoor games Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen ( show ) NBA on TBS Related programs NBA on TNT NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Related articles Ratings Atlanta Hawks broadcasters Key figures Marv Albert Tim Brando Kevin Calabro Chip Caray Skip Caray Jim Durham Mike Gorman Kevin Harlan Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Ron Thulin Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge John Andariese Rick Barry Hubie Brown Quinn Buckner Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Fratello Walt Frazier Jack Givens Mike Glenn Rod Hundley Steve Jones John MacLeod Don Nelson Bill Raftery Doc Rivers Oscar Robertson Bill Russell John Thompson Dick Versace Bill Walton Studio hosts Vince Cellini Fred Hickman Ernie Johnson Jr . Studio analysts Scott Hastings Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Peter Vecsey Sideline reporters Kevin Kiley Cheryl Miller Craig Sager Contributors Bryan Burwell Jim Huber NBA Drafts 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Music `` The Payback '' `` Takin ' Care of Business '' `` Bad '' `` Higher Ground '' Lore Christmas Day Celtics -- Pistons rivalry ( show ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets ( show ) College basketball on television Current broadcast partners CBS ESPN ESPN2 Fox FS1 Turner Sports ( TBS / TNT / truTV ) Secondary broadcast partners CBS Sports Network ESPNU Fox College Sports FS2 Fox Sports Networks NBCSN Raycom Stadium beIN Sports Specialty broadcast partners Big Ten Pac - 12 Buckeye BYUtv LHN SEC Former broadcast partners ABC ASN Jefferson Pilot Lincoln Financial Lorimar Sports Mizlou MountainWest NBC North Dakota Prime SNI TVS General media Big Monday Championship Week College GameDay Rivalry Week Saturday Primetime Selection Sunday Super Tuesday Thursday Night Showcase Wednesday Night Hoops Commentators by network ABC CBS ESPN NBC TBS / TNT / truTV Broadcasters by event AAC Tournament Finals ACC Tournament Finals America East Tourament Finals Atlantic 10 Tournament Finals Atlantic Sun Tournament Finals Big 12 Tournament Finals Big East Tournament Finals Big Eight Tournament Finals Big Sky Tournament Finals Big South Tournament Finals Big Ten Tournament Finals Big West Tournament CBI Finals CIT Finals Colonial Athletic Association Tournament Conference USA Tournament Horizon League Tournament Finals MAAC Tournament Finals McDonald 's All - 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( since 2014 ) Angie Tribeca ( since 2016 ) Conan ( since 2010 ) The Detour ( since 2016 ) Drop the Mic ( since 2017 ) Final Space ( since 2018 ) Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( since 2016 ) The Guest Book ( since 2017 ) The Joker 's Wild ( since 2017 ) The Last O.G. ( since 2018 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) People of Earth ( since 2016 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_March_Madness_(CBS/Turner)&oldid=841288969 '' Categories : Turner Sports 2011 American television series debuts TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs CBS Sports CBS network shows College basketball on television in the United States TNT ( U.S. TV network ) programs TruTV shows 2010s American television series Joint ventures Simulcasts English - language television programs Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
what network is broadcasting the ncaa basketball tournament
|
[
"NCAA March Madness is the branding used for coverage of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament that is jointly produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network, and Turner Sports, the sports division of the Turner Broadcasting System in the United States. Through the agreement between CBS and Turner, which began with the 2011 tournament, games are televised on CBS, TNT, TBS and truTV. CBS Sports Network has re-aired games from all networks.",
"NCAA March Madness is the branding used for coverage of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament that is jointly produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network, and Turner Sports, the sports division of the Turner Broadcasting System in the United States. Through the agreement between CBS and Turner, which began with the 2011 tournament, games are televised on CBS, TNT, TBS and truTV. CBS Sports Network has re-aired games from all networks.",
"NCAA March Madness is the branding used for coverage of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament that is jointly produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network, and Turner Sports, the sports division of the Turner Broadcasting System in the United States. Through the agreement between CBS and Turner, which began with the 2011 tournament, games are televised on CBS, TNT, TBS and truTV. CBS Sports Network has re-aired games from all networks.",
"NCAA March Madness is the branding used for coverage of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament that is jointly produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network, and Turner Sports, the sports division of the Turner Broadcasting System in the United States. Through the agreement between CBS and Turner, which began with the 2011 tournament, games are televised on CBS, TNT, TBS and truTV. CBS Sports Network has re-aired games from all networks."
] |
[
"CBS",
"TNT",
"TBS",
"truTV"
] |
-7391913867977892792
|
Tennessee Whiskey (song)
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Tennessee Whiskey ( song ) - wikipedia Tennessee Whiskey ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Single by David Allan Coe from the album Tennessee Whiskey Released 1981 Genre Country Songwriter ( s ) Dean Dillon Linda Hargrove David Allan Coe singles chronology `` Stand by Your Man '' ( 1981 ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' ( 1981 ) `` Dock of the Bay '' ( 1981 ) `` Stand by Your Man '' ( 1981 ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' ( 1981 ) `` Dock of the Bay '' ( 1981 ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Single by George Jones from the album Shine On B - side `` Almost Persuaded '' Released August 1983 Genre Country Length 2 : 50 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Dean Dillon Linda Hargrove David Allan Coe Producer ( s ) Billy Sherrill George Jones singles chronology `` I Always Get Lucky with You '' ( 1983 ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' ( 1983 ) `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' ( 1984 ) `` I Always Get Lucky with You '' ( 1983 ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' ( 1983 ) `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' ( 1984 ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' is the title of a country song written by Dean Dillon and Linda Hargrove . It was originally recorded by American country music artist David Allan Coe for his album of the same name Tennessee Whiskey , whose version peaked at number 77 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1981 . George Jones ' 1983 version of the song was included on his album Shine On , and reached number 2 on the Hot Country Singles chart . The song has been covered by several artists , including Chris Stapleton , whose version was performed at the Country Music Association ( CMA ) Awards with Justin Timberlake , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Chart performance 2.1 David Allan Coe 2.2 George Jones 2.3 Chris Stapleton 2.3. 1 Year - end charts 2.4 Meghan Linsey 3 Certifications 3.1 Chris Stapleton 4 References 5 External links Versions ( edit ) `` Tennessee Whiskey '' was originally recorded by American country music artist David Allan Coe for his album of the same name Tennessee Whiskey . It peaked at number 77 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1981 . The song was covered by American country music artist George Jones , whose version was released in August 1983 as the third single from his album Shine On . Jones ' version reached number two on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in November 1983 and number - one on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Coe joined Jones onstage to sing a chorus on the song at the inaugural Farm Aid in 1985 . It remained a mainstay in Jones ' live set , with the singer often substituting the name of whatever city or town he was in for `` Tennessee '' in the second chorus . On November 4 , 2015 , Chris Stapleton performed the song , a cover version from his debut album Traveller , at the Country Music Association ( CMA ) Awards as a duet with Justin Timberlake . The performance was described as the best moment of the night by music publications . Based solely on two days sales after the broadcast , it reached number - one on the Hot Country Songs chart , and number 23 on Billboard Hot 100 , selling 131,000 copies . It peaked at number 20 the following week , selling a further 118,000 copies . It was certified Platinum by the RIAA on May 4 , 2016 , and reached over a million in sales in the US in January 2017 . It has sold 1.3 million copies in the US as of November 2017 . Deana Martin gave `` Tennessee Whiskey '' a new beat when she recorded it for her 2016 album Swing Street . A YouTube video featuring Kris Jones at the wheel of his pickup truck , recorded by his daughter Dayla , went viral and has gained over 35 million views . It led to a performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . In 2017 , Stan Walker and Parson James released a version as a single . Australian singer Judah Kelly covered the song on his debut album , Count On Me ( 2017 ) . Chart performance ( edit ) David Allan Coe ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Country Singles 77 George Jones ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Country Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks Chris Stapleton ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 70 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 39 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 57 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 89 Meghan Linsey ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Chris Stapleton ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,351,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Allan Coe Billboard Singles Jump up ^ George Jones Chart History Jump up ^ RPM Country Tracks Jump up ^ Marissa R. Moss ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` See Chris Stapleton and Justin Timberlake 's Stunning CMA Awards Duet '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Grady Smith ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Stapleton steals CMA awards show on career - making night '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Stapleton Travels to Top of Country Charts Without Strong Support From Radio '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles : November 9 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : November 28 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles : November 17 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Chris Stapleton -- Tennessee Whiskey '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : January 23 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : November 6 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Review - Deana Martin - Swing Street '' . Music Connection . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qXVril9MPw Jump up ^ `` Tennassee Whiskey ( single ) by Stan Walker and Parson James '' . iTunes Australia . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 419 '' . auspOp . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Linsey Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Linsey Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Chris Stapleton -- Tennessee Whiskey '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Chris Stapleton - `` Tennessee Whiskey '' ( Audio ) on YouTube Preceded by `` One of a Kind Pair of Fools '' by Barbara Mandrell RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( George Jones version ) December 3 , 1983 Succeeded by `` A Little Good News '' by Anne Murray Preceded by `` Die a Happy Man '' by Thomas Rhett Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single ( Chris Stapleton version ) November 21 -- 28 , 2015 Succeeded by `` Die a Happy Man '' Thomas Rhett David Allan Coe Studio albums Penitentiary Blues Requiem for a Harlequin The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy Once Upon a Rhyme Longhaired Redneck Rides Again Texas Moon Tattoo Buckstone County Prison Family Album Nothing Sacred Human Emotions Compass Point Spectrum VII I 've Got Something to Say Encore Invictus ( Means ) Unconquered Tennessee Whiskey DAC Rough Rider Underground Album Castles in the Sand Hello in There Just Divorced Darlin ' , Darlin ' Unchained Son of the South A Matter of Life and Death I Love Country Crazy Daddy 1990 Songs for Sale Standing Too Close to the Flames Johnny Cash Is a Friend of Mine Recommended for Airplay Long Haired Country Boy Songwriter of the Tear Country and Western Sings Merle Haggard Whoopsy Daisy Sings Johnny Cash 's Biggest Hits All I 'll Ever Be Rebel Meets Rebel DAC 's Back Live albums Live : If That Ai n't Country ... Live at the Iron Horse Saloon Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of David Allan Coe 17 Greatest Hits For the Record : The First 10 Years 18 X-Rated Hits Biggest Hits Super Hits The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy / Once Upon a Time 20 Greatest Hits Longhaired Redneck / Rides Again The Original Outlaw Headed for the Country Best of the Best Compass Point / I 've Got Something to Say David Allan Coe , Johnny Paycheck & Others Human Emotions / Spectrum VII Invictus Means Unconquered / Tennessee Whiskey Tattoo / Family Album Lonesome Fugitive The Perfect Country and Western Song Truckin ' Outlaw Super Hits , Vol. 2 20 Road Music Hits 16 Biggest Hits Castles in the Sand / Once Upon a Rhyme The Original Outlaw of Country Music 20 All Time Greatest Hits Country Outlaw The Essential David Allan Coe Ultimate Collection For the Soul and for the Mind : Demos of ' 71 - ' 74 Castles in the Sand / Hello in There Just Divorced / Darlin ' Darlin ' : Plus Rough Rider / DAC : Plus Unchained / Son of the South : Plus At His Best The Ride Country Hit Parade Early Years Singles `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` Longhaired Redneck '' `` Stand by Your Man '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Dock of the Bay '' `` The Ride '' `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' `` She Used to Love Me a Lot '' `` I 'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio '' Related articles Discography Johnny Paycheck `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take This Job and Shove It '' George Jones songs Singles `` No Money in This Deal '' `` Why Baby Why '' `` Achin ' , Breakin ' Heart '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Too Much Water '' `` Just One More '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Color of the Blues '' `` White Lightning '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Tender Years '' `` She Thinks I Still Care '' `` I 'll Share My World with You `` The Race Is On '' `` Love Bug '' `` Walk Through This World with Me '' `` If My Heart Had Windows '' `` Good Year for the Roses '' `` Loving You Could Never Be Better '' `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' `` The Grand Tour '' `` The Door '' `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' `` I 'm Not Ready Yet '' `` If Drinkin ' Do n't Kill Me ( Her Memory Will ) '' `` Still Doin ' Time '' `` Same Ole Me '' `` Shine On ( Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me ) '' `` I Always Get Lucky with You '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' `` She 's My Rock '' `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` Who 's Gonna Fill Their Shoes '' `` The One I Loved Back Then ( The Corvette Song ) '' `` Somebody Wants Me Out of the Way '' `` Wine Colored Roses '' `` The Right Left Hand '' `` I Turn to You '' `` The Bird '' `` I 'm a One Woman Man '' `` I Do n't Need Your Rockin ' Chair '' `` Choices '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' Collaborative singles `` We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` Let 's Invite Them Over '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` What 's in Our Heart '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` We 're Gonna Hold On '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Golden Ring '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Near You '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Maybellene '' ( w / Johnny Paycheck ) `` Two Story House '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` You Better Move On '' ( w / Johnny Paycheck ) `` Yesterday 's Wine '' ( w / Merle Haggard ) `` C.C. Waterback '' ( w / Merle Haggard ) Guest singles `` A Few Ole Country Boys '' ( w / Randy Travis ) `` You Do n't Seem to Miss Me '' ( w / Patty Loveless ) `` A Country Boy Can Survive ( Y2K version ) '' ( w / Chad Brock and Hank Williams , Jr . ) `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / Dierks Bentley ) Related articles Albums discography Singles discography Discography with Tammy Wynette Awards Chris Stapleton Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Traveller From A Room : Volume 1 From A Room : Volume 2 Songs recorded `` Traveller '' `` Fire Away '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Parachute '' `` Nobody to Blame '' `` Broken Halos '' `` Last Thing I Needed , First Thing This Morning '' `` Either Way '' Related articles The SteelDrivers The Jompson Brothers Stan Walker Discography Studio albums Introducing Stan Walker From the Inside Out Let the Music Play Inventing Myself Truth & Soul Singles `` Black Box '' `` Unbroken '' `` Stand Up '' `` Choose You '' `` Homesick '' `` Loud '' `` Light It Up '' `` Music Wo n't Break Your Heart '' `` Waltzing Matilda '' `` Take It Easy '' `` Bulletproof '' `` Inventing Myself '' `` Like It 's Over '' `` Holding You '' `` Aotearoa '' `` You Never Know '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Featured singles `` Stuck in a Box '' `` Galaxy '' Other songs `` What Happened to Us '' Tours New Zealand Summer Tour 2011 Galaxy Tour World Tour of New Zealand Related articles Australian Idol ( season 7 ) The X Factor New Zealand Mt Zion Born to Dance Book : Stan Walker Category : Stan Walker Portal : Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Whiskey_(song)&oldid=809280091 '' Categories : 1981 singles 1983 singles David Allan Coe songs George Jones songs Chris Stapleton songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Dean Dillon Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill Songs written by Linda Hargrove Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles 1981 songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Dave Cobb Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sang the original version of tennessee whiskey
|
[
"\"Tennessee Whiskey\" is the title of a country song written by Dean Dillon and Linda Hargrove. It was originally recorded by American country music artist David Allan Coe for his album of the same name Tennessee Whiskey, whose version peaked at number 77 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1981.[1] George Jones' 1983 version of the song was included on his album Shine On, and reached number 2 on the Hot Country Singles chart. The song has been covered by several artists, including Chris Stapleton, whose version was performed at the Country Music Association (CMA) Awards with Justin Timberlake, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)."
] |
[
"David Allan Coe"
] |
5595779431338361519
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List of Boston Celtics seasons
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List of Boston Celtics seasons - wikipedia List of Boston Celtics seasons Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of seasons completed by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . It documents the team 's season - by - season records , including post-season records , and also includes year - end awards won by the team 's players and / or coaches . With seventeen NBA Championships , the Celtics have won more than any other NBA franchise , while the 1959 - to - 1966 domination of the NBA Championship , with eight straight titles , is the longest consecutive championship winning streak of any North American professional sports team to date . Following this , the Celtics had two major periods of success separated by quite poor seasons during rebuilding . Between 1971 -- 72 and 1975 -- 76 the Celtics , led by Dave Cowens and John Havlicek , won 294 of 410 regular season games and played in three more NBA Finals series for two championships , whilst between 1979 -- 80 and 1987 -- 88 led by the frontcourt of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish the Celtics won 550 of 742 regular season games and reached nine consecutive Conference Finals . Between 1993 -- 94 and 2006 -- 07 the Celtics had their single sustained period of failure , with an overall win percent of . 423 and only twice getting beyond the first playoff round . With the acquisition of Kevin Garnett for 2007 -- 08 , the Celtics achieved a record single - season rise in win percentage to claim their first title in twenty - two seasons , in the process achieving the best average point differential between the 1995 -- 96 Bulls and the 2015 -- 16 Warriors . The team remained a power until after the 2011 lockout , but lost to the Lakers in their most recent Finals appearance . The Celtics are 21 -- 8 all - time in seventh games of playoff series , and 7 -- 1 in Game 7 of the NBA Finals . Seasons ( edit ) Note : Statistics are correct as of April 28 , 2015 . NBA champions Conference champions Division champions Playoff berth Season Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards Ref . 1946 -- 47 -- -- Eastern 5th 22 38 . 367 27 -- -- 1947 -- 48 -- -- Eastern 3rd 20 28 . 417 7 Lost First Round ( Stags ) 2 -- 1 -- 1948 -- 49 -- -- Eastern 5th 25 36 . 410 13 -- -- 1949 -- 50 -- -- Eastern 6th 22 46 . 324 31 -- -- 1950 -- 51 -- -- Eastern 2nd 39 30 . 565 2.5 Lost Division Semifinals ( Knicks ) 2 -- 0 Ed Macauley ( ASG MVP ) 1951 -- 52 -- -- Eastern 2nd 39 27 . 591 Lost Division Semifinals ( Knicks ) 2 -- 1 -- 1952 -- 53 -- -- Eastern 3rd 46 25 . 648 1.5 Won Division Semifinals ( Nationals ) 2 -- 0 Lost Division Finals ( Knicks ) 3 -- 1 -- 1953 -- 54 -- -- Eastern T - 2nd 42 30 . 583 Lost Division Finals ( Nationals ) 2 -- 0 Bob Cousy ( ASG MVP ) 1954 -- 55 -- -- Eastern 3rd 36 36 . 500 7 Won Division Semifinals ( Knicks ) 2 -- 1 Lost Division Finals ( Nationals ) 3 -- 1 Bill Sharman ( ASG MVP ) 1955 -- 56 -- -- Eastern 2nd 39 33 . 542 6 Lost Division Semifinals ( Nationals ) 2 -- 1 -- 1956 -- 57 -- -- Eastern 1st 44 28 . 611 -- Won Division Finals ( Nationals ) 3 -- 0 Won NBA Finals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 3 Bob Cousy ( MVP , ASG MVP ) Tom Heinsohn ( ROY ) 1957 -- 58 -- -- Eastern 1st 49 23 . 681 -- Won Division Finals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 1 Lost NBA Finals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 2 Bill Russell ( MVP ) 1958 -- 59 -- -- Eastern 1st 52 20 . 722 -- Won Division Finals ( Nationals ) 4 -- 3 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 -- 1959 -- 60 -- -- Eastern 1st 59 16 . 787 -- Won Division Finals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 2 Won NBA Finals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 3 -- 1960 -- 61 -- -- Eastern 1st 57 22 . 722 -- Won Division Finals ( Nationals ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 1 Bill Russell ( MVP ) 1961 -- 62 -- -- Eastern 1st 60 20 . 750 -- Won Division Finals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 3 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Bill Russell ( MVP ) 1962 -- 63 -- -- Eastern 1st 58 22 . 725 -- Won Division Finals ( Royals ) 4 -- 3 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 Bill Russell ( MVP , ASG MVP ) 1963 -- 64 -- -- Eastern 1st 59 21 . 738 -- Won Division Finals ( Royals ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Warriors ) 4 -- 1 -- 1964 -- 65 -- -- Eastern 1st 62 18 . 775 -- Won Division Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 3 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 Bill Russell ( MVP ) Red Auerbach ( COY ) 1965 -- 66 -- -- Eastern 2nd 54 26 . 675 Won Division Semifinals ( Royals ) 3 -- 2 Won Division Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 -- 1966 -- 67 -- -- Eastern 2nd 60 21 . 741 8 Won Division Semifinals ( Knicks ) 3 -- 1 Lost Division Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 1 -- 1967 -- 68 -- -- Eastern 2nd 54 28 . 659 8 Won Division Semifinals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 3 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 -- 1968 -- 69 -- -- Eastern 4th 48 34 . 585 9 Won Division Semifinals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 1 Won Division Finals ( Knicks ) 4 -- 2 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 -- 1969 -- 70 -- -- Eastern 6th 34 48 . 415 26 -- -- 1970 -- 71 Eastern 5th Atlantic 3rd 44 38 . 537 8 -- Dave Cowens ( ROY ) 1971 -- 72 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 56 26 . 683 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Knicks ) 4 -- 1 -- 1972 -- 73 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 68 14 . 829 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Knicks ) 4 -- 3 Dave Cowens ( MVP , ASG MVP ) Tom Heinsohn ( COY ) 1973 -- 74 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 56 26 . 683 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Braves ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals ( Knicks ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Bucks ) 4 -- 3 John Havlicek ( FMVP ) 1974 -- 75 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 60 22 . 732 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Bullets ) 4 -- 2 -- 1975 -- 76 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 54 28 . 659 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Braves ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals ( Cavaliers ) 4 -- 2 Won NBA Finals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 Jo Jo White ( FMVP ) 1976 -- 77 Eastern 4th Atlantic 2nd 44 38 . 537 6 Won First Round ( Spurs ) 2 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 3 -- 1977 -- 78 Eastern 8th Atlantic 3rd 32 50 . 390 23 -- -- 1978 -- 79 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 29 53 . 354 25 -- -- 1979 -- 80 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 61 21 . 744 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 0 Lost Conference Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 1 Larry Bird ( ROY ) Bill Fitch ( COY ) 1980 -- 81 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 62 20 . 756 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Bulls ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 3 Won NBA Finals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 2 Nate Archibald ( ASG MVP ) Cedric Maxwell ( FMVP ) 1981 -- 82 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 63 19 . 768 -- Won Conference Semifinals ( Bullets ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 3 Larry Bird ( ASG MVP ) 1982 -- 83 Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 56 26 . 683 9 Won First Round ( Hawks ) 2 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Bucks ) 4 -- 0 -- 1983 -- 84 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 62 20 . 756 -- Won First Round ( Bullets ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Knicks ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Bucks ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Larry Bird ( MVP , FMVP ) Kevin McHale ( SIX ) 1984 -- 85 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 63 19 . 768 -- Won First Round ( Cavaliers ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 1 Lost NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 Larry Bird ( MVP ) Kevin McHale ( SIX ) 1985 -- 86 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 67 15 . 817 -- Won First Round ( Bulls ) 3 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals ( Bucks ) 4 -- 0 Won NBA Finals ( Rockets ) 4 -- 2 Larry Bird ( MVP , FMVP ) Bill Walton ( SIX ) 1986 -- 87 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 59 23 . 720 -- Won First Round ( Bulls ) 3 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Bucks ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 3 Lost NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 -- 1987 -- 88 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 57 25 . 695 -- Won First Round ( Knicks ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Hawks ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 2 -- 1988 -- 89 Eastern 8th Atlantic 3rd 42 40 . 512 10 Lost First Round ( Pistons ) 3 -- 0 -- 1989 -- 90 Eastern 4th Atlantic 2nd 52 30 . 634 Lost First Round ( Knicks ) 3 -- 2 -- 1990 -- 91 Eastern 2nd Atlantic 1st 56 26 . 683 -- Won First Round ( Pacers ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 2 -- 1991 -- 92 Eastern 2nd Atlantic 1st 51 31 . 622 -- Won First Round ( Pacers ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Cavaliers ) 4 -- 3 -- 1992 -- 93 Eastern 4th Atlantic 2nd 48 34 . 585 12 Lost First Round ( Hornets ) 3 -- 1 -- 1993 -- 94 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 32 50 . 390 25 -- -- 1994 -- 95 Eastern 8th Atlantic 3rd 35 47 . 427 22 Lost First Round ( Magic ) 3 -- 1 -- 1995 -- 96 Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th 33 49 . 402 27 -- -- 1996 -- 97 Eastern 15th Atlantic 7th 15 67 . 183 46 -- -- 1997 -- 98 Eastern 12th Atlantic 6th 36 46 . 439 19 -- -- 1998 -- 99 Eastern 12th Atlantic 5th 19 31 . 380 14 -- -- 1999 -- 00 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 35 47 . 427 17 -- -- 2000 -- 01 Eastern 9th Atlantic 5th 36 46 . 439 20 -- -- 2001 -- 02 Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 49 33 . 598 Won First Round ( 76ers ) 3 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals ( Nets ) 4 -- 2 -- 2002 -- 03 Eastern 6th Atlantic 3rd 44 38 . 537 Won First Round ( Pacers ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Nets ) 4 -- 0 -- 2003 -- 04 Eastern 8th Atlantic 4th 36 46 . 439 11 Lost First Round ( Pacers ) 4 -- 0 -- 2004 -- 05 Eastern 3rd Atlantic 1st 45 37 . 549 -- Lost First Round ( Pacers ) 4 -- 3 -- 2005 -- 06 Eastern 11th Atlantic 3rd 33 49 . 402 16 -- -- 2006 -- 07 Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 24 58 . 293 23 -- -- 2007 -- 08 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 66 16 . 805 -- Won First Round ( Hawks ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Cavaliers ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Pistons ) 4 -- 2 Won NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 Kevin Garnett ( DPOY ) Paul Pierce ( FMVP ) Danny Ainge ( EOY ) 2008 -- 09 Eastern 2nd Atlantic 1st 62 20 . 756 -- Won First Round ( Bulls ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Magic ) 4 -- 3 -- 2009 -- 10 Eastern 4th Atlantic 1st 50 32 . 610 -- Won First Round ( Heat ) 4 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Cavaliers ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals ( Magic ) 4 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 -- 2010 -- 11 Eastern 3rd Atlantic 1st 56 26 . 683 -- Won First Round ( Knicks ) 4 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Heat ) 4 -- 1 -- 2011 -- 12 Eastern 4th Atlantic 1st 39 27 . 591 -- Won First Round ( Hawks ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( 76ers ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 3 -- 2012 -- 13 Eastern 7th Atlantic 3rd 41 40 . 506 12.5 Lost First round ( Knicks ) 4 - 2 -- 2013 -- 14 Eastern 12th Atlantic 4th 25 57 . 305 23 -- -- 2014 -- 15 Eastern 7th Atlantic 2nd 40 42 . 488 9 Lost First Round ( Cavaliers ) 4 -- 0 -- 2015 -- 16 Eastern 5th Atlantic 2nd 48 34 . 585 8 Lost First Round ( Hawks ) 4 -- 2 -- 2016 -- 17 Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 53 29 . 646 -- Won First Round ( Bulls ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Wizards ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Cavaliers ) 4 -- 1 -- All - time records ( edit ) Statistic Wins Losses Win % All - time regular season record ( 1946 -- present ) 3,274 2,286 . 589 All - time post-season record ( 1946 -- present ) 349 263 . 570 All - time regular season & post-season record ( 1946 -- present ) 3,623 2,549 . 587 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Basketball Reference ; Team Season Finder Jump up ^ Celtics Game 7 History , NBA.com , May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 -- 51 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 -- 52 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 -- 57 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 58 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 -- 59 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 -- 60 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 -- 61 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 -- 62 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 -- 63 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 -- 64 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 -- 65 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 -- 66 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 -- 67 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 -- 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 -- 69 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 -- 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 72 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 -- 73 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 -- 74 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 -- 76 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 -- 77 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 79 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 -- 80 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 82 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 -- 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 -- 87 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 88 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 -- 89 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 91 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 ( To be retired on February 11 , 2018 ) 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! Boston Garden North Station Larry Legend DJ The Chief The Truth The Sports Museum of New England NBA Championships ( 17 ) 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1986 2008 Eastern Conference Championships ( 21 ) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1985 1986 2008 Media TV CSN New England Radio WBZ - FM Announcers Mike Gorman Tom Heinsohn Brian Scalabrine Sean Grande Cedric Maxwell John Wallach Boston Celtics seasons Franchise History Seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Boston_Celtics_seasons&oldid=793001593 '' Categories : Boston Celtics seasons Boston Celtics lists Talk About Wikipedia Français Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 01 : 31 . 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when was the last time the celtics were in the playoffs
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"\n\nSeason\nConference\nFinish\nDivision\nFinish\nWins\nLosses\nWin%\nGB\nPlayoffs\nAwards\nRef.\n\n\n1946–47\n—\n—\nEastern\n5th\n22\n38\n.367\n27\n—\n—\n[3]\n\n\n1947–48\n—\n—\nEastern\n3rd\n20\n28\n.417\n7\nLost First Round (Stags) 2–1\n—\n[4]\n\n\n1948–49\n—\n—\nEastern\n5th\n25\n36\n.410\n13\n—\n—\n[5]\n\n\n1949–50\n—\n—\nEastern\n6th\n22\n46\n.324\n31\n—\n—\n[6]\n\n\n1950–51\n—\n—\nEastern\n2nd\n39\n30\n.565\n2.5\nLost Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–0\nEd Macauley (ASG MVP)\n[7]\n\n\n1951–52\n—\n—\nEastern\n2nd\n39\n27\n.591\n1\nLost Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–1\n—\n[8]\n\n\n1952–53\n—\n—\nEastern\n3rd\n46\n25\n.648\n1.5\nWon Division Semifinals (Nationals) 2–0\nLost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–1\n—\n[9]\n\n\n1953–54\n—\n—\nEastern\nT-2nd\n42\n30\n.583\n2\nLost Division Finals (Nationals) 2–0\nBob Cousy (ASG MVP)\n[10]\n\n\n1954–55\n—\n—\nEastern\n3rd\n36\n36\n.500\n7\nWon Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–1\nLost Division Finals (Nationals) 3–1\nBill Sharman (ASG MVP)\n[11]\n\n\n1955–56\n—\n—\nEastern\n2nd\n39\n33\n.542\n6\nLost Division Semifinals (Nationals) 2–1\n—\n[12]\n\n\n1956–57\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n44\n28\n.611\n—\nWon Division Finals (Nationals) 3–0\nWon NBA Finals (Hawks) 4–3\nBob Cousy (MVP, ASG MVP)\nTom Heinsohn (ROY)\n[13]\n\n\n1957–58\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n49\n23\n.681\n—\nWon Division Finals (Warriors) 4–1\nLost NBA Finals (Hawks) 4–2\nBill Russell (MVP)\n[14]\n\n\n1958–59\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n52\n20\n.722\n—\nWon Division Finals (Nationals) 4–3\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–0\n—\n[15]\n\n\n1959–60\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n59\n16\n.787\n—\nWon Division Finals (Warriors) 4–2\nWon NBA Finals (Hawks) 4–3\n—\n[16]\n\n\n1960–61\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n57\n22\n.722\n—\nWon Division Finals (Nationals) 4–1\nWon NBA Finals (Hawks) 4–1\nBill Russell (MVP)\n[17]\n\n\n1961–62\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n60\n20\n.750\n—\nWon Division Finals (Warriors) 4–3\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3\nBill Russell (MVP)\n[18]\n\n\n1962–63\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n58\n22\n.725\n—\nWon Division Finals (Royals) 4–3\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2\nBill Russell (MVP, ASG MVP)\n[19]\n\n\n1963–64\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n59\n21\n.738\n—\nWon Division Finals (Royals) 4–1\nWon NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–1\n—\n[20]\n\n\n1964–65\n—\n—\nEastern\n1st\n62\n18\n.775\n—\nWon Division Finals (76ers) 4–3\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–1\nBill Russell (MVP)\nRed Auerbach (COY)\n[21]\n\n\n1965–66\n—\n—\nEastern\n2nd\n54\n26\n.675\n1\nWon Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2\nWon Division Finals (76ers) 4–1\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3\n—\n[22]\n\n\n1966–67\n—\n—\nEastern\n2nd\n60\n21\n.741\n8\nWon Division Semifinals (Knicks) 3–1\nLost Division Finals (76ers) 4–1\n—\n[23]\n\n\n1967–68\n—\n—\nEastern\n2nd\n54\n28\n.659\n8\nWon Division Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2\nWon Division Finals (76ers) 4–3\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2\n—\n[24]\n\n\n1968–69\n—\n—\nEastern\n4th\n48\n34\n.585\n9\nWon Division Semifinals (76ers) 4–1\nWon Division Finals (Knicks) 4–2\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3\n—\n[25]\n\n\n1969–70\n—\n—\nEastern\n6th\n34\n48\n.415\n26\n—\n—\n[26]\n\n\n1970–71\nEastern\n5th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n44\n38\n.537\n8\n—\nDave Cowens (ROY)\n[27]\n\n\n1971–72\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n56\n26\n.683\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–2\nLost Conference Finals (Knicks) 4–1\n—\n[28]\n\n\n1972–73\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n68\n14\n.829\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–2\nLost Conference Finals (Knicks) 4–3\nDave Cowens (MVP, ASG MVP)\nTom Heinsohn (COY)\n[29]\n\n\n1973–74\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n56\n26\n.683\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Braves) 4–2\nWon Conference Finals (Knicks) 4–1\nWon NBA Finals (Bucks) 4–3\nJohn Havlicek (FMVP)\n[30]\n\n\n1974–75\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n60\n22\n.732\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–1\nLost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–2\n—\n[31]\n\n\n1975–76\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n54\n28\n.659\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Braves) 4–2\nWon Conference Finals (Cavaliers) 4–2\nWon NBA Finals (Suns) 4–2\nJo Jo White (FMVP)\n[32]\n\n\n1976–77\nEastern\n4th\nAtlantic\n2nd\n44\n38\n.537\n6\nWon First Round (Spurs) 2–0\nLost Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–3\n—\n[33]\n\n\n1977–78\nEastern\n8th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n32\n50\n.390\n23\n—\n—\n[34]\n\n\n1978–79\nEastern\n10th\nAtlantic\n5th\n29\n53\n.354\n25\n—\n—\n[35]\n\n\n1979–80\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n61\n21\n.744\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–0\nLost Conference Finals (76ers) 4–1\nLarry Bird (ROY)\nBill Fitch (COY)\n[36]\n\n\n1980–81\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n62\n20\n.756\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–0\nWon Conference Finals (76ers) 4–3\nWon NBA Finals (Rockets) 4–2\nNate Archibald (ASG MVP)\nCedric Maxwell (FMVP)\n[37]\n\n\n1981–82\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n63\n19\n.768\n—\nWon Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–1\nLost Conference Finals (76ers) 4–3\nLarry Bird (ASG MVP)\n[38]\n\n\n1982–83\nEastern\n3rd\nAtlantic\n2nd\n56\n26\n.683\n9\nWon First Round (Hawks) 2–1\nLost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–0\n—\n[39]\n\n\n1983–84\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n62\n20\n.756\n—\nWon First Round (Bullets) 3–1\nWon Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–3\nWon Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3\nLarry Bird (MVP, FMVP)\nKevin McHale (SIX)\n[40]\n\n\n1984–85\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n63\n19\n.768\n—\nWon First Round (Cavaliers) 3–1\nWon Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2\nWon Conference Finals (76ers) 4–1\nLost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2\nLarry Bird (MVP)\nKevin McHale (SIX)\n[41]\n\n\n1985–86\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n67\n15\n.817\n—\nWon First Round (Bulls) 3–0\nWon Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–1\nWon Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–0\nWon NBA Finals (Rockets) 4–2\nLarry Bird (MVP, FMVP)\nBill Walton (SIX)\n[42]\n\n\n1986–87\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n59\n23\n.720\n—\nWon First Round (Bulls) 3–0\nWon Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3\nWon Conference Finals (Pistons) 4–3\nLost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2\n—\n[43]\n\n\n1987–88\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n57\n25\n.695\n—\nWon First Round (Knicks) 3–1\nWon Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–3\nLost Conference Finals (Pistons) 4–2\n—\n[44]\n\n\n1988–89\nEastern\n8th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n42\n40\n.512\n10\nLost First Round (Pistons) 3–0\n—\n[45]\n\n\n1989–90\nEastern\n4th\nAtlantic\n2nd\n52\n30\n.634\n1\nLost First Round (Knicks) 3–2\n—\n[46]\n\n\n1990–91\nEastern\n2nd\nAtlantic\n1st\n56\n26\n.683\n—\nWon First Round (Pacers) 3–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2\n—\n[47]\n\n\n1991–92\nEastern\n2nd\nAtlantic\n1st\n51\n31\n.622\n—\nWon First Round (Pacers) 3–0\nLost Conference Semifinals (Cavaliers) 4–3\n—\n[48]\n\n\n1992–93\nEastern\n4th\nAtlantic\n2nd\n48\n34\n.585\n12\nLost First Round (Hornets) 3–1\n—\n[49]\n\n\n1993–94\nEastern\n10th\nAtlantic\n5th\n32\n50\n.390\n25\n—\n—\n[50]\n\n\n1994–95\nEastern\n8th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n35\n47\n.427\n22\nLost First Round (Magic) 3–1\n—\n[51]\n\n\n1995–96\nEastern\n11th\nAtlantic\n5th\n33\n49\n.402\n27\n—\n—\n[52]\n\n\n1996–97\nEastern\n15th\nAtlantic\n7th\n15\n67\n.183\n46\n—\n—\n[53]\n\n\n1997–98\nEastern\n12th\nAtlantic\n6th\n36\n46\n.439\n19\n—\n—\n[54]\n\n\n1998–99\nEastern\n12th\nAtlantic\n5th\n19\n31\n.380\n14\n—\n—\n[55]\n\n\n1999–00\nEastern\n10th\nAtlantic\n5th\n35\n47\n.427\n17\n—\n—\n[56]\n\n\n2000–01\nEastern\n9th\nAtlantic\n5th\n36\n46\n.439\n20\n—\n—\n[57]\n\n\n2001–02\nEastern\n3rd\nAtlantic\n2nd\n49\n33\n.598\n3\nWon First Round (76ers) 3–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–1\nLost Conference Finals (Nets) 4–2\n—\n[58]\n\n\n2002–03\nEastern\n6th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n44\n38\n.537\n5\nWon First Round (Pacers) 4–2\nLost Conference Semifinals (Nets) 4–0\n—\n[59]\n\n\n2003–04\nEastern\n8th\nAtlantic\n4th\n36\n46\n.439\n11\nLost First Round (Pacers) 4–0\n—\n[60]\n\n\n2004–05\nEastern\n3rd\nAtlantic\n1st\n45\n37\n.549\n—\nLost First Round (Pacers) 4–3\n—\n[61]\n\n\n2005–06\nEastern\n11th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n33\n49\n.402\n16\n—\n—\n[62]\n\n\n2006–07\nEastern\n15th\nAtlantic\n5th\n24\n58\n.293\n23\n—\n—\n[63]\n\n\n2007–08\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n66\n16\n.805\n—\nWon First Round (Hawks) 4–3\nWon Conference Semifinals (Cavaliers) 4–3\nWon Conference Finals (Pistons) 4–2\nWon NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2\nKevin Garnett (DPOY)\nPaul Pierce (FMVP)\nDanny Ainge (EOY)\n[64]\n\n\n2008–09\nEastern\n2nd\nAtlantic\n1st\n62\n20\n.756\n—\nWon First Round (Bulls) 4–3\nLost Conference Semifinals (Magic) 4–3\n—\n[65]\n\n\n2009–10\nEastern\n4th\nAtlantic\n1st\n50\n32\n.610\n—\nWon First Round (Heat) 4–1\nWon Conference Semifinals (Cavaliers) 4–2\nWon Conference Finals (Magic) 4–2\nLost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3\n—\n[66]\n\n\n2010–11\nEastern\n3rd\nAtlantic\n1st\n56\n26\n.683\n—\nWon First Round (Knicks) 4–0\nLost Conference Semifinals (Heat) 4–1\n—\n[67]\n\n\n2011–12\nEastern\n4th\nAtlantic\n1st\n39\n27\n.591\n—\nWon First Round (Hawks) 4–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–3\nLost Conference Finals (Heat) 4–3\n—\n[68]\n\n\n2012–13\nEastern\n7th\nAtlantic\n3rd\n41\n40\n.506\n12.5\nLost First round (Knicks) 4-2\n—\n\n\n\n\n2013–14\nEastern\n12th\nAtlantic\n4th\n25\n57\n.305\n23\n—\n—\n\n\n\n2014–15\nEastern\n7th\nAtlantic\n2nd\n40\n42\n.488\n9\nLost First Round (Cavaliers) 4–0\n—\n\n\n\n2015–16\nEastern\n5th\nAtlantic\n2nd\n48\n34\n.585\n8\nLost First Round (Hawks) 4–2\n—\n\n\n\n2016–17\nEastern\n1st\nAtlantic\n1st\n53\n29\n.646\n—\nWon First Round (Bulls) 4–2\nWon Conference Semifinals (Wizards) 4–3\nLost Conference Finals (Cavaliers) 4–1\n—\n\n\n\n"
] |
[
"2016–17"
] |
3951467571900777241
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Sone Pe Suhaaga
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Sone Pe Suhaaga - Wikipedia Sone Pe Suhaaga Jump to : navigation , search Sone Pe Suhaaga Directed by K. Bapaiah Produced by Abdul Hafiz Nadiadwala Written by Kader Khan ( dialogues ) Screenplay by R. Selvaraj Story by R. Selvaraj Starring Dharmendra Jeetendra Anil Kapoor Sridevi Poonam Dhillon Kimi Katkar Music by Bappi Lahiri Cinematography A. Venkat Edited by Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali Production company A.G. Films Pvt Ltd Release date 26 August 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 26 ) Running time 163 minutes Country India Language Hindi Sone Pe Suhaaga ( English : Gold on Borax ) is a 1988 Bollywood film produced by Abdul Hafiz Nadiadwala on A.G. Films Pvt Ltd banner and directed by K. Bapaiah . Starring Dharmendra , Jeetendra , Anil Kapoor , Sridevi , Poonam Dhillon , Kimi Katkar in lead roles and music composed by Bappi Lahiri . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Vijay Kumar is a well - off business industrialist who lives in Bombay in a palatial house . One day he returns home and finds out that his wallet has been stolen . Unknown to him , his wallet has ended up with a petty thief and pick - pocket named Vikram , who , in a drunken state , gives the wallet along with the money in it to a beggar woman named Usha Rani . Vijay does not know that this theft will turn his life upside down ; re-unite him with his long - lost mother & brother ; as well as put the lives of everyone he knows at risk at the hands of powerful gangster , Tejaa , who will leave no stone unturned to destroy Vijay and whoever comes in his way . Cast ( edit ) Dharmendra as Vikram / CBI Officer Ashwini Kumar Jeetendra as Vijay Kumar Anil Kapoor as Ravi / Joginder Nutan as Usha Rani Sridevi as Meena Poonam Dhillon as Advocate Shraddha Kimi Katkar as Usha Satyendra Kapoor as Dinu Kaka Shakti Kapoor as Joginder Kader Khan as Bashir Ahmed Asrani as Man on the street Anupam Kher as Justice Nyaychand Rastogi ( N.C.R. ) Paresh Rawal as Tejaa Mahesh Anand as Robert Tom Alter Soundtrack ( edit ) # Title Singer ( s ) `` Hat Jao Hat Jao Bajoo Hat Jao '' Asha Bhosle `` Chori Chori Chupe Chupe '' Kishore Kumar , Lata Mangeshkar `` Seene Se Laga Lu Tujhe '' Kishore Kumar , Asha Bhosle `` Tune Mohe Taaka Maine '' Nitin Mukesh , Asha Bhosle 5 `` Dil Afridam '' Kishore Kumar , Asha Bhosle 6 `` Chori Chori Chupe Chupe - II '' Kishore Kumar , Lata Mangeshkar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Titles '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Heading '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Heading - 2 '' . gomolo.com . Jump up ^ `` Heading - 3 '' . apunkachoice . External links ( edit ) Sone Pe Suhaaga on IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sone_Pe_Suhaaga&oldid=780360595 '' Categories : 1990 films Hindi - language films 1990s Hindi - language films Indian films Films directed by Kovelamudi Bapayya Film scores by Bappi Lahiri 1980s Hindi - language films 1980s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia
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what is the meaning of sone pe suhaga
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"Sone Pe Suhaaga (English: Gold on Borax) is a 1988 Bollywood film produced by Abdul Hafiz Nadiadwala on A. G. Films Pvt Ltd banner and directed by K.Bapaiah. Starring Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Anil Kapoor, Sridevi, Poonam Dhillon, Kimi Katkar in lead roles and music composed by Bappi Lahiri.[2][3][4]"
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"Gold on Borax"
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-5587636504657196292
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Steven Zirnkilton
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Steven Zirnkilton - Wikipedia Steven Zirnkilton Jump to : navigation , search Steven Zirnkilton Member of the Maine House of Representatives In office 1982 -- 1988 In office 1992 -- 1994 Personal details Stephen Morgan Zirnkilton ( 1958 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1958 ( age 59 ) York , Pennsylvania , U.S. Citizenship United States Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Stephanie Zirnkilton Children Occupation Voice actor former politician Known for Narrator of Law & Order franchise Website zirnkilton.com Steven ' Steve ' M. Zirnkilton ( born Stephen Morgan Zirnkilton ; August 18 , 1958 ) is an American voice - over actor and former politician from Maine . Zirnkilton is known for providing the opening narration of all US shows in the Law & Order franchise . He received the job after he was originally hired by series creator Dick Wolf for a small part on Law & Order . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Politics 2.2 Acting 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Zirnkilton grew up in York , Pennsylvania and spent summers in Maine . He graduated from New England College and began working for radio station WDEA in Ellsworth , Maine upon graduation . He later settled in Seal Harbor , Maine . Zirnkilton received a Legislative Sentiment for his work , from Maine State Representative Chris Greeley . Career ( edit ) Politics ( edit ) Zirnkilton , a Republican , served for eight years ( four terms ) in the Maine House of Representatives from 1982 to 1988 and again from 1992 to 1994 . He represented part of Hancock County , Maine , including his residence in the village of Seal Harbor in the town Mount Desert . During his final term in the House of Representatives , Zirnkilton served in leadership as Assistant Minority Leader . In 1994 , when then Congresswoman Olympia Snowe decided not to seek re-election to the U.S. House of Representatives for Maine 's 2nd congressional district , Zirnkilton sought to replace her . Zirnkilton lost the primary to fellow State Representative Richard A. Bennett , who eventually lost the general election to State Senator John Baldacci . Zirnkilton also provides voice overs for political ads , notably during Susan Collins re-election campaign in 2014 . Acting ( edit ) Zirnkilton is known for providing the opening narration of all US shows in the Law & Order franchise . He received the job after he was originally hired by series creator Dick Wolf for a small part on Law & Order . Zirnkilton has also provided voices for Family Guy and The Rugrats Movie . He was a narrator for Faith Rewarded : The Historic Season of the 2004 Boston Red Sox . Zirnkilton narrated Ruby Ridge : Anatomy of a Tragedy on Investigation Discovery . He also provided the voice - over for a Sky One advertisement for the channel 's Law & Order airings . Zirnkilton was the narrator for TLC 's Code Blue : New Orleans and the syndicated series Arrest & Trial . He has been the announcer for the Kennedy Center Honors , and for the past thirteen years he has been the onstage announcer for the Top Cops Awards in Washington , D.C. . Zirnkilton 's agent is William Morris Endeavor . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 The Rugrats Movie Reporter Animated adventure -- comedy film directed by Igor Kovalyov & Norton Virgien and written by David N. Weiss & J. David Stem . Law & Order : The First 3 Years Opening Narrator Documentary film Faith Rewarded : The Historic Season of the 2004 Boston Red Sox Narrator Documentary film written by Jeff Scott . 2008 The Stag Hunt Narrator Short thriller film directed and written by Alfred Thomas Catalfo . 2013 Summer Colony Narrator Documentary -- historical film directed and written by Jeremy Lunt . 2015 Toy Soldier Voice Animated short drama film directed and written by Christopher Choyce . 2016 Too Cold to Swim Motel Clerk Drama film directed by D.W. Young . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1990 -- 2010 Law & Order Narrator Contract role Duckman : Private Dick / Family Man Opening narrator Episode : `` Das Sub '' ( S 4 : Ep 26 ) 1999 -- present Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Opening Announcer Contract role 2000 -- 01 Arrest & Trial Narrator TV Series documentary / nontraditional court show 2000 -- 02 Code Blue : New Orleans Narrator TV Series documentary 2001 -- 11 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Opening announcer Contract role 2002 -- 04 Crime & Punishment Narrator TV Series documentary / nontraditional court show 2003 Dragnet Narrator Episode : `` The Silver Slayer '' ( S 1 : Ep 1 -- Pilot ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Voice Over Episode : `` Episode # 12.209 '' ( S 12 : Ep 209 ) 2005 Family Guy Himself Episode : `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' ( S 4 : Ep 2 ) 2005 -- 06 Law & Order : Trial by Jury Opening announcer Contract role 2010 -- 11 Law & Order : Los Angeles Narrator Contract role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Law & Order ' reunion salutes 20th season '' . Today . Associated Press . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask the Editors '' . TV Guide . April 19 , 2010 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Morton , Spencer ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Steve Zirnkilton : The man behind the voice '' . The Maine Campus . University of Maine . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Steve Zirnkilton Voiceovers . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hale , John ( June 11 , 1987 ) . `` Seal lovers attempt to harpoon whale bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Bangor , ME : Bangor Publishing Company . p. 1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Francis X . ( June 7 , 2002 ) . `` Crowded 2nd District contests reminiscent of battles in 1994 Regional strength led the way to victory in contested primary races '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neill , Bill ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Rave of the Week : `` Idiots on film '' `` . Cape Cod Times . Hyannis , MA : Dow Jones Local Media Group . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faith Rewarded : The Historic Season of the 2004 Boston Red Sox '' . New England Sports Network . Fenway Sports Group and Delaware North . ASIN B005Y1C3TQ . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sparked Media . `` Ruby Ridge : Anatomy of a Tragedy '' . Vimeo . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` Weaver 's Last Stand '' . Slate . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Rugrats Movie '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal United States portal Maine portal Politics portal Film portal Television portal Official website Steven Zirnkilton on IMDb ( hide ) Law & Order franchise Series Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- present ) Adaptations Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Video games Law & Order : Dead on the Money Law & Order : Double or Nothing Law & Order : Justice Is Served Law & Order : Criminal Intent Law & Order : Legacies Related series Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present ) Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present ) Chicago Justice ( 2017 ) Films Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Zirnkilton&oldid=758780736 '' Categories : Living people American male voice actors Male actors from Maine New England College alumni Politicians from York , Pennsylvania People from Mount Desert Island Members of the Maine House of Representatives Maine Republicans 1958 births Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2017 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does the voiceover on law and order
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"Steven 'Steve' M. Zirnkilton (born Stephen Morgan Zirnkilton; August 18, 1958) is an American voice-over actor and former politician from Maine. Zirnkilton is known for providing the opening narration of all US shows in the Law & Order franchise.[1] He received the job after he was originally hired by series creator Dick Wolf for a small part on Law & Order.[2]"
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"Steven 'Steve' M. Zirnkilton"
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1314924125870667068
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Lying in state
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Lying in state - wikipedia Lying in state For the band , see Lying in States . Philip IV of France lying in state Mahatma Gandhi lying in state Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a dead official is placed in a state building , either outside or inside a coffin , to allow the public to pay their respects . It traditionally takes place in the principal government building of a country , state , or city . While the practice differs among countries , a viewing in a location other than the principal government building may be referred to as lying in repose . Contents 1 Canada 2 North Korea 3 Russia 4 Singapore 5 South Africa 6 United Kingdom 7 United States 7.1 Lain in state 7.2 Lain in honor 7.3 Lain in repose 7.4 States and cities 8 Vatican City 9 Coptic Patriarchate 10 Other notable funerals 11 See also 12 References Canada ( edit ) In Canada , official lying in state is a part of a state funeral , an honor generally reserved for former Governors General and former Prime Ministers . It is held in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill , in the national capital , Ottawa , Ontario . Ex-governors general lie in state in the Senate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour . During the period of lying in state , the coffins are flanked at each corner by a Guard of honour , made up of four members drawn from the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as members of the Governor General 's Foot Guards for former governors general , and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers . Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted ( resting on Arms reversed ) with their backs turned towards the casket . Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident . For instance , Maurice Richard , nationally known hockey player , was given a state funeral by the province of Quebec when he died in 2000 ; his coffin lay in state at the Molson Centre . This process was repeated for fellow Canadiens legend Jean Béliveau in December 2014 . Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians . North Korea ( edit ) In North Korea , the body of the late leader Kim Jong - il was displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang prior to his funeral , which began and ended at the palace . An honor guard armed with AK - 47s was present . Jong - il 's father Kim Il - sung , the founding president , is on display elsewhere in the palace . Russia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Russia , during the time of the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) , the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders , such as Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov , and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline . They took place in Moscow , beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions , and ending with an interment at Red Square . For the lying in state at the House of the Unions , the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall , which would be decorated by flowers , numerous red flags and other communist symbols . The mourners , which usually would be brought in by the thousands , shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze . On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall , a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music . The deceased 's embalmed body , dressed in a black suit , white shirt and a tie , was displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations , red roses and tulips , facing the queue of mourners . A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background . At the right side of the hall , seats were placed for guests of honour , with the front row reserved for the dead leader 's family . On the day of the funeral , a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place . Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum , while Brezhnev , Andropov , and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . Singapore ( edit ) At state funerals in Singapore , the national flag is put on the coffin . The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person at Parliament House . The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased . Similar to British traditions , the vigil guard is composed of groups of five commissioned officers from the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) and Singapore Police Force ( SPF ) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes . One of the five officers stands facing outward at each of the four corners of the casket , while the fifth and most senior one stands in front and faces inward . Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted . Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state of Goh Keng Swee in May 2010 , Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015 as well as SR Nathan in August 2016 . South Africa ( edit ) See also : state funeral Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa . The event took place at the Union Buildings , the same site where he was inaugurated as the President of South Africa on May 10 , 1994 . The body of Mandela was lying in State for three days , starting on Wednesday , December 11 , 2013 and ending Friday , December 13 . The body was viewed by thousands of South Africans before it was airlifted to Qunu in the Eastern Cape where Mandela was buried on December 15 , 2013 . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United Kingdom and Vigil of the Princes In state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom , the lying - in - state takes place in Westminster Hall . The coffin is placed on a catafalque and is guarded , around the clock , by detachments , each of four men , from the following units : Sovereign 's Bodyguard Her Majesty 's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen - at - Arms The Queen 's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard The Royal Company of Archers , The Queen 's Bodyguard for Scotland Household Cavalry The Life Guards The Blues and Royals ( Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons ) Foot Guards Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Guards Irish Guards Welsh Guards Each unit mans the guard for a total of six hours , with each detachment standing post for twenty minutes . The four men stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted ; their backs are turned towards the coffin . On two occasions , the guard has been mounted by four male members of the Royal Family . At the lying in state of King George V in 1936 , the guard was mounted by his four sons King Edward VIII , the Duke of York ( George VI ) , the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent . For Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 's lying - in - state in 2002 , the guard was mounted by her four grandsons , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of York , the Earl of Wessex , and Viscount Linley . United States ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States Representative Thaddeus Stevens lying in state in the Capitol rotunda on August 13 , 1868 . Because of his prominence as an abolitionist , members of the Butler Zouaves , an African - American company of the District of Columbia , served as honor guards . A plaster statue of President Abraham Lincoln , likely submitted for a commission , was credited to Henry J. Ellicott . John J. Pershing saluting the Unknown Soldier of World War I , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 9 , 1921 . Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress honor President John F. Kennedy , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 24 , 1963 . Richard Nixon and members of Congress honor Lyndon B. Johnson who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on January 24 , 1973 . The U.S. Joint Service Color Guard and members of Congress honor President Ronald Reagan , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on June 10 , 2004 . Dick Cheney and members of Congress honor President Gerald Ford , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on December 30 , 2006 . Lying in state in the United States is the rare honor either authorized by a congressional resolution or approved by the congressional leadership , when permission is granted by survivors , to a deceased official whereby his or her remains are placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. for public viewing . The casket is guarded by members of the armed forces . By regulation and custom , only Presidents , military commanders , and members of Congress are granted the honor of lying in state . Except for Presidents and former Presidents , the honor is not automatic . Not all those entitled to the honor have it accepted by their survivors . The first leader to receive this honor was Henry Clay , former Speaker of the House of Representatives , when he died in 1852 . Since then , the honor has been extended to 27 people , including eleven Presidents , and to 4 Unknown Soldiers , representing U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified . An additional four individuals have lain in honor , a similar privileged . The process of lying in state at the Capitol is as follows . The coffin or casket is usually placed on a catafalque , usually the Lincoln catafalque , so named as it was constructed for lying in state upon the death of Abraham Lincoln , after his assassination in 1865 . The casket is guarded at each of its corners by a serviceperson from each of the branches of the armed forces . In contrast to the practice in the United Kingdom and other countries of the Commonwealth , guards at the Capitol face the casket , hold their rifles with their right hand , and keep the rifle butt resting on the floor . After the viewing and ceremony at the Capitol , the remains are taken to the burial location . Lain in state ( edit ) 1852 -- Henry Clay , long - serving Senator and Representative , Secretary of State , Speaker of the House , and three - time presidential candidate 1865 -- President Abraham Lincoln , assassinated in office 1868 -- Thaddeus Stevens , Representative from Pennsylvania 1874 -- Charles Sumner , Senator from Massachusetts 1875 -- Vice President Henry Wilson , served under Grant , died in office 1881 -- President James Garfield , assassinated in office 1886 -- John A. Logan , Senator from Illinois 1901 -- President William McKinley , assassinated while in office 1909 -- Pierre L'Enfant -- although he died in 1825 , his remains were disinterred ; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery 1917 -- Admiral George Dewey , Admiral of the Navy 1921 -- The Unknown Soldier for World War I 1923 -- President Warren Harding , died in office 1930 -- President William Howard Taft , President 1909 -- 1913 , also Chief Justice 1921 -- 1930 1948 -- General John J. Pershing , General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after 1953 -- Robert A. Taft , U.S. Senator and Majority Leader 1958 -- The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War 1963 -- President John F. Kennedy , assassinated in office 1964 -- General Douglas MacArthur , General of the Army 1964 -- President Herbert Hoover , President 1929 -- 1933 1969 -- President Dwight Eisenhower , President 1953 -- 1961 , Supreme Allied Commander during World War II 1969 -- Everett Dirksen , Illinois Senator , Senate Minority Leader 1959 -- 1969 1972 -- J. Edgar Hoover , Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) 1929 -- 1972 1973 -- President Lyndon B. Johnson , President 1963 -- 1969 1978 -- Hubert Humphrey , Vice President 1965 -- 1969 , Minnesota Senator , 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1984 -- The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War ( later identified as 1st . Lt. Michael J. Blassie ) 1989 -- Claude Pepper , long - serving Senator and Representative from Florida 2004 -- President Ronald Reagan , President 1981 -- 1989 2006 -- President Gerald Ford , President 1974 -- 1977 2012 -- Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate , Senator from Hawaii , and recipient of the Medal of Honor 2018 -- John McCain , 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States , Senator from Arizona , and recipient of the Silver Star . To date , William Howard Taft and Robert Taft are the only father - and - son pair to have been so honored . Lain in honor ( edit ) The United States Congress has created a similar -- though not identical -- privilege for distinguished Americans who do not qualify for a lying in state designation . In the process of `` lying in honor , '' the honor guard in the Rotunda is provided by the Capitol Police or another suitable source . 1998 -- United States Capitol Police Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson , killed on duty 2005 -- Rosa Parks , civil rights activist 2018 -- Billy Graham , Christian evangelist In 1998 , Chestnut and Gibson were killed while defending the Capitol against a shooter . Congress approved their remains to lie in honor in the Rotunda . Chestnut was the first African American to lie in honor . In 2005 , upon the death of civil rights activist Rosa Parks , Congress authorized her remains to lie in honor at the Rotunda ; Parks was the second African American and the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda . Graham was the first religious leader to be honored in this way . Lain in repose ( edit ) Supreme Court Justices `` lie in repose '' in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building . 1974 -- Chief Justice Earl Warren 1993 -- Justice Thurgood Marshall 1995 -- Chief Justice Warren E. Burger 1997 -- Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . 1999 -- Justice Harry A. Blackmun 2005 -- Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist , the first so - honored to have died in office . 2016 -- Justice Antonin Scalia , died in office . States and cities ( edit ) Some U.S. states and cities extend similar honors . For example , in the state of Hawaii , three people have been laid in state at the Hawaii State Capitol , among which include famous Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997 , and the aforementioned Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate and Senator from Hawaii . Similarly , after the death of U.S. Senator John McCain , it was announced that he would lie in state at the State Capitol in his home state of Arizona before receiving the same honor at the U.S. Capitol . In the City of San Francisco , California , Mayor Ed Lee laid in state at the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall after his death in office in 2017 . Vatican City ( edit ) Pope John Paul II 's body lying in state . A deceased pope customarily lies in state in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace and then in St. Peter 's Basilica , between the holding of a Mass of Visitation and a Mass of Requiem . The funeral of Pope John Paul II was an example of this custom . Coptic patriarchate ( edit ) The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time . This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church . Other notable funerals ( edit ) Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau Death and state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński See also ( edit ) Caisson Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan Catafalque Death and funeral of Richard Nixon Funeral train Lying in repose Lincoln Catafalque Missing man formation Riderless horse State funeral State funeral of John F. Kennedy State funerals in the United States Vigil of the Princes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rocket to get state funeral '' . CBC News . May 28 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Kim 's body on show in North Korea amid mass mourning '' . AFP . The West Australian . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheong , Danson ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` ' An honour to stand vigil for Mr Lee Kuan Yew ' '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Of state funerals and state - assisted funerals '' . Public Opinion . Jump up ^ `` Vigil guard , highest form of respect , accorded to Lee Kuan Yew during lying in state '' . Channel News Asia . Jump up ^ `` Vigil guards to be mounted for SR Nathan 's Lying - in - State '' . Channel News Asia . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived July 31 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` '' Lying in State or in Honor `` '' . US Architect of the Capitol ( AOC ) . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Inouye Lying in State '' . US Architect of the Capitol . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals Who Have Lain in State or in Honor '' . History , Art & Archives -- United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2018-08-31/the-latest-casket-arrives-at-capitol-for-mccain-memorial ^ Jump up to : `` John McCain to Lie in State at Capitols in Washington and Arizona '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Those Who Have Lain In State or In Honor in the Capitol Rotunda , US Architect of the Capitol . Jump up ^ Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda ( PDF ) , U.S. Senate Historical Office from the Architect of the Capitol . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks Lies in Honor in Capitol Rotunda '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lying in State Architect of the Capitol United States Capitol '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Graham 's body to ' lie in honor ' at U.S. Capitol '' . charlotteobserver . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Graham to lie in honor at the U.S. Capitol '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boulos Ayad Ayad , Phd : `` Ancient Egyptian Civilization and the Coptic Church '' , Coptic Church Review , Volume 9 , Number 4 Lain in state ( United States ) Lain in state US Capitol rotunda Clay ( 1852 ) Lincoln ( 1865 ) ( Funeral ) Stevens ( 1868 ) Sumner ( 1874 ) Wilson ( 1875 ) Garfield ( 1881 ) Logan ( 1886 ) McKinley ( 1901 ) L'Enfant ( 1909 ) Dewey ( 1917 ) The Unknown Soldier for World War I ( 1921 ) Harding ( 1923 ) W.H. Taft ( 1930 ) Pershing ( 1948 ) R.A. Taft ( 1953 ) The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War ( 1958 ) Kennedy ( 1963 ) ( Funeral ) MacArthur ( 1964 ) H. Hoover ( 1964 ) Eisenhower ( 1969 ) Dirksen ( 1969 ) J.E. Hoover ( 1972 ) Johnson ( 1973 ) Humphrey ( 1978 ) The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War ( 1984 ) Pepper ( 1989 ) Reagan ( 2004 ) ( Funeral ) Ford ( 2006 - 07 ) ( Funeral ) Inouye ( 2012 ) McCain ( 2018 ) Lain in honor US Capitol rotunda Chestnut ( 1998 ) and Gibson ( 1998 ) Parks ( 2005 ) Graham ( 2018 ) Lain in repose Great Hall of the US Supreme Court Warren ( 1974 ) Marshall ( 1993 ) Burger ( 1995 ) Brennan ( 1997 ) Blackmun ( 1999 ) Rehnquist ( 2005 ) Scalia ( 2016 ) Bold - In `` Lain in State '' , indicates a President . In `` Lain in Repose '' , indicates a Chief Justice died in 1825 , his remains were disinterred , he was honored by lying in state before reinterment later identified as 1st . Lt. Michael Blassie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lying_in_state&oldid=865068554 '' Categories : Death customs State ritual and ceremonies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Português Simple English Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 14 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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senators who have laid in state at capitol
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[
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]",
"1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate\n1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office\n1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania\n1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts\n1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office\n1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office\n1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois\n1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office\n1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery\n1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy\n1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I\n1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office\n1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–1913, also Chief Justice 1921–1930\n1948 – General John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after\n1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader\n1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War\n1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office\n1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army\n1964 – President Herbert Hoover, President 1929–1933\n1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II\n1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969\n1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1929–1972\n1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969\n1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator, 1968 Democratic nominee for President of the United States\n1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)\n1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative from Florida\n2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989\n2006 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977\n2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[10][11]\n2018 – John McCain, 2008 Republican nominee for President of the United States, Senator from Arizona, and recipient of the Silver Star.[12][13]"
] |
[
"Henry Clay",
"Charles Sumner",
"John A. Logan",
"Robert A. Taft",
"Everett Dirksen",
"Hubert Humphrey",
"Claude Pepper",
"Daniel Inouye",
"John McCain"
] |
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Harry Potter (film series)
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Harry Potter ( film series ) - wikipedia Harry Potter ( film series ) Harry Potter Harry Potter logo as used in the films Directed by Chris Columbus ( 1 -- 2 ) Alfonso Cuarón ( 3 ) Mike Newell ( 4 ) David Yates ( 5 -- 8 ) Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus ( 3 ) Mark Radcliffe ( 3 ) David Barron ( 5 -- 8 ) J.K. Rowling ( 7 -- 8 ) Screenplay by Steve Kloves ( 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Michael Goldenberg ( 5 ) Based on Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson ( See below ) Music by John Williams ( 1 -- 3 ) Patrick Doyle ( 4 ) Nicholas Hooper ( 5 -- 6 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 7 -- 8 ) Cinematography John Seale ( 1 ) Roger Pratt ( 2 , 4 ) Michael Seresin ( 3 ) Sławomir Idziak ( 5 ) Bruno Delbonnel ( 6 ) Eduardo Serra ( 7 -- 8 ) Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce ( 1 ) Peter Honess ( 2 ) Steven Weisberg ( 3 ) Mick Audsley ( 4 ) Mark Day ( 5 -- 8 ) Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Heyday Films 1492 Pictures ( 1 -- 3 ) Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 2001 -- 2011 Running time 1179 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 8 films ) $1.2 billion Box office Total ( 8 films ) $7.7 billion Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin - off prequel series that will consist of five films started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) , marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , while the remaining films had their screenplays written by Steve Kloves . Production took place over ten years , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch - enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature - length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Five of the series ' eight films are among the 50 highest - grossing films of all time , with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 the highest - grossing film in the series and one of 36 films to gross over $1 billion , ranking at number ten . Without inflation adjustment , it is the third highest - grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast and crew 2.4 Set design 2.5 Cinematography 2.6 Editing 2.7 Music 2.8 Visual effects 2.9 Final filming 3 Films 3.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) 3.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) 3.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) 3.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) 3.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) 3.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) 3.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) 3.8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critical and public response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office performance 5.4 All - time rankings 6 Legacy and influence 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins Late in 1997 , film producer David Heyman 's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling 's series of seven Harry Potter novels . The book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was relegated to a low - priority bookshelf , where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review . Consequently , Heyman , who had originally disliked `` the rubbish title '' , read the book himself . Highly impressed by Rowling 's work , he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time . Heyman 's enthusiasm led to Rowling 's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( US $2,000,000 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , allowing nevertheless for the inclusion of many Irish actors , such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film , he declined the offer . Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment providing Harry Potter 's voice . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , there was every expectation of profit in making the film . He claims that making money would have been like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge '' . In the `` Rubbish '' Bin section of her website , Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films , writing `` Anyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' After Spielberg left , conversations began with other directors , including Chris Columbus , Jonathan Demme , Terry Gilliam , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 . It was then narrowed down to Columbus , Gilliam , Parker , and Silberling . Rowling 's first choice was Terry Gilliam . However , on 28 March 2000 Columbus was appointed as director of the film , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris ( Columbus ) . -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura , Warner Bros . Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' since it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books '' . Kloves was sent a `` raft '' of synopses of books proposed as film adaptations , with Harry Potter being the only one that jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , becoming an instant fan . When speaking to Warner Bros. he stated that the film had to be British and true to the characters . David Heyman was confirmed to produce the film . Rowling received a large amount of creative control for the film , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention . Eventually , due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and Rupert Grint at the world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in Trafalgar Square , London on 7 July 2011 In 2000 , after a seven - month search , lead actor Daniel Radcliffe was discovered by producer David Heyman and writer Steve Kloves seated just behind them in a theatre . In Heyman 's own words , `` There sitting behind me was this boy with these big blue eyes . It was Dan Radcliffe . I remember my first impressions : He was curious and funny and so energetic . There was real generosity too , and sweetness . But at the same time he was really voracious and with hunger for knowledge of whatever kind . '' Radcliffe had already established himself as an actor in the 1999 BBC television production of David Copperfield in which he played the title role 's childhood years . Heyman persuaded Radcliffe 's parents to allow him to audition for the part of Harry Potter , which involved Radcliffe being filmed . ( This screen test footage was released via the first set of Ultimate Editions in 2009 . ) Rowling was enthusiastic after viewing Radcliffe 's filmed test , saying she did n't think there was a better choice for the part of Harry Potter . Also in 2000 , the then unknown British actors Emma Watson and Rupert Grint were selected from thousands of auditioning children to play the roles of Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , respectively . Their only previous acting experience was in school plays . Grint was eleven years old and Watson ten at the time they were cast . Los Angeles Times writer Geoff Boucher , who conducted the above - mentioned interview with Heyman , added that the casting of the three major roles `` is especially impressive in hindsight . The trio 's selection was arguably one of the best show - business decisions over the past decade ... they have shown admirable grace and steadiness in the face of teen superstardom . '' Production Filming of the series began at Leavesden Studios , Hertfordshire , England , in September 2000 and ended in December 2010 , with post-production on the final film lasting until summer 2011 . Leavesden Studios was the main base for filming Harry Potter , and it opened to the public as a studio tour in 2012 ( renamed as Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden ) . Film Director Screenwriter Producer ( s ) Composer Rating Novel by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Chris Columbus Steve Kloves David Heyman John Williams PG Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Alfonso Cuarón David Heyman , Chris Columbus and Mark Radcliffe Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell David Heyman Patrick Doyle PG - 13 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix David Yates Michael Goldenberg David Heyman and David Barron Nicholas Hooper Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Steve Kloves PG Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 David Heyman , David Barron and J.K. Rowling Alexandre Desplat PG - 13 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where much of the film series was shot . Harry Potter was also filmed in other areas , including Pinewood Studios . David Heyman produced all the films in the series with his production company Heyday Films , while David Barron joined the series as an executive producer on Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire . Barron was later appointed producer on the last four films . Chris Columbus was an executive producer on the first two films alongside Mark Radcliffe and Michael Barnathan , but he became a producer on the third film alongside Heyman and Radcliffe . Other executive producers include Tanya Seghatchian and Lionel Wigram . J.K. Rowling , author of the series , was asked to become a producer on Goblet of Fire but declined . She subsequently accepted the role on the two - part Deathly Hallows . Heyday Films and Columbus ' company 1492 Pictures collaborated with Duncan Henderson Productions in 2001 , Miracle Productions in 2002 , and P of A Productions in 2004 . Even though Prisoner of Azkaban was the final film produced by 1492 Pictures , Heyday Films continued with the franchise and collaborated with Patalex IV Productions in 2005 . The sixth film in the series , Half - Blood Prince , was the most expensive film to produce as of 2009 . Warner Bros. split the seventh and final novel in the series , Deathly Hallows , into two cinematic parts . The two parts were filmed back - to - back from early 2009 to summer 2010 , with the completion of reshoots taking place on 21 December 2010 ; this marked the end of filming Harry Potter . Heyman stated that Deathly Hallows was `` shot as one film '' but released in two feature - length parts . Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor of the series , said of the production on Harry Potter , `` It was this huge family ; I think there were over 700 people working at Leavesden , an industry in itself . '' David Heyman said , `` When the first film opened , no way did I think we 'd make eight films . That did n't seem feasible until after we 'd done the fourth . '' Nisha Parti , the production consultant on the first film , said that Heyman `` made the first film very much the way he felt the studio Warner Bros. wanted to make it . '' After the film 's success , Heyman was given `` more freedom '' . One of the aims of the filmmakers from the beginning of production was to develop the maturity of the films . Chris Columbus stated , `` We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . '' This transpired with the succeeding three directors who would work on the series in the following years , with the films beginning to deal with issues such as death , betrayal , prejudice , and political corruption as the series developed narratively and thematically . Directors After Chris Columbus had finished working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , he was hired to direct the second film , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . The production started within a week after the release of the first film . Columbus was set to direct all entries in the series , but he did not want to return for the third film , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , claiming he was `` burned out '' . He moved to the position of producer , while Alfonso Cuarón was approached for the role of director . He was initially nervous about directing the instalment since he had not read any of the books or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct since he had immediately connected to the story . David Yates directed four of the films in the series , including the two - part finale Deathly Hallows . Because Cuarón decided not to direct the fourth instalment , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , a new director had to be selected . Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film , but he declined to direct the next film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , which was given to David Yates , who also directed Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , becoming the only director to helm more than one film since Chris Columbus . Chris Columbus said his vision of the first two films was of a `` golden storybook , an old - fashioned look '' , while Alfonso Cuarón changed the visual tone of the series , desaturated the colour palette , and expanded the landscape around Hogwarts . Mike Newell decided to direct the fourth film as a `` paranoid thriller '' , while David Yates wanted to `` bring a sense of jeopardy and character to the world '' . Cuarón , Newell , and Yates have said that their challenge was striking a balance between making the films according to their individual vision , while working within a cinematic world already established by Columbus . David Heyman commented on the `` generosity of the directors '' by revealing that `` Chris spent time with Alfonso , Alfonso spent time with Mike and Mike spent time with David , showing him an early cut of the film , talking through what it means to be a director and how they went about ( making the films ) . '' David Heyman also said , `` I suppose Chris Columbus was the most conservative choice from the studio 's point of view . But he expressed real passion . '' Producer Tanya Seghatchian said they were `` more adventurous '' in choosing a director for the third film and went straight to Alfonso Cuarón . Mike Newell became the first British director of the series when he was chosen for the fourth film ; Newell was considered to direct the first film before he dropped out . David Yates directed the final films after David Heyman thought him capable of handling the edgy , emotional , and political material of the later novels . All the directors have been supportive of each other . Chris Columbus praised the character development in the films , while Alfonso Cuarón admired the `` quiet poetry '' of David Yates ' films . Mike Newell noted that each director had a different heroism , and David Yates views the first four films `` respectfully and enjoy ( s ) them . '' Daniel Radcliffe said Yates `` took the charm of the films that Chris made and the visual flair of everything that Alfonso did and the thoroughly British , bombastic nature of the film directed by Mike Newell '' and added `` his own sense '' of realism . Scripts Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film , which was penned by Michael Goldenberg . Kloves had direct assistance from J.K. Rowling , though she allowed him what he described as `` tremendous elbow room '' . Rowling asked Kloves to remain faithful to the spirit of the books ; thus , the plot and tone of each film and its corresponding book are virtually the same , albeit with some changes and omissions for purposes of cinematic style , time , and budget constraints . Michael Goldenberg also received input from Rowling during his adaptation of the fifth novel ; Goldenberg was originally considered to adapt the first novel before the studio chose Kloves . A studio model of Hogwarts . It is the main setting in the series ; the castle features in every novel and screen adaptation . In a 2010 interview , David Heyman briefly explained the book - to - film transition . He commented on Rowling 's involvement in the series , stating that she understood that `` books and films are different '' and was `` the best support '' a producer could have . Rowling had overall approval on the scripts , which were viewed and discussed by the director and the producers . Heyman also said that Kloves was the `` key voice '' in the process of adapting the novels and that certain aspects from the books needed to have been excluded from the scripts due to the filmmakers ' decision to keep the main focus on Harry 's journey as a character , which would ultimately give the films a defined structure . Heyman mentioned that some fans `` do n't necessarily understand the adaptation process '' and that the filmmakers would have loved to `` have everything '' from the books in the films but noted that it was not possible since they had `` neither time nor cinematic structure '' to do so . He finished by saying that adapting a novel to the screen is `` a really considered process . '' Because the films were being made as the novels were being published , the filmmakers had no idea of the story 's outcome until the release of the final novel in 2007 . Kloves spoke of his relationship with Rowling when adapting the novels by saying , `` The thing is about Jo , which is remarkable for someone who had no experience with the filmmaking process , was her intuition . We had a conversation the very first day I met her where she said , ' I know the movies ca n't be the books ... because I know what 's coming and it 's impossible to fully dramatise on screen what I 'm going to write . But I just ask you to be true to the characters ; that 's all I care about . ' '' Kloves also said , `` I do n't know what compelled me to say this ( to Rowling ) , but I said , ' I 've just got to warn you my favourite character is not Harry . My favourite character is Hermione . ' And I think for some weird reason , from that moment on , she sort of trusted me . '' Cast and crew See also : List of Harry Potter cast members Aside from the three lead actors , other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall . Richard Harris , who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore , died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuarón chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore , which he did for all succeeding films . Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody , Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley , and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley . The series has seen many returning crew members from various departments , including Tim Burke , visual effects supervisor ; Peter Doyle , digital film colourist ; Nick Dudman , make - up and creature effects designer ; David Holmes , stunt double ; Amanda Knight , make - up artist ; Stephenie McMillan , set designer ; Greg Powell , stunt coordinator ; Jany Temime , costume designer ; and Fiona Weir , casting director . Set design The Hall of Christ Church in Oxford , England , the inspiration for the studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts . The production designer for all eight films is Stuart Craig . Assisted by Stephenie McMillan , Craig has created iconic sets pieces including the Ministry of Magic , the Chamber of Secrets , Malfoy Manor , and the layout for the CGI Horcrux Cave . Because the novels were being published as the films were being made , Craig was required to rebuild some sets for future films and alter the design of Hogwarts . The studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts was one of the first sets ever created for the series . He said , `` In the early days , every time you saw the exterior of Hogwarts , it was a physical miniature , '' which was made by craftsmen and occupied a large sound stage . `` We ended up with a profile of how Hogwarts looked , a skyline that actually I did n't design , and it was n't always satisfactory , and as all the novels got written and movies got made there were new requirements ( for buildings ) . The ( Astronomy Tower ) definitely was n't there originally , and so we were able to add that substantial piece . And in the last film , we needed an arena for the battle for Hogwarts -- the big courtyard outside doubled in size , and if you look at the first movie it was n't there at all . There were quite some liberties taken with the continuity of Hogwarts . '' In the last film , Craig used a digital model instead of a miniature to `` embrace the latest technology '' . On the method of creating the sets , Craig said he often started by sketching ideas onto a blank sheet of paper . Stephanie McMillan also said that `` each film always had plenty of new challenges , '' citing the changes in visual style between directors and cinematographers as an example , along with the developing story in the novels . Due to J.K. Rowling 's descriptions of various settings in the novels , Craig noted his `` responsibility was to place it together '' . Craig commented on his experience working in the studio environment : `` I 'm the production designer , but on a big movie like Harry Potter I may be responsible for 30 to 35 people ; from the supervising art director , and a team of art directors and assistants , to draughtsmen and junior draughtsmen , and then on to model makers , sculptors and scenic artists . '' He said , `` Ten years ago , all the Harry Potter drawings were done in pencil . I would take my roughs and plans and sections and give them to a professional architectural illustrator , who would create concept art using pencil and colour wash on watercolour paper . '' He said the process changed slightly throughout the years due to , what he called , the `` digital revolution '' of making films . When filming of the series was completed , some of Craig 's sets had to be rebuilt or transported for them to be displayed at the Warner Bros. studio tour . Cinematography Six directors of photography worked on the series : John Seale on the first film , Roger Pratt on the second and fourth , Michael Seresin on the third , Sławomir Idziak on the fifth , Bruno Delbonnel on the sixth , and Eduardo Serra on the seventh and eighth . Delbonnel was considered to return for both parts of Deathly Hallows , but he declined , stating that he was `` scared of repeating '' himself . Delbonnel 's cinematography in Half - Blood Prince gained the series its only Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography . As the series progressed , each cinematographer faced the challenge of shooting and lighting older sets ( which had been around since the first few films ) in unique and different ways . Chris Columbus said the series ' vivid colouring decreased as each film was made . Michael Seresin commented on the change of visual style from the first two films to Prisoner of Azkaban : `` The lighting is moodier , with more shadowing and cross-lighting . '' Seresin and Alfonso Cuarón moved away from the strongly coloured and brightly lit cinematography of the first two films , with dimmer lighting and a more muted colour palette being utilised for the succeeding five films . After comparing a range of digital cameras with 35 mm film , Bruno Delbonnel decided to shoot the sixth movie , Half - Blood Prince , on film rather than the increasingly popular digital format . This decision was kept for the two - part Deathly Hallows with Eduardo Serra , who said that he preferred to work with film because it was `` more technically accurate and dependable '' . Because the majority of Deathly Hallows takes place in various settings away from Hogwarts , David Yates wanted to `` shake things up '' by using different photographic techniques such as using hand - held cameras and very wide camera lenses . Eduardo Serra said , `` Sometimes we are combining elements shot by the main unit , a second unit , and the visual effects unit . You have to know what is being captured -- colours , contrast , et cetera -- with mathematical precision . '' He noted that with Stuart Craig 's `` amazing sets and the story '' , the filmmakers could not `` stray too far from the look of the previous Harry Potter films . '' Editing Along with continuous changes in cinematographers , there have been five film editors to work in post-production on the series : Richard Francis - Bruce edited the first instalment , Peter Honess the second , Steven Weisberg the third , Mick Audsley the fourth , and Mark Day films five through eight . Music See also : Music of the Harry Potter films John Williams scored the first three films and received Academy Award nominations for the first and third films . The Harry Potter series has had four composers . John Williams scored the first three films : Philosopher 's Stone , Chamber of Secrets , and Prisoner of Azkaban . However , the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams 's conflicting commitments . Williams also created Hedwig 's Theme , which is used in every film in the series . After Williams left the series to pursue other projects , Patrick Doyle scored the fourth entry , Goblet of Fire , which was directed by Mike Newell , with whom Doyle had worked previously . In 2006 , Nicholas Hooper started work on the score to Order of the Phoenix by reuniting with director David Yates . Hooper also composed the soundtrack to Half - Blood Prince but decided not to return for the final films . In January 2010 , Alexandre Desplat was confirmed to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . The film 's orchestration started in the summer with Conrad Pope , the orchestrator on the first three Harry Potter films , collaborating with Desplat . Pope commented that the music `` reminds one of the old days . '' Desplat returned to score Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 . Director David Yates stated that he wanted John Williams to return to the series for the final installment , but their schedules did not align due to the urgent demand for a rough cut of the film . The final recording sessions of Harry Potter took place on 27 May 2011 at Abbey Road Studios with the London Symphony Orchestra , orchestrator Conrad Pope , and composer Alexandre Desplat . Doyle , Hooper , and Desplat introduced their own personal themes to their respective soundtracks , while keeping a few of John Williams 's themes . Visual effects There have been many visual effects companies to work on the Harry Potter series . Some of these include Rising Sun Pictures , Double Negative , Cinesite , Framestore , and Industrial Light & Magic . The latter three have worked on all the films in the series , while Double Negative and Rising Sun Pictures began their commitments with Prisoner of Azkaban and Goblet of Fire , respectively . Framestore contributed by developing many memorable creatures and sequences to the series . Cinesite was involved in producing both miniature and digital effects for the films . Producer David Barron said that `` Harry Potter created the UK effects industry as we know it . On the first film , all the complicated visual effects were done on the ( US ) west coast . But on the second , we took a leap of faith and gave much of what would normally be given to Californian vendors to UK ones . They came up trumps . '' Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor , said many studios `` are bringing their work to UK effects companies . Every facility is fully booked , and that was n't the case before Harry Potter . That 's really significant . '' Final filming See also : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows On 12 June 2010 , filming of the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account , `` The end of an Era -- today is officially the last day of principal photography on ' Harry Potter ' -- ever . I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time . Farewell Harry & Hogwarts , it 's been magic ! '' . However , reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010 . The filming was completed on 21 December 2010 , marking the official closure of filming the Harry Potter franchise . Exactly four years earlier on that day , author J.K. Rowling 's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series -- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Films The Gryffindor Common Room was introduced in the first film . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Known in India and the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Harry Potter is an orphaned boy brought up by his unkind Muggle ( non-magical ) aunt and uncle . At the age of eleven , half - giant Rubeus Hagrid informs him that he is actually a wizard and that his parents were murdered by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort . Voldemort also attempted to kill one - year - old Harry on the same night , but his killing curse mysteriously rebounded and reduced him to a weak and helpless form . Harry became extremely famous in the Wizarding World as a result . Harry begins his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and learns about magic . During the year , Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher 's Stone which is being kept within the school . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Harry , Ron , and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year , which proves to be more challenging than the last . The Chamber of Secrets has been opened , leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unleashed monster . Harry must face up to claims that he is the heir of Salazar Slytherin ( founder of the Chamber ) , learn that he can speak Parseltongue , and also discover the properties of a mysterious diary , only to find himself trapped within the Chamber of Secrets itself . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Harry Potter 's third year sees the boy wizard , along with his friends , attending Hogwarts School once again . Professor R.J. Lupin joins the staff as Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , while convicted murderer Sirius Black escapes from Azkaban Prison . The Ministry of Magic entrusts the Dementors of Azkaban to guard Hogwarts from Black . Harry learns more about his past and his connection with the escaped prisoner . The Riddles ' Gravestone from Lord Voldemort 's rebirth scene in the fourth film . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) During Harry 's fourth year , Hogwarts plays host to a legendary event : the Triwizard Tournament . Three European schools participate in the tournament , with three ' champions ' representing each school in the deadly tasks . The Goblet of Fire chooses Fleur Delacour , Viktor Krum , and Cedric Diggory to compete against each other . However , curiously , Harry 's name is also produced from the Goblet thus making him a fourth champion , which results in a terrifying encounter with a reborn Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( film ) Harry 's fifth year begins with him being attacked by Dementors in Little Whinging . Later , he finds out that the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return . Harry is also beset by disturbing and realistic nightmares , while Professor Umbridge , a representative of Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . Harry becomes aware that Voldemort is after a prophecy which reveals : `` neither can live while the other survives '' . The rebellion involving the students of Hogwarts , secret organisation Order of the Phoenix , the Ministry of Magic , and the Death Eaters begins . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) In Harry 's sixth year at Hogwarts , Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters are increasing their terror upon the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Headmaster Albus Dumbledore persuades his old friend Horace Slughorn to return to Hogwarts as a professor as there is a vacancy to fill . There is a more important reason , however , for Slughorn 's return . While in a Potions lesson , Harry takes possession of a strangely annotated school textbook , inscribed ' This is the property of the Half - Blood Prince ' . Draco Malfoy struggles to carry out a deed presented to him by Voldemort . Meanwhile , Dumbledore and Harry secretly work together to discover the method on how to destroy the Dark Lord once and for all . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Potters ' Cottage from the final film After unexpected events at the end of the previous year , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are entrusted with a quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . It is supposed to be their final year at Hogwarts , but the collapse of the Ministry of Magic and Voldemort 's rise to power prevents them from attending . The trio undergo a long journey with many obstacles in their path including Death Eaters , Snatchers , the mysterious Deathly Hallows , and Harry 's connection with the Dark Lord 's mind becoming ever stronger . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 After destroying one Horcrux and discovering the significance of the three Deathly Hallows , Harry , Ron and Hermione continue to seek the other Horcruxes in an attempt to destroy Voldemort , who has now obtained the powerful Elder Wand . The Dark Lord discovers Harry 's hunt for Horcruxes and launches an attack on Hogwarts School , where the trio return for one last stand against the dark forces that threaten the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Release The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £ 1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling . After the release of the fourth book in July 2000 , the first film , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was released on 16 November 2001 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone , which set a record opening worldwide . The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success , while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics . The fifth film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English - speaking countries , except for the UK and Ireland , which released the movie on 12 July . The sixth , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts . The final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was split into two cinematic parts : Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010 , and Part 2 , the conclusion to both the final film and the series , was released on 15 July 2011 . Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D , but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process , Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas . However , Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned . The television broadcast rights for the series in the United States are currently held by NBCUniversal , which typically airs the films on USA Network and Syfy . The film series has accrued nearly 1.3 billion viewings since its television debut -- the highest - watched franchise in television broadcast history . Reception Critical response All the films have been a success financially and critically , making the franchise one of the major Hollywood `` tent - poles '' akin to James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones and Pirates of the Caribbean . The series is noted by audiences for growing visually darker and more mature as each film was released . However , opinions of the films generally divide book fans , with some preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films and others preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Some also feel the series has a `` disjointed '' feel due to the changes in directors , as well as Michael Gambon 's interpretation of Albus Dumbledore differing from that of Richard Harris . Author J.K. Rowling has been constantly supportive of the films , and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her favourite one in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions -- novels do not have constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . Critical and public response Motion Picture Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 80 % ( 193 reviews ) 64 ( 35 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 82 % ( 232 reviews ) 63 ( 35 reviews ) A+ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 91 % ( 253 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 88 % ( 248 reviews ) 81 ( 38 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 78 % ( 245 reviews ) 71 ( 37 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 84 % ( 269 reviews ) 78 ( 36 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 78 % ( 265 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 96 % ( 315 reviews ) 87 ( 41 reviews ) Accolades At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , J.K. Rowling , David Heyman , David Barron , David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the series . In addition , the American Film Institute recognised the entire series with a Special Award at the American Film Institute Awards in 2011 . Special awards `` are given to outstanding achievements in the moving image that do not fit into AFI 's criteria for the other honorees . '' In its press release , the Institute referred to the films as `` a landmark series ; eight films that earned the trust of a generation who wished for the beloved books of J.K. Rowling to come to life on the silver screen . The collective wizardry of an epic ensemble gave us the gift of growing older with Harry , Ron and Hermione as the magic of Hogwarts sprung from the films and into the hearts and minds of Muggles around the world . '' Harry Potter was also recognised by the BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards , with David Yates winning the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his four Harry Potter films . Motion Picture Academy Award nomination Academy Award nominee Academy Award ceremony Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Best Art Direction Best Costume Design Best Original Score Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Judianna Makovsky John Williams 74th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Best Original Score Best Visual Effects John Williams Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , John Richardson and Bill George 77th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Best Art Direction Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan 78th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel 82nd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Best Art Direction Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Tim Burke , John Richardson , Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi 83rd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Art Direction Best Makeup Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight and Lisa Tomblin Tim Burke , David Vickery , Greg Butler and John Richardson 84th Academy Awards Six of the eight films were nominated for a total of 12 Academy Awards . Some critics , fans , and general audiences have expressed disappointment that the Harry Potter series did not win any Oscars for its achievements . However , others have pointed out that certain films in the series had uneven reviews , in contrast to the three films of The Lord of the Rings , for example , which were all critically acclaimed . This has been partially attributed to the Harry Potter franchise going through several directors with their own styles in contrast to the Lord of the Rings trilogy , which was filmed in one massive undertaking by the same director , writer , and producer . Although not successful at the Oscars , the Harry Potter series has gained success in many other award ceremonies , including the annual Saturn Awards and Art Directors Guild Awards . The series has also gained a total of 24 nominations at the British Academy Film Awards presented at the annual BAFTAs , winning several , and 5 nominations at the Grammy Awards . Radcliffe , Grint , and Watson were honored outside Grauman 's Chinese Theatre at the Hand , Foot , and Wand Ceremony , Hollywood Walk of Fame , July 2007 . Philosopher 's Stone achieved seven BAFTA Award nominations , including Best British Film and Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane . The film was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards and won for its costumes design . It was also nominated at the Art Directors Guild Awards for its production design and received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film along with gaining two other nominations . Chamber of Secrets won the award for Best Live Action Family Film in the Phoenix Film Critics Society . It was nominated for seven Saturn Awards , including Best Director and Best Fantasy Film . The film was nominated for four BAFTA Awards and a Grammy Award for John Williams 's score . Prisoner of Azkaban won an Audience Award , as well as Best Feature Film , at the BAFTA Awards . The film also won a BMI Film Music award along with being nominated at the Grammy Awards , Visual Effect Society Awards , and the Amanda Awards . Goblet of Fire won a BAFTA award for Best Production Design as well as being nominated at the Saturn Awards , Critic 's Choice Awards , and the Visual Effects Society Awards . Order of the Phoenix picked up three awards at the inaugural ITV National Movie Awards . At the Empire Awards , David Yates won Best Director . Composer Nicholas Hooper received a nomination for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award . The film was nominated at the BAFTA Awards , but did not win for Best Production Design or Best Special Visual Effects . Half - Blood Prince was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects , and it was in the longlists for several other categories , including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman . Amongst other nominations and wins , the film also achieved Best Family Movie at the National Movie Awards as well as Best Live Action Family Film at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards , along with being nominated for Best Motion Picture at the Satellite Awards . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 gained two nominations at the BAFTA Awards for Best Make - Up and Hair and Best Visual Effects , along with receiving nominations for the same categories at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards . Eduardo Serra 's cinematography and Stuart Craig 's production design were also nominated in various award ceremonies , and David Yates attained his second win at the Empire Awards , this time for Best Fantasy Film . He also obtained another Best Director nomination at the annual Saturn Awards , which also saw the film gain a Best Fantasy Film nomination . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released to critical acclaim , gaining a mix of audience awards . Part 2 of Deathly Hallows was also recognised at the Saturn Awards as well as the BAFTA Awards , where the film achieved a win for Best Special Visual Effects . Box Office performance As of 2018 , the Harry Potter film series is the 3rd highest - grossing film franchise of all time , with the eight films released grossing over $7.7 billion worldwide . Without adjusting for inflation , this is higher than the first 22 James Bond films and the six films in the Star Wars franchise . Chris Columbus 's Philosopher 's Stone became the highest - grossing Harry Potter film worldwide upon completing its theatrical run in 2002 , but it was eventually topped by David Yates 's Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , while Alfonso Cuarón 's Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . Six films in the Harry Potter franchise -- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Parts 1 & 2 -- have to date grossed around $216 million in IMAX theaters worldwide . Motion picture Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) United Kingdom USA & Canada ( approx . ticket sales ) Other countries Worldwide Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) £ 66,096,060 $317,575,550 ( 55,976,200 ) $657,179,821 $974,755,371 $125 million Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 14 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 14 ) £ 54,780,731 $261,988,482 ( 44,978,900 ) $616,991,152 $878,979,634 $100 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) £ 45,615,949 $249,541,069 ( 40,183,700 ) $547,147,480 $796,688,549 $130 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) £ 48,328,854 $290,013,036 ( 45,188,100 ) $606,898,042 $896,911,078 $150 million Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) £ 49,136,969 $292,004,738 ( 42,442,500 ) $647,881,191 $939,885,929 $150 million Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) £ 50,713,404 $301,959,197 ( 40,261,200 ) $632,457,290 $934,416,487 $250 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) £ 52,364,075 $295,983,305 ( 37,503,700 ) $664,300,000 $960,283,305 Less than $250 million ( official ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 15 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) £ 73,094,187 $381,011,219 ( 48,046,800 ) $960,500,000 $1,341,511,219 Total £ 440,269,736 $ 7009239007659600000 ♠ 2,390,076,596 $ 7009533335497600000 ♠ 5,333,354,976 $ 7009772343157200000 ♠ 7,723,431,572 $1.155 billion All - time rankings Motion picture Rank Ref ( s ) All - time ( worldwide ) All - time ( United States ) All - time ( United Kingdom ) Yearly ( United States ) Yearly ( worldwide ) Opening day ( all - time ) Opening weekend ( all - time ) Philosopher 's Stone # 29 # 54 # 9 # 1 # 1 # 66 # 55 Chamber of Secrets # 46 # 90 # 17 # 4 # 2 # 81 # 60 Prisoner of Azkaban # 62 # 106 # 33 # 6 # 2 # 47 # 49 Goblet of Fire # 42 # 77 # 28 # 3 # 1 # 41 # 40 Order of the Phoenix # 38 # 73 # 25 # 5 # 2 # 34 # 77 Half - Blood Prince # 39 # 65 # 24 # 3 # 2 # 24 # 75 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 # 34 # 68 # 18 # 5 # 3 # 22 # 25 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 # 10 # 27 # 7 # 1 # 1 # 3 # 12 Legacy and influence `` Harry Potter was in the vanguard of a new approach to big - budget film - making . Most modern blockbuster franchises have two things in common : they are based on known properties such as books and comics , and they are steered by respected but little - known directors . '' -- The Economist The Harry Potter films and their success have been retrospectively considered to have had a significant impact on the film industry . They are cited as having helped redefine the Hollywood blockbuster in the 21st century by initiating a shift toward established media franchises forming the basis of successful films . In the wake of the final film 's release , Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that the films `` inspired every major studio to try to capture ( its ) alchemic formula , spawning a range of copycats and wannabes '' and `` also have shown Hollywood how to make a glossy blockbuster with an eye toward keeping costs down . '' A 2009 article from The Economist argued that the films were `` in the vanguard '' of adaptations of established properties being the modern film franchise model , citing The Lord of the Rings , Spider - Man and The Dark Knight Trilogy as examples of successful film series that followed Harry Potter 's suit . Furthermore , the practice of splitting the finale of a film series into two back - to - back films began with the success of Deathly Hallows , and it would soon be replicated by The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 , and Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . The films are also widely credited with singlehandedly signalling the popularity of films based on children 's and young adult literature in the 2000s and 2010s , correlating with the book series ' own literary influence . Costance Grady and Aja Romano , commenting on the whole Harry Potter franchise 's legacy for Vox in light of its 20th anniversary , wrote that youth - targeted literature has since become `` a go - to well of ideas for Hollywood , '' pointing to the successes of The Twilight Saga and The Hunger Games . The series has spawned a vast volume of fan fiction , with nearly 600 thousand inspired stories catalogued . Youtube hosts many fan films , ranging from amateur productions to full length films . Notes Jump up ^ Not including executive producers . References Jump up ^ Kois , Dan . `` The Real Wizard Behind Harry Potter '' Slate ( magazine ) , 13 July 2011 . Accessed : 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy -- Live Action '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts release shows the magic in brand reinvention '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . 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The fantasy epic begins its Hollywood fade - out Nov. 19 with the release of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' and finishes next summer with the eighth film , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . '' Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Potter ' Charms Aging Audience '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The seventh instalment in the eight - film franchise , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I '' took in a franchise record of $125.1 million at domestic theaters this weekend according to Warner Bros. , the Time Warner Inc. - owned movie studio behind the films . ^ Jump up to : `` Hero Complex '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . 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Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC Online . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Film Institute '' . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Honors John Lasseter and David Yates 11 / 30 '' . Broadway World ( Los Angeles ) . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . The worldwide success of Mr. Lasseter for Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios and Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise makes them global wizards in their own right , and are delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` John Lasseter and David Yates set to be honored by BAFTA Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' Ever Capture Oscar Magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Oscar Magic '' . Thespec.com. 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Broadcast Film Critics Choice Award Winners and Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Choice Awards.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Fiona ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Potter wins film awards hat - trick '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` '' Atonement '' wins hat - trick of Empire awards `` . Reuters UK . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Hooper nominated for `` World Soundtrack Discovery Award '' `` . HPANA. 7 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FILM AWARDS NOMINEES IN 2008 '' . BAFTA. 16 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Winners : 2010 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 21 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2010 -- Long List . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2011 Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2011 Best Fantasy Film '' . Empire Awards . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . You must excuse the absence of David Yates ; he 'd love to be here but he 's putting the finishing touches on our epic finale , which is why I 'm here . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2012 nominees '' . The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter becomes highest - grossing film franchise '' . The Guardian . UK . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' Crosses $1 Billion Threshold '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Conjures International Box Office Magic , Becoming Top Earner of Entire Film Series '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Movies Returning to Imax Theaters for One Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone -- Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Highest Grossing Movies '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Mike ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter movies earn $7 billion '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Summer ' Potter ' Showdown Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Harry Potter economy '' . The Economist. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` How ' Harry Potter ' magically changed films '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Splitting Tentpole Movies in Two Does n't Make Them Any More Epic ( Opinion ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costance Grady and Aja Romano ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` How Harry Potter changed the world '' . Vox . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . `` FanFiction.net . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter films . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter ( film series ) '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Growing Up with Harry Potter -- photo essay by Time ( 1 ) Harry Potter United States Postal Service Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Wizarding World Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them soundtrack Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Cinema of the United Kingdom Culture of the United Kingdom Films by year Pre 1920 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Production companies and studios Active Aardman Animations BBC Films Big Talk Productions British Lion Films DNA Films Double Negative ( VFX ) Ealing Studios Elstree Studios Eon Productions Film4 Productions Framestore Goldcrest Films Hammer Film Productions HandMade Films Heyday Films The Imaginarium London Films Longcross Studios Palace Pictures Passion Pictures Pinewood Group Pinewood Studios Shepperton Studios Recorded Picture Company Scott Free Productions Syncopy Inc . S4C Films Thin Man Films Vertigo Films Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden Warp Films Wimbledon Studios Working Title Films Former Amicus Productions Associated British Picture Corporation Astra Films British Instructional Films British National Films Company Butcher 's Film Service Clarendon Film Company Bryanston Films The Danzigers Denham Film Studios Eagle - Lion Films Eros Films G.B. Samuelson Productions Gainsborough Pictures General Film Distributors Halas and Batchelor Hemdale Film Corporation Ideal Film Company Mancunian Films MGM - British Studios Merton Park Studios The Rank Organisation Southall Studios Stoll Pictures Tempean Films Tigon British Film Productions Warwick Films Woolf & Freedman Film Service Organisations BAFTA British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute BFI National Archive BFI Southbank British Society of Cinematographers Children 's Film Foundation Cinema Exhibitors ' Association National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Northern Ireland Screen Scottish Screen UK Film Council People Actors and actresses Directors Other British Academy Film Awards British Independent Film Awards British New Wave Carry On Cinematograph Films Act 1927 Documentary Film Movement Eady Levy Ealing comedies Edgar Wallace Mysteries Free Cinema Gainsborough melodramas Harry Potter History of British film certificates Home Video Charts James Bond London Film Festival Look at Life London in film National Theatre Live Telecinema Category Harry Potter portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal GND : 7556067 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_(film_series)&oldid=866066348 '' Categories : English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) Coming - of - age fiction Film series Film series introduced in 2001 American film series British film series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the last part of harry potter
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"Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).[2][3] A spin-off prequel series that will consist of five films started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise.[4]\n"
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"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2"
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Gravitation of the Moon
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Gravitation of the Moon - wikipedia Gravitation of the Moon Radial gravity anomaly at the surface of the Moon in Gal ( acceleration ) The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m / s , about 16.6 % that on Earth 's surface or 0.16 ɡ . Over the entire surface , the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m / s ( 1.6 % of the acceleration due to gravity ) . Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration , things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6 % of what they weigh on the Earth . The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured by tracking the radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft . The principle used depends on the Doppler effect , whereby the line - of - sight spacecraft acceleration can be measured by small shifts in frequency of the radio signal , and the measurement of the distance from the spacecraft to a station on Earth . Since the gravitational field of the Moon affects the orbit of a spacecraft , one can use these tracking data to detect gravity anomalies . However , because of the Moon 's synchronous rotation it is not possible to track spacecraft from Earth much beyond the limbs of the Moon , so until the recent GRAIL mission the far - side gravity field was not accurately known . Gravity acceleration at the surface of the Moon in m / s . Near side on the left , far side on the right . Map from Lunar Gravity Model 2011 . A major feature of the Moon 's gravitational field is the presence of mascons , which are large positive gravity anomalies associated with some of the giant impact basins . These anomalies significantly influence the orbit of spacecraft around the Moon , and an accurate gravitational model is necessary in the planning of both manned and unmanned missions . They were initially discovered by the analysis of Lunar Orbiter tracking data : navigation tests prior to the Apollo program showed positioning errors much larger than mission specifications . Mascons are in part due to the presence of dense mare basaltic lava flows that fill some of the impact basins . However , lava flows by themselves can not fully explain the gravitational variations , and uplift of the crust - mantle interface is required as well . Based on Lunar Prospector gravitational models , it has been suggested that some mascons exist that do not show evidence for mare basaltic volcanism . The huge expanse of mare basaltic volcanism associated with Oceanus Procellarum does not cause a positive gravity anomaly . The center of gravity of the Moon does not coincide exactly with its geometric center , but is displaced toward the Earth by about 2 kilometers . Moon -- Oceanus Procellarum ( `` Ocean of Storms '' ) Ancient rift valleys -- rectangular structure ( visible -- topography -- GRAIL gravity gradients ) ( October 1 , 2014 ) . Ancient rift valleys -- context . Ancient rift valleys -- closeup ( artist 's concept ) . See also ( edit ) Moon portal Magnetic field of the Moon Micro-g environment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. Hirt ; W.E. Featherstone ( 2012 ) . `` A 1.5 km - resolution gravity field model of the Moon '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 329 -- 330 : 22 -- 30 . Bibcode : 2012E&PSL. 329 ... 22H . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2012.02. 012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ P. Muller ; W. Sjogren ( 1968 ) . `` Mascons : Lunar mass concentrations '' . Science . 161 ( 3842 ) : 680 -- 684 . Bibcode : 1968Sci ... 161 ... 680M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 161.3842. 680 . PMID 17801458 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Kerr ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` The Mystery of Our Moon 's Gravitational Bumps Solved ? '' . Science . 340 ( 6129 ) : 138 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 340.6129. 138 - a . PMID 23580504 . Jump up ^ A. Konopliv ; S. Asmar ; E. Carranza ; W. Sjogren ; D. Yuan ( 2001 ) . `` Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission '' . Icarus . 50 : 1 -- 18 . Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 150 ... 1K . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2000.6573 . Jump up ^ Nine Planets The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Lunar distance Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling and navigation Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Lunar distance Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitation_of_the_Moon&oldid=827987136 '' Categories : Geodesy Gravitation Lunar science Gravimetry of objects Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Español 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский සිංහල Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 22 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how does the gravity on earth compare to the moon
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"The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.16 ɡ.[1] Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m/s2 (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth."
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"The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface"
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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Fifth Amendment ( Amendment V ) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights and , among other things , protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases . `` Pleading the Fifth '' is thus a colloquial term for invoking the right that allows witnesses to decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them , and generally without having to suffer a penalty for asserting the right . This evidentiary privilege ensures that defendants can not be compelled to become witnesses at their own trials . If , however , they choose to testify , they are not entitled to the right during cross-examination , where questions are relevant to their testimony on direct examination . The Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury . Federal grand juries can force people to take the witness stand , but defendants in those proceedings have Fifth Amendment privileges until they choose to answer any question . To claim the privilege for failure to answer when being interviewed by police , the interviewee must have explicitly invoked the constitutional right when declining to answer questions . The Amendment 's Double Jeopardy Clause provides the right to be tried only once in federal court for the same offense . The Amendment also has a Due Process Clause ( similar to the one in the 14th Amendment ) as well as an implied equal protection requirement ( Bolling v. Sharpe , 1954 ) . Finally , the Amendment requires that the power of eminent domain be coupled with `` just compensation '' for those whose property is taken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background before adoption 3 Grand jury 3.1 Infamous crime 4 Double jeopardy 4.1 Prosecution after acquittal 4.2 Multiple punishment , including prosecution after conviction 4.3 Prosecution after mistrial 4.4 Prosecution in different States 5 Self - incrimination 5.1 Legal proceedings and congressional hearings 5.2 Statements made to non-governmental entities 5.3 Custodial interrogation 5.3. 1 Explicit invocation 5.4 Production of documents 5.4. 1 By corporations 5.5 Refusal to testify in a criminal case 5.6 Refusal to testify in a civil case 5.7 Federal income tax 5.8 Grants of immunity 5.9 Record keeping 5.10 Combinations and passwords 5.11 Employer coercion 6 Due process 7 Takings clause 7.1 Eminent domain 7.2 `` Just compensation '' 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text ( edit ) The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Fifth Amendment Background before adoption ( edit ) Painting of James Madison by Charles Wilson Peale , done in 1792 . On June 8 , 1789 , Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives . His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was as follows : No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment or trial for the same offense ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without just compensation ... ( E ) xcept in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service , in time of war or public danger ... in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary ... This draft was edited by Congress ; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end , and some of the wording was modified . After approval by Congress , the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15 , 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights . Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison 's draft , and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause ( which Madison had placed last ) , the Double Jeopardy Clause , the Self Incrimination Clause , the Due Process Clause , and then the Takings Clause . Grand jury ( edit ) Further information : Grand juries in the United States The grand jury is a pre-constitutional common law institution , and a constitutional fixture in its own right exclusively embracing common law . The process applies to the states to the extent that the states have incorporated grand juries and / or common law . Most states have an alternative civil process . `` Although state systems of criminal procedure differ greatly among themselves , the grand jury is similarly guaranteed by many state constitutions and plays an important role in fair and effective law enforcement in the overwhelming ( p688 ) majority of the States . '' Branzburg v. Hayes ( No. 70 - 85 ) 1972 . Grand juries , which return indictments in many criminal cases , are composed of a jury of peers and operate in closed deliberation proceedings ; they are given specific instructions regarding the law by the judge . Many constitutional restrictions that apply in court or in other situations do not apply during grand jury proceedings . For example , the exclusionary rule does not apply to certain evidence presented to a grand jury ; the exclusionary rule states that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth , Fifth or Sixth amendments can not be introduced in court . Also , an individual does not have the right to have an attorney present in the grand jury room during hearings . An individual would have such a right during questioning by the police while in custody , but an individual testifying before a grand jury is free to leave the grand jury room to consult with his attorney outside the room before returning to answer a question . The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Currently , federal law permits the trial of misdemeanors without indictments . Additionally , in trials of non-capital felonies , the prosecution may proceed without indictments if the defendants waive their Fifth Amendment right . Grand jury indictments may be amended by the prosecution only in limited circumstances . In Ex Parte Bain , 121 U.S. 1 ( 1887 ) , the Supreme Court held that the indictment could not be changed at all by the prosecution . United States v. Miller , 471 U.S. 130 ( 1985 ) partly reversed Ex parte Bain ; now , an indictment 's scope may be narrowed by the prosecution . Thus , lesser included charges may be dropped , but new charges may not be added . The Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment does not protect those serving in the armed forces , whether during wartime or peacetime . Members of the state militia called up to serve with federal forces are not protected under the clause either . In O'Callahan v. Parker , 395 U.S. 258 ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court held that only charges relating to service may be brought against members of the militia without indictments . That decision was overturned in 1987 , when the Court held that members of the militia in actual service may be tried for any offense without indictments . The grand jury indictment clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated under the Fourteenth Amendment . This means that the grand jury requirement applies only to felony charges in the federal court system . While many states do employ grand juries , no defendant has a Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury for criminal charges in state court . States are free to abolish grand juries , and many ( though not all ) have replaced them with preliminary hearing . Infamous crime ( edit ) Whether a crime is `` infamous '' , for purposes of the Grand Jury Clause , is determined by the nature of the punishment that may be imposed , not the punishment that is actually imposed ; however , crimes punishable by death must be tried upon indictments . The historical origin of `` infamous crime '' comes from the infamia , a punishment under Roman law by which a citizen was deprived his citizenship . In United States v. Moreland , 258 U.S. 433 ( 1922 ) , the Supreme Court held that incarceration in a prison or penitentiary , as opposed to a correction or reformation house , attaches infamy to a crime . In Mackin v. United States , 117 U.S. 348 ( 1886 ) , the Supreme Court judged that `` ' Infamous crimes ' are thus , in the most explicit words , defined to be those ' punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary . ' '' , while it later in Green v. United States 356 U.S. 165 ( 1957 ) , stated that `` imprisonment in a penitentiary can be imposed only if a crime is subject to imprisonment exceeding one year '' . Therefore , an infamous crime is one that is punished by imprisonment for over one year . Susan Brown , a former defense attorney and Professor of Law at the University of Dayton School of Law , concluded : `` Since this is essentially the definition of a felony , infamous crimes translate as felonies . '' Double jeopardy ( edit ) Main article : Double Jeopardy Clause ... nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ... The Double Jeopardy Clause encompasses four distinct prohibitions : subsequent prosecution after acquittal , subsequent prosecution after conviction , subsequent prosecution after certain mistrials , and multiple punishment in the same indictment . Jeopardy applies when the jury is empaneled in a jury trial , when the first witness is sworn in during a bench trial , or when a plea is rendered . Prosecution after acquittal ( edit ) The government is not permitted to appeal or try again after the entry of an acquittal , whether a directed verdict before the case is submitted to the jury , a directed verdict after a deadlocked jury , an appellate reversal for sufficiency ( except by direct appeal to a higher appellate court ) , or an `` implied acquittal '' via conviction of a lesser included offense . In addition , the government is barred by collateral estoppel from re-litigating against the same defense , a fact necessarily found by the jury in a prior acquittal , even if the jury hung on other counts . This principle does not prevent the government from appealing a pre-trial motion to dismiss or other non-merits dismissal , or a directed verdict after a jury conviction , nor does it prevent the trial judge from entertaining a motion for reconsideration of a directed verdict , if the jurisdiction has so provided by rule or statute . Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency , including habeas , or `` thirteenth juror '' appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency on the principle that jeopardy has not `` terminated . '' There is also an exception for judicial bribery in a bench trial . Multiple punishment , including prosecution after conviction ( edit ) In Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) , the Supreme Court announced the following test : the government may separately try and punish the defendant for two crimes if each crime contains an element that the other does not . Blockburger is the default rule , unless the legislature intends to depart ; for example , Continuing Criminal Enterprise ( CCE ) may be punished separately from its predicates , as can conspiracy . The Blockburger test , originally developed in the multiple punishments context , is also the test for prosecution after conviction . In Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) , the Court held that a double jeopardy violation could lie even where the Blockburger test was not satisfied , but Grady was overruled in United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) . Prosecution after mistrial ( edit ) The rule for mistrials depends upon who sought the mistrial . If the defendant moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial , unless the prosecutor acted in `` bad faith '' , i.e. , goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial because the government specifically wanted a mistrial . If the prosecutor moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial if the trial judge finds `` manifest necessity '' for granting the mistrial . The same standard governs mistrials granted sua sponte . Prosecution in different States ( edit ) In Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) , the Supreme Court held , that the Fifth Amendment rule against double jeopardy does not prohibit two different states from separately prosecuting and convicting the same individual for the same illegal act . Self - incrimination ( edit ) `` Plead the Fifth '' redirects here . For the album by the band Taproot , see Plead the Fifth ( album ) . The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from being forced to incriminate themselves . Incriminating oneself is defined as exposing oneself ( or another person ) to `` an accusation or charge of crime , '' or as involving oneself ( or another person ) `` in a criminal prosecution or the danger thereof . '' The privilege against compelled self - incrimination is defined as `` the constitutional right of a person to refuse to answer questions or otherwise give testimony against himself ... '' To `` plead the Fifth '' is to refuse to answer any question because `` the implications of the question , in the setting in which it is asked '' lead a claimant to possess a `` reasonable cause to apprehend danger from a direct answer '' , believing that `` a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it can not be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result . '' Historically , the legal protection against compelled self - incrimination was directly related to the question of torture for extracting information and confessions . The legal shift away from widespread use of torture and forced confession dates to turmoil of the late 16th and early 17th century in England . Anyone refusing to take the oath ex officio mero ( confessions or swearing of innocence , usually before hearing any charges ) was considered guilty . Suspected Puritans were pressed to take the oath and then reveal names of other Puritans . Coercion and torture were commonly used to compel `` cooperation . '' Puritans , who were at the time fleeing to the New World , began a practice of refusing to cooperate with interrogations . In the most famous case John Lilburne refused to take the oath in 1637 . His case and his call for `` freeborn rights '' were rallying points for reforms against forced oaths , forced self - incrimination , and other kinds of coercion . Oliver Cromwell 's revolution overturned the practice and incorporated protections , in response to a popular group of English citizens known as the Levellers . The Levellers presented The Humble Petition of Many Thousands to Parliament in 1647 with 13 demands , the third of which was the right against self - incrimination in criminal cases . These protections were brought to America by Puritans , and were later incorporated into the United States Constitution through the Bill of Rights . Protection against compelled self - incrimination is implicit in the Miranda rights statement , which protects the `` right to remain silent . '' This amendment is also similar to Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . In other Commonwealth of Nations countries like Australia and New Zealand , the right to silence of the accused both during questioning and at trial is regarded as an important right inherited from common law , and is protected in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act and in Australia through various federal and state acts and codes governing the criminal justice system . In South African law the right to silence originating from English common law has been entrenched in Section 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 . The Supreme Court has held that `` a witness may have a reasonable fear of prosecution and yet be innocent of any wrongdoing . The privilege serves to protect the innocent who otherwise might be ensnared by ambiguous circumstances . '' However , Professor James Duane of the Regent University School of Law argues that the Supreme Court , in a 5 -- 4 decision in Salinas v. Texas , significantly weakened the privilege , saying `` our choice to use the Fifth Amendment privilege can be used against you at trial depending exactly how and where you do it . '' In the Salinas case , justices Alito , Roberts , and Kennedy held that `` the Fifth Amendment 's privilege against self - incrimination does not extend to defendants who simply decide to remain mute during questioning . Long - standing judicial precedent has held that any witness who desires protection against self - incrimination must explicitly claim that protection . '' Justice Thomas , siding with Alito , Roberts and Kennedy , in a separate opinion , held that , `` Salinas ' Fifth Amendment privilege would not have been applicable even if invoked because the prosecutor 's testimony regarding his silence did not compel Salinas to give self - incriminating testimony . '' Justice Antonin Scalia joined Thomas ' opinion . '' Legal proceedings and congressional hearings ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self - incrimination applies when an individual is called to testify in a legal proceeding . The Supreme Court ruled that the privilege applies whether the witness is in a federal court or , under the incorporation doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment , in a state court , and whether the proceeding itself is criminal or civil . The right to remain silent was asserted at grand jury or congressional hearings in the 1950s , when witnesses testifying before the House Committee on Un-American Activities or the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee claimed the right in response to questions concerning their alleged membership in the Communist Party . Under the Red Scare hysteria at the time of McCarthyism , witnesses who refused to answer the questions were accused as `` fifth amendment communists '' . They lost jobs or positions in unions and other political organizations , and suffered other repercussions after `` taking the Fifth . '' Senator Joseph McCarthy ( R - Wisc . ) asked , `` Are you now , or have you ever been , a member of the Communist Party , '' while he was chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations . Admitting to a previous Communist Party membership was not sufficient . Witnesses were also required to `` name names , '' to implicate others they knew to be Communists or who had been Communists in the past . Academy Award winning director Elia Kazan testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities that he had belonged to the Communist Party briefly in his youth . He also `` named names , '' which incurred enmity of many in Hollywood . Other entertainers such as Zero Mostel found themselves on a Hollywood blacklist after taking the Fifth , and were unable to find work for a while in show business . Pleading the Fifth in response to such questions was held inapplicable , since being a Communist itself was not a crime . The amendment has also been used by defendants and witnesses in criminal cases involving the American Mafia . Statements made to non-governmental entities ( edit ) The privilege against self - incrimination does not protect an individual from being suspended from membership in a non-governmental , self - regulatory organization ( SRO ) , such as the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) , where the individual refuses to answer questions posed by the SRO . An SRO itself is not a court of law , and can not send a person to jail . SROs , such as the NYSE and the National Association of Securities Dealers ( NASD ) , are generally not considered to be state actors . See United States v. Solomon , D.L. Cromwell Invs. , Inc. v. NASD Regulation , Inc. , and Marchiano v. NASD . SROs also lack subpoena powers . They rely heavily on requiring testimony from individuals by wielding the threat of loss of membership or a bar from the industry ( permanent , if decided by the NASD ) when the individual asserts his Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self - incrimination . If a person chooses to provide statements in testimony to the SRO , the SRO may provide information about those statements to law enforcement agencies , who may then use the statements in a prosecution of the individual . Custodial interrogation ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment limits the use of evidence obtained illegally by law enforcement officers . Originally , at common law , even a confession obtained by torture was admissible . However , by the eighteenth century , common law in England provided that coerced confessions were inadmissible . The common law rule was incorporated into American law by the courts . The Supreme Court has repeatedly overruled convictions based on such confessions , in cases such as Brown v. Mississippi , 297 U.S. 278 ( 1936 ) . Law enforcement responded by switching to more subtle techniques , but the courts held that such techniques , even if they do not involve physical torture , may render a confession involuntary and inadmissible . In Chambers v. Florida ( 1940 ) the Court held a confession obtained after five days of prolonged questioning , during which time the defendant was held incommunicado , to be coerced . In Ashcraft v. Tennessee ( 1944 ) , the suspect had been interrogated continuously for thirty - six hours under electric lights . In Haynes v. Washington , the Court held that an `` unfair and inherently coercive context '' including a prolonged interrogation rendered a confession inadmissible . Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) was a landmark case involving confessions . Ernesto Miranda had signed a statement confessing to the crime , but the Supreme Court held that the confession was inadmissible because the defendant had not been advised of his rights . The Court held `` the prosecution may not use statements ... stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self - incrimination . Custodial interrogation is initiated by law enforcement after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of movement before being questioned as to the specifics of the crime . As for the procedural safeguards to be employed , unless other fully effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of silence and to assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it , the following measures are required . Before any questioning , the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent , that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him , and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney , either retained or appointed . '' The warning to which Chief Justice Earl Warren referred is now called the Miranda warning , and it is customarily delivered by the police to an individual before questioning . Miranda has been clarified by several further Supreme Court rulings . For the warning to be necessary , the questioning must be conducted under `` custodial '' circumstances . A person detained in jail or under arrest is , of course , deemed to be in police custody . Alternatively , a person who is under the reasonable belief that he may not freely leave from the restraint of law enforcement is also deemed to be in `` custody . '' That determination of `` reasonableness '' is based on a totality of the objective circumstances . A mere presence at a police station may not be sufficient , but neither is such a presence required . Traffic stops are not deemed custodial . The Court has ruled that age can be an objective factor . In Yarborough v. Alvarado ( 2004 ) , the Court held that `` a state - court decision that failed to mention a 17 - year - old 's age as part of the Miranda custody analysis was not objectively unreasonable '' . In her concurring opinion Justice O'Connor wrote that a suspect 's age may indeed `` be relevant to the ' custody ' inquiry '' ; the Court did not find it relevant in the specific case of Alvarado . The Court affirmed that age could be a relevant and objective factor in J.D.B. v. North Carolina where they ruled that `` so long as the child 's age was known to the officer at the time of police questioning , or would have been objectively apparent to a reasonable officer , its inclusion in the custody analysis is consistent with the objective nature of that test '' . The questioning does not have to be explicit to trigger Miranda rights . For example , two police officers engaging in a conversation designed to elicit an incriminating statement from a suspect would constitute questioning . A person may choose to waive his Miranda rights , but the prosecution has the burden of showing that such a waiver was actually made . A confession not preceded by a Miranda warning where one was necessary can not be admitted as evidence against the confessing party in a judicial proceeding . The Supreme Court , however , has held that if a defendant voluntarily testifies at the trial that he did not commit the crime , his confession may be introduced to challenge his credibility , to `` impeach '' the witness , even if it had been obtained without the warning . In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 that being required to identify oneself to police under states ' stop and identify statutes is not an unreasonable search or seizure , and is not necessarily self - incrimination . Explicit invocation ( edit ) In June 2010 , the Supreme Court ruled in Berghuis v. Thompkins that a criminal suspect must now invoke the right to remain silent unambiguously . Unless and until the suspect actually states that he is relying on that right , police may continue to interact with ( or question ) him , and any voluntary statement he makes can be used in court . The mere act of remaining silent is , on its own , insufficient to imply the suspect has invoked those rights . Furthermore , a voluntary reply , even after lengthy silence , can be construed as implying a waiver . The new rule will defer to police in cases where the suspect fails to assert the right to remain silent . This standard was extended in Salinas v. Texas in 2013 to cases where individuals not in custody who volunteer to answer officers ' questions and who are not told their Miranda rights . The Court stated that there was no `` ritualistic formula '' necessary to assert this privilege , but that a person could not do so `` by simply standing mute . '' Production of documents ( edit ) Under the Act of Production Doctrine , the act of an individual in producing documents or materials ( e.g. , in response to a subpoena ) may have a `` testimonial aspect '' for purposes of the individual 's right to assert the Fifth Amendment privilege against self - incrimination to the extent that the individual 's act of production provides information not already in the hands of law enforcement personnel about the ( 1 ) existence ; ( 2 ) custody ; or ( 3 ) authenticity , of the documents or materials produced . See United States v. Hubbell . In Boyd v. United States , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` It is equivalent to a compulsory production of papers to make the nonproduction of them a confession of the allegations which it is pretended they will prove '' . By corporations ( edit ) Corporations may also be compelled to maintain and turn over records ; the Supreme Court has held that the Fifth Amendment protections against self - incrimination extend only to `` natural persons . '' The Court has also held that a corporation 's custodian of records can be forced to produce corporate documents even if the act of production would incriminate him personally . The only limitation on this rule is that the jury can not be told that the custodian personally produced those documents in any subsequent prosecution of him , but the jury is still allowed to draw adverse inferences from the content of the documents combined with the position of the custodian in the corporation . Refusal to testify in a criminal case ( edit ) In Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that a prosecutor may not ask the jury to draw an inference of guilt from a defendant 's refusal to testify in his own defense . The Court overturned as unconstitutional under the federal constitution a provision of the California state constitution that explicitly granted such power to prosecutors . Refusal to testify in a civil case ( edit ) While defendants are entitled to assert the privilege against compelled self - incrimination in a civil court case , there are consequences to the assertion of the privilege in such an action . The Supreme Court has held that `` the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered against them . '' Baxter v. Palmigiano , `` ( A ) s Mr. Justice Brandeis declared , speaking for a unanimous court in the Tod case , ' Silence is often evidence of the most persuasive character . ' '' `` ' Failure to contest an assertion ... is considered evidence of acquiescence ... if it would have been natural under the circumstances to object to the assertion in question . ' '' In Baxter , the state was entitled to an adverse inference against Palmigiano because of the evidence against him and his assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege . Some civil cases are considered `` criminal cases '' for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment . In Boyd v. United States , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` A proceeding to forfeit a person 's goods for an offence against the laws , though civil in form , and whether in rem or in personam , is a `` criminal case '' within the meaning of that part of the Fifth Amendment which declares that no person `` shall be compelled , in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself . '' Federal income tax ( edit ) In some cases , individuals may be legally required to file reports that call for information that may be used against them in criminal cases . In United States v. Sullivan , the United States Supreme Court ruled that a taxpayer could not invoke the Fifth Amendment 's protections as the basis for refusing to file a required federal income tax return . The Court stated : `` If the form of return provided called for answers that the defendant was privileged from making ( , ) he could have raised the objection in the return , but could not on that account refuse to make any return at all . We are not called on to decide what , if anything , he might have withheld . '' In Garner v. United States , the defendant was convicted of crimes involving a conspiracy to `` fix '' sporting contests and to transmit illegal bets . During the trial the prosecutor introduced , as evidence , the taxpayer 's federal income tax returns for various years . In one return the taxpayer had showed his occupation to be `` professional gambler . '' In various returns the taxpayer had reported income from `` gambling '' or `` wagering . '' The prosecution used this to help contradict the taxpayer 's argument that his involvement was innocent . The taxpayer tried unsuccessfully to keep the prosecutor from introducing the tax returns as evidence , arguing that since the taxpayer was legally required to report the illegal income on the returns , he was being compelled to be a witness against himself . The Supreme Court agreed that he was legally required to report the illegal income on the returns , but ruled that the privilege against self - incrimination still did not apply . The Court stated that `` if a witness under compulsion to testify makes disclosures instead of claiming the privilege , the Government has not ' compelled ' him to incriminate himself . '' Sullivan and Garner are viewed as standing , in tandem , for the proposition that on a required federal income tax return a taxpayer would probably have to report the amount of the illegal income , but might validly claim the privilege by labeling the item `` Fifth Amendment '' ( instead of `` illegal gambling income , '' `` illegal drug sales , '' etc . ) The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has stated : `` Although the source of income might be privileged , the amount must be reported . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has stated : `` ... the amount of a taxpayer 's income is not privileged even though the source of income may be , and Fifth Amendment rights can be exercised in compliance with the tax laws `` by simply listing his alleged ill - gotten gains in the space provided for ' miscellaneous ' income on his tax form . '' In another case , the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated : `` While the source of some of ( the defendant ) Johnson 's income may have been privileged , assuming that the jury believed his uncorroborated testimony that he had illegal dealings in gold in 1970 and 1971 , the amount of his income was not privileged and he was required to pay taxes on it . '' In 1979 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit stated : `` A careful reading of Sullivan and Garner , therefore , is that the self - incrimination privilege can be employed to protect the taxpayer from revealing the information as to an illegal source of income , but does not protect him from disclosing the amount of his income . '' Grants of immunity ( edit ) If the government gives an individual immunity , then that individual may be compelled to testify . Immunity may be `` transactional immunity '' or `` use immunity '' ; in the former , the witness is immune from prosecution for offenses related to the testimony ; in the latter , the witness may be prosecuted , but his testimony may not be used against him . In Kastigar v. United States , the Supreme Court held that the government need only grant use immunity to compel testimony . The use immunity , however , must extend not only to the testimony made by the witness , but also to all evidence derived therefrom . This scenario most commonly arises in cases related to organized crime . Record keeping ( edit ) A statutorily required record - keeping system may go too far such that it implicates a record - keeper 's right against self - incrimination . A three part test laid out by Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board , is used to determine this : 1 . the law targets a highly selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities ; 2 . the activities sought to be regulated are already permeated with criminal statutes as opposed to essentially being non-criminal and largely regulatory ; and 3 . the disclosure compelled creates a likelihood of prosecution and is used against the record - keeper . In this case , the Supreme Court struck down an order by the Subversive Activities Control Board requiring members of the Communist Party to register with the government and upheld an assertion of the privilege against self - incrimination , on the grounds that statute under which the order had been issued was `` directed at a highly selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities . '' In Leary v. United States , the court struck down the Marijuana Tax Act because its record keeping statute required self - incrimination . In Haynes v. United States , the Supreme Court ruled that , because convicted felons are prohibited from owning firearms , requiring felons to register any firearms they owned constituted a form of self - incrimination and was therefore unconstitutional . Combinations and passwords ( edit ) While no such case has yet arisen , the Supreme Court has indicated that a respondent can not be compelled to turn over `` the contents of his own mind '' , e.g. he can not be compelled to reveal the password to a bank account if doing so would prove the existence of the bank account under his control . Lower courts have given conflicting decisions on whether forced disclosure of computer passwords is a violation of the Fifth Amendment . In In re Boucher ( 2009 ) , the US District Court of Vermont ruled that the Fifth Amendment might protect a defendant from having to reveal an encryption password , or even the existence of one , if the production of that password could be deemed a self - incriminating `` act '' under the Fifth Amendment . In Boucher , production of the unencrypted drive was deemed not to be a self - incriminating act , as the government already had sufficient evidence to tie the encrypted data to the defendant . In January 2012 a federal judge in Denver ruled that a bank - fraud suspect was required to give an unencrypted copy of a laptop hard drive to prosecutors . However , in February 2012 the Eleventh Circuit ruled otherwise - finding that requiring a defendant to produce an encrypted drive 's password would violate the Constitution , becoming the first federal circuit court to rule on the issue . In April 2013 , a District Court magistrate judge in Wisconsin refused to compel a suspect to provide the encryption password to his hard drive after FBI agents had unsuccessfully spent months trying to decrypt the data . Employer coercion ( edit ) As a condition of employment , workers may be required to answer their employer 's narrowly defined questions regarding conduct on the job . If an employee invokes the Garrity rule ( sometimes called the Garrity Warning or Garrity Rights ) before answering the questions , then the answers can not be used in criminal prosecution of the employee . This principle was developed in Garrity v. New Jersey , 385 U.S. 493 ( 1967 ) . The rule is most commonly applied to public employees such as police officers . Due process ( edit ) Main article : Due Process Clause Takings Clause ( edit ) Eminent domain ( edit ) Main article : Eminent domain The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has the power of eminent domain -- the power to take private property for `` public use '' . The Takings Clause , the last clause of the Fifth Amendment , limits the power of eminent domain by requiring that `` just compensation '' be paid if private property is taken for public use . The just compensation provision of the Fifth Amendment did not originally apply directly to the states , but since Chicago , B. & Q. Railroad Co. v. Chicago ( 1897 ) , federal courts have held that the Fourteenth Amendment extended the effects of that provision to the states . The federal courts , however , have shown much deference to the determinations of Congress , and even more so to the determinations of the state legislatures , of what constitutes `` public use '' . The property need not actually be used by the public ; rather , it must be used or disposed of in such a manner as to benefit the public welfare or public interest . One exception that restrains the federal government is that the property must be used in exercise of a government 's enumerated powers . The owner of the property that is taken by the government must be justly compensated . When determining the amount that must be paid , the government does not need to take into account any speculative schemes in which the owner claims the property was intended to be used . Normally , the fair market value of the property determines `` just compensation '' . If the property is taken before the payment is made , interest accrues ( though the courts have refrained from using the term `` interest '' ) . The federal courts have not restrained state and local governments from seizing privately owned land for private commercial development on behalf of private developers . This was upheld on June 23 , 2005 , when the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Kelo v. City of New London . This 5 -- 4 decision remains controversial . The majority opinion , by Justice Stevens , found that it was appropriate to defer to the city 's decision that the development plan had a public purpose , saying that `` the city has carefully formulated a development plan that it believes will provide appreciable benefits to the community , including , but not limited to , new jobs and increased tax revenue . '' Justice Kennedy 's concurring opinion observed that in this particular case the development plan was not `` of primary benefit to ... the developer '' and that if that was the case the plan might have been impermissible . In the dissent , Justice Sandra Day O'Connor argued that this decision would allow the rich to benefit at the expense of the poor , asserting that `` Any property may now be taken for the benefit of another private party , but the fallout from this decision will not be random . The beneficiaries are likely to be those citizens with disproportionate influence and power in the political process , including large corporations and development firms . '' She argued that the decision eliminates `` any distinction between private and public use of property -- and thereby effectively delete ( s ) the words ' for public use ' from the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment '' . A number of states , in response to Kelo , have passed laws and / or state constitutional amendments which make it more difficult for state governments to seize private land . Takings that are not `` for public use '' are not directly covered by the doctrine , however such a taking might violate due process rights under the Fourteenth amendment , or other applicable law . The exercise of the police power of the state resulting in a taking of private property was long held to be an exception to the requirement of government paying just compensation . However the growing trend under the various state constitution 's taking clauses is to compensate innocent third parties whose property was destroyed or `` taken '' as a result of police action . `` Just compensation '' ( edit ) The last two words of the amendment promise `` just compensation '' for takings by the government . In United States v. 50 Acres of Land ( 1984 ) , the Supreme Court wrote that `` The Court has repeatedly held that just compensation normally is to be measured by `` the market value of the property at the time of the taking contemporaneously paid in money . '' Olson v. United States , 292 U.S. 246 ( 1934 ) ... Deviation from this measure of just compensation has been required only `` when market value has been too difficult to find , or when its application would result in manifest injustice to owner or public . '' United States v. Commodities Trading Corp. , 339 U.S. 121 , 123 ( 1950 ) . See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown v United States 356 U.S. 148 ( 1958 ) . http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/356/148.html ^ Jump up to : `` James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution '' , Annals of Congress ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Jump up ^ Obrien , David . `` Fifth Amendment : Fox Hunters , Old Women , Hermits , and the Burger Court '' , Notre Dame Law Review , Vol. 54 , p. 30 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Duke v. United States , 301 U.S. 492 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Solorio v. United States , 483 U.S. 435 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 517 ( 1884 ) Jump up ^ Ex parte Wilson , 114 U.S. 417 ( 1885 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Cox , 342 F. 2d 167 , 187 fn. 7 ( 5th Cir. 1965 ) ( Wisdom , J. , specially concurring ) citing Greenidge , 37 . Jump up ^ Greenidge , Abel Hendy Jones ( 1894 ) . Infamia : Its Place in Roman Public and Private Law . London : Claredon Press . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Susan . `` Federal Grand Jury - `` Infamous crimes '' -- part 1 `` . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Harper , Timothy ( October 2 , 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the U.S. Constitution . Penguin Group . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59257 - 627 - 2 . However , the Fifth Amendment contains several other important provisions for protecting your rights . It is the source of the double jeopardy doctrine , which prevents authorities from trying a person twice for the same crime ... Jump up ^ North Carolina v. Pearce , 395 U.S. 711 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Crist v. Bretz , 437 U.S. 28 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Fong Foo v. United States , 369 U.S. 141 ( 1962 ) ; Sanabria v. United States , 437 U.S. 54 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. , 430 U.S. 564 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Burks v. United States , 437 U.S. 1 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Green v. United States , 355 U.S. 184 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Ashe v. Swenson , 397 U.S. 436 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Yeager v. United States , 557 U.S. 110 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Serfass v. United States , 420 U.S. 377 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Scott , 437 U.S. 82 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson v. United States , 420 U.S. 332 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Smith v. Massachusetts , 543 U.S. 462 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Ball v. United States , 163 U.S. 662 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Tateo , 377 U.S. 463 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Tibbs v. Florida , 457 U.S. 31 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Aleman v. Judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County , 138 F. 3d 302 ( 7th Cir. 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Blockburger v. United States , 284 U.S. 299 ( 1932 ) . See , e.g. , Brown v. Ohio , 432 U.S. 161 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Garrett v. United States , 471 U.S. 773 ( 1985 ) ; Rutledge v. United States , 517 U.S. 292 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Felix , 503 U.S. 378 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Hunter , 459 U.S. 359 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Grady v. Corbin , 495 U.S. 508 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Dixon , 509 U.S. 688 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Kennedy , 456 U.S. 667 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Arizona v. Washington , 434 U.S. 497 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 690 ( 5th ed. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ From `` Self - Incrimination , Privilege Against , '' Barrons Law Dictionary , p. 434 ( 2d ed. 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Ohio v. Reiner , 532 U.S. 17 ( 2001 ) , citing Hoffman v. U.S. , 351 U.S. 479 ( 1951 ) ; cf . Counselman v. Hitchcock , 142 U.S. 547 ( 1892 ) Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08277 - 0 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 2005 ) . America 's Constitution . New York : Random House . p. 329 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6262 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Greaves , Richard L. ( 1981 ) . `` Legal Problems '' . Society and religion in Elizabethan England . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 649 , 681 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1030 - 4 . OCLC 7278140 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . This situation worsened in the 1580s and 1590s when the machinery of ... the High Commission , was turned against Puritans ... in which a key weapon was the oath ex officio mero , with its capacity for self incrimination ... Refusal to take this oath usually was regarded as proof of guilt . Jump up ^ Ohio v. Reiner , 532 U.S. 17 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ 570 U.S. 12 - 246 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Law Professor Explains Why You Should Never Talk to Police '' . Vice.com. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A 5 - 4 Ruling , One of Three , Limits Silence 's Protection '' . New York Times . 2013 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Rule 608 ( b ) , Federal Rules of Evidence , as amended through Dec. 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael J.Z. Mannheimer , `` Ripeness of Self - Incrimination Clause Disputes , '' Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , Vol. 95 , No. 4 , p. 1261 , footnote 1 ( Northwestern Univ . School of Law 2005 ) , citing Malloy v. Hogan , 378 U.S. 1 ( 1964 ) ) . Jump up ^ McCarthy v. Arndstein , 266 U.S. 34 ( 1924 ) ) . Jump up ^ 509 F. 2d 863 ( 2d Cir. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ 132 F. Supp . 2d 248 , 251 - 53 ( S.D.N.Y. 2001 ) , aff 'd , 279 F. 3d 155 , 162 ( 2d Cir. 2002 ) , cert . denied , 537 U.S. 1028 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ 134 F. Supp . 2d 90 , 95 ( D.D.C. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ 373 U.S. 503 ( 1963 ) . ^ Jump up to : J.D.B. v. North Carolina , `` United States Supreme Court '' , June 16 , 2011 , accessed June 20th , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yarborough v. Alvarado , `` United States Supreme Court '' , June 1 , 2004 , accessed June 20th , 2011 . Jump up ^ Justice Kennedy ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Berghuis v. Thompkins '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ See Salinas v. Texas , no . 12 - 246 , U.S. Supreme Court ( June 17 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Mukasey , Marc L. ; Jonathan N. Halpern ; Floren J. Taylor ; Katherine M. Sullivan ; Bracewell & Giuliani LLP ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Salinas v. Texas : Your Silence May Be Used Against You Re : U.S. Supreme Court Litigation '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 116 U.S. 616 ( 1886 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. v. Kordel , 397 U.S. 1 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Braswell v. U.S. , 487 U.S. 99 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ 380 U.S. 609 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ 425 U.S. 308 , 318 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 319 ( quoting United States ex rel . Bilokumsky v. Tod , 263 U.S. 149 , 153 -- 154 ( 1923 ) ) . Jump up ^ Id . ( quoting United States v. Hale , 422 U.S. 171 , 176 ( 1975 ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Boyd v. United States : : 116 U.S. 616 ( 1886 ) : : Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ 274 U.S. 259 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Sullivan , 274 U.S. 259 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ 424 U.S. 648 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Garner v. United States , 424 U.S. 648 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Miniter , Frank ( 2011 ) . Saving the Bill of Rights : Exposing the Left 's Campaign to Destroy American Exceptionalism . Regnery Publishing . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 150 - 8 . Jump up ^ United States v. Pilcher , 672 F. 2d 875 ( 11th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 459 U.S. 973 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Wade , 585 F. 2d 573 ( 5th Cir. 1978 ) , cert . denied , 440 U.S. 928 ( 1979 ) ( italics in original ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Johnson , 577 F. 2d 1304 ( 5th Cir. 1978 ) ( italics in original ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Brown , 600 F. 2d 248 ( 10th Cir. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ 406 U.S. 441 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ 382 U.S. 70 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ 395 U.S. 6 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ 390 U.S. 85 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Justice Blackmun ( 1988 - 06 - 22 ) . `` John Doe v. United States '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Justice Stevens ( 1988 - 06 - 22 ) . `` John Doe v. United States '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Justice Stevens ( 2000 - 06 - 05 ) . `` United States v. Hubbell '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Sebastien Boucher , No. 2 : 06 - mj - 91 , 2009 WL 424718 ( D. Vt . Feb 19 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ See docket entry 247 , `` ORDER GRANTING APPLICATION UNDER THE ALL WRITS ACT REQUIRING DEFENDANT FRICOSU TO ASSIST IN THE EXECUTION OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED SEARCH WARRANTS '' , United States v. Fricosu , case no . 10 - cr - 00509 - REB - 02 , Jan. 23 , 2012 , U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado , at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Brown , Cybercrime Review ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Fifth Amendment held not violated by forced disclosure of unencrypted drive '' . Jump up ^ In Re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated March 25 , 2011 671 F. 3d 1335 ( 11th Cir. 2012 ) ( the cited reporter is incorrect and leads to Minesen Co. v. McHugh , 671 F. 3d 1332 , 1335 ( Fed . Cir. 2012 ) . ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Brown , Cybercrime Review ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` 11th Cir . finds Fifth Amendment violation with compelled production of unencrypted files '' . Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Here 's a Good Reason to Encrypt Your Data '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. v Jeffrey Feldman , THE DECRYPTION OF A SEIZED DATA STORAGE SYSTEM ( E.D. Wis . 19 April 2013 ) . Jump up ^ International Association of Fire Chiefs ( 2011 ) . Chief Officer : Principles and Practice . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 7929 - 0 . Jump up ^ See Berman v. Parker . Jump up ^ Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual , City of Minneapolis 479 N.W. 2d 38 ( Minn . 1991 ) and Steele v. City of Houston 603 S.W. 2d 786 ( 1980 ) Further reading ( edit ) Amar , Akhil Reed ; Lettow , Renée B. ( 1995 ) . `` Fifth Amendment First Principles : The Self - Incrimination Clause '' . Michigan Law Review . The Michigan Law Review Association . 93 ( 5 ) : 857 -- 928 . doi : 10.2307 / 1289986 . JSTOR 1289986 . Davies , Thomas Y. ( 2003 ) . `` Farther and Farther From the Original Fifth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Law Review ( 70 ) : 987 -- 1045 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Fifth Amendment with Annotations External links ( edit ) CRS Annotated Constitution : Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self Incrimination by R. Carter Pittman , 1935 Gun Ban and Fifth Constitutional Amendment 1954 essay on reasons for pleading the 5th by Howard Fast 5th Amendment at the Populist Party -- news and essays related to the Fifth Amendment , at the Populist Party of America Do n't Talk to the Police -- Lecture by Law Professor James Duane of the Regent University School of Law and Officer George Bruch from the Virginia Beach police department . United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book United States Fifth Amendment case law Grand Jury Clause Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) After conviction United States v. Wilson ( 1833 ) United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) United States v. Hubbell ( 2000 ) Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) Due Process Clause Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1857 ) Adair v. United States ( 1908 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford ( 1935 ) United States v. Carolene Products Co. ( 1938 ) Bolling v. Sharpe ( 1954 ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) ( hide ) United States Fifth Amendment criminal procedure case law Grand Jury Clause Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) After conviction United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) United States v. Wilson ( 1975 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) ( hide ) United States criminal due process case law Reasonable doubt Leland v. Oregon ( 1952 ) Holland v. United States ( 1954 ) Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) In re Winship ( 1970 ) Cool v. United States ( 1972 ) Mullaney v. Wilbur ( 1975 ) Patterson v. New York ( 1977 ) Taylor v. Kentucky ( 1978 ) County Court of Ulster Cty . v. Allen ( 1979 ) Sandstrom v. Montana ( 1979 ) Jackson v. Virginia ( 1979 ) Murray v. Carrier ( 1986 ) Cage v. Louisiana ( 1990 ) Sullivan v. Louisiana ( 1993 ) Victor v. Nebraska ( 1994 ) Schlup v. Delo ( 1995 ) Brady disclosure Brady v. Maryland ( 1963 ) Giglio v. United States ( 1972 ) Moore v. Illinois ( 1972 ) United States v. Agurs ( 1976 ) California v. Trombetta ( 1984 ) United States v. Bagley ( 1985 ) Arizona v. Youngblood ( 1988 ) Kyles v. Whitley ( 1995 ) Wood v. Bartholomew ( 1995 ) Strickler v. Greene ( 1999 ) United States v. Ruiz ( 2002 ) Illinois v. Fisher ( 2004 ) Banks v. Dretke ( 2004 ) Youngblood v. West Virginia ( 2006 ) Cone v. Bell ( 2009 ) Smith v. Cain ( 2012 ) Mental competence Bishop v. United States ( 1956 ) Dusky v. United States ( 1960 ) Pate v. Robinson ( 1966 ) Drope v. Missouri ( 1975 ) Riggins v. Nevada ( 1992 ) Medina v. California ( 1992 ) Godinez v. Moran ( 1993 ) Cooper v. Oklahoma ( 1996 ) Sell v. United States ( 2003 ) Indiana v. Edwards ( 2008 ) Prosecutorial misconduct Mooney v. Holohan ( 1935 ) Hysler v. Florida ( 1942 ) Pyle v. Kansas ( 1942 ) New York ex rel . Whitman v. Wilson ( 1943 ) White v. Ragen ( 1945 ) Mesarosh v. United States ( 1956 ) Alcorta v. Texas ( 1957 ) Napue v. Illinois ( 1959 ) VIAF : 174287196 LCCN : n97009287 GND : 4721990 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=833175761 '' Categories : 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 1791 in American politics Eminent domain Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська اردو 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 17 . 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what does the 5th amendment of the bill of rights mean
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"The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights and, among other things, protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases. \"Pleading the Fifth\" is thus a colloquial term for invoking the right that allows witnesses to decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them, and generally without having to suffer a penalty for asserting the right. This evidentiary privilege ensures that defendants cannot be compelled to become witnesses at their own trials. If, however, they choose to testify, they are not entitled to the right during cross-examination, where questions are relevant to their testimony on direct examination.[1] The Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Federal grand juries can force people to take the witness stand, but defendants in those proceedings have Fifth Amendment privileges until they choose to answer any question. To claim the privilege for failure to answer when being interviewed by police, the interviewee must have explicitly invoked the constitutional right when declining to answer questions."
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"protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases"
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Blood In Blood Out
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Blood in Blood out - wikipedia Blood in Blood out Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1993 film . For other uses , see Blood In , Blood Out ( disambiguation ) . Bound by Honor Theatrical release poster Directed by Taylor Hackford Produced by Taylor Hackford Jerry Gershwin Screenplay by Jimmy Santiago Baca Jeremy Iacone Floyd Mutrux Story by Ross Thomas Starring Jesse Borrego Benjamin Bratt Enrique Castillo Damian Chapa Music by Bill Conti Cinematography Gabriel Beristain Edited by Fredric Steinkamp Karl F. Steinkamp Production company Hollywood Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date April 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 16 ) Running time 180 minutes 190 minutes ( Director 's cut ) Country United States Language English Spanish Budget $4,496,583 Box office $35,000,000 Blood In Blood Out ( also known as Bound by Honor ) is a 1993 American crime - drama film directed by Taylor Hackford . It follows the intertwining lives of three Chicano relatives from 1972 to 1984 . They start out as members of a street gang in East Los Angeles , and as dramatic incidents occur , their lives and friendships are forever changed . Blood In Blood Out was filmed in 1991 throughout the Spanish - speaking areas of Los Angeles and inside California 's San Quentin State Prison . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Miklo is a man of Mexican and White American ethnicity who grew up in El Pico Aliso barrio in east Los Angeles . Upon moving back home from Las Vegas , Nevada , Miklo goes to stay with his two cousins Paco and Cruz . Miklo tells Cruz that he wants to join their gang Vatos Locos . While Paco is initially skeptical , Miklo later proves himself when he performs an attack on a rival gang , Tres Puntos . Afterwards he is made a member of Vatos Locos . However , the Tres Puntos gang soon takes revenge by brutally attacking Cruz who is a budding artist , and damages his back for life . When Vatos Locos learn of the attack , they perform a well - planned counterattack . However , things go wrong when Miklo ends up getting shot by their rival gang 's leader , `` Spider '' . Miklo is able to shoot and kill Spider , but has to be rushed to the hospital by Paco while being chased by police . Paco crashes into another car at the El Pino tree and they are both arrested . From here , the trio 's paths diverges : Miklo is sent to San Quentin State Prison for murder , Paco volunteers for military service in the United States Marine Corps as an alternative choice to prison , and Cruz continues his passion for art . He also becomes a heroin addict due to the recurring back pain . His addiction leads to him being disowned by his family after his 12 - year - old brother , Juanito , dies from injecting air into his veins thinking it 's Cruz 's heroin supply . Paco becomes an L.A.P.D. narcotics detective after leaving the Marine Corps . Miklo finds trouble adapting to prison life . The prison is run by three prison gangs , all of whom are based on their racial backgrounds . The Black Guerrilla Army ( B.G.A. ) is led by `` Bonafide '' , the Aryan Vanguard is led by `` Red Ryder '' , and La Onda is led by Montana Segura . La Onda 's members do not initially accept Miklo and one of them , Popeye , tries to rape Miklo at knife - point , but is stopped by Montana . After meeting Montana , he is told the only way into La Onda is killing an enemy inmate , in Miklo 's case a white inmate named Big Al who runs the gambling in San Quentin . After gaining Big Al 's trust , Miklo stabs him to death during a sexual encounter in the prison kitchen . Miklo is initiated into La Onda , is later promoted to its Ruling Council , and is granted parole after serving nine years in prison . On the outside , Miklo is disgusted by his menial job on which his supervisor is extorting money from him , so he joins in an armed robbery . The heist goes poorly and Miklo is intercepted by Paco , now a decorated cop . Miklo tries to run away , but Paco shoots him in the leg , which later has to be amputated . Miklo is sent back to prison where he notices the cocaine addictions of several inmates . Onda Council Member Carlos has entered the cocaine trade and is competing with the B.G.A. for customers . The Aryan Vanguard want to partner with Carlos in the cocaine business by becoming his new supplier . In return , Carlos moves on the B.G.A. and take them out of the cocaine business . Montana , however , is fiercely against allowing La Onda to enter the drug trade , saying that drugs will destroy La Onda and that the Aryan Vanguard want to start a war between the Black and Chicano inmates . The other Council members agree with Montana and vote against it . This causes Carlos to leave La Onda to work with the Aryan Vanguard , causing other members to follow him . Carlos murders a B.G.A. soldier named `` Pockets '' who is running the B.G.A. 's cocaine operation . He also contacts his brother , Smokey , outside of prison to bomb a B.G.A. hangout where they move their drugs . After all of this happens , Carlos ' usefulness has come to an end and the Aryan Vanguard drops their protection of him . The B.G.A. then takes the opportunity to murder Carlos . Despite his death , Miklo agrees with Carlos 's outlook after being convinced by Carlos 's old drug supplier . With hostility high between the Black and Hispanic inmates , Montana and Bonafide meet in the prison yard . Montana convinces Bonafide to agree to a truce if Montana reaches out to La Onda leaders in the Folsom and Chino prisons to end the violence . The warden grants Montana special permission to visit the Chino and Folsom prisons and Miklo is left in charge during his absence . Montana is granted a special request , and he gets to stay overnight at Delano penitentiary where he can see his daughter . On the morning of the visit , Montana is stabbed to death outside his cell by a member of the B.G.A. . Believing that the Aryan Vanguard sent forged orders to the hitman , Paco arranges a peace conference between La Onda and the B.G.A. However , Miklo , La Onda 's new leader , manipulates the peace talks in order to build an alliance with the B.G.A. and they agree to kill the Aryan Vanguard leaders . Later , enforcers for La Onda and the B.G.A. sweep through the walls of San Quentin , killing the leaders of the Aryan Vanguard . After the killings are done , however , Miklo 's men promptly exterminate the B.G.A. leaders as well . Paco is enraged that his own cousin has played him for a fool and angrily confronts Miklo in the prison visiting room . Paco leaves his cousin in disgust , disowning him forever . The members of La Onda hold a final gathering after the warden vows to split the council up transporting some members to their home states . Miklo plans on using this to expand La Onda to other states in the South West . Later , Miklo and his cellmate `` Magic '' destroy the mold which they used to send the forged orders to the B.G.A. hit man to kill Montana . Magic says `` We both loved him , but we did what we had to do for La Onda . '' Back in East Los Angeles , Paco visits one of Cruz 's murals after the family re-accepts him to see a portrait of his former life . In a pep talk with Cruz , Paco realizes that by ordering Miklo to go after Spider , Paco is responsible for all of the things that have happened to Miklo . This causes Paco to feel guilty for his actions and ultimately forgive Miklo . Cast ( edit ) Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka Jesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria Benjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar Enrique Castillo as Montana Segura Delroy Lindo as Bonafide Victor Rivers as Magic Geoffrey Rivas as Carlos Tom Towles as Red Ryder Carlos Carrasco as Popeye Theodore Wilson as Wallace Raymond Cruz as Chuey Valente Rodriguez as Frankie Lanny Flaherty as Big Al Billy Bob Thornton as Lightning Danny Trejo as Geronimo Victor Mohica as Mano Luis Contreras as Realthing Paulo Tocha as Apache Ving Rhames as Ivan Richard Masur ( uncredited ) as Prison librarian Thomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann Lupe Ontiveros as Carmen Ashley Judd as Paco 's Girlfriend ( `` deleted scene '' ) Peter Mark Vasquez as Chivo Mark Rich as Miklo 's Stunt Double Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The three prison gangs in the film are fictional creations of screenwriter Jimmy Santiago Baca and director Taylor Hackford . However , they were all loosely based on actual prison gangs , with the Aryan Vanguard , Black Guerrilla Army and La Onda representing the Aryan Brotherhood , Black Guerrilla Family , and the Mexican Mafia , respectively . Actor Theodore Wilson died shortly after filming his scenes in the film . Artist Adan Hernandez was hired to create the paintings the character of Cruz Candelaria was supposed to have painted . All of the paintings that were used in the film were created by him . The mural in the reservoir seen in the film 's climax has unfortunately been painted over . Hernandez made a cameo appearance in the film as the drug dealer Gilbert in the art gallery scene . The film was shot in and around Los Angeles and East Los Angeles and inside the walls of San Quentin State Prison . The main character Miklo is sent to San Quentin , where much of the film 's plot takes place . Several of the then - inmates appear in the film as extras . In addition , several of the prison staff members also appear as others and some facilitated the production of the film by serving as technical advisors . Many members of the staff were given small lines in the film , with the warden giving an extended cameo in a part that is somewhat integral to the plot . In addition , actor Danny Trejo , who appears in the film as Geronimo , had served time in San Quentin before deciding to become an actor . In addition to prison inmates and staff and artist Hernandez , screenwriter and barrio poet Jimmy Santiago Baca cameos as a prison inmate and member of the La Onda council . The film was initially entitled Blood in Blood Out but was retitled Bound by Honor before the film 's release . Blood in blood out refers to the initiation ritual of having to kill someone to enter a gang and , on the reverse end , not being able to leave the gang unless killed . This is a common initiation in many gangs , including prison gangs , and is also the motto of La Onda in the film . Hollywood Pictures insisted on the name change as the studio felt that it would incite violence in East Los Angeles . In addition , executives at Hollywood Pictures , a subsidiary of Disney , were cautious about the potential effect the film would have following the 1992 LA Riots and the attribution given to Boyz N the Hood as a partial cause / inspiration of the riots . Director Taylor Hackford has stated that he was very unhappy with this decision as the film 's message was the exact opposite of the one that the studio feared would be transmitted . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . It holds a 55 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 11 reviews . On IMDb it holds an 8 / 10 . The TV Guide review stated `` similarity to Edward James Olmos ' American Me , in which a tormented drug dealer travels the same route through prison society as Miklo . The principal difference between the two films is that Bound By Honor is by far the glossier effort , relentlessly picturesque in the seamlessly anesthetized manner of mainstream Hollywood films . '' Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum for the Chicago Reader wrote that this `` ugly three - hour snoozefest is apparently supposed to do for East Los Angeles Chicanos what the Godfather movies did for New York mafiosi ... '' Roger Ebert wrote `` The East Los Angeles milieu and some of the characters seem familiar , because some of the same ground was covered by American Me ... Bound by Honor covers similar material in a less passionate and finally less meaningful way . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4 . A critic from Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave Bound By Honor a B - , falling on the high end of the movie spectrum . He states `` Bound By Honor comes fully alive when it moves behind bars . There 's an exploitative thrill built into the genre ... '' This film critic was definitely more interested in the second half of the movie once Miklo was in jail running La Onda . Vincent Canby from the New York Times wrote `` The film is big and long , passionate and flat . It 's full of heroic and tragic incident , but skimpy about the details of quotidian lives . '' Giving a very detailed review on the plot of the story he later exalts some of the characters in the movie one in particular , Enrique Castillo . Although Vincent Canby does not give an official rating for the film , he concludes `` Though it 's not the epic it means to be , it is not a failure . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BLOOD IN BLOOD OUT ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1993 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blood In , Blood Out ( Bound by Honor ) - Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Bound By Honor '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bound by Honor '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Bound By Honor Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1993 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bound by Honor EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - - Review / Film ; The Chicano Experience , in Its Glory and Tedium - NYTimes.com '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - Bound By Honor - Review / Film ; The Chicano Experience , in Its Glory and Tedium - NYTimes.com '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Blood In Blood Out on IMDb Blood In Blood Out at AllMovie Blood In Blood Out at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Taylor Hackford Teenage Father ( 1978 ) The Idolmaker ( 1980 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) Against All Odds ( 1984 ) White Nights ( 1985 ) Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1987 ) Everybody 's All - American ( 1988 ) Blood In Blood Out ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Proof of Life ( 2000 ) Ray ( 2004 ) Love Ranch ( 2010 ) Parker ( 2013 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_In_Blood_Out&oldid=793345164 '' Categories : 1993 films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s crime drama films American films English - language films Film scores by Bill Conti Films directed by Taylor Hackford Films about drugs Films set in Los Angeles Films set in San Quentin State Prison Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films shot in San Quentin , California Hood films Mexican - American films Prison films Hollywood Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 05 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays chuy in blood in blood out
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[
"\nDamian Chapa as Miklo Velka\nJesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria\nBenjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar\nEnrique Castillo as Montana Segura\nDelroy Lindo as Bonafide\nVictor Rivers as Magic\nGeoffrey Rivas as Carlos\nTom Towles as Red Ryder\nCarlos Carrasco as Popeye\nTheodore Wilson as Wallace\nRaymond Cruz as Chuey\nValente Rodriguez as Frankie\nLanny Flaherty as Big Al\nBilly Bob Thornton as Lightning\nDanny Trejo as Geronimo\nVictor Mohica as Mano\nLuis Contreras as Realthing\nPaulo Tocha as Apache\nVing Rhames as Ivan\nRichard Masur (uncredited) as Prison librarian\nThomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann\nLupe Ontiveros as Carmen\nAshley Judd as Paco's Girlfriend (\"deleted scene\")\nPeter Mark Vasquez as Chivo\nMark Rich as Miklo's Stunt Double\n"
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"Raymond Cruz as Chuey"
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1684907335158942269
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Blackpool Pleasure Beach
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Blackpool Pleasure Beach - wikipedia Blackpool Pleasure Beach For the beach at Blackpool , see Blackpool Sands , Blackpool . Blackpool Pleasure Beach Blackpool Pleasure Beach Slogan `` See it , Feel it , Love it ! '' Location Blackpool , Lancashire , England Coordinates 53 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 20 '' W / 53.79028 ° N 3.05556 ° W / 53.79028 ; - 3.05556 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 20 '' W / 53.79028 ° N 3.05556 ° W / 53.79028 ; - 3.05556 Owner Thompson Family Opened 1896 ( First Rides ) Operating season 2018 season : Weekends 11 February -- 18 March , Daily 24 March to 5 November Area 42 acres ( 170,000 m ) Rides Total 38 Roller coasters 10 Water rides 5 Website Blackpool Pleasure Beach Blackpool Pleasure Beach is an amusement park situated along the Fylde coast in Blackpool , Lancashire , England . The park was founded in 1896 and has been owned and operated by the Thompson family since its inception . It is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the United Kingdom , and one of the top twenty most visited amusement parks in the world , with a peak estimate of 5.5 million visitors in 2007 . In 2014 it was voted as the best theme park in the United Kingdom and the ninth best park in Europe by the Travelers ' Choice Awards . The park is host to many records , including the largest number of roller coasters of any park in the United Kingdom with ten , of which four are wooden : the Big Dipper , Blue Flyer , Grand National and Nickelodeon Streak . Many of the roller coasters in the park are record breaking attractions . When it opened in 1994 , the Big One was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world . It was also the steepest , with an incline angle of 65 ° and one of the longest , measuring 5,497 feet ( 1,675 m ) . Currently , the ride holds the record as the tallest roller coaster in the United Kingdom , standing at 213 ft ( 65 m ) , with a first drop of 205 ft ( 62 m ) . The park was the first in Europe to introduce a fully inverting steel coaster , Revolution and is the last remaining park in the world to still operate a Steeplechase roller coaster . The Grand National is one of only three Möbius Loop coasters in existence , where a singular track `` loops '' around itself , offering a facsimile out - and - back layout and creating a `` racing '' effect on two parallel tracks . Sir Hiram Maxims Captive Flying Machine is the oldest amusement park ride in Europe having opened in August 1904 . At a cost of £ 15 million , Valhalla was until 2016 the biggest and most expensive indoor dark ride in the world . Designed by Sarner and manufactured by Intamin , Valhalla won `` Best Water Ride '' at the 2017 Golden Ticket awards , an accolade it has held over a consecutive number of years . The park also operates a Nickelodeon Land and the world 's only Wallace & Gromit ride , the Thrill - O - Matic . In 2016 the park introduced Red Arrows Sky Force , a Gerstlauer Sky Fly thrill ride which is the first ride of its kind in the United Kingdom . The latest record is taken by Icon , a multi-launch coaster manufactured by Mack Rides in Germany . Icon is the first coaster in the UK to feature a double launch and is the largest ever single investment at the park costing £ 16.25 million . Contents 1 History of the Pleasure Beach 1.1 Early years ( 1896 -- 1930 ) 1.2 Later Years ( 1931 -- present ) 1.3 Managing directors 2 Current Park 3 Awards & Accolades 4 Rides 4.1 Roller coasters 4.2 Thrill rides 4.3 Water rides 4.4 Family rides 4.5 Nickelodeon Land rides 5 Past Rides 5.1 Past rides and attractions 5.2 Incidents 6 Entertainment 6.1 Hot Ice 6.2 Craig Christian Evolution Of Magic 6.3 Ken Webster : Mentalist Hypnotist 6.4 Russ Brown 's Carnival of Magic 6.5 Spectacular Dancing Water Show 7 Other attractions 8 Accommodation 9 Ghosts 10 In popular culture 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History of the Pleasure Beach ( edit ) Early years ( 1896 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) Pleasure Beach was founded in 1896 by Alderman William George Bean after he failed in his attempt to become an advertising man on New York 's Madison Avenue . He returned to the United Kingdom in 1897 and opened two separate amusement parks ; one adjacent to Euston Road in Great Yarmouth and another in Blackpool , opposite the tram terminus . The Great Yarmouth amusement park failed to generate much interest and so Bean moved to Blackpool full - time towards the end of the century . In 1903 , Bean , along with local businessman John Outhwaite , purchased 30 acres of land known as the `` Watson Estate '' which was used to expand the amusement park in Blackpool . The original Pleasure Beach was built on the sand dunes along the promenade and consisted of a few roundabouts , a Bicycle Railway and several Gypsy stalls . Bean and Outhwaite decided to grow the business after visiting Coney Island in the United States . Using a small static fairground in London 's Earls Court for inspiration , Bean added more rides and sideshows to the Pleasure Beach which began to garner the attention of holidaymakers . Beans ' aim was to establish a fun park of relative size that would make adults feel like children again and inspire gaiety of a primarily innocent character . The first notable attraction of interest to open at Pleasure Beach was Sir Hiram Maxim 's Captive Flying Machine , a rotary swing ride designed by the British inventor of the same name in 1904 . A Mill Chute water ride followed in 1905 , which opened under the name The River Caves of the World , both of which are still operational today . In 1907 the park opened its first wooden roller coaster which was known as The Scenic Railway . It was during this time that the park began to trade under the name Blackpool Pleasure Beach . In 1909 , Bean expanded the Pleasure Beach business by purchasing a second amusement park up the coast in Morecambe under the name West End Amusement Park , which would later become Frontierland , Morecambe . The success of the Morecambe park led to a third amusement park opening four years later in Southport under the name Pleasureland Southport . Meanwhile , the Pleasure Beach was developed with frequent large scale investments including The Velvet Coaster , the House of Nonsense , The Joy Wheel and The Whip . Outhwaite died in 1911 , leaving most of the remaining business to Bean , however the Outhwaite family still obtained shares in the park and would occasionally have input into its growth . Following the First World War investment at the park ceased due to the difficulty in exporting rides from the United States and the next investments would not be until 1922 when The Virginia Reel and Noah 's Ark opened . Despite the lack of investment , profits at the Pleasure Beach soared and the company was noted as being one of the most prolific employers in the north - west of England . Further into the 1920s Bean invested in the Casino Building , a triple - tiered Art - Deco building designed by local architect and then Blackpool Mayor Alderman R.B. Mather , JP . The exterior of the building featured a white ferro - concrete façade with white electric lighting and the interior housed a billiard hall , cinema , restaurant and gift shop . Today the Casino Building features a number of function rooms and offices and the ground floor space is used as the main ticket centre . In 1923 , land was reclaimed from Blackpool seafront and it was during this period that the Pleasure Beach moved to its 42 - acre ( 170,000 m ) current location along the promenade . The same year Bean brought in John Miller to design and build the Big Dipper , an out - and - back wooden coaster and shortly afterwards a boating pool was built for boat rides . This was Bean 's final investment before he died of pneumonia in 1929 , having spent 33 years shaping and developing what would become one of the most significant amusement parks in the world . Following his death his only daughter Lillian - Doris inherited the Pleasure Beach business . Lillian - Doris Bean married Leonard Thompson , an Oxford Natural Sciences graduate and businessman in 1928 . The Thompsons ' lived in London where Leonard worked at a Swedish Match Company , however upon hearing of Bean 's death the couple returned to Blackpool , where decisions regarding the future running of the Pleasure Beach were in discussion . Leonard up until that point had not had any active involvement with the Pleasure Beach whatsoever , however on a mutual agreement with his wife it was agreed that Thompson would take over the running of the Pleasure Beach and have full responsibility of all its affairs . His first move was to appoint Oscar Haworth as the General Manager and George Palmer as Chairman of the company . Over the next two years , Thompson worked with the Outhwaites to expand the business further , starting with construction of The Ghost Train which opened in 1930 . Later years ( 1931 -- present ) ( edit ) In 1931 the remaining Outhwaite family sold their share of the park to the Thompsons , who now had complete control and ownership of the business . The following year Watson Road was built underneath the park , which resulted in the closure of The Velvet Coaster. Thompson 's next major investment was the construction of the Fun House in 1934 and The Grand National , a Möbius Loop wooden coaster built by celebrated coaster designer Charles Paige in 1935 . Paige had designed numerous other rides at the Pleasure Beach , including the Rollercoaster , another wooden coaster that was constructed on the site of The Velvet Coaster in 1933 . The success of Paiges ' wooden coasters resulted in a complete reprofiling of the Big Dipper in 1936 , which was extended towards the south - westerly side of the park . During this time Thompson hired Joseph Emberton , an award - winning architect who was brought in to redesign the architectural style of the Pleasure Beach rides and buildings , working on The Casino Building , Noah 's Ark and the Ice Drome , a 2,000 seat ice rink . Emberton continued to design for the Pleasure Beach up to his death in 1956 , after which Jack Ratcliffe , who had been involved in the Festival of Britain , was brought in to continue the work . Ratcliffe worked for many years at the park and much of his work can still be seen today . Investments steadily decreased during the Second World War , however the park remained open throughout the year to offer solace to the British public . The park returned to prominence between 1958 - 1961 when The Wild Mouse , Derby Racer and Alice Ride opened and over the next few years the scale of investments increased , with the world 's longest Log Flume opening in 1967 and The Goldmine opening four years later . The Walt Disney Company visited the park earlier in the decade and Pleasure Beach was one of a few parks which became the basis for the first Disneyland Park in Anaheim , California . Walt Disney formed a friendship with Thompson and the two would regularly inspire one another when developing their respective parks . After many successful years as the managing director of the Pleasure Beach , Leonard Thompson died in 1976 , having run the business for 47 years . Following Thompson 's death , Doris Thompson was appointed chairman of the business . Their only son , Geoffrey Thompson inherited his fathers role and became the new managing director . William `` Geoffrey '' Thompson was born in Manchester in 1936 . He spent most of his early working life administering the New Era Laundries in London before returning to the family business as head of catering at the Casino Building . He married his wife , Barbara Thompson ( née Foxcroft ) in 1962 and shortly afterwards they had three children : Amanda , Nicholas and Fiona . Geoffrey invested millions of pounds developing the business , carrying forward his fathers legacy , which was for the Pleasure Beach to always be at the forefront of global amusement parks . He hired Keith Ingham to make extensive alterations to the Casino Building which was re-launched as the Wonderful World Building ( since then the building has reverted to its original name ) . Thompson 's reign saw the opening of the Steeplechase , Avalanche , Revolution and Ice Blast : The Ride . His most notable investments include the Big One which opened in 1994 and was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world at the time , and Valhalla which opened in 2000 and remains the companys ' largest investment to date . Geoffrey was actively involved in promoting tourism in the North West of England . He sat on almost all the relevant agencies , including the English Tourist Board and the British Association of Leisure Parks , Piers and Attractions , and was awarded the Order of the British Empire status along with his mother for their contribution to tourism . In 1986 , Blackpool Pleasure Beach Limited became one of the first companies in the United Kingdom to register with the Government Profit Related Pay Unit . Under this scheme the company agreed that , where profits exceeded £ 1 million , 10 per cent would be distributed among the permanent staff according to their length of service . Despite his reputation as a leading businessman in the industry , Thompson often found himself in dispute with Blackpool Council over their decision to allow private traders to operate on land opposite the Pleasure Beach . He also clashed with Morecambe Town Council , who would regularly oppose and disrupt his plans to develop the Morecambe amusement park . As a result of his frustration and due to declining attendance Thompson closed Frontierland in 2000 indefinitely , which had operated for 91 years . Many of the rides were either destroyed , sold or moved to Thompson 's other parks . Further investments followed at the Pleasure Beach , including Spin Doctor in 2002 , the Big Blue Hotel in 2003 and Bling , a Zierer Star Shape thrill ride the following year . Geoffrey Thompson died of a heart attack at Blackpool Pleasure Beach on 12 June 2004 while attending a party to celebrate his daughter 's wedding . Doris Thompson , MBE OBE died nine days later , on 23 June , the date of her son 's funeral . Amanda Thompson , Geoffrey 's eldest daughter and a director of the park for over 15 years took over the whole Pleasure Beach business . Nicholas Thompson became the Deputy managing director and Fiona Giljé ( née Thompson ) , a fundamental architect became a senior company director . Amanda had previously risen to prominence as the founder and president of Stageworks Worldwide Productions , which produced numerous high - profile shows at both the Pleasure Beach and across the world . Like her father and grandmother , Amanda was appointed an OBE for her contribution to tourism . During Amanda 's reign , the park has seen vast redevlopment , including the introduction of mass branding , as well as the removal of numerous rides including The Whip , Space Invader 2 , Turtle Chase , Spin Doctor , Trauma Towers , Noah 's Ark , Black Hole , Bling and Super Bowl . In 2005 , the family decided to close Pleasureland Southport which despite extensive investment and development had not turned a profit for several years . This move coincided with the closure of Pleasure Beach 's Log Flume , Drench Falls and resulted in the introduction of Infusion , the park 's first new roller coaster in 13 years . Infusion was relocated from Pleasureland , where it had operated under the name of Traumatizer since 1999 , and was built on the site of the Log Flume . In 2011 , the Thompson family signed a contract with Viacom , owners of the American - based Nickelodeon brand to open Nickelodeon Land , a 12 - acre theme park situated within the main park . Nickelodeon Land was a £ 10million redevelopment of the parks ' previous children 's area Beaver Creek which closed in 2010 . Notable changes include a complete retheme of the Rollercoaster which reopened under the new alias Nickelodeon Streak and the use of the formerly defunct Space Invader 2 building which is now occupied by a large pizza restaurant . Many of the other rides were either replaced or repainted and renamed to represent the Nickelodeon brand . In 2013 , the park worked alongside Aardman Animations , owners of the Wallace & Gromit and Shaun the Sheep brands , who introduced Wallace & Gromit 's Thrill - O - Matic , a dark ride which replaced The Goldmine , and in 2015 the park teamed up with the RAF to open the Red Arrow 's Skyforce a thrill ride based on the famous air acrobatic team . In early December 2015 the Tom Sawyer bridge was removed and replaced with a new walkway . Managing directors ( edit ) Managing Director Seasons Active Year 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s John Outhwaite 16 1896 -- 1911 William G. Bean 34 1896 -- 1929 Leonard Thompson 48 1929 -- 1976 Doris Thompson 76 1929 -- 2004 Geoffrey Thompson 29 1976 -- 2004 Amanda Thompson 15 2004 -- Nick Thompson 15 2004 -- Current park ( edit ) Pleasure Beach is situated on a 42 - acre ( 170,000 m ) site along the South Promenade ( Ocean Boulevard ) area of Blackpool , approximately 2.2 miles from Blackpool North Railway Station . It is bordered by the Promenade , Balmoral Road , Bond Street , Burlington Road West and Clifton Drive , and is situated above Watson Road , which is underneath the grounds and runs under the centre of the park . The main Ticket Centre can be found on the ground floor of the Casino Building which is situated to the north of the park . The rest of the ground floor space is taken up by a showbar named The Horseshoe and a large Costa Coffee Café . The second tier of the building , known as the penthouse floor is home to a function suite named The Paradise Room and The White Tower Restaurant , a luxury restaurant overlooking the promenade . Above The Paradise Room is a second Moroccan - themed function room named The Attic . The basement area of the building is taken up by another licensed bar named The Horror Bar and an interactive horror maze named Pasaje del Terror . Outside The Casino building towards the left of the main entrance is a second theatre named The Globe . The main park can be accessed via a number of turnstiles , each manned by a security ambassador at the north entrance . A separate entrance towards the south end of the park is available for hotel residents only , and a third entrance is situated towards the east side of the park via The Arena . The park is heavily secured by giant metal gates , however these gates are occasionally opened to permit large groups of guests into the park during the peak season . The park has 5 car parks and a coach park . Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station and the Big Blue Hotel are towards the south end of the park . The park is split up into 3 sections : North Park , Nickelodeon Land and South Park . The main park is divided by separate themed areas . These are North Entrance Plaza , Heidi Strasse , Bean Street FY4 , The Watson Overpass , The Tom Sawyer Bridge and South Entrance Plaza . Many of the rides in the park are built over or under other attractions and buildings making the Pleasure Beach the most densely populated amusement park in terms of ride space in the world . Pleasure Beach is the only private company in the United Kingdom not imposed by planning restrictions , however attractions over 60 meters in height must meet strict regulations set out by the Civil Aviation Authority . These regulations include the placing of red and white lights at the top of structures and warning signals and beacons to alert airline traffic . As of October 2014 Blackpool Airport has ceased operation , however all rides at the Pleasure Beach over the 200 ft height marker still retain their beacons . Awards & accolades ( edit ) 2007 : Best brand for leisure and tourism -- North West Top 100 Brands 2007 : Pleasure Beach training team : Best Practice in Tourism Training -- LETTS awards 2007 : Fifth best amusement park in the world -- Golden Ticket Awards 2007 : Best seaside park award -- Golden Ticket Awards 2007 : Best radio commercial -- IAAPA Brass Ring Awards 2007 : Pleasure beach website -- distinguished excellence -- IAAPA Brass Ring Awards 2007 : Valhalla : second best water ride in the world -- Golden Ticket Awards 2007 : Best North - West brand for leisure and tourism -- Hill Dickinson 2007 : Revitalised Brand of the Year -- Leisure Report Awards 2008 : North - West Brand for Leisure and Tourism -- Hill Dickinson 2008 : Ripleys Believe It Or Not ! : Franchise of the Year and Guest Service Award -- Ripleys Executive Board 2009 : Forbidden : Best Overall Production -- IAAPA Big E Awards 2009 : Hot Ice : Best Overall Production -- IAAPA Big E Awards 2011 : Top Ten Best Theme Parks -- Golden Ticket Awards 2011 : Big Blue Hotel - Loo of the Year Award 2013 : Best Attraction for Groups - Lancashire Tourism Awards 2014 : Best Large Tourist Attraction -- North West In Bloom 2014 : Arena - Favourite Rink - LAMBCO 2014 : Second Best Seaside Park - Golden Ticket Awards 2014 : Valhalla : second best water ride in the world -- Golden Ticket Awards 2014 : Best Theme Park in the United Kingdom ; 9th Best Theme Park in Europe - Travelers ' Choice Awards 2014 : Big Blue Hotel - Third best hotel in the United Kingdom - Travelers ' Choice Awards 2016 : Valhalla : Best Water Ride in the world - Golden Ticket Awards . 2016 : 6th best amusement park in the world - Golden Ticket Awards 2016 : 2nd best seaside park in the world - Golden Ticket Awards 2017 : Valhalla : Best Water Ride in the World - Golden Ticket Awards Rides ( edit ) Roller coasters ( edit ) # Name Manufacturer Type Opened Description Avalanche Mack Rides Bobsled Avalanche is a steel bobsled roller coaster . It was the first Bobsled style roller coaster to be built in the UK . Big Dipper John Miller , Charles Paige , Joe Emberton Wooden 1923 / 1936 Big Dipper is a traditional wooden roller coaster which was built in 1923 by John Miller , and extended in 1936 by Charles Paige and Joe Emberton . Big One Arrow Dynamics Steel Hypercoaster The Big One is a hyper coaster with a highest point of 71.6 m ( 235 ft ) above sea level or 65 m ( 213 ft ) above the ground . It reaches speeds of up to 119 km / h ( 74 mph ) . It was the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world when it opened in 1994 , and was designed by Ron Toomer . Icon Mack Rides Launched roller coaster 2018 A multi-launched steel coaster built by Mack Rides . Icon is 88 ft tall , reaches speeds of up to 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) along 3750 ft of steel track and features two launches and two inversions . 5 Grand National Charles Paige Wooden Racing roller coaster 1935 Grand National is a wooden dual - track racing roller coaster . It is themed around the Grand National horse - racing event and is one of only three Möbius Loop roller coasters still in existence . 6 Infusion Vekoma Suspended Looping Coaster 2007 Infusion is a steel inverted roller coaster . It is a standard 689m Vekoma Suspended Looping Coaster . 7 Revolution Arrow Development Shuttle 1979 Revolution is a steel shuttle roller coaster that launches from an elevated station , through and loop before stopping and doing the same backwards , it reaches up to speeds of 40 mph and forces of up to 4G . 8 Nickelodeon Streak Charles Paige Wooden 1933 A classic wooden coaster found in Nickelodeon Land . From 1933 to 2010 it was known simply as Rollercoaster however in 2011 was renamed Nickelodeon Streak . It was built using the lift hill from the Velvet Coaster , which was built in 1909 . 9 Steeplechase Arrow Development Three - tracked racing coaster 1977 An Arrow Development three - tracked racing steel roller coaster and the last of its kind in existence . 10 Blue Flyer Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters Wooden 1934 A children 's wooden coaster composed of bunny hills and a tunnel . Originally known as Zipper Dipper then renamed to Blue Flyer and re-painted in 2011 . It has also been sponosored by Warbutons and was known as the Milk Roll A Coaster . Thrill rides ( edit ) # Name Manufacturer Type Opened Description 11 Ice Blast S&S Power Launch / Freefall Shot Tower 1997 Stands at 210 ft ( 64 m ) above sea level , although is actually 180 ft ( 55 m ) tall . Opened as Sony PlayStation - The Ride . 12 Red Arrows Sky Force Gerstlauer Sky Fly 2015 Stands at 72 ft ( 22 m ) . The ride features individual planes on a long arm which spin as the rider rocks side to side . Replaced Bling . Water rides ( edit ) # Name Opened Description 13 Dora 's World Voyage 2011 A mini boat tub ride located in Nickelodeon Land , opened June 2011 . Replaced Magic Mountain . 14 The Rugrats Lost River 1992 A semi-themed one - hill log chute originally in the park 's previous Beaver Creek area , which is now Nickelodeon Land ( resulting in the ride being renamed and rethemed ) . 15 River Caves 1905 Classic river caves dark ride , visiting displays of `` around the world '' . 16 SpongeBob 's Splash Bash 2011 Located in Nickelodeon Land . 17 Valhalla 2000 Viking - themed dark flume ride , laden with special effects . Family rides ( edit ) # Name Opened Description 18 Alice 's Wonderland 1961 Children 's dark ride featuring scenes from Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass . The cars are big Cheshire cats . Built by Arrow Development . 19 Alpine Rallye 1990s A children 's automobile track ride similar to the Convoy . After the park 's Beaver Creek closed the ride was renamed from Thor 's Turnpike and relocated . 20 Chinese Puzzle Maze 1997 A traditional maze with interactive features , scenery , and water traps . 21 Derby Racer 1959 One of only three in the world , the ride is essentially a large carousel of 56 horses in four rows , the outside row being the fastest . 22 Dodgems Standard dodgems attraction . 23 Eddie Stobart Convoy 2002 All trucks are painted in Eddie Stobart Ltd. colours including names . 24 Flying Machines 1904 The oldest attraction in the park . Original flying experience attraction . 25 Gallopers 1919 Ornate traditional English carousel . 26 Ghost Train 1930 A dark ride . This ghost train was the first in the world and is where the ride name `` Ghost Train '' originates . It was built by Mr Joseph Emberton . 27 Grand Prix 1960s Electrical powered car ride ( in the past , cars had petrol engines ) . Self - drive cars travel down a spiral track and under The Avalanche Rollercoaster . 28 Impossible 2002 ( Previously 1001 Troubles and The Haunted Swing ) A mirror maze , followed by displays of optical illusions , and a haunted swing ride . 29 Pleasure Beach Express 1934 A miniature railway featuring Scenery of Wild life in a jungle to Dangerous Dinosaur from the Jurrasic Era also includes interactive effects . 30 Thompsons Vintage Carousel 1990s A Mini carousel ride . After Beaver Creek closed the ride was relocated to under the Avalanche lift hill , and renamed from Veteran Carousel . 31 Wallace & Gromit : The Thrill - O - Matic 2013 Replaced the Gold Mine . Dark ride featuring scenes from the animated Wallace and Gromit series . Nickelodeon Land rides ( edit ) Main article : Nickelodeon Land # Name Opened Description Blue Flyer 1934 A children 's wooden coaster composed of bunny hills and a tunnel . Originally known as Zipper Dipper then renamed to Blue Flyer and re-painted in 2011 . Avatar Airbender 2011 A Disk'O Coaster , Opened May 2011 . Dora 's World Voyage 2011 A mini boat tub ride , opened June 2011 . The Rugrats ' Lost River 2011 A semi-themed one - hill log chute originally in the park 's previous Beaver Creek , now located in Nickelodeon Land . 5 The Backyardians ' Pirate Treasure 2011 Opened May 2011 . Retheme of the previous ' Bradley Beaver 's Pirate Ship Ride ' 6 Nickelodeon Streak 1933 A classic wooden coaster found in Nickelodeon Land . From 1933 to 2010 it was known simply as Rollercoaster however in 2011 was renamed Nickelodeon Streak . 7 Bikini Bottom Bus Tour 2011 Opened May 2011 . 8 Diego 's Rainforest Rescue 2011 Opened May 2011 . 9 Fairy World Taxi Spin 2011 Opened May 2011 . 10 Krusty Krab Order Up 2011 Opened May 2011 . Retheme of the previous ' The Shoot ' ride . 11 SpongeBob 's Splash Bash 2011 Opened May 2011 . 12 Wonder Pets ! Big Circus Bounce 2011 Opened May 2011 Past rides ( edit ) Past rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Opened Closed Description Switchback Railway 1891 1922 Out And Back wooden coaster . Replaced by the Big Dipper . Hotchkiss ' Bicycle Railway 1896 1900s Remnants of this attraction are held in the Pleasure Beach archive Scenic Railway 1907 1933 A wooden coaster replaced by Grand National . Water Chute ( 1907 -- 1939 ) 1907 1939 A wooden water ride , closed in 1939 , & reopened in 1979 , then closed again in 2004 , and never reopened again after that . Joy Wheel 1909 1915 A roundabout style ride . Velvet Coaster 1909 1932 A wooden coaster replaced by Roller Coaster / Nickelodeon Streak . Witching Waves 1913 1923 A large oval course with a movable metal floor ridden with steerable scooter style cars made for 2 people . The Whip 1914 2008 A Teacup / Waltzer Ride , Removed In 2008 Noah 's Ark 1922 2008 Indoor walkthrough attraction . Virginia Reel 1922 1982 A spinning wooden coaster replaced by Ranger Morph . Junior Whip 1927 2008 A smaller version of The Whip Magic Mountain 1932 Junior dark ride replaced by Dora 's World Voyage . Funhouse 1934 1991 An indoor walkthrough , it was destroyed by a fire & replaced by Valhalla . Turtle Chase 1935 A tumble bug ride . Closed In 2004 , Area Stands Empty Ferris Wheel 1936 1984 A traditional Ferris Wheel ride but with 2 wheels . Sidewinder 1939 1961 A Dive Bomber ride replaced by Astro Liner . Cableway 1960 2000 A classic Von Roll VR101 2 passenger gondola lift . Hourly capacity 300pph . Monorail 1966 2012 Opened as an aerial transport system with three stations , but closed as a non-stop scenic ride . The track still remains in the park . Drench Falls Log Flume 1967 2006 A log flume replaced by Infusion . Monster ! 1968 1995 An octopus ride replaced by Ice Blast . Astro Swirl 1969 2003 A gravitron ride Calypso 1960s 1960s A spinning ride Speedboat 1960s 1978 A slow boat ride Gold Mine 1971 2011 A dark ride that has been replaced by Wallace & Gromit : Thrill - O - Matic . Cyclone A pinfari coaster replaced by The Avalanche . Tom Sawyer Raft Ride A tow boat ride by Intamin Swamp Buggies 1979 2011 An extra-charge bumper boat ride . Replaced by plant pots . Water Chute / Vikingar ( 1979 -- 2004 ) 1979 Previously Closed In 1939 , Reopened In 1979 , Renamed Vikingar In 2000 , Followed By The Opening Of Valhalla , Permanently Closed In 2004 Alpine Golf 1970s 2009 Swiss - themed miniature golf , previously located under Avalanche . Replaced by Alpine Rallye . Astroglide 1970s 1992 A giant slide Astro Liner 1970s 1980s A simulator ride Ben Hur 1970s 1980s Similar to the Whip , however with a pedal to help start motion . Space Tower 1970s 1992 A slow spinning bird eye view tower relocated to Frontierland , Morecambe as POLO Tower & replaced by Pepsi Max Big One . Safari Bugs 1970s 2002 Animal vehicle roundabout has been relocated to Pleasureland Southport and then relocated to Lightwater Valley in 2007 . Tidal Wave 1980 1997 Pirate ship was relocated to Pleasureland Southport , then relocated to M&D 's . Tokaydo Express 1980 1997 A figure eight coaster , it was relocated to Brean Leisure Park , but not there anymore . Trauma Towers ( originally The Haunted Hotel ) 1980 2008 Indoor haunted walkthrough attraction . On January 8th 2018 the facade of Trauma towers was demolished to create space for future rides Paratrooper 1981 1980s spinning funfair ride Bobslay 1982 1982 A bobsleigh ride Ranger A black pearl ride replaced by Rainbow . Space Invader 1984 2008 Indoor roller coaster , it was relocated to Brean Leisure Park in 2011 . Rainbow 1990s A thrill ride Black Hole 1980s 2006 A waltzer in a dark replaced by 4D Cinema . Phantom Chase 1980s 1980s A spinning thrill ride The Twist 1980s A spinning ride The Greatest Show on Earth 1997 A suspended dark ride replaced by Burger King . Clown Coaster 1995 2008 A junior coaster , relocated to Wicksteed Park Spin Doctor 2002 2006 A dive booster ride , One Of Them Possibly Relocated To Pleasure Island And Renamed Hydro Max Big Apple 2003 A caterpillar roller coaster . Replaced by The Beast . Bling 2011 A Zierer Star Shape ride Replaced by Red Arrows Sky Force . 4D Cinema 2007 2008 Extra-charge theatre attraction . Replaced by puppet / magic show . The Beast Unknown Unknown A simulator ride of the wooden rollercoaster at Kings Island . Wild Mouse 1958 2017 In January 2018 it was announced that Wild Mouse had been permanently dismantled . This has allowed for future rides to be placed there . Was one of only three operating wooden Wild Mouse roller coasters in the world . Tetley Tea Cup Ride 1990s Unknown Spinning tea cups ride relocated after the closure of Beaver Creek . Relocated to underneath the Revolution . Incidents ( edit ) Main article : Incidents at European amusement parks There have been several incidents at the park over the years . These incidents include a minor collision between two trains on ' The Big One ' roller - coaster and a similar collision on the ' Avalanche ' bobsled coaster where passengers suffered only minor bruising , whiplash , cuts and one broken nose . On 21 July 2000 , 11 - year - old Christopher Sharrat died after falling from a ride vehicle on the ' Space Invader ' roller - coaster . He was reported to have possibly panicked on the dark ride and unfastened his seatbelt . Following an investigation police were confident that the death was accidental . The ride closed in 2008 and has since relocated to Brean Leisure Park , operating from 2011 as Astro Storm . On 31 August 2000 , 23 people were injured , when 2 ride carriages collided on The Big One due to a failure with the rides braking system . 21 were taken to hospital . On 11 August 2009 , 2 trains on The Big Dipper carrying a total of 32 guests collided , resulting in 21 people requiring treatment for injuries ranging from whiplash and broken noses to cut and bruises . On 14 June 2011 , a ride carriage on The Big One stopped abruptly , causing a few minor injuries to the occupants . One person was reportedly taken to hospital suffering with whiplash . On 24 October 2014 , 58 - year - old Robert Sycamore accompanied his 13 - year - old nephew on The Grand National coaster . When the ride returned to the station Mr Sycamore was found in the bottom of the carriage with neck and back injuries . Its understood he had an underlying back complaint of Spondylitis . Entertainment ( edit ) Hot Ice ( edit ) A seasonal show performed at The Arena ( previously the Ice Drome ) . The show has been running since 1936 and is produced by Amanda Thompson and choreographed by Oula Jaaskelainen . The 2017 production `` Dreams '' runs from 6 July to 9 September . Craig Christian evolution of magic ( edit ) A seasonal show performed by Magician and Illusionists Craig Christian and Elizabeth West at The Horseshoe from 11 July to 3 September 2017 . Ken Webster : mentalist hypnotist ( edit ) A seasonal adult comedy hypnotisism show performed by veteran hypnotist Ken Webster . Webster 's show at the Pleasure Beach is the longest running comedy hypnotism show in the world having played at the resort for over 25 years . Runs every Saturday from 15 April to 4 November 2017 . Russ Brown 's carnival of magic ( edit ) A magic and variety show performed by award - winning children 's magician Russel Brown . Runs from 31 March to 16 April . Then again from 9 September to 5 November 2017 . Spectacular Dancing water show ( edit ) A £ 500,000 musical water feature designed by Aquatique Show International . Featuring 30 individual jets and a water cannon capable of shooting water up to 30 meters into the air , the jets are synchronized to dance to different styles of music and shows run every 30 minutes . Other attractions ( edit ) Adventure Golf : A 12 - hole course situated on the Pleasure Beach - owned Flagstaff Gardens . Opened 2008 . Ripley 's Believe It Or Not ! : A museum of oddities built across two floors and based on Ripley 's Believe It Or Not . Situated along Ocean Boulevard . Haunted Crypt : A haunted house - type walkthrough attraction . Pasaje Del Terror : Interactive horror maze , situated towards the north end of Ocean Boulevard , adjacent to the entrance to Pleasure Beach . Opened in June 1998 . The Arena : A large ice rink situated towards the east of the park . Home to Hot Ice and open year - round . Accommodation ( edit ) A family hotel `` The Big Blue Hotel '' with a four star AA rating , situated adjacent to Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station towards the south end of Ocean Boulevard opened in Spring 2003 . In January 2018 Blackpool Pleasure Beach submitted a planning application for a second hotel and conference centre , as well as a new restaurant . The hotel will be called `` Boulevard Hotel '' and will open in Spring 2019 . Ghosts ( edit ) Pleasure Beach is alleged to be haunted by several ghosts and over the years there have been a number of high - profile paranormal investigations held within its grounds . The most well known and reported ghost story involves the Ghost Train ride , which is supposedly haunted by the spirit of a former ride operator named `` Cloggy '' . Other stories involve poltergeist activity in both the gift shop under Sir Hiram Maxims Captive Flying Machine and The Star pub on Ocean Boulevard . The Arena is also said to be the home of a ghostly presence which inhabits the backstage dressing rooms and tractor bay . The park has featured on many paranormal related TV shows , including Most Haunted and Great British Ghosts and features in many books written on the subject . In Popular Culture ( edit ) In 1997 the Pleasure Beach was the subject of a 6 - part fly - on - the - wall BBC documentary which focussed on the daily operation of the park . Each episode featured interviews with park management and dealt with the numerous triumphs and hurdles of running the park . The Big One is featured in the film The Parole Officer ( 2001 ) and in one episode of A Touch of Frost . The music video for Simply Red 's song `` Fairground '' , as was the video for The Killers ' `` Here With Me '' and 5 Seconds of Summer 's `` Try Hard '' music video were shot here . The Infusion rollercoaster featured in the 2009 Specsavers advertising campaign . In 2002 Most Haunted conducted an investigation at the Pleasure Beach . The Laughing man was briefly portrayed as a psychotic French clown in Jamie H Scrutton 's : `` His Haunted Laughter '' short film in 2010 . The artist performed in the role of the character . The park was included in the drama Waterloo Road . Finn Sharkey ( Jack McMullen ) , Lauren Andrews ( Darcy Isa ) , Sambuca Kelly ( Holly Kenny ) and Tom Clarkson ( Jason Done ) visit the park . Popular ITV soap opera Coronation Street has filmed at the park many times over the years . In 1988 the children 's television programme Blue Peter visited the park . Presenters Mark Curry and Yvette Fielding rode the then newly launched Avalanche coaster and interviewed Doris and Geoffrey Thompson . Professional Wrestler Darren Kenneth Matthews , most commonly known as William Regal began his wrestling career at the park at aged 15 . Parts of the Harry Hill Movie was filmed at Pleasure Beach . An advertising campaign for Irn - Bru featuring a group of goths riding the Revolution roller coaster ( then sponsored by the brand ) was filmed at the park . British boy band JLS rode on the Big Dipper in early 2012 , singing their hit `` Everybody in Love '' as they did so . Their ride was filmed and posted on line via their official Facebook page . Kevin Bacon rode the Big One with a young child to advertise EE 4G The advertisement was then aired on national television in May 2014 . The Ghost Train features in Tim Burton 's 2016 film Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children . The One Show filmed at the park in 2016 and gave a demonstration on ride dynamics including how the compact shape of a vertical loop on the Revolution has to be a certain diameter to make the ride safe and measurements of the G force pressure accumilated on the Ice Blast ride . In November 2016 BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing featured a segment where contestant Judge Rinder visited the Pleasure Beach and rode the Ice Blast ride . Gallery ( edit ) The Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad . When opened on 28 May 1994 The Pepsi Max Big One was the tallest , fastest , and steepest roller coaster in the World . Rides at Pleasure Beach , Blackpool A view over the park , taken from the lift hill of the Pepsi Max The Valhalla ride , which is themed around a mythical place from Norse mythology Statues inside the Chinese Puzzle Maze . The rollercoaster track passing over it is from the Pepsi Max A large Pleasure Beach sign just outside the park , at night . Part of the Big Dipper with Infusion behind it and the Pepsi Max Big One dwarfing both of them in the background . The Irn Bru Revolution . The Avalanche bobsled roller coaster . Pleasure Beach Blackpool from South Pier . The older rides have historical plaques like this one on Wild Mouse . Trauma Towers The entrance and Casino at night . The Pepsi Max Big One at night . See also ( edit ) Pleasureland Southport Frontierland , Morecambe Minirail , a monorail at Expo 67 that shares track and rolling stock with Blackpool , both acquired from the 1964 Swiss National Exhibition . Wallace & Gromit Nickelodeon Alton Towers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.blackpoolpleasurebeach.com/park-guide/plan-your-day-out/opening-times/?month=01-11-2016 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` It Really Is The Big one ! '' . The Daily Mail . London . 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://rcdb.com/4795.htm Jump up ^ http://knowledge.apm.org.uk/project/pepsi-max-big-one-ride-case-study Jump up ^ https://www.blackpoolpleasurebeach.com/rides/revolution/ Jump up ^ http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/what-s-on/red-arrows-to-soar-for-ride-opening-1-7224271 Jump up ^ https://www.blackpoolpleasurebeach.com/rides/skyforce/?gclid=CMH34u_A3cUCFVHKtAodmEkAfA Jump up ^ `` Pleasure Beach 's new coaster consolidates relationship between two amusement industry stalwarts '' . Park World . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Blackpool Pleasure Beach rollercoaster named Icon '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : http://entertainmentdesigner.com/history-of-theme-parks/the-history-of-pleasure-beach-blackpool-the-uks-number-one-amusement-park/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-historic-amusement-parks-fairground-rides/heag057-historic-amusement-parks-iha.pdf/ Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Thompson '' . The Independent . London . 19 June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` A look back at Frontierland '' . The Lancaster Guardian . Lancaster. 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries Doris and Geoffrey Thompson '' . The Guardian . London . 30 June 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.amandajthompson.com/html/profile.html Jump up ^ name = `` knowledge.apm.org.uk '' Jump up ^ http://www.hilldickinson.com/pdf/NW%20Top%20100%20Brands%20Report%202008.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.iaapa.org/about-iaapa/iaapa-awards/history/2009-big-e-award Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://www.blackpoolpleasurebeach.com/lancashire-tourism-awards Jump up ^ http://www.northwestinbloom.co.uk/nwib-current-awards.html Jump up ^ http://lambcoskating.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Arena-Awards-LAMBCO.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://goldenticketawards.com/2014-park-ride-winners/ Jump up ^ http://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Attractions-cAmusementParks-g186216 Jump up ^ http://www.tripadvisor.com/TravelersChoice-Attractions-cAmusementParks-g4 Jump up ^ http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/business/local-business/resort-hotel-is-a-hit-with-families-1-6389292 Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced ! '' . The Golden Ticket Awards Presented by Amusement Today . 2017 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Big Dipper ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Big One ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand National ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Infusion ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Irn - Bru Revolution ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Steeplechase ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zipper Dipper ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Switchback ( Blackpool Pleasure Beach ) '' . Coasterpedia . Jump up ^ `` Wild Mouse ( Pleasure Beach , Blackpool ) '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Boy 's rollercoaster death ' accidental ' '' . BBC News . 2001 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Big Blue Hotel '' . Pleasure Beach , Blackpool . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/local/ghosts-said-to-haunt-pleasure-beach-1-425217 Jump up ^ Beesley , Paul ( 4 July 2008 ) . `` Behind the scenes -- A closer look at Blackpools Monorail '' . Ridemad . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Pleasure Beach Blackpool bought the monorail in 1964 from the Lausanne expo in Switzerland and it was opened in Pleasure Beach in 1966 . Further reading ( edit ) Walton , John K. ( 2007 ) . Riding on Rainbows : Blackpool Pleasure Beach and its Place in British Popular Culture . St. Albans : Skelter Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9544573 - 6 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pleasure Beach Blackpool . Official website Blackpool Pleasure Beach rides Roller coasters Avalanche Big Dipper Big One Blue Flyer Grand National Icon Infusion Nickelodeon Streak Revolution Steeplechase Other attractions Ghost Train Ice Blast : The Ride Nickelodeon Land Pleasure Beach Express Valhalla Wallace & Gromit 's Thrill - O - Matic Former attractions Beaver Creek Big Apple Bling Cyclone Morgan 's Circus Clown Coaster Scenic Railway Space Invader 2 Tokaydo Express Trauma Towers Velvet Coaster Vikingar Virginia Reel Wild Mouse Related articles Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station Attractions in Blackpool Central Pier Blackpool Illuminations Golden Mile North Pier Pleasure Beach Sandcastle Waterpark South Pier Stanley Park Blackpool Tower Blackpool Tramway Winter Gardens Blackpool Zoo Blackpool Pleasure Beach Current : Pleasure Beach , Blackpool Former : Frontierland , Morecambe Pleasureland Southport Magic Harbor Managing Directors : John Outhwaite William G. Bean Leonard Thompson Doris Thompson Geoffrey Thompson Amanda Thompson Nick Thompson Performers : Richard De Vere Ken Webster Amusement parks in the United Kingdom Operated by Merlin Entertainments : Alton Towers Chessington World of Adventures Legoland Windsor Thorpe Park Proposed parks : London Paramount Other theme parks : Adventure Island Adventure Wonderland Barry Island Pleasure Park Barry 's Amusements Blackgang Chine Blackpool Pleasure Beach Brean Leisure Park Clarence Pier Codonas Amusement Park Cornwall 's Crealy Great Adventure Park Devon 's Crealy Great Adventure Park Drayton Manor Dreamland Margate Flamingo Land Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo Funland Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Joyland ( Great Yarmouth ) Lightwater Valley M&Ds Scotland 's Theme Park New Pleasureland Oakwood Paultons Park Pleasure Island Pleasurewood Hills Robin Hill The Needles - Landmark Attraction Twinlakes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackpool_Pleasure_Beach&oldid=854372874 '' Categories : 1896 establishments in England Amusement parks in England Blackpool Pleasure Beach Tourist attractions in Blackpool Blackpool Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 21 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the pleasure beach in blackpool open
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"Blackpool Pleasure Beach is an amusement park situated along the Fylde coast in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. The park was founded in 1896 and has been owned and operated by the Thompson family since its inception. It is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the United Kingdom, and one of the top twenty most visited amusement parks in the world, with a peak estimate of 5.5 million visitors in 2007.[2] In 2014 it was voted as the best theme park in the United Kingdom and the ninth best park in Europe by the Travelers' Choice Awards.[3]\n"
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List of High School Musical characters
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List of High School Musical characters - wikipedia List of High School Musical characters Jump to : navigation , search The main characters of the High School Musical film series . From left to right : Lucas Grabeel as Ryan Evans ; Ashley Tisdale as Sharpay Evans ; Vanessa Hudgens as Gabriella Montez ; Zac Efron as Troy Bolton ; Monique Coleman as Taylor McKessie ; and Corbin Bleu as Chad Danforth . The following article is a list of characters appearing in the High School Musical film series . Currently , the characters who appear in High School Musical , High School Musical 2 , and High School Musical 3 : Senior Year are listed . The first three films focus on the six main characters . The first film chronicles events occurring over several weeks in their junior year of high school , with the second film taking place the following summer . The third film is set in the final semester of senior year . Classmates and parents of these characters , as well as various other characters , are also featured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Troy Bolton 1.1. 1 In other media 1.2 Gabriella Montez 1.3 Sharpay Evans 1.4 Ryan Evans 1.5 Chad Danforth 1.6 Taylor McKessie 2 Other East High students 2.1 Kelsi Nielsen 2.2 Zeke Baylor 2.3 Jason Cross 2.4 Martha Cox 2.5 Tiara Gold 2.6 Jimmie Zara 2.7 Donny Dion 2.8 Susan 2.9 Alan 2.10 Cyndra 3 Other characters 3.1 Peyton Leverett 3.2 Roger Elliston 3.3 Amber Lee Adams 3.4 Parents and adults 3.5 Others 4 References 5 External links Main cast Troy Bolton Troy Bolton High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Zac Efron First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Caddy / Waiter Assistant Golf Instructor ( show ) Family Parents Jack Bolton ( father ) Lucille Bolton ( mother ) Troy Bolton is the main protagonist of the first three films . Depicted as one of East High 's most popular students , Troy is also the captain of the school 's varsity basketball team , a position he earned in his junior year after joining the team as a sophomore . The majority of the student body , especially Troy 's best friend , Chad Danforth , expects Troy to lead East High to victory . Troy is the only child of Jack and Lucille Bolton ; Jack is also the coach of the East High basketball team and puts additional pressure on Troy to excel . Troy is also involved with the school 's golf team . In the first film , Troy meets Gabriella Montez at a ski lodge karaoke party on New Year 's Eve . When the school year resumes , Troy finds that Gabriella is a new student at East High . For fear of what his father , friends , and classmates would think , Troy asks Gabriella not to mention his singing performance to anybody else . However , the secret eventually gets out when Troy and Gabriella unintentionally audition for the winter musical after singing in the auditorium . The news throws East High 's social order out of balance . Troy finds himself having to choose between Gabriella and the musical callbacks or his team and the championship game . Although his friends initially try to thwart Troy 's chances of being cast as the musical 's lead , they help him make both the game and the callbacks , which had been scheduled on the same afternoon . Troy and Gabriella earn the lead roles , somewhat angering the drama department 's president , Sharpay Evans . In High School Musical 2 , Sharpay has her mind set on capturing Troy 's affections and coming between him and Gabriella . Troy , Gabriella , and their friends are hired at a local country club , Lava Springs , but are weary of their new - found employment when they learn the club is owned by Sharpay 's parents . Sharpay uses her wealth , power , and influence over Troy , tempting him with college opportunities in exchange for him singing with her at the club 's Midsummer Night Talent Show . Troy gives into Sharpay 's plot , causing Gabriella , Chad , and their friends to see Troy as a whole new person . Although Troy is being offered a college scholarship , he soon realizes he must not compromise his character while on the quest for his future , and returns to his old self . In the franchise 's third film , Troy once again feels uncertain about his future as high school graduation draws near . While Troy is set to attend the University of Albuquerque , he begins to have second thoughts about other schools he and his father talked about . Coach Bolton and Chad are both insistent on Troy attending the university , but he decides to attend University of California , Berkeley in order to pursue both basketball and theater and to be closer to Gabriella , who enrolls at Stanford University . In the first three films , Troy is portrayed by Zac Efron , with Drew Seeley providing his singing voice in the first film . The reason for this dubbing is still somewhat unclear , although Efron has told Rolling Stone that the songs for the first film were written prior to casting and out of his vocal range . Casting for the role was a multi-audition process , and candidates for the role included Hunter Parrish and Sterling Knight . Efron had previously audition for a Disney Channel pilot that was not picked up by the network a few years prior to casting for High School Musical . Although the franchise will continue with a fourth film , Efron and his character will not be returning . In other media Efron reprised the role in the short film High School Musical 4 on Saturday Night Live . In Life with Archie : Archie Love Veronica : Lodge -- A Complaint ! , when Betty Cooper is talking about how all the men she has dated have all been nothing but `` clone ( s ) of Archie '' , she lists Troy Bolton as one of those she has dated . Gabriella Montez Gabriella Montez High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Vanessa Hudgens First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Other names Gabby Occupation Student Lifeguard ( show ) Family Parents Ms. Montez ( mother ) When the two settle in Albuquerque , New Mexico , Gabriella 's mother promises they will not relocate until she graduates high school . Gabriella begins attending East High mid-year in the first film . Hoping to escape the `` freaky genius girl '' reputation she had earned at her previous schools , she does not join any extracurricular activities . Her first friend at East High is Troy Bolton , whom she had met at a ski lodge karaoke party on New Year 's Eve , however she quickly makes friends with Taylor McKessie , who finds out about Gabriella 's various academic accomplishments and urges her to join the school 's nation decathlon team . Gabriella is hesitant , but eventually agrees . Having unearthed a passion for performing at the karaoke party , Gabriella decides to audition for the school musical , but is too late . It is only when the musical 's director , Ms. Darbus , overhears Gabriella singing with Troy that she gives them both a callback . Gabriella is uncertain about perusing the lead role , especially when Taylor and the other members of the decathlon team tell her that the musical will take her focus off the upcoming decathlon event . Taylor and her friends stage an intervention , which portrays Troy as not caring about Gabriella or the musical . Heartbroken , Gabriella drops out of the running for the lead role . However , Taylor eventually confesses what she did and helps Gabriella make the decathlon and the musical auditions . Gabriella and Troy earn the lead roles , beating out Sharpay Evans , who had previously tried to thwart her chances of making the callbacks . In the second film , Gabriella has maintained her romance with Troy , and the couple , along with their friends , get jobs at the Lava Springs country club . Seeking revenge , Sharpay lures Troy away from Gabriella and his friends , showering him with various luxuries , including promising college opportunities . After Troy repeatedly breaks his promises and backs out of his commitments , Gabriella breaks up with him , only for the couple to reunite . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , a Stanford - bound Gabriella is uneasy about the fast pace her life has taken . Before graduation , Gabriella briefly considers taking classes at the local university for a year and going to Stanford when she is ready , much to the dismay of Taylor and Ms. Montez . Troy urges Gabriella to accept an early orientation . Gabriella goes to Stanford but must drop out of the school musical ( allowing Sharpay to fill the lead role ) and miss prom . Wanting his last dance at East High to be with Gabriella , Troy drives to Stanford and the two share an intimate prom of their own . He convinces Gabriella to return to East High for opening night of the musical and for graduation . Gabriella will attend Stanford and study law . She was referenced by Sharpay in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Gabriella , who was named for the daughter of High School Musical writer Peter Barsocchini but modeled after a girl Barsocchini met before his teenage years , is portrayed by Vanessa Hudgens in the first three films of the franchise . Hudgens had previously auditioned for other Disney Channel projects . During auditions , Hudgens was paired with Zac Efron , who landed the role of Troy , at each callback , with director Kenny Ortega saying `` We tried to separate them and try them with other partners but it did n't work . The magic was already there between them . '' Following Hudgens ' 2007 nude photo scandal , reports claimed that Adrienne Bailon and other actresses would replace Hudgens in the third film of the franchise . However , Disney had denied the reports and Hudgens returned for High School Musical 3 . Hudgens will not , however , reprise her role for High School Musical 4 . Sharpay Evans Sharpay Evans High School Musical film series , Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( spinoff ) character Portrayed by Ashley Tisdale First appearance High School Musical Last appearance Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Star on Broadway ( show ) Family Parents Vance Evans ( father ) Darby Evans ( mother ) Siblings Ryan Evans ( twin brother ) Sharpay Evans is the main antagonist of the films and the co-president of the East High drama department alongside her twin brother , Ryan , with whom she has starred in 17 school productions . Sharpay appears to have the most power in the drama department , leaving Ryan as her right - hand man . However , the sibling loyalty is not always mutual . Classmate Taylor McKessie suspects that if Sharpay `` could figure out how to play both Romeo and Juliet , her own brother would be aced out of a job . '' Sharpay 's family is very affluent ; their wealth stems from the country club , Lava Springs , her parents own . In High School Musical , Sharpay is shown as being somewhat popular . Students on campus seem to fear her , as they scour to make room for her in the hallways or cafeteria . Fear also appears to be the reason why other students , such as Kelsi Nielsen , remain a part of Sharpay 's posse . Sharpay is sometimes the victim of playful jokes and light teasing from the East High basketball team , despite the fact that one of their star players , Zeke Baylor , has a crush on Sharpay . Sharpay 's talents are challenged for the first time when Gabriella Montez and Troy Bolton are called back for the lead roles in the musical . To ensure that she and Ryan remain in the spotlight , Sharpay convinces Ms. Darbus , the musical 's director , to switch the date of the callbacks to the same day as Troy 's district championship basketball game and Gabriella 's national decathlon . However , Troy and Gabriella still manage to make the callbacks and are cast in the lead roles of Arnold and Minnie . In the second film , Sharpay seems to have gained more popularity , with adoring fans wanting her signature in their yearbooks at the end of the school year . Sharpay plans to steal Troy away from Gabriella during summer vacation . She has the manager of Lava Springs , Mr. Fulton , hire Troy to work at the country club , ordering him to do so , whatever it takes . The cost of Troy 's employment is the employment of Gabriella and their friends . Realizing that she must now try to win Troy 's affections with extreme measures , Sharpay brings Troy into the high class world of her family , which eventually leads to his promotion and college opportunities . Sharpay also convinces Troy to sing with her in the Midsummer Night Talent Show , abandoning plans to enter the show with Ryan . Ryan begins to step out of Sharpay 's shadow and Troy eventually begins to free himself from Sharpay 's grip . Sharpay is unable to perform at the talent show , but does join Troy and Gabriella 's duet in the background , along with their other friends . Despite having little involvement in the show , the fixed competition 's prize , the Star Dazzle Award , was going to be given to her , but she selflessly awards the prize to her brother , who arranged Troy and Gabriella 's duet . By the third film , Sharpay 's popularity seems to be limited among admiring boys . In her senior year , Sharpay meets Tiara Gold , a British transfer student eager to learn the ropes at East High by becoming Sharpay 's student . Tiara 's dedication is impressive , but it turns out to be a facade . On opening night of the spring musical , Tiara attempts to upstage Sharpay , but fails . Sharpay does not received a scholariship to the Juilliard School like she had hoped and will study the dramatic arts at the University of Albuquerque , but has agreed to return to East High to assist Ms. Darbus with the drama department and to continue her reign over Tiara . Sharpay becomes the main protagonist in her independent film , Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , where she believes she is offered a role on Broadway and travels to New York with her dog , Boi . Her father agrees to give her a one - month limit to prove that she can stand on her own : if she fails , then she will work for him at the Lava Springs Country Club . While in New York , she meets Peyton Leverette , the son of her mom 's college friend , who takes her to a new apartment after she got thrown out of a penthouse for refusing to throw her dog out . After finding out that the agents really want her dog , not her , she befriends the star , Amber Lee Adams , who manipulates her into doing chores , being her manager in exchange for her dog 's role , until she sees Amber Lee 's true face . Roger , whose dog is on competition with Sharpay 's , helps expose Amber Lee to the world , almost causing the show to be cancelled . Peyton shows a video of Sharpay 's secret performance to convince the agents that she can save the show by replacing Amber Lee Adams . Sharpay 's performance turns her into a star on Broadway and she starts dating Peyton . Sharpay is portrayed by Ashley Tisdale in the four films of the series . Tisdale , who was previously known for her starring role on the Disney Channel series `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody '' , insists that she was not offered the role of Sharpay and had to audition , also claiming that she almost did n't get the role because the Disney executives did not think she could play the `` mean girl '' role based on her performance in `` The Suite Life '' . Tisdale said that she went into the auditions at the last minute , but felt very comfortable in front of the Disney executives , as she already knew them . To ensure that viewers loved to hate her character , Tisdale looked to Rachel McAdams ' performance in Mean Girls . Ryan Evans Ryan Evans High School Musical film series , Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ' character Portrayed by Lucas Grabeel First appearance High School Musical Last appearance Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Star ( show ) Family Parents Vance Evans ( father ) Darby Evans ( mother ) Siblings Sharpay Evans ( twin sister ) Ryan Evans is the twin brother of Sharpay Evans . Like his sister , Ryan is very much involved with musical theater and performing . However , his interests do not end at theater , as he also enjoys playing baseball and won the junior league world series sometime before the film series . Ryan is well known for wearing different styles of hats . In the first film , Ryan is depicted as being dim - witted and completely submissive to Sharpay , though this could be because he likes Troy and Gabriella . When Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez threaten Ryan and Sharpay 's chances of being cast as the leads at East High 's winter musical , Ryan assists Sharpay in making sure Troy and Gabriella 's scheduled conflict with the callback dates . The plan falls through and Troy is cast in the lead role . In High School Musical 2 , Ryan plans on enjoying the summer at his family 's country club , Lava Springs , and entering the Midsummer Night Talent Show with Sharpay . However , he begins to step out of his sister 's shadow when she decides to enter the talent show with Troy . Ryan decides to help Gabriella and her friends , who have felt abandoned by Troy , stage an act for the talent show . This causes a rift in his relationship with Sharpay , who still expects him to be at her side . In the end , Ryan is awarded the Star Dazzle Award at the talent show for his directional work . In the third film of the franchise , with more independence by himself and being less controlled by his sister , Ryan is a candidate for a scholarship to the Juilliard School for dance . He is competing for one scholarship with Sharpay , Troy , and shy composer Kelsi Nielsen . The school 's scouts will attend opening night of the East High spring musical to determine who will be the recipient . Ryan is the choreographer of the show while Kelsi is the composer . Through their work together , Ryan attend prom together with Kelsi , but only as friends . He receive a scholarship to Juilliard . At the end of Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , Ryan is on a break from his musical tour around the country and pays a visit to his sister Sharpay after she became a star on Broadway to congratulate her . While Sharpay goes to chase Boi , Ryan enjoys her bed until it folds back into the closet , taking Ryan with it . Ryan is played by Lucas Grabeel in the first three installments of the franchise . Corbin Bleu , who was later cast as Chad Danforth , auditioned for the role of Ryan . Grabeel had previously appeared in Disney Channel 's Halloweentown High . Only after the end of the franchise , David Simpatico , one of the writers , revealed Ryan 's homosexuality , described he as a `` coded gay '' -- characters without revealed sexuality by the rules of the studios , a controversial topic when talking to children and teenagers . Ortega based the character on his own adolescence : `` I see a lot of myself in Ryan . Yeah , I knew I was gay in high school , but I did n't tell anybody '' . Chad Danforth Chad Danforth High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Corbin Bleu First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Caddy / Waiter ( show ) Family Parents Charlie Danforth ( father ) Mrs. Danforth ( mother ) Chad Danforth is Troy Bolton 's best friend and teammate . Chad is known for wearing shirts with eccentric phrases and messages on them . In the third film , those messages are all environment - friendly . In High School Musical , Chad is gearing up for the district championship basketball game and assumes Troy , also the team captain , is doing the same . However , news soon spreads around school that Troy and Gabriella Montez , a new student , have auditioned for the school musical and have been called back for the lead roles . Hoping to keep Troy 's head in the game , Chad and his teammates stage an intervention while Taylor McKessie and her friends , who want Gabriella to stay focused on the national decathlon team , do the same with Gabriella . The plan is successful , but Chad and Taylor soon realize that they hurt their close friends . After admitting their guilt , they help Troy and Gabriella make the callbacks , as well as the game and decathlon . At the end of the film , Chad asks Taylor on a date . In the second film , Chad and Taylor seem to have maintained a relationship . Hoping to save up for a car , Chad takes a job at the Lava Springs country club for the summer , alongside Troy , Gabriella , Taylor , and their friends . Chad reluctantly agrees to participate with the other employees in the Midsummer Night Talent Show at the club . His friendship with Troy also hits a wall when Troy compromises himself for luxuries at the country club . The two , however , make up . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Chad is looking forward to playing basketball with Troy at the University of Albuquerque following high school graduation . He is initially upset when Troy decides to attend the University of California , Berkeley instead , but accepts the fact that he and Troy can not stay together forever . Chad also struggles with asking Taylor to prom , but finally succeeds after several tries . Corbin Bleu portrays Chad Danforth in the first three films of the franchise . Bleu originally auditioned for the role of Ryan Evans , but was suggested for the role of Chad instead . Bleu had auditioned for Disney Channel projects in the past . Taylor McKessie Taylor McKessie High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Monique Coleman First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Event / Activities Coordinator ( show ) Family Siblings Unnamed older sister Taylor McKessie is the president of the science club at East High and a member of the school 's national decathlon team . Taylor is a feminist and admires many important women in history . She is also shown to have a wide range of knowledge , including anything from computers to the daily lunch special in the school cafeteria . In the first film , she is shown as finding the school 's athlete as tribal . She is also impressed at the intellect of new student Gabriella Montez . Articles of Gabriella 's academic achievements at her old schools are placed in Taylor 's locker . Although Gabriella did not slip the articles in the locker , she agrees to join the decathlon team at Taylor 's suggestion . However , when Gabriella 's interest begins to turn to the school musical and Troy Bolton , Taylor teams up with Troy 's best friend , Chad , to make sure they can keep their friends away from one another and focused on the prize . While Chad and his basketball teammates explain to Troy that they will not win the district championship game if he is involved with the musical , they film him saying that the musical and Gabriella are not important . Taylor show Gabriella the footage and she is left heartbroken . Realizing the magnitude of what they have done , Taylor and Chad work together again to make sure Troy and Gabriella make the musical callbacks . Taylor 's role in the plan is to set off a chemical reaction that would result in the evacuation of the national decathlon . At the end of the film , Taylor is asked out by Chad . In High School Musical 2 , Taylor , Gabriella , Chad , Troy , and their friends are hired at the Lava Springs country club , owned by the parents of Sharpay Evans , the school drama queen . Taylor is the first to notice that Troy is changing and being pulled into Sharpay 's world . She tries to convince Gabriella that Troy is no longer the nice guy she fell for . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Taylor is editor of the school yearbook . While she will attend Yale University and study political science ( with the goal of becoming President of the United States ) , she pushes Gabriella to accept an early orientation at Stanford University while joining the others for a last spring musicale . Taylor is portrayed by Monique Coleman in the first three films of the series . Coleman had previously auditioned for Disney Channel . Other East High students Kelsi Nielsen Kelsi Nielsen High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Olesya Rulin First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Pianist Kelsi Nielsen is a songwriter and composer and student at East High . She is very introverted and is very intimidated by Sharpay Evans , the president of the school 's drama department . In High School Musical , Ms. Darbus , the director of the school 's winter musical , allows Kelsi to compose the music . During the auditions , Sharpay and her brother , Ryan , perform one of Kelsi 's original songs , `` What I 've Been Looking For '' , but with an upbeat arrangement . When Kelsi tells Sharpay that she imagined the song to be much slower , Sharpay belittles her and Kelsi retreats . After auditions , Kelsi is approached by Troy and Gabriella , who tell her she does not have to be intimidated by Sharpay . She offers to show them how the song they sang is supposed to sound . Troy and Gabriella sing the duet ballad and Ms. Darbus , who had re-entered the auditorium , gives them a callback . Kelsi works with Troy and Gabriella to ensure that they beat out Sharpay and Ryan for the lead roles . The second film shows Kelsi , Troy , Gabriella , and their friends working at the Lava Springs country club , which is owned by Sharpay 's family . Kelsi 's job is playing the piano in the dining room . She is also the rehearsal pianist for Sharpay . She has a mutual love interest in Jason Cross , but never been shown a relationship . Although , in the third film he attends prom with Ryan when he invites her to work together , but only as friends . Kelsi receive scholarships for the Juilliard School , where she will study music . Kelsi is portrayed by Olesya Rulin in the first three films of the series . Rulin , who had previously starred in Disney Channel 's Halloweentown High alongside Lucas Grabeel , was cast in her High School Musical role immediately after her own high school graduation . Zeke Baylor Zeke Baylor High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Chris Warren , Jr . First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Chef Zeke Baylor is one of East High 's most talented basketball players . He appears to be very close to Jason Cross , Troy Bolton , and Chad Danforth . He also is attracted to Sharpay Evans . In High School Musical , he is one of several students to reveal a secret passion following Troy Bolton 's audition for the school musical . Zeke 's passion is baking , which impresses Sharpay at the end of the film . In High School Musical 2 , Zeke is one of many East High students to be hired to work at Sharpay 's family 's country club , Lava Springs . He assists Chef Michael in the kitchen . His crush on Sharpay still remains , but the two are not seen together until the end of the film . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Sharpay asks Zeke to prom and he joins his friends in a final musical , but also has to work hard to pass his Family Science Class . Chris Warren , Jr. portrays Zeke in the first three High School Musical films . Although his character graduates in the third film , Warren stated after High School Musical 2 that he planned to appear in two more sequels , indicating possible involvement in High School Musical 4 : East Meets West . Jason Cross Jason Cross High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Ryne Sanborn First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Dishwasher Jason Cross is a member of the East High School boys ' varsity basketball team and one of Troy Bolton , Chad Danforth , and Zeke Baylor 's good friends . He tends to ask questions or make statements that make him come off as a kiss - up or unintelligent . In High School Musical , he works as a bus boy at Lava Springs country club . He has a mutual love interest in Kelsi Nielsen , but never been shown a relationship . In the third film he attends prom with Martha Cox , but only as good friends , when Kelsi goes with Ryan . While he joins his friends on a final musical before graduation , he also has to spend time to study for his finals . At the end of the movie , he finally earns enough scores to graduate . Jason is portrayed by Ryne Sanborn in the first three films of the series . Martha Cox Martha Cox High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Kaycee Stroh First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Culinary Assistant Martha Cox is an East High School student and member of the national decathlon team . In wake of Troy 's audition for the winter musical in High School Musical , Martha confesses that she enjoys hip - hop dancing . In High School Musical 2 , Martha works at the Lava Springs country club as part of the kitchen staff . She becomes a cheerleader in the third film and participates in a final musical with her friends . Martha is portrayed by Kaycee Stroh in the first three films in the franchise . Stroh took some of her dance students to audition for High School Musical as background dancers . Director Kenny Ortega pulled her aside and asked her to audition for the role of Martha , choosing her . Tiara Gold Tiara Gold High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Jemma McKenzie - Brown First appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Personal Assistant Tiara Gold is a British transfer student who takes a job as Sharpay Evans ' assistant to learn the ropes at East High . She shows some initial interest in musical theater , but is careful not to upstage Sharpay . Due to her dedicated presence during rehearsals for the spring musical , Ms. Darbus casts Tiara as an understudy . Tiara later overhears Gabriella Montez talking to Taylor McKessie about an early orientation at Stanford University , which would make Gabriella unable to perform as the lead in the musical . Tiara informs Sharpay , who is impressed by her dedication . Gabriella leaves for the orientation , allowing Sharpay to take over her part . Tiara , in turn , takes over Sharpay 's former role . During opening night , Sharpay is embarrassed after having to perform with Jimmie Zara , Troy Bolton 's understudy . When she goes back to her dressing room , she finds Tiara in her costume . Tiara tells Sharpay that she is the new queen of the drama department and that it is time for Sharpay to move aside . Sharpay , in retaliation , upstages Tiara onstage . Later , Tiara learns that Sharpay will be returning occasionally to East High after graduation to help Ms. Darbus with the drama department and , undoubtedly , continue to upstage Tiara . Tiara is portrayed by Jemma McKenzie - Brown in High School Musical 3 : Senior Year . Disney star Selena Gomez has admitted to turning down the role , while Ali Lohan reportedly auditioned for the role . Although Brown was originally set to star in High School Musical 4 : East Meets West , it has since been confirmed that she will not reprise her role . Jimmie Zara Jimmie Zara High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Matt Prokop First appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Other names `` Rocketman '' , `` The Rocket '' Occupation Student Jimmie Zara , also known as `` the Rocket '' or `` Rocketman '' , is a member on the East High School boys ' varsity basketball team . In the final game of High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , he is used as somewhat of a secret weapon and scores the winning basket . He looks up to Troy Bolton and has a small crush on Sharpay Evans . He is Troy 's understudy for the spring musical and is able to perform with Sharpay on opening night . Matt Prokop portrays Jimmie in the third film of the series . Disney star Tony Oller auditioned for this role . Prokop has stated that he signed on for three potential films , including High School Musical 3 . However , Prokop has since confirmed that he will not be in the fourth film , as Disney wanted to go in a new direction . Donny Dion Donny Dion High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Justin Martin First appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Donny Dion is a member of the East High School boys ' varsity basketball team . It is unclear whether or not he is a player or an equipment manager or towel boy . Nevertheless , he looks up to Chad Danforth and evens asks to have Chad 's gym locker after he graduates . His best friend is Jimmie Zara . Donny is portrayed by Justin Martin in High School Musical 3 : Senior Year . Martin almost gave up on auditioning for the roll because the casting directors told him he was too little . Susan Susan is a girl who auditions for the winter musical but did not get the role even though Ms. Darbus was impressed with some hand gestures she made . She is portrayed by Anne Kathryn Parma . Alan Alan is a boy who auditions for the winter musical but did not get the role . He is portrayed by Nick Whitaker . Cyndra Cyndra is a girl who auditions for the winter musical and is not happy when she does not get the role . She is portrayed by Falcon Grace . Other characters Peyton Leverett Peyton Leverett High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Austin Butler First appearance Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Profile Occupation Student of New York University ( show ) Family Parents Unnamed mother Peyton Leverett is the male protagonist and love interest of Sharpay Evans in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . He is a film student at New York University who is assigned by his mother to keep an eye on Sharpay while she 's in town , and immediately finds her interesting and decides to make her his filming subject of `` A special story in New York '' . He is the one who helps Sharpay locate a studio apartment , encourages her to pursue her dreams , adapt to her surroundings and reminds her of who she really is when she is about to lose herself . When Sharpay becomes Amber Lee Adam 's secretary , she loses time to spend with Peyton . Peyton becomes frustrated with her ignorance to Amber Lee 's ambitions , Boi and Countess 's newfound relationship and lack of time to spend with him . The two have an argument and Peyton drops her from his project until she apologizes to him the next day . After Amber Lee quit the show , Peyton shows the agents and producers a video of Sharpay 's secret rehearsal to prove that she can save the show . The producers are so impressed by her performance that they re-hire Sharpay as the lead of `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' . Sharpay expresses her worries and anxiety , but Peyton manages to help her maintain confidence and then kisses her . He is last seen greeting Sharpay 's parents seconds before the show starts . Peyton is portrayed by Austin Butler , who had also starred with Ashley Tisdale in Aliens in the Attic , where they played each other 's paternal cousins . Roger Elliston Roger Elliston is a young , wealthy boy who shares most of Sharpay 's personality and appears in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , where he and Sharpay compete each other to win a role for their dogs . He continuously attempts to win the role for his dog , Countess , by cheating . Eventually , he and Sharpay find out that Amber Lee Adams has forced to producers to remove the dogs from the show , and both are forced to come together to reveal Amber Lee Adams ' true image to the world . Although they manage to expose Amber Lee 's true self to the world , this results in Amber Lee quitting the show , Sharpay getting fired and almost causing the show to be cancelled . When the producers re-hire Sharpay , she demands that Boi and Countess share the role of Shelby equally , much to Roger 's pleasure . Roger is portrayed by Bradley Steven Perry . Amber Lee Adams Amber Lee Adams is a support character who appears in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . She is a famous film star who is about to hired as the main character on Broadway in a show called `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' . She is always sweet and kind to those around her , but that is only for her image . In truth , she is self - absorbed , demanding , mean , and manipulative , much like Sharpay in the previous films . She fires her secretary for being late and then hires Sharpay to do her chores and keep check of her schedules , and manipulates her to do her bidding by acting kind in front of her . In the end , she gets tired of the dogs , Boi and Countess , and demands the producers remove the dogs from the show . Sharpay hears this and works with Roger to expose Amber Lee 's true face to the world . Amber Lee Adams is played by Cameron Goodman . Parents and adults Jack Bolton is Troy Bolton 's father and the coach of the East High boys ' varsity basketball team . He is angry when he finds out that Troy auditioned for the school musical weeks before the district championship game in . He voices his disapproval but changes his mind when he sees how talented Troy is . When Troy begins working at the Lava Springs country club , Jack advises Troy to keep his eye on college . Jack is once again angry with Troy when he learns Troy is considering other schools besides the University of Albuquerque ; however , he comes to terms with Troy 's decision to enroll at the University of California , Berkeley . Coach Bolton is played by Bart Johnson in the first three films of the series . Ms. Darbus is the overly - dramatic musical director at East High . Her classroom serves as homeroom for Troy Bolton , Gabriella Montez , Sharpay Evans , Ryan Evans , Chad Danforth , Taylor McKessie , Kelsi Nielsen , and other students . She has an intense dislike of cell phones , particularly when they ring in the theater . She and coworked Coach Jack Bolton do not always see eye - to - eye . In the first film , Ms. Darbus is convinced that Troy and Gabriella only auditioned for the musical to mock it . In the end , she casts them as the leads . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Ms. Darbus submits Troy 's name for a scholarship to the Juilliard School without his knowledge . Ms. Darbus is portrayed by Alyson Reed in the films . Ms. Montez is the single mother of Gabriella Montez . Gabriella has stated that she and her mother relocated several times . They move to Albuquerque halfway through Gabriella 's junior year , and she promises Gabriella that it is a permanent arrangement until she graduates . Ms. Montez is very proud of Gabriella for being accepted to Stanford University and does not agree with her daughter when she suggests taking a year off after high school . As Gabriella 's graduation approaches , Ms. Montez puts the house up for sale . It is unclear what happened to Ms. Montez 's husband . He has only been mentioned once , by Gabriella as she recollects her childhood , and is presumably dead . Ms. Montez is portrayed by Socorro Herrera in the first and third films . Vance Evans is the wealthy father of Sharpay and Ryan Evans and the owner of the Lava Springs country club . He holds the highest record on the club 's golf course , which he built himself . His alma mater is the University of Albuquerque . He is very impressed by Troy Bolton and offers him opportunities through his connections with the university . Vance is portrayed by Robert Curtis Brown in the second and third films . Darby Evans is the wealthy mother of Sharpay and Ryan Evans and the wife of Vance Evans . She approves the hiring of several East High students to the Lava Springs country club , much to the dismay of Sharpay , who only wanted Troy Bolton to work there . She is very interested in yoga , has a unique relationship with both students , and is unskilled at golf . She is portrayed by Jessica Tuck in the second and third films . Thomas Fulton is the manager of the Lava Springs country club . He is obligated to take Sharpay Evans ' orders . In doing so , he hires Troy Bolton to work at the club . He is uptight and prefers structure and discipline . He is portrayed by Mark L. Taylor in High School Musical 2 . Dave Matsui is the principal of East High . He is first seen welcoming Gabriella Montez to East High . He also seems to have to deal with the quarrels between Coach Jack Bolton and Ms. Darbus . He insists that they need to learn to work together , although he seems to have more interest in Coach Bolton 's side of the argument . Principal Matsui is portrayed by Joey Miyashima in High School Musical and High School Musical 3 : Senior Year . Lucille Bolton is Troy Bolton 's mother and Jack Bolton 's wife . She is depicted as being somewhat annoyed with Troy and Jack 's extreme dedication to basketball . Lucille is portrayed by Leslie Wing in the first three installments of the series . Charlie Danforth is the father of Chad Danforth and friend of Jack Bolton . He is portrayed by Corbin Bleu 's real - life father , David Reivers in the third film . His unnamed wife is portrayed by Yolanda Wood in the third film . An unnamed chemistry teacher at East High . She is portrayed by Irene Santiago - Baron . Ms. Falstaff is a librarian at East High . In the first film , she constantly reminds Chad to keep quiet in the library . She is portrayed by Joyce Cohen . Others Jackie , Lea , and Emma are Sharpay Evans ' friends , sometimes called the `` Sharpettes '' . The girls are sometimes collectively known as the Sharpettes , as they often act as back - up singers and dancers for Sharpay , but are never referred to as such in the film series . It is apparent that they do not attend East High School and spend the majority of their time with Sharpay during the summer at her family 's country club , Lava Springs . They seem to be equally as pampered as Sharpay , but always follow her every order . Jackie , Lea , and Emma are only portrayed in High School Musical 2 , by Tanya Chisholm , Kelli Baker , and McCall Clark , respectively . Baker had a role as a cheerleader and dancer in the first film . Boi is Sharpay 's dog who appears in High School Musical 2 , High School Musical 3 : Senior Year and Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , Boi is taken to New York with Sharpay . He is given an opportunity to participate in a play called `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' on Broadway , which Sharpay initially believed was her opportunity until the casting agent clarified her mistake . Boi meets another dog called Countess and they fall in love with each other , but their owners initially fail to see their affections . He is portrayed by director Kenny Ortega 's dog , Manly `` Little Pickles '' Ortega . Countess is Roger Elliston 's well - trained dog who appears in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Countess meets another dog called Boi and they fall in love with each other , but their owners initially fail to see their affections . Lupe , Tiffany and Dena are Sharpay 's friends in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure who help her to show her father that she 's determined to take an offer for Broadway . They are portrayed by Alessandra Cannito , Lauren Collins and Shadia Ali , respectively . Jerry Taylor is a famous Broadway producer who offers Sharpay 's dog , Boi , the chance to star in his latest show . He is portrayed by Pat Mastroianni in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Gill Samms is a producer of Jerry 's show . He is portrayed by Alec Mapa in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Neal Roberts is another producer of Jerry 's show . He is portrayed by Jack Plotnick in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . References Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 61 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , issue # 1033 , Aug. 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Man Off Campus '' Archived 2009 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . GQ . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sterling Knight interview . The Bonnie Hunt Show . YouTube . Retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Child Stars : Casting Director Judy Taylor Backstage Casting . YouTube . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron Says No to High School Musical 4 '' Waleg , Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ HSM writer Peter Barsocchini on his daughter Gabriella Archived 2009 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Big Pond . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catching up with the cast of High School Musical '' Scholastic . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast : London Press Junket '' Gossip Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Adrienne Bailon Vanessa Hudgens ' High School Musical ' Replacement Pop Crunch . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' Musical ' star not dumped by Disney MSNBC . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Back to Junior Varsity for Disney 's `` High School Musical '' Franchise The New York Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 10 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 28 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 33 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Video of Ashley Tisdale on `` The View '' on September 3 , 2007 YouTube . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 3 's Ryan Evans still a coded gay character '' . New Now Next . October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The `` High School Musical '' Cast Reveals Facts You Probably Did n't Know `` . BuzzFeed . January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olesya Rulin official website : High School Musical 3 Archived 2010 - 01 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Olesya Rulin Official Website . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Report from Disney 's High School Musical 2 DVD Launch at El Capitan Theater UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dancing with Kaycee Stroh Scholastic . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Teen star Selena Gomez looks beyond Disney New York Daily News . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ali Lohan Auditions for ' High School Musical 3 ' Access Hollywood . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ High School Musical 's Jemma ' Tiara ' McKenzie - Brown was a star pupil in Yorkshire and is tipped to hit the bigtime in Hollywood Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ Jemma McKenzie Brown Will Not Be in High School Musical Show Hype . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tony Oller Talks High School Musical 3 Tryout Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . PopLife . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Interview with Just Jared Jr . Jump up ^ Matt Prokop : Not Cast in High School Musical 4 The Hollywood Gossip . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Leon protege nearly misses ' Senior Year ' Archived 2009 - 08 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Access Atlanta . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . External links Disney 's High School Musical official site High School Musical Films High School Musical ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Soundtrack albums High School Musical High School Musical 2 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Other albums Hits Remixed Non-Stop Dance Party Songs High School Musical `` What I 've Been Looking For '' `` Stick to the Status Quo '' `` Breaking Free '' High School Musical 2 `` What Time Is It ? '' `` Fabulous '' `` Work This Out '' `` You Are the Music in Me '' `` I Do n't Dance '' High School Musical 3 `` Now or Never '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` I Want It All '' `` A Night to Remember '' Video games Makin ' the Cut ! Work This Out ! Senior Year Dance Senior Year DS Disney Sing It High School Musical High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Pop Hits Family Hits Party Hits Other productions Concert tour Stage production Sequel The Music in You Get in the Picture El Desafío Argentina A Seleção Brazil O Desafio Brazil High School Musical Jr Other media Discography Book series Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_High_School_Musical_characters&oldid=800190216 '' Categories : High School Musical Disney characters originating in film Lists of Disney characters Musical characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where did chad from high school musical go to college
|
[
"Chad Danforth is Troy Bolton's best friend and teammate. Chad is known for wearing shirts with eccentric phrases and messages on them. In the third film, those messages are all environment-friendly. In High School Musical, Chad is gearing up for the district championship basketball game and assumes Troy, also the team captain, is doing the same. However, news soon spreads around school that Troy and Gabriella Montez, a new student, have auditioned for the school musical and have been called back for the lead roles. Hoping to keep Troy's head in the game, Chad and his teammates stage an intervention while Taylor McKessie and her friends, who want Gabriella to stay focused on the national decathlon team, do the same with Gabriella. The plan is successful, but Chad and Taylor soon realize that they hurt their close friends. After admitting their guilt, they help Troy and Gabriella make the callbacks, as well as the game and decathlon. At the end of the film, Chad asks Taylor on a date. In the second film, Chad and Taylor seem to have maintained a relationship. Hoping to save up for a car, Chad takes a job at the Lava Springs country club for the summer, alongside Troy, Gabriella, Taylor, and their friends. Chad reluctantly agrees to participate with the other employees in the Midsummer Night Talent Show at the club. His friendship with Troy also hits a wall when Troy compromises himself for luxuries at the country club. The two, however, make up. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, Chad is looking forward to playing basketball with Troy at the University of Albuquerque following high school graduation. He is initially upset when Troy decides to attend the University of California, Berkeley instead, but accepts the fact that he and Troy cannot stay together forever. Chad also struggles with asking Taylor to prom, but finally succeeds after several tries."
] |
[
"the University of Albuquerque"
] |
-4167322822109509345
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Grenfell Tower Inquiry
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Grenfell Tower inquiry - wikipedia Grenfell Tower inquiry Jump to : navigation , search Grenfell Tower Inquiry Date Start : 14 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) Location London , United Kingdom Participants Sir Martin Moore - Bick ( chairman ) Website www.grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk The Grenfell Tower Inquiry is a British public inquiry into the Grenfell Tower fire , which killed an estimated 80 people and destroyed Grenfell Tower on 14 June 2017 , was ordered by Prime Minister Theresa May on the following day . May announced on 29 June 2017 that the inquiry would be chaired by retired judge Sir Martin Moore - Bick , with the immediate priority `` to establish the facts of what happened at Grenfell Tower in order to take the necessary action to prevent a similar tragedy from happening again . '' She stated that `` No stone will be left unturned by this inquiry . '' On 15 August 2017 , the terms of reference of the Inquiry were announced . The first hearing opened on 14 September 2017 . An interim report is expected by Easter 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Announcement of the Inquiry 3 Chronology 4 Official terms of reference 5 Social housing 6 Reactions 7 Timing of report 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Main articles : Grenfell Tower and Grenfell Tower fire Map of the western side of the Lancaster West Estate Grenfell Tower was a 24 - storey residential tower block in North Kensington , London , England . It was completed in 1974 , as part of the first phase of the Lancaster West Estate . The concrete structure 's top 20 storeys consisted of 120 flats , with a total of 200 bedrooms . Its first four storeys were nonresidential until its most recent refurbishment in 2015 -- 2016 , which converted two of them to residential use , bringing it up to 127 flats and 227 bedrooms . It also received new windows and new cladding with thermal insulation . A major fire seriously damaged the building on 14 June 2017 , the cause of which the inquiry is to determine . A previous catastrophe at the Ronan Point tower block generated an inquiry . Announcement of the inquiry ( edit ) Theresa May , the prime minister made a statement to Parliament on 22 June announced a judge led inquiry , saying `` No stone will be left unturned by this Inquiry '' . The chosen judge was Sir Martin Moore - Bick , and when she announced his name on 29 June she stated that `` Before the Inquiry starts Sir Martin will consult all those with an interest , including survivors and victims ' families , about the terms of reference . '' Chronology ( edit ) The inquiry was announced on 22 June , and the judge Sir Martin Moore - Bick named on 29th June , he met with residents the same day . Also on 29 June , after Moore - Bick had met some survivors of the tragedy at the site of the fire in North Kensington that day , he said that he was `` doubtful '' that the process would be as wide - ranging as some residents hoped and that the inquiry could be limited to the cause , how the fire spread , and the prevention of future fires . On 30 June , Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn wrote to Theresa May to say that the inquiry 's terms should be broad , because the fire had `` much wider implications for national policy issues '' . Former Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer said that `` The inquiry has got to look at how ( the regulatory ) regime developed , or I think the residents would feel they were let down . '' On 5 July , the Inquiry team invited `` all those affected by the Grenfell Tower fire and others with an interest '' `` to help shape the work of the public Inquiry '' . It issued a consultation document which stated that the Inquiry will need to examine `` circumstances well beyond the design , construction and modification of the building itself '' , including `` the role of relevant public authorities and contractors '' , `` the adequacy and enforcement of relevant regulations '' , `` the arrangements in place locally for handling emergencies of this sort , '' and `` the handling of concerns previously expressed by local residents . '' The deadline for consultation on the terms of reference had initially been 14 July , but was extended ( on 11 July ) to 28 July . On 17 July , Corbyn wrote again to Theresa May , saying : `` As I set out in my letter dated 30 June , there is considerable concern among residents and others that the judge leading the inquiry has already been directed towards a narrowly defined Terms of Reference , which will not bring residents the answers they seek . '' `` Following feedback from local residents and survivors '' , on 19 July , Moore - Bick further extended the terms of reference consultation period to 4 August . Official terms of reference ( edit ) On 15 August 2017 Theresa May announced the terms of reference , being to examine `` the circumstances surrounding the fire '' , including : ( a ) the immediate cause or causes of the fire and how it spread to the whole building ; ( b ) the building 's design and construction , and `` decisions relating to its modification , refurbishment and management '' ; ( c ) `` the scope and adequacy of building regulations , fire regulations and other legislation , guidance and industry practice '' relevant to the `` design , construction , equipping and management '' of high - rise blocks of flats ; ( d ) whether such regulations and so on were complied with , and related fire safety measures adopted ; ( e ) the arrangements made by the local council and other organisations with responsibility for Grenfell Tower for receiving and using ( or otherwise ) information obtained both from local residents and which was available elsewhere ( including anything derived from fires in other buildings ) relating to the risk of fire risks at the tower , and action taken in response ; ( f ) the fire prevention and safety measures in place at the Tower on 14 June 2017 ; ( g ) the response of the Fire Brigade ; ( h ) the response of both the Government and the local council in the days immediately following the fire . Finally , to respond to the Prime Minister as soon as possible , with recommendations . Social housing ( edit ) In his letter to Theresa May proposing the Terms , which were agreed without amendment , Moore - Bick had noted that many of those affected by the fire and others felt strongly that the scope of the Inquiry should be very broad and include examination of social housing policy . He argued , however , that this would add significantly to the time required to complete his work , and that such an examination was better suited to a different kind of process and not to a judge - led inquiry . in her response , Theresa May said that the Housing Minister Alok Sharma would `` personally meet and hear from as many social housing tenants as possible '' both in the immediate area and further afield . Moore - Bick faced criticism for excluding an examination of the issues surrounding social housing from the terms of reference . Local MP Emma Dent Coad said that the terms were a `` complete betrayal '' and that the community would not have faith in the Inquiry because , by not considering social housing , it would `` not get to the heart of the problem '' . She continued , `` We were told ' no stone would be ( left ) unturned ' but instead are being presented with a technical assessment which will not get to the heart of the problem : what effects , if any , the lack of investment into social housing had on the refurbishment project . '' The shadow housing housing secretary John Healey tweeted : `` Deeply unsatisfactory for PM ... to exclude housing policy failings - closing off criticism of govt policy . '' Reactions ( edit ) Greater London residents took to social media demanding a public inquest , not an public inquiry , posting to a website grenfelltower.org.uk demanding justice and continued scrutiny over the public inquiry . The website owners made a public statement on their website that they were supportive London residents and not survivors of the fire and as such had corrected wording on their twitter bio and instagram bio . The appointment of Sir Martin Moore - Bick to lead the inquiry was questioned on 3 July by lawyers acting on behalf of the families and on 4 July by the MP for Kensington , Emma Dent Coad . They all called for him to stand down , with the local MP saying that Moore - Bick lacked `` credibility '' with victims , who needed `` somebody we can trust . '' Having spoken , she said , with hundreds of those affected , `` We need somebody who can do the detail but we need somebody who can actually understand human beings as well . '' Lord Chancellor David Lidington said Moore - Bick would lead the inquiry `` with impartiality and a determination to get to the truth and see justice done '' . On 25 July , at the second public meeting held by the Inquiry before finalisation of the terms of reference , various residents criticised the lack of diversity of the Inquiry panel , saying that it did not represent the community . Citing the Westminster City Council case , in which Moore - Bick allowed a local resident to be rehoused 50 miles away with no explanation , a resident said `` Your very presence is an affront to this community . '' There were impassioned calls for Moore - Bick to recuse himself . Moore - Bick responded , `` We are going to investigate and find the facts in relation to the whole course of events '' leading up to the fire . There is concern that previous inquiries under Theresa May that appeared to be independent were controlled and there is uncertainty how far the Grenfell inquiry will be independent . Matt Wrack of the Fire Brigades Union said , `` Central government has created the housing and fire safety regime and central government must be held to account for any failings in it . Yet the terms of reference signed off by Theresa May appear designed to avoid this . '' Jeremy Corbyn wrote , `` The fire has raised profound concerns about the way that social housing is provided and managed in this country , and I as well as many survivors worry that without a wider focus , the inquiry will fail to get fully to grips with the causes of the fire . '' Corbyn wants Moore - Bick 's assessors to include people from minority backgrounds . Corbyn also said May should , `` immediately set out a clear , independent and thorough process for identifying and addressing the broader failings that led to the Grenfell fire . '' Timing of report ( edit ) On 15 June , BBC reporter Brian Wheeler wrote that public inquiries `` can drag on for years '' . In her 29 June announcement of Martin Moore - Bick 's appointment , Theresa May said `` I expect the Chair will want to produce an interim report as early as possible . '' The Inquiry opened public hearings on 14 September 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` London fire : Theresa May demands full public inquiry into Grenfell Tower disaster '' . Express online . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` London fire : Prime minister orders full public inquiry '' . BBC online . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower Fire Written Statement '' . UK Parliament Official Website . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower fire : Inquiry ' can and will provide answers ' '' . BBC . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell fire : Terms of reference published '' . BBC online . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . `` Grenfell Tower '' . rbkc.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower regeneration Project Archived 2017 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : ' Combustible ' cladding in use on other high - rise blocks across UK , says Theresa May '' . The Independent online . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Tower fire : Judge ' doubt ' over inquiry scope '' . BBC online . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell inquiry could be ' too narrow ' , Jeremy Corbyn warns '' . The Guardian . 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell Tower Inquiry seeks views on its work '' . Grenfell Tower Inquiry. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chair of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry seeks views on the Terms of Reference of the Inquiry '' ( PDF ) . Grenfell Tower Inquiry. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest news from the Grenfell Tower Inquiry '' . Grenfell Tower Inquiry. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn 's Grenfell Tower Fire Letter To Theresa May In Full '' . Huffington Post . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Minister announces Inquiry Terms of Reference '' . Grenfell Tower Inquiry official site . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter from Sir Michael Moore - Bick to Theresa May '' ( PDF ) . www.gov.uk. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter from Theresa May to Sir Michael Moore - Bick '' ( PDF ) . www.gov.uk. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Complete betrayal ' : Survivors will have ' no faith ' in Grenfell inquiry as terms are not broad enough , MP claims '' . Evening Standard . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell fire inquiry to consider cause and council response '' . The Guardian . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grenfell Tower inquiry has already been branded a ' betrayal ' on the day it launched '' . Mirror online . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kensington MP accuses Government of ' running scared ' over Grenfell inquiry '' . Sky News online . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell inquiry condemned for ignoring social housing '' . RTE online . 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grenfell fire : MP calls for inquiry chairman to quit '' . BBC online . 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell Inquiry Judge Told To Resign By Angry Residents As Lack Of Diversity On Panel Is Challenged '' . Huffington Post . 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grenfell fire : Judge in second meeting with angry survivors '' . BBC online . 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Child abuse panel members say ' inquiries are not independent ' The Guardian Jump up ^ Grenfell Tower inquiry criticised for not examining sociopolitical factors The Guardian Jump up ^ Jeremy Corbyn urges PM to rethink terms of Grenfell fire inquiry The Guardian External links ( edit ) Grenfell Tower Inquiry Official website @ grenfellinquiry Official Twitter account Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenfell_Tower_Inquiry&oldid=815539934 '' Categories : Public inquiries in the United Kingdom 2017 in British law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
where is the grenfell tower inquiry being held
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[
"\nGrenfell Tower Inquiry\n\n\n\n\nDate\nStart: 14 June 2017 (2017-06-14)\n\n\nLocation\nLondon, United Kingdom\n\n\nParticipants\n\n\n\nSir Martin Moore-Bick (chairman)\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk\n\n"
] |
[
"London, United Kingdom"
] |
-2928173928559810904
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Luv Kush
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Luv Kush - Wikipedia Luv Kush Jump to : navigation , search For the mythological characters , see Lava and Kusha . Luv Kush Also known as ' Uttar Ramayan ' Genre Mythology Created by Sagar Arts Limited Starring Arun Govil Deepika Chikhalia Sunil Lahiri Dara Singh Swapnil Joshi Mayuresh Kshetramade Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of episodes 39 Production Producer ( s ) Ramanand Sagar Camera setup Multi-camera Running time Approx. 27 minutes Release Original network DD National Picture format SDTV : 480i Original release Chronology Preceded by Ramayan External links Website www.sagartv.com/Serials.asp ? serialid = 16 Luv Kush ( originally called Uttar Ramayan ) is an Indian television series created , written , produced , and directed by Ramanand Sagar . It is a follow - up to Sagar 's highly successful Ramayan , featuring mostly the same cast and production crew . Luv Kush covers the last book -- the Uttara Kanda -- of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana , following Rama 's coronation , especially focusing on his children , twins Kush and Luv . Luv is the elder son of the couple . Cast ( edit ) Arun Govil as Ram Deepika Chikhalia as Sita Sunil Lahiri as Lakshman Dara Singh as Hanuman Swapnil Joshi as Kush Mayuresh Kshetramade as Luv Vilas Raj as Lavanasura External links ( edit ) Luv Kush Official Site on Sagar Films Limited DD National shows Drama Aisi Prem Kahani Anudamini Alif Laila Dil Jo Keh Na Saka Grihdaah The Sword of Tipu Sultan Hamara Gaon Connection Lakeerein Kismat Ki Pavitra Bandhan Saraswatichandra Tulsi More Angna Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar Ye Shaadi Hai Yaa Sauda Comedy Ghanteshwar Prasad Ghantewale Reality Bharat Ki Shaan : Singing Star Ramayana by Valmiki Ikshvaku dynasty Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Shanta Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha ( genealogy ) Vanara Hanuman Sugriva Vali Tara Rumā Angada Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makardhwaja Rakshasa Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Devantaka Kabandha Khara Dushan Mandodari Maricha Mayasura Narantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Surpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha Sages Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadwaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasistha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Other characters Jambavan Janaka Kushadhwaja Jatayu Manthara Ashwapati Maya Sita Sampati Shabari Shravan Vedavati Places Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Seven Kandas ( Books ) Balakanda Ayodhya Kand Aranya Kanda Kishkindha Kanda Sundara Kanda Yuddha Kanda Uttara Kanda Versions , adaptations & inspired works Literature Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Hikayat Seri Rama Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayan Phra Lak Phra Ram Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramavataram Ramcharitmanas Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Darangen Lam - ang Vilanka Ramayana Yama Zatdaw Television Ramayan ( 1987 - 1988 ) Jai Hanuman ( 1997 - 2000 ) Vishnu Puran ( Ramayan TV mini series ) ( 2003 ) Ramayan ( 2008 - 2009 ) Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali ( 2011 - 2015 ) Ramayan ( 2012 - 2013 ) Siya Ke Ram ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman ( 2015 - 2017 ) Film Lanka Dahan ( 1917 ) Sita Kalyanam ( 1934 ) Sampoorna Ramayanam ( 1958 ) Bhookailas ( 1958 Seetharama Kalyanam ( 1961 ) Sampoorna Ramayana ( 1961 ) Lava Kusa ( 1963 ) Sampoorna Ramayanam ( 1971 ) Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham ( 1975 ) Mutyala Muggu ( 1975 ) Bajranjbali ( 1976 ) Sita Kalyanam ( 1976 ) Kanchana Sita ( 1977 ) Ramayana : The Legend of Prince Rama ( 1992 ) Ramayanam ( 1996 ) Hanuman ( 2005 ) Sita Sings the Blues ( 2008 ) Ramayana : The Epic ( 2010 ) Sri Rama Rajyam ( 2011 ) Performing arts & others Geet Ramayan Ramlila Singkil Others Lakshmana rekha Pra Ram Pra Satrut Sagar Arts List of Television series Vikram Aur Betaal Dada Dadi Ki Kahani Ramayan Luv Kush Shri Krishna Alif Laila Tilism - E - Hoshruba Jai Mahalaxmi Brahma Vishnu Mahesh Ankhen Bach Ke Rehna Re Gurukul Jai Ganga Maiya Arzoo Hai Tu Meri Hatim Hello Dollie Hotel Kingston Saibaba Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan Jai Maa Durga Dharam veer Arslaan Ramayan ( New ) Mahima Shani Dev Ki Jo Ishq Ki Marzi Woh Rab Ki Marzi Kahaniya Vikram Aur Betaal Ki Chandragupta Maurya Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali Jai Jag Janani Maa Durga Movies Arzoo Ankhen Geet Lalkaar Jalte Badan Hamrahi Charas Ram Bharose Prem Bandhan Hum Tere Ashiq Hain Pyaara Dushman Arman Baghawat Romance Baadal Salma Bhagat singh 1971 This Indian television - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luv_Kush&oldid=783530129 '' Categories : Doordarshan television series Works based on the Ramayana Indian mythological television series DD National television series Indian television stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 22 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played the role of luv kush in ramayan
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[
"\nArun Govil as Ram\nDeepika Chikhalia as Sita\nSunil Lahiri as Lakshman\nDara Singh as Hanuman\nSwapnil Joshi as Kush\nMayuresh Kshetramade as Luv\nVilas Raj as Lavanasura\n",
"\nArun Govil as Ram\nDeepika Chikhalia as Sita\nSunil Lahiri as Lakshman\nDara Singh as Hanuman\nSwapnil Joshi as Kush\nMayuresh Kshetramade as Luv\nVilas Raj as Lavanasura\n"
] |
[
"Mayuresh Kshetramade",
"Swapnil Joshi"
] |
1107719996855373934
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List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air characters
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List of the Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters - wikipedia List of the Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air is an American sitcom based on the life of Will `` The Fresh Prince '' Smith . it was produced by Quincy Jones and Will Smith . It started airing on NBC from September 10 , 1990 , to May 20 , 1996 . The Fresh Prince was from West Philadelphia and moved to Bel - Air to live with his aunt , uncle , and cousins . The show is about the struggles he has in Bel - Air and basically his life story . The theme song of the show was composed by Will Smith including other music played to connect to scenes . The following are the list of characters in the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character appearances 2 Main characters 2.1 Will Smith 2.2 Philip Banks 2.3 Vivian Banks 2.4 Carlton Banks 2.5 Hilary Banks 2.6 Ashley Banks 2.7 Nicky Banks 2.8 Geoffrey Barbara Butler 2.9 Jazz 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Vy Smith - Wilkes 3.2 Kellogg Lieberbaum 3.3 Toni 3.4 Helen Smith 3.5 Janice Smith 3.6 Tyriq Johnson 3.7 Trevor Collins - Newsworthy 3.8 Jackie Ames 3.9 Lisa Wilkes 4 Guest stars 4.1 Judge Carl Robertson 4.2 Hattie Banks 4.3 Joe Banks 4.4 Lou Smith 4.5 Other guest stars 5 References Character appearances ( edit ) Cast Character Played Seasons 5 6 Main characters Willard `` Will '' Smith William `` Will '' Smith Main James Avery Philip Banks Main Janet Hubert - Whitten Vivian Banks Main Daphne Maxwell Reid Main Alfonso Ribeiro Carlton Banks Main Karyn Parsons Hilary Banks Main Tatyana M. Ali Ashley Banks Main Joseph Marcell Geoffrey Butler Main Ross Bagley Nicholas `` Nicky '' Banks Main Recurring characters DJ Jazzy Jeff Jazz Recurring Vernee Watson - Johnson Viola `` Vy '' Smith Recurring Michael Weiner Kellogg Lieberbaum Recurring Lisa Fuller Toni Recurring Jenifer Lewis Helen Smith Recurring Charlayne Woodard Janice Smith Recurring Perry Moore Tyriq `` Ty '' Johnson Recurring Brian Stokes Mitchell Trevor Collins - Newsworthy Recurring Tyra Banks Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames Recurring Nia Long Beullah `` Lisa '' Wilkes Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Will Smith ( edit ) Main article : Will Smith ( The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Master William '' Nickname by Jazz and others friends : `` Prince '' or `` Will - man '' Born on July 3 , 1973 . Philip Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Uncle Phil '' Nickname by Parents : `` Zeke '' Nickname by Carlton : `` Big Guy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Sir '' Nickname by Ashley and Hilary : `` Daddy '' Nickname by Vivian : `` Philip '' Nickname by Ernest : `` Moose '' Philip Banks ( played by James Avery ) was born on May 20 , 1946 in North Carolina . Philip was raised on a farm in Yamacraw , North Carolina , where he was referred to by his parents , Hattie and Joe Banks , as `` Zeke '' . At age 16 he moved to Baltimore . In the 1960s , he became an activist for the civil rights movement . He was present at the riots in Selma in 1965 and Watts Riots , and , in the pilot episode , he also mentions he heard Malcolm X speak , and that he had read every word that he wrote . In 1963 , he was awarded a scholarship to study at Princeton University , after which he went to Harvard Law School . In 1975 , Philip was put on the board of the NAACP and was later awarded the Urban Spirit Award for his work in promoting civil rights . He is a conservative but runs as a Democrat against his old mentor Carl Robertson in the elections . At first glance , Will had come to Bel Air with an attitude that because he came from West Philadelphia that he was hardened against anything and was dismissive of Phil and his family as too soft , until he is sternly rebuked by Phil , who reveals his past in seeing the turmoil that happened before Will was born and that it has been his hard work that has earned him a manor in Bel - Air . Philip was also shown to have admired Ronald Reagan , namely because during the series run Reagan had retired from the presidency and moved into the same neighborhood as Philip 's . Reagan was said to have declined party invitations until he appears at a traditional Christmas party of the Banks ; shown to be a friend of Hilary 's . At the beginning of the series , Philip is a senior partner with the firm of Firth , Wynn and Meyer ( which Will humorously compares to Earth , Wind & Fire in the pilot episode ) . In the third season , he is appointed to the judiciary ; he becomes a judge after his ex-mentor , Judge Carl Robertson , who beat Philip by a landslide in the elections , dies suddenly , and the governor appoints Philip to the position . Philip later considers making a deeper foray into politics , but decides against it when his wife disapproves . In the episode `` To Thine Own Self Be Blue ... And Gold , '' it is revealed that Phil is a member of the fictional fraternity Pi Nu . After meeting and dating his future wife Vivian , he proposed to her while on live television during an episode of Soul Train . He claims to have been a lifelong fan of classical music in the episode `` Bang the Drum , Ashley '' , though Vivian rebuffs that `` When we met , you were into James Brown ! '' , which Philip rebuts by stating it is possible to like both classical music and James Brown . Philip is a somewhat strict and gruff , but he does have a softer side , as he is a loving and caring family man , as well as being an upstanding citizen . Nonetheless , his anger can get him into trouble at times , especially when he feels his image is being besmirched . Additionally , Philip can be financially greedy ; he pays his butler Geoffrey a salary so low that Geoffrey quits after Philip gives him a mediocre additional annual raise , and only returns when Philip apologizes for taking him for granted and agrees to increase his salary , benefits and to hire more help during formal functions . In the series finale , when Geoffrey retires , Phil rewards him with both a large cash bonus and an expensive first class plane ticket to London , England . Similarly , while he always spoils Hilary , Philip refuses to increase the allowances of his children , although in later seasons he begins to tire of spending his hard - earned money on spoiling Hilary and becomes more gruff with Hilary to pay her own way in the world . A recurring gag is about Philip 's children being afraid of his punishments because , while his anger is understandable , he can be incredibly sadistic and sociopathic in his punishments . For example , in season three 's `` The Best Laid Plans '' , in which Will tries to trick a girl he is dating ( who does not believe in premarital sex ) into marrying him in order to go all the way with her , Philip became severely disappointed and upset , and promises to impose the cruelest punishment that he could find ( which he manages to do three years after the incident , when he read about medieval tortures and with a malicious smile in his face ) . Despite being a miser , Philip is a very caring and loving husband and father . He makes sure that he does what is best for all his children , including Will . Despite being related to Will only by marriage ( and though he sometimes grumbles about Will being a goof - off ) , he very much cares for him as his own son . Throughout the series , Philip has been there for his children in their time of need , which rubs off on his nephew as Will comes to see Philip as a genuine father - figure ( as opposed to his true father , who left him and his mother when Will was a young child ) . When Will is eager to bond with his biological father Lou after he suddenly re-enters Will 's life , Philip warns Will to be wary of Lou and comforts him when Lou is unable to rekindle their relationship . Philip goes out of his way to make sure all of his children , including Will , make something of themselves . He also fights fiercely to protect his family : When Will and Carlton are arrested for `` stealing a car '' as they are driving it for his law firm partner , Philip threatens to tie the police station up in `` so much litigation that ( their ) grandchildren are going to need lawyers '' . He is overprotective of Ashley and has trouble with her growing up into a young woman . A common occasion for humor on the show is Philip 's portly shape and big appetite . Will commonly makes cracks about his girth , as do Geoffrey , Jazz and Vivian , and at times , even Carlton ( though he is usually skittish and quick to apologize ) . Unfortunately , Philip 's appetite has given him trouble and even caused him to suffer a heart attack in season four 's `` Home is Where the Heart Attack Is '' . Philip also reveals himself to be an amazingly adept pool player in the episode `` Banks Shot '' , showing his skill by out - hustling the pool shark who hustled Will at the pool hall . He has a personal cue stick , that he has named `` Lucille '' . In the episode `` Lucky Charm , '' it is said by Vivian that Philip 's birthday is in January . But this causes a continuity error because in part one of the two - part series finale , Philip 's birthday is celebrated , but the finale takes place in late May . Vivian Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Aunt Viv '' Nickname by Her children : `` Mom '' or `` Mommy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mrs. Banks '' or `` Madam '' Maiden Name : Smith Prof. Vivian Banks ( née Smith ) , PhD , born on October 21 , 1951 , was portrayed by Janet Hubert - Whitten during the first three seasons and by Daphne Maxwell Reid for the last three . She is the mother of Nicky , Ashley , Carlton and Hillary Banks ; the aunt of Will Smith and the wife of Phillip Banks . She has been a retired Doctor then earned her PhD at UCLA since 1971 , and in one early episode takes a temporary job as a teacher for a unit in Black History at Bel - Air Academy , the upscale preparatory high school attended by Will and Carlton , and later by Ashley . She has one older sister , Vy ( Will 's mother ) , and two younger sisters , Helen and Janice . Vivian 's personality and role in the show changes over the run of the series . During the Janet Hubert - Whitten years , she is a no - nonsense , vocally talented , forthright , and career - minded woman who plays a part in the show equal to her husband Philip . It is revealed in the season one episode `` Love at First Fight '' , that Vivian dropped out of high school as a teenager and worked menial jobs , before attending night school in order to get her high school diploma and enter college to work toward her PhD . After Reid took the part in 1993 and baby Nicky was added to the cast , she was reimagined as a homemaker who showed reluctance toward ambitious career moves , such as Philip 's political aspirations . The Reid - played Vivian showed a less fiery demeanor than how Whitten portrayed the role . She also supported her children in whatever they wanted , even if it was wrong . An example of this permissive behavior was when she let Hilary make the decision for herself to pose naked in a Playboy pictorial in the season four episode `` Fresh Prince After Dark '' , as well as letting Hilary get abruptly married to her news anchor boyfriend Trevor in `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way , '' and having a seance for Trevor in the episode `` Hex and the Single Guy . '' It seems that Janet Hubert - Whitten 's Vivian would have disapproved such attitudes ; however , in the episode It 's a Wonderful Lie , she 's at Philip 's side when he severely reprimands Ashley for lying to them and having snuck off to go to a fraternity party , where she 'd been caught by Will in a locked bedroom making out with a college linebacker . There has been references in the series about Janet Hubert - Whitten 's replacement by Daphne Maxwell Reed as Vivian . In an occasional running gag within the series , whenever a member of the family goes through old family photos , Will would occasionally comment who the mannish - looking person is in the photo , to which it is then revealed that the person in question is the Whitten - played Vivian . In a later interview , costume designer Carlo Tang commented that Smith and other cast members would jokingly refer to Hubert - Whitten 's Vivian as Marcus , a fictional bodybuilder . The change between the two is the object of two humorous quotes from Jazz in which he breaks the fourth wall . One of them is in the fourth - season premiere , when he remarks : `` You know , Mrs. Banks , ever since you had that baby , there 's something different about you '' ; after this , Will stares uneasily into the camera . The other is in the fifth - season premiere when he sees the suddenly grown Nicky and asks : `` So , who 's playing the wife this year ? '' . Carlton Banks ( edit ) Nicknames by Will : `` C '' , or `` Boogaloo Shrimp '' ( also `` Stumpy , '' `` Squidget '' , `` Snigglet '' or basically any name pertaining to Carlton 's short stature ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Master Carlton '' Nickname by Jazz : `` C - Note '' ( in the episode `` 72 Hours '' ) Carlton Banks ( played by Alfonso Ribeiro ) , born August 4 , 1974 , is Vivian and Philip 's eldest son and Will 's pedantic maternal cousin . Carlton is a quintessential preppy . Like many of his social class , Carlton aspires to attend an Ivy League university ; in earlier seasons , he states he aims to get into Yale University , but later fixes a determined focus on Princeton University , his father Philip 's alma mater . Like his father Phillip , Carlton is a firmly conservative Republican and this often puts him at odds with Will . Although Carlton and Will often exchange insults , and Will normally refers to Carlton as a disgrace , Carlton obviously cares about Will , referring to him in the 2nd - season episode ' Vying for Attention ' as `` the brother I 've always wanted '' . At first it appears there is an antagonistic relationship between Will and Carlton , but in later seasons Will significantly warms to Carlton , ultimately accepting Carlton and the other cousins as the siblings he never had . On one occasion in the season three episode `` Just Say Yo '' , Carlton is considerate enough to cover for Will when he is admitted to the hospital after having taken speed tablets from inside Will 's locker , but allows his parents to think that Will saved him . He attributes this to `` still being high at the time '' when asked by Will why he covered for him . This spurs Will to tearfully confess the truth to the family ; although Carlton did ingest speed , Will bore responsibility as he had accepted the pills from a school friend , storing them in his locker , then absentmindedly said to Carlton he had a bottle of Vitamin E in his locker . Carlton drives a silver Mercedes - Benz E-Class from the early 1990s , which is seen in a few episodes . Carlton also was a bit of a servant to sister Ashley when she hit it big on the singing charts . He held doors open for her and fanned Ashley while she tanned . His role model is talk show host Bryant Gumbel and his favorite singer is Tom Jones . His favorite actor is William Shatner , whom he annoys by making lame Star Trek references . Carlton also idolizes Macaulay Culkin , whom he once dressed up as for Halloween ( Although , he looked more like Simon Phoenix , Wesley Snipes ' Character from Demolition Man . ) He is also a big fan of The Jeffersons and Beverly Hills , 90210 , the latter of which he is confident enough to admit to others ; this is unlike Will , who scoffs at the show in front of friends but confesses to Carlton that he is a secret 90210 fan as well . Carlton is similar to Family Ties character Alex P. Keaton in many respects : he dresses in a preppy style , has conservative political leanings , is obsessed with college and his future career , is fairly short , and does not enjoy the popular music of most people his age ( Besides Tom Jones , Carlton also likes Michael Bolton , Barry Manilow , Rod Stewart , and Neil Diamond . ) Carlton is often called upon to do a comic , usually improvised dance routine to Tom Jones ' `` It 's Not Unusual '' ( which was inspired by a dance performed by Courteney Cox in the music video for Bruce Springsteen 's `` Dancing in the Dark '' ) . In earlier seasons , he makes frequent references to his virginity ( twice referencing that he plans on losing it at some point ) , and also plans to attend Princeton University . In later seasons , these arcs are both resolved : Carlton does indeed lose his virginity to a woman who is married to the Dean of Princeton , but is not initially admitted to Princeton ; instead he first attends the University of Los Angeles , where he briefly manages ULA 's student store , the Peacock Stop . As seen in the episodes `` You Bet Your Life '' and `` Viva Lost Wages '' , Carlton also seems to have a gambling problem and loses all of his money in any situation where gambling is involved and constantly imagines the gambling tables and slot machines talking to him , but seems fully aware that he is subject to compulsive gambling , and this limits his exposure to gaming . He usually declares that gambling is `` evil '' right before he goes all in and loses his and others ' money . One exception to this was where he participated in a casino night in the season two episode `` Something for Nothing '' , but that was done for charitable reasons and not for real money . In season five 's `` Bullets Over Bel - Air '' , Will tries to protect Carlton when they get robbed after using an automated teller machine , Will gets shot , taking a bullet for Carlton and is sent to the hospital ( eventually recovering from his injuries ) ; Carlton acquires a firearm later in the episode , as the event heightens his awareness of the need for self - defense , but later disposes of the handgun upon Will 's insistence . One running joke in the show involves Carlton repeatedly being slapped in the back of the head by various characters , usually in response to comments that are ridiculously self - centered ( in later seasons , for example , he would often make humorous comments about gaining his father 's inheritance ) or due to portraying ignorance of lives other than his own . Often Will would ask to hold what Carlton is holding and once receiving it he would slap Carlton across the head with the object ( e.g. a folder containing Will 's testament written by Carlton , in `` Ill Will '' ) . Carlton 's height is frequently made fun of , especially by Will , who , in the episode `` Grumpy Young Men '' , jokes that Carlton is the average height for a woman . He is sometimes portrayed as being extremely naïve . An example is when , in the episode Mistaken Identity , he and Will are arrested after police officers falsely believe that they stole a Mercedes - Benz belonging to Philip 's law firm partner , who requested Will and Carlton drive the vehicle to Palm Springs as a favor . At the end , Carlton insists that the policemen were only doing their job , not really accepting the fact that he and Will were victims of racial profiling . However , he seems to wonder if they were wrong , as when he asks his father if he ( Phil ) were a policeman if he would pull over someone who was driving too slow , for which Phil answers : `` I asked myself the same thing the first time I was stopped '' ; after that , Carlton seems in deep thought over the situation . Although he was portrayed early on as a snobby rich kid , Carlton evolved after having his view challenged when arrested for `` stealing a car '' and when Will is shot , Carlton is angered that the shooter will probably not face justice for harming Will . He is also seen to get extremely jealous almost anytime something great happens to Will . Examples would be when , in the Season One episode `` Courting Disaster '' Will joins the school basketball with Carlton already on it . Will becomes the star of the team and Carlton becomes jealous and the competition between the two starts . Carlton decides to steal the ball from Will and take the game winning shot . In the sixth and final season , Carlton finally gains transfer admission to Princeton University however , due to his fear of not living up to Philip 's achievements , Carlton decides not to attend Princeton and briefly becomes interested in pursuing a career in bowling . However , he gets over his fear and leaves for the east coast in the series finale . Hilary Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Hil '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Miss Hilary '' Hilary Violet Banks ( played by Karyn Parsons ) , born May 12 , 1969 ( although said to be August 18th in `` Love Hurts '' ) , is Will 's attractive , but dull - witted , eldest cousin , known for her notable lack of intelligence , pretentious attitude , spoiled brat behaviour , and constant dependence on Geoffrey . In earlier seasons , Hilary 's snobbishness is emphasized , as well as her shallow trendy environmental activism . During this time , she often claimed to hobnob with celebrities and loved being mistaken by people for Whitney Houston . Later on , Hilary is written as a self - centered airhead ; she looks down on Will 's upbringing and is obsessed with shopping and money ( this is shown early in the series ; her first line of the show is `` Dad , I need $300 ! , '' which she intended to spend on a hat ) . However , despite her apparent shallow personality , she has a strong sense of integrity and shows obvious affection to her family members ; Will gets along with her better than Carlton does , though Will is at times bewildered by Hilary 's lapses of intelligence . Hilary is portrayed as a stereotypical valley girl and speaks with some strong valspeak habits , in spite of her disdain for the San Fernando Valley ( as evidenced in two season three episodes : in `` Asses to Ashes '' , when talking about what heaven and hell might be like , she describes hell to be `` like , the Valley '' ; in `` Robbing the Banks '' , when Will lets it slip to Hilary , Carlton and Ashley that Luther , whom Philip was coaxed into hiring to help around the house while Vivian and Geoffrey were each on vacation , spent time `` in the pen '' , Hilary responds `` The pen , please tell me that 's slang for the Valley '' ) . Hilary is pursued by Jazz and reluctantly goes on a date with him in Season 1 episode `` Working it Out '' in order to keep her job . The night ends with Hilary giving Jazz a kiss on the cheek . During the series , Hilary attends and drops out of UCLA , after which she begins a long streak of varying luck that eventually lands her a nationally syndicated daytime talk show titled Hilary . It starts when she becomes a weather reporter at a local television station , where she meets and falls in love with the station 's lead news anchor Trevor Collins ( Brian Stokes Mitchell ) . However , Trevor dies in a bungee jumping accident while proposing marriage in the episode `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way '' , part of an ill - conceived live televised event that Hilary and the rest of the Banks family watch at home on the living room television . At the conclusion of the series , Hilary 's talk show moves to New York City , as does most of the rest of the Banks family . Hilary 's hair styles have changed as the series progressed ; early in the series it was brown and bushy , it then became longer and curly with blonde highlights , but later it was black , straight , and shoulder - length . Hilary appeared in 145 episodes of the series . Ashley Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Ash '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Miss Ashley '' Ashley Banks ( played by Tatyana Ali ) is Will 's younger cousin , born on August 26 , 1979 . Ashley was Vivian 's baby girl , and always loved being with her mom . Phillip was always trying to control Ashley 's life so she did not become anything like regular teenage girls . Will 's devil - may - care approach to life proved to be an exciting alternative , which makes her generally more sympathetic and understanding towards him than other members of the Banks family ; with that being , Ashley looked up to Will as a big brother and spent much time following him in her younger days . In fact , Will states in the episode `` Will Gets A Job '' that if he had a choice to be any of Phillip 's kids it would be Ashley . Possibly because of Will 's influence towards Ashley , she often acts rebelliously as she gets older , for which her father becomes very angry at Will . One of these moments is in the episode Father Knows Best , which reveals that she dropped out of her private school and enrolled in secret at a public high school and was planning to hide this from her parents as long as possible ; though after a failed plot in which Will posed as Ashley 's father when she is asked to attend a parent - teacher conference , Will eventually convinces Ashley to come clean . She also spends less time with Will and sometimes gets upset with him when he becomes overprotective like Philip to the point of showing a great deal of annoyance and contempt . She believed that she was old enough to make her own decisions when it comes to boys which neither Will nor Uncle Phil enjoyed hearing or believed . Phillip never enjoyed having Ashley grow up . Ashley 's age is inconsistent in the first season . She is said to be nine in a few early episodes of the season . In the episode `` Deck the Halls , '' Will says that she is 10 . But in the episode `` Just Infatuation , '' Ashley celebrates her 12th birthday . Starting with the second season , she is 13 , she turns 14 in the middle of the third season , 15 at the end of the fourth season , she is 16 by the end of season five and 17 by the end of season six . Ashley matures very much in the series ; she becomes a one - hit wonder with a hit song called `` Make Up Your Mind '' in the season five premiere `` What 's Will Got to Do With It ? '' / `` The Client '' , however her career quickly fizzles out when her album does n't sell because as the agent Philip hired to replace Will mentioned `` kids got sick of her ( song ) '' , when it gets too much exposure . Beginning in the episode `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do '' , she also strives to become a fashion model after being discovered by the president of a modeling agency at her job at a mall food court corn dog stand . In the series finale , Ashley decides to attend a performing arts school in New York City . As Hilary is also moving to New York when it is announced that her talk show is relocating there , the two sisters decide to live together ; they become extremely excited about the whole idea , much to the annoyance of Phillip , who does not want to lose his daughters . In the episode `` The Baby Comes Out '' , where her brother Nicky is born , Ashley mentions she knew how to drive since she was 12 years old . She is very musically talented as shown that she plays violin and the drums , and she can sing . Ashley appeared in 144 episodes of the series . Nicky Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Little man '' Nicholas Andrew Michael Shawn Nathan Wanyá Banks ( played first by Gregory Wheeler in Twas the Night Before Christening and then by Ross Bagley for the final two seasons ) is born to Philip and Vivian on February 22 , 1993 , toward the end of the third season . Except for one episode , when Carlton professionally calls him `` Nicholas '' , every member of the family calls him by his nickname , Nicky . The character was primarily used as a plot device , often adding motivation for other characters , comic relief , or an emotional punch to the show 's storyline . In the fifth season , Nicky grows from a newborn infant to a preschooler , which is common in television series and soap operas . In the fifth - season premiere `` What 's Will Got to Do With It '' , the first episode to feature this change , Jazz expresses amazement while Will just stares uneasily into the camera . Four of his middle names are taken from the names of the members of the R&B group Boyz II Men ; he was middle - named this way after they performed at his christening in the season four episode `` ' Twas the Night Before Christening '' ; however in the season three episode `` The Baby Comes Out '' , Philip addresses Nicky 's full name , with a middle name already given , as `` Nicholas Andrew Banks '' . Geoffrey Barbara butler ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` G '' , `` Chicken George '' ( Season 3 , Episode 20 ) - `` The Baby Comes Out '' Geoffrey Barbara Butler ( played by Joseph Marcell ) , born in London on November 18 , 1947 , serves as the Banks family 's cynical butler . Geoffrey is the first character that appears on screen in the pilot episode The Fresh Prince Project . He is seen going to answer the door to Will , who mistakes him for Philip . In addition to four years at Oxford University and a long career working for British aristocrats , Geoffrey was an Olympic runner several years before being hired by the Banks family ( as revealed in the episode `` It 's Better to Have Loved and Lost It ... '' from the fourth season , when Geoffrey shows the Banks family a videotape of a documentary called Shame of a Nation ) , but fled his home country in shame after being exposed for cheating while participating in the men 's marathon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , winning the Gold Medal only because he had taken a cab ride to the stadium parking lot ( shortly after receiving his medal , Queen Elizabeth II , who apparently presented the medals , got word of Geoffrey 's cheating , pushing aside the bronze medalist to hit Geoffrey with her purse and rip the medal off his neck : Geoffrey then ran from the stadium in shame . ) In the 1970s , he was a butler for the band Led Zeppelin . In the early 1980s , Geoffrey was sparring butler for Chuck Norris . In the episode Nice Lady , he reveals having practiced Greco - Roman wrestling in his youth . Geoffrey 's character changes over the series : in early episodes , he is very dutiful and gentlemanly , whereas he becomes very cynical in later episodes . Joseph Marcell explains that he began by playing Geoffrey as stereotypically English but then felt that the American audience was not accustomed to seeing Black Englishmen . Geoffrey 's favorite television program ( as revealed in the pilot episode ) is Masterpiece Theatre , which he routinely watches when he goes off duty at 9 pm Geoffrey always refers to Will as `` Master William '' ( except once in part two of the series finale `` I , Done '' , at Will 's request ) and the other Banks children as `` Master Carlton '' , `` Miss Hilary '' , `` Miss Ashley '' , and `` Master Nicky '' . Known for his sarcasm , he is the voice of caustic humor on the show , often commenting on Philip 's weight , his own low pay , his lack of a social or romantic life , the overall laziness of the family , or Will 's goofiness . However , Geoffrey did seem to impress women by having the confidence to be himself , such as when he was set up on a blind date with a Black English woman ( played by Naomi Campbell ) . In early episodes , he has an interest in classical music and is often hinted at as leading a vibrant private life . Although a stickler for tradition , he incorrectly tells Will it is proper to refer to a butler by his first name , although this is possibly because his surname and job title are the same . He considers himself to be part of the English working - class , despite speaking the Queen 's English , having been to Oxford and , in one episode , being wary of a relationship with a rich woman . He becomes the godfather of Nicky Banks in the fourth - season episode `` Twas the Night Before Christening '' , after Vivian tires of the bickering amongst her sisters Vy and Helen and noted that no one has been more devoted to her youngest son than Geoffrey has . Midway into the sixth season , Geoffrey discovers he has a son he never knew about , named Frederick , born to a former lover . During the same episode , it is also revealed that his middle name is `` Barbara '' , which he explains is a `` family name '' . In the series finale `` I , Done '' , Geoffrey leaves to be with his son in London ; however , in the fourth - season episode `` ' Twas the Night Before Christening '' , a sequence set in 1998 ( two years after the ending of the series ) portrays him as still being the Banks family 's butler . There are two running gags centered around Geoffrey . One is that he is often compared to or confused with Benson , from the series with the same name . The other , which is more common is that whenever the doorbell rings , everyone continues with what they were previously doing , or look to Geoffrey , prompting Geoffrey to say `` oh , please , will you let me get it this time ? '' or some variation , in a sarcastic tone . Niles , from The Nanny is very similar to him , as they are both British butlers , both went to Oxford , and both have the same sarcastic personality . Geoffrey appeared in 143 episodes of the series . Jazz ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Jazz , man '' ( also `` J '' , Jazzy Jazzerzon , The Jazzmeister , JazzZ , Jazzertron 3000 and Jazzeroonie ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mr. Jazz '' Jazz was portrayed by Will Smith 's musical partner Jeffrey A. Townes , popularly known as DJ Jazzy Jeff . Jazz was born on May 20 , 1971 and is Will 's ill - mannered and dim - witted best friend who lives in the inner - city community of Compton , California . He has had a long - standing crush on Hilary Banks , and almost every time his advances are rejected . Jazz eventually marries a prison inmate named Jewel who had appeared on an episode of COPS , in which she bites the arm of a police officer ( this is not shown , although the officer is heard calling for police backup because of it ) . In the season four episode `` Mother 's Day '' , Jewel reveals that she and Jazz are expecting a baby though no other mention of their child is ever made after that point . Jazz divorces her shortly afterward , realizing he knows nothing about her , finding out that she cheated on him with several men and that her real name is not even Jewel ( it is Hortense ) . Jazz is almost completely tactless , and succeeds in insulting or irritating Philip almost every time they are together . He knows how to play the drums very well , and once gave Ashley a lesson in the episode his character is introduced `` Bang the Drum , Ashley '' . Jazz wears sunglasses in nearly every episode he is seen . While in an early episode of season one , Jazz wears regular glasses for the entire episode instead of his trademark sunglasses , the show 's writers had initially intended for the character to be blind . This is evidenced throughout early episodes , as Jazz is rarely looking directly at other characters . However , by the second season , in the episode `` Cased Up '' , Hilary asks her boyfriend ( Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) to take off his glasses ; thinking she was speaking to him , Jazz charmingly removes his glasses , revealing his eyes . In a running gag throughout the series , Jazz usually ends up being literally thrown , or , as it was referred to the first time , drop kicked out of the house . This is usually done by Philip , although sometimes Hilary , Geoffrey , Vivian , and even Will ( the only character other than Philip to do it more than once ) throw him out . Whenever Jazz is thrown out of the house , he is usually wearing the same clothes ; it was decided to use the same clip of Jazz being thrown out the front door as often as possible rather than returning to the exterior location each time ( the reuse of the clip is evidenced by the sudden noise of a sprinkler whenever Jazz is thrown out ) . Will was once on the receiving end of this punishment after making egregious changes to Philip 's political campaign tape in `` A Night at the Oprah '' , and in similar jokes was thrown out of a nightclub by a bouncer while trying to dance with Geoffrey 's blind date in `` Kiss My Butler '' , and out of Jay Leno 's studio in `` Will 's Up the Dirt Road , '' after trying to hog the show after apologizing to Leno . In one instance , in the third - season premiere `` How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' , Will was even thrown out of Jazz 's apartment by Jazz himself after he tried to guilt Jazz into letting him stay over after a fight with his relatives despite Jazz mentioning he already had company over . In this same episode , it is briefly mentioned by Geoffrey that Philip did also throw Will out of the house onto the front lawn when he was leaving the house , but was never shown . During the 1993 Halloween episode `` Hex and the Single Guy '' , Jazz got revenge by throwing Philip out instead , as the main plot to the story was that misfortune - plagued the Banks family following a so - called `` hex '' from a con psychic communicator . This was later shown to be in a dream Will was having , though when he woke up , the dream appeared to be a premonition , and it was implied that the whole ordeal may truly happen indeed . There was also an instance ( Season 2 , in the episode `` Cased Up '' ) where Jazz was standing outside of the house , taunting Philip because he was already standing outside ; as a result , Philip throws him inside the house . In another episode , Jazz was thrown out in the backyard along with a cardboard cutout of Bill Cosby that he was lugging around . There was a time when Vivian threw Jazz out through the back door for saying that he would bring a stripper to Will 's birthday party . In another episode Jazz gets a pillow for the Banks ' newborn baby until Will finds a tag saying `` Wendy Beth '' on the back meaning that Jazz had stolen the pillow . Jazz then thinks `` it 's the thought that counts '' only ending up with Will throwing Jazz out through the backdoor with the pillow . At the beginning of the episode `` Cased Up , '' a nighttime version of the shot is used , with crickets as a sound effect ( though the actual video of Jazz getting thrown out is simply darkened for effect ) . It was show that Jazz enjoys being thrown out sometimes . In one episode , after Jazz and Will made up over a fight , Jazz asked Will to throw him out `` like the good ol ' times . '' In another episode , to taunt a guy for trying to walk to his car , Jazz purposely insulted Phil just so he can throw him out . Jazz 's last appearance was in the first part of the series finale `` I , Done '' , in which he gave Philip his grandmother 's teeth as a gift for Philip 's 50th birthday , because Jazz thought Philip was getting old . Thus , Philip was once again angry and threw Jazz out of the house ( it is actually mentioned that Philip broke his previous record in tossing him ) . After the house had been sold in the second part of the episode and Will had found an apartment , Philip was the only person to mention Jazz when asking when he was coming by to help Will pack , to which Will responded , `` As soon as you leave . '' Philip was not surprised , but he did want to wish Jazz luck in the future . Recurring characters ( edit ) Vy Smith - Wilkes ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Mom '' Nickname by Carlton , Ashley , Nicky & Hilary : `` Aunt Vy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mrs. Smith '' Viola `` Vy '' Smith - Wilkes , portrayed by Vernee Watson - Johnson , is Vivian 's oldest sister and Will 's loving mother . She is a stern , no - nonsense disciplinarian who is not afraid to challenge anyone who gets in her way . It was her idea that Will should go to Bel Air to get a good education and avoid a life of violence in their West Philadelphia neighborhood . Vy works as a supervisor at the post office . It was due to this she opposed the decision when Janice decides to marry Frank , a white man . Though by their next encounter she is more accepting . Vy eventually decides to marry Lisa Wilkes ' father after Will and Lisa call off their second wedding attempt . However , it is unknown whether or not they married , since in Vy 's next appearance , Mr. Wilkes is not seen or mentioned . Her maiden name and married name were previously the same , as Will 's father was named Lou Smith . Kellogg Lieberbaum ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Cornflake '' Kellogg Lieberbaum ( played by Michael Weiner ) was a classmate and friend of Will and Carlton at Bel - Air Academy . Most of his appearances were in the first season , but he makes two appearances in the second season as well . As a pun on Kellogg 's Corn Flakes , he is nicknamed `` Cornflake '' by Will . Much of the humor of his character comes from the dissonance of an unassuming Jewish preppie using such phrases as `` She is one fly sister '' and `` Power to the people -- say it loud : I 'm black and I 'm proud ! '' Toni ( edit ) Toni ( portrayed by Lisa Fuller ) is Hilary 's friend who only appeared in Season 1 . She appears to be a dumb blonde . Her first appearance was in `` Clubba Hubba '' and her last was in `` It Had to Be You '' . Her other appearances were `` Def Poet 's Society '' and `` Knowledge is Power '' . Helen Smith ( edit ) Helen Smith , portrayed by Jenifer Lewis , is Vivian 's loud - mouthed younger sister . She has frequent marriage difficulties with her husband Lester ( Felton Perry ) , whom she finally divorces after he cheats on her with `` a cute little home wrecker '' , leaving him with custody over their delinquent son Bobby ( Ahmad Stoner ) . Janice Smith ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Aunt J '' Janice Smith , played by Charlayne Woodard , is the youngest of the Smith sisters , flighty according to Vivian , and married to a white man named Frank ( portrayed by Diedrich Bader in Season 2 , Robert Torti in one episode in Season 3 ) , a marriage older sister Vy initially objects to . She also appears in the series with a baby son . Tyriq Johnson ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Ty '' Tyriq Johnson , portrayed by Perry Moore , is one of Will 's close friends in Bel - Air , who appears frequently in season 2 . He is described in the episode `` Eyes on the Prize '' ( wherein he and Jazz compete against Will and Carlton on a televised game show ) as `` Bel - Air 's oldest tenth grader , '' a lover of frozen pizza , and a fan of Laverne and Shirley reruns . Trevor Collins - Newsworthy ( edit ) Trevor ( portrayed by Brian Stokes Mitchell ) was Hilary 's news anchor fiancé back in 1992 and co-worker at the television station . Trevor often gave himself compliments . Also , he always left the air and the Banks ' mansion by saying , `` Goodnight and Godspeed . '' He was originally referred to as `` Trevor Collins '' , but later episodes established his surname as `` Newsworthy . '' He eventually proposes to Hilary , but she insists that he officially proposes on live television later that day . Trevor then proposes to her on television while bungee jumping , and dies during the stunt when something goes wrong with the jump and he hits the ground . Hilary mourns his death by bringing back what she presumes to be Trevor 's ashes in an urn , but later learns that Trevor was not cremated , and that she grabbed a stranger 's urn . His death continues to haunt Hilary for the next few episodes and his memory , unlike almost everything else ( including Trevor 's very name ) , never leaves her mind . Jackie Ames ( edit ) Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames , portrayed by Tyra Banks , was introduced in `` Where There 's A Will , There 's a Way ( Part 1 ) '' in season four . At first , Carlton believed that Jackie was `` the girl of his dreams '' after she told off some people who were making fun of his peacock costume ( Carlton participated in football games as ULA 's mascot , the peacock ) . Later that night , at a party , Will discovers that this girl Carlton was talking about was Jackie , a girl he had known but did not keep in touch with back in Philly . She is initially upset that he did not attempt to contact her but eventually forgives him . As manager of The Peacock Stop , Jackie is the object of Will 's affection and frequent come - ons but continually spurns his advances , deeming him too immature . The two were old childhood friends from Philadelphia but she feels Will has not grown up since those days . There are certain innuendos indicating she still has feelings for Will . Jackie seems to warm more to Carlton , arguably because she sees him as more mature and stable than Will , although she is not as keen on dancing to Bobby Vinton as is Carlton . However , Jackie cuts all ties to Will for good when Will challenges a jock to a drinking game while at the jock 's birthday party . After being rebuffed by both Will and the football player when she tries to stop them , she has Carlton drive her home and is never seen again . Lisa Wilkes ( edit ) Beullah `` Lisa '' Wilkes , portrayed by Nia Long , was introduced in the fifth - season episode , `` Will 's Misery , '' as the girlfriend who tames Will into forsaking his womanizing ways . The two fall deeply in love and are engaged to be married , going so far as the ceremonies twice but never actually tie the knot . The first time , they elope to Las Vegas and try a Shaft - themed wedding but walk out on the ceremony after being interrupted so many times and realizing they were not ready . The second time they try to get married , Will starts feeling some doubts , especially when he notices that , like Jazz , he also knows very little about Lisa , culminating in him asking if Lisa is her real first name , upon which she reveals it 's actually Beulah . Will manages to overcome these doubts but Lisa reveals that she is also having doubts and the two decide not to marry . She is never seen again . The night before the wedding , a rivalry flared up between Will 's mother and Lisa 's father . In order to help them work out their differences before their wedding , Lisa and Will send them to a restaurant to get to know each other and work things out . However , the plan backfires when they get along too well and Will catches them in bed together . Ultimately the two end up getting married at the same ceremony , resulting in Will and Lisa becoming step - siblings . Guest stars ( edit ) Judge Carl Robertson ( edit ) Judge Carl Robertson was played by Sherman Hemsley . This man was a cunning lawyer and a one - time mentor to Phil . Judge Robertson visits a few times during the show and is known for being odd and mischievous . He also appears to have become greatly absent - minded but makes up for this with his boundless charisma . Philip begins to question the competence of his mentor and runs against him in the race for Superior Court judge and loses , largely due to Robertson 's outrageous smear campaign against Phil . However , at the victory party where he is confronted by Will , Judge Robertson suffers a fatal heart attack , although it appeared that he suddenly died at the `` voice '' of Will who inadvertently told him to drop dead . The incident leaves Will guilt - ridden but at the funeral it 's shown that quite a few people who knew the judge are quite happy to see him gone . They revealed that he was quite promiscuous and corrupt , for he wrongly convicted innocent people that he prosecuted and most of them attended just to make sure he was dead , actually applauding Will for his act . The Governor then appoints Phillip to take Judge Robertson 's seat . Though Robertson dies in the third season , Hemsley played his other character George Jefferson from The Jeffersons in the series later . Hemsley as Jefferson appeared in the Season five episode `` Will is from Mars '' , where he is with his wife ( Isabel Sanford as Louise Jefferson ) at counseling with Will and Lisa . George Jefferson also appears in `` I Done , Part 2 '' , having bought the Banks ' mansion . Hattie Banks ( edit ) Nicknames by Will : `` Granny '' or `` DJ Granny '' Hattie Banks , played by Virginia Capers , is Philip 's mother , having appeared in six episodes over the series ' run . She forms a close affinity with Will ( to the point where he sees her as his own grandmother ) and even falls for some of his pranks , much to Philip 's irritation . She embarrasses Philip by telling stories of his humble origins and refers to him by his childhood name `` Zeke . '' Joe Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Grandpa '' Joseph `` Joe '' Banks , played by Gilbert Lewis , was Philip 's father , having appeared in only one episode , `` Not With My Pig , You Do n't '' . His death sometime later ( offscreen ) left Phillip and Hattie feeling lost . Lou Smith ( edit ) Lou Smith ( played by Ben Vereen ) was a one - time character , appearing only in the episode `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Excuse . '' He is Will 's father , and a trucker . Lou abandoned his family ( Will and Viola `` Vy '' Smith ) when Will was 3 years - old , and explains his motives for leaving by saying he was n't ready for fatherhood , that he `` started feeling trapped '' and that he was scared . Lou drops in unannounced at the Peacock café where Will and Carlton work . Will invites Lou to the Banks ' residence but when he arrives , the family gives him the cold shoulder , especially Philip , who goes as far as to even skip dinner , shocking Geoffery ( with the exception of Carlton and Hilary , who are excited to see their long lost Uncle and Ashley who 's meeting him for the first time since her infancy ) . Will and his father go to a carnival where Lou explains to him his motives for leaving and asks for Will 's forgiveness , telling Will he 's a changed man and is ready to make up for his `` selfish and cowardly '' mistake to him . Will agrees , and calls him `` Dad '' for the first time after playing basketball . When they return to the house , Lou announces that Will is joining him for the summer on a nationwide trip in Lou 's truck . Philip objects to this . Lou tries to convince Philip , but Philip subtly disses Lou by telling him to stay out of their `` family discussion . '' After Lou leaves the mansion to go to the pool house , Will and Philip get into a heated argument ; Will calls out Philip for dissing Lou , causing Philip to finally blow up ; he knows that Lou has not had a change of heart , noticing his behavior shows no sign of guilt or acknowledgment of his past actions . Will believes not everybody is perfect and asks why he wo n't give him a chance ; Philip responds that he 's not seeing Will for his sake , but for his own selfish intentions . Vivian tries to ease the conflict , but Will officially announces he 's going on the trip anyway . Philip once again objects , but Will hollers he does n't care , as he is n't his biological father . Shocked and hurt by Will 's words , Philip begins wondering if he 's a good father . The next day , Philip is still contemplating , believing that with Lou back in Will 's life , Will no longer appreciates what Philip has done for him over the years . Expressing his concerns to Vivian , he eventually goes on to accuse Will of being selfish for wanting to be with Lou again , despite playing a larger role in his life . Vivian turns it around on Philip as he was the selfish one by not letting Will reconnect with Lou . As Will packs up , the two of them make amends ; Will appreciates everything Philip had done for him over the years , but he still needs this trip . Although Philip meant what he said , he admits to stepping out of line , and wishes him the best . As Philip leaves , Will reminds him that he 's only going to be gone for the summer . After a while , Vivian and Philip are still waiting for Lou to return , being an hour late . Philip begins to suspect him running off again . Although Lou eventually shows up , he tells them he has found a `` big '' new job in Maine that ca n't afford enough space in his truck for Will . Philip then offers to buy a plane ticket to fly Will to Maine to meet up with him and continue their trip from there , but Lou refuses the offer , saying this Maine job might lead to more job opportunities for him . Vivian expresses concern for Will 's reaction , which Lou requests that they tell for him instead . Finally provoked , Philip requests Vivian to leave the room , but not before she tells Lou to stay out of Will 's life if he leaves again . An irate Philip bluntly reminds him of his responsibility to Will ; that Will is n't some come - and - go object that he can use whenever he feels and that Lou is supposed to be there for Will , not the other way around . Lou reacts defensively ; that he did n't want this job opportunity to happen and uses his same excuse on Philip as to why he left Will to begin with . However , Philip tells him to stop because fatherhood scared him too but he never let that cause him to leave his family and explains that being there for his family is what a man does . However , an annoyed Lou still refuses to listen , admitting Philip to being a better man than himself . Will then walks in before Lou can duck out again . Lou tells Will that he ca n't take him along because of his job . He promises that the trip is only going to be `` put on hold for just a couple weeks '' and promises to `` call him next week to iron out the details '' . Knowing he 's just trying to weasel out easy and is never going to do any of those things , Will realizes that Philip was right . When Lou says goodbye to Will , Will closes the bridge by addressing him as `` Lou '' instead of `` Dad . '' In a state of awkwardness , Lou leaves . Will is in denial about any feelings of hurt and betrayal , claiming he does n't need him . He starts by talking about he 's managed to go through life without him but then starts turning into angry rants about how he 's going to successfully finish life without him , before breaking down in tears , asking Philip why Lou does n't want to be there for him . Having seen his father abandon him a second time , Will finally realizes that Philip is the closest thing to a father that he has . Although Lou never reappeared after this , Will was so hurt by the incident that he developed a deep resentment towards his father whenever he was mentioned . It is unknown if Lou ever reappeared after this , but if he did , he was most likely angrily thrown out by the Banks for his previous actions . In a later episode , during a heated argument with Carlton , Carlton insulted Will by comparing him to his father . Shaking with anger , he calmly but clearly stated , `` I am nothing like my father . '' In an earlier episode before Lou 's appearance , when Phil suffers a heart attack and Carlton is in denial , Will confronts Carlton to go visit Phil in the hospital . Will wins the argument using reverse psychology by reminding Carlton he has a father who is always there for his children when Will asks Carlton `` Do you know where my father is '' ? When Carlton answers in the negative , Will rebuts `` Neither do I '' . In the finale episode , Will states that Uncle Phil is the only father he ever had and Philip says , `` You are my son , end of story . '' Other guest stars ( edit ) Mark Burch Antonio Fargas Michael Clarke Duncan Marc Thompson John Amos Vivica A. Fox Cree Summer Phil LaMarr Bernie Kopell Pat Morita Kadeem Hardison Queen Latifah * Jasmine Guy Glenn Shadix Richard Roundtree * Bo Jackson Doctor Dré Quincy Jones Heavy D Whoopi Goldberg Tony Longo Chris Rock D.L. Hughley Sherrié Austin John Witherspoon Don Cheadle Vanessa Williams Malcolm - Jamal Warner * Milton Berle Evander Holyfield Tom Lister , Jr . Nancy Cartwright Miguel A. Núñez , Jr . Brandon Quintin Adams * Darryl Sivad * Robert Costanzo Jaleel White Garcelle Beauvais * Jim Meskimen * Nicole Bilderback Morgan Nagler Tom Devanney Conrad Bain Tisha Campbell - Martin Adrienne - Joi Johnson Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Bell Biv DeVoe Boyz II Men Ben Vereen Don Yesso Kim Fields Tyra Banks Raven - Symoné Zachery Ty Bryan Robin Givens Brad Garrett Isiah Thomas Olivia Brown Nia Long Jenifer Lewis Donald Trump Dick Clark Susan Powter Regis Philbin Robert Guillaume Sherman Hemsley Isabel Sanford Marla Gibbs Tevin Campbell Victoria Rowell Oprah Winfrey Branford Marsalis Bree Walker Reno Wilson Hill Harper Pam Grier Tempestt Bledsoe Phil Morris Monica Allison Craig Kirkwood Tatiana Thumbtzen Leeza Gibbons Lark Voorhies Riddick Bowe Isaac Hayes William Shatner Anna Maria Horsford Tom Jones Joan Van Ark B.B. King Zsa Zsa Gabor Genesis P - Orridge Ken Griffey , Jr . Hugh Hefner Naomi Campbell Wayne Newton Bob Eubanks Jay Leno Stacey Dash Al B. Sure ! Gary Coleman Tim Russ Allen Payne Kathy Griffin Robert Hooks Milo Ventimiglia Dante Basco Karen Malina White Elise Neal Don Cornelius Keith Hamilton Cobb Leann Hunley Arthel Neville Ajai Sanders Tamala Jones Kathie Lee Gifford Stephen Lang ( Uncredited ) Naya Rivera Michole Briana White Bumper Robinson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro Reveals the Inspiration for the Carlton on Fresh Prince '' . www.people.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - Season 5 , Episode 1 : What 's Will Got to Do With It ? ( 1 ) '' . TV.com. 1994 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air : 1990 - 1996 '' . People.com. 2000 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Butler - encyclopedia article - Citizendium '' . En.citizendium.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Jazzy Jeff Interview '' . Jazzyjefffreshprince.tripod.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . hide The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Episodes 5 6 Characters Will Smith Theme song `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air_characters&oldid=850318380 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of American television series characters The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2017 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 03 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played will smith's mom in fresh prince
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"Viola \"Vy\" Smith-Wilkes, portrayed by Vernee Watson-Johnson, is Vivian's oldest sister and Will's loving mother. She is a stern, no-nonsense disciplinarian who is not afraid to challenge anyone who gets in her way. It was her idea that Will should go to Bel Air to get a good education and avoid a life of violence in their West Philadelphia neighborhood. Vy works as a supervisor at the post office. It was due to this she opposed the decision when Janice decides to marry Frank, a white man. Though by their next encounter she is more accepting. Vy eventually decides to marry Lisa Wilkes' father after Will and Lisa call off their second wedding attempt. However, it is unknown whether or not they married, since in Vy's next appearance, Mr. Wilkes is not seen or mentioned. Her maiden name and married name were previously the same, as Will's father was named Lou Smith.\n"
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"Vernee Watson-Johnson"
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The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (film)
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The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( film ) - Wikipedia The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( film ) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Promotional poster , still under the original release date . Directed by Ken Kwapis Produced by Debra Martin Chase Denise Di Novi Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson Screenplay by Delia Ephron Elizabeth Chandler Based on The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants by Ann Brashares Starring Alexis Bledel America Ferrera Blake Lively Amber Tamblyn Music by Cliff Eidelman Cinematography John Bailey Edited by Kathryn Himoff Production company Alcon Entertainment Alloy Entertainment Di Novi Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $42 million The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a 2005 American comedy - drama film released by Warner Bros. Pictures , based on the novel of the same name by Ann Brashares . It was directed by Ken Kwapis and screenplay by Delia Ephron and Elizabeth Chandler . The film 's production budget was $25 million . At the box office , it brought in a total domestic gross of $39,053,061 . The DVD was released in the United States on October 11 , 2005 , and features on - camera commentary by Amber Tamblyn , Alexis Bledel , and America Ferrera and deleted scenes ( discussed by Kwapis ) . The film was partially shot in the Kamloops and Ashcroft area in British Columbia , Canada . It is the first installment of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants film series , which inlcude a sequel The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 ( 2008 ) , with a third film is in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Carmen Lowell 1.2 Lena Kaligaris 1.3 Tabitha `` Tibby '' Rollins 1.4 Bridget `` Bee '' Vreeland 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 Home media 6 Soundtrack and score 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four teenage girls -- Carmen , Tibby , Bridget , and Lena -- are best friends from Bethesda , Maryland , who are about to separate for the summer for the first time in their lives . Lena is spending the summer in Santorini , Greece , with her grandparents ; Tibby is staying at home ; Bridget is going to soccer camp in Mexico ; and Carmen is visiting her father in South Carolina . On one of their final days they went shopping together , the girls find a seemingly ordinary pair of jeans that fit them all perfectly and flatter their figures , despite their very different measurements . The girls dub them the Traveling Pants and decide to share them equally over the course of the summer . They part the next day , and the film focuses on each girl 's journey separately . Carmen lowell ( edit ) During the summer , Carmen goes to her dad 's house in ( South Carolina ) . On arrival , she is shocked when her dad immediately introduces her to a new family that he is about to marry into ; they are blonde ( White Anglo - Saxon Protestant ) , unlike Carmen who was raised by her Catholic , Puerto Rican mother . During her time there , her father and her new step - family neglect her emotionally , driving her to throw a stone through their dining room window , and catch a bus back to Maryland . At home she tells Tibby about her time with her dad and Tibby convinces her to confront her father with a phone call and finally tell him that she 's mad at him . Carmen tells her father and he apologizes . Her summer ends with the four of them returning south where she is an attendant at her father 's wedding , during which he makes a public apology for having snubbed her . She then accepted his apology . Lena kaligaris ( edit ) Through the unexpected intervention of the Pants , Lena meets a local Greek boy named Kostas Dounas . Lena learns from her grandparents that her family and Kostas ' family are sworn enemies stemming from an old family feud . Despite this , Kostas continues to pursue Lena , and the two develop feelings for each other . Lena holds back , though , until one day when she admits to herself that she is afraid of love . Once she makes this realization , she begins a secret relationship with Kostas . On their last night together , Kostas tells Lena that he loves her . Before Lena can answer , Lena 's family barges in , angrily pulling her away . Lena later confronts her grandfather and asks to go see Kostas before he leaves , to which her grandfather agrees . Kostas and Lena share a passionate kiss , and Lena confesses her love for him . Tabitha `` Tibby '' rollins ( edit ) While on the job at a discount department store , Tibby hears a loud crashing sound , and finds a young girl who has fainted in the deodorant aisle . She frantically calls for help , and the girl is taken away in an ambulance . When Lena mails the magical Pants to Tibby , they are delivered to the wrong house . Bailey Graffman , the girl who had fainted at the store , has them . Fascinated by Tibby 's movie , or `` suckumentary '' as she calls it , Bailey becomes Tibby 's self - appointed assistant . Tibby is annoyed by this at first , but gradually grows to accept Bailey . She later learns from Bailey 's neighbor that Bailey has leukemia . Bailey eventually goes to the hospital with a bad infection . Tibby avoids the hospital for a while , but eventually visits Bailey , bringing the Traveling Pants . She offers them to Bailey and pleads with her to take them so that they can help her . Bailey responds by saying that the pants have already worked their magic on Bailey by bringing her and Tibby together . Tibby spends a lot of time with Bailey in the hospital after that . A couple of days later , Tibby receives a phone call in the morning from Mrs. Graffman , Bailey 's mother , saying that Bailey died in the night . Sadly , the pants can not cure cancer . When Carmen comes back home from South Carolina , Tibby visits her to try to help her with her feelings of being snubbed by her father . Carmen lashes out at Tibby by saying that she has no feelings , and Tibby leaves in tears . The pair reconcile , and later go to Bridget 's house in order to bring her out of her depression . Over the course of the film , Tibby undergoes dramatic changes in her outlook due to her time with Bailey . Bridget `` bee '' vreeland ( edit ) Shortly after arriving at soccer camp in Baja California , Mexico , Bridget develops a crush on one of the coaches , Eric Richman . She reveals to Eric that a psychiatrist who evaluated her following her mother 's suicide described her as `` single - minded to the point of recklessness , '' presumably as a way of avoiding dealing with her mother 's death . This statement aptly describes Bridget 's pursuit of Eric , despite the fact that relationships between the coaches and the campers are forbidden . She flirts with Eric and shows off for him during games . When Bridget 's turn with the Traveling Pants finally comes , she puts them on that night and walks around outside Eric 's cabin , leading him to the beach . Bridget loses her virginity , which leaves Bridget feeling empty and listless , even after she returns home . After learning about this in a letter , Lena calls Carmen and Tibby , and they arrive at Bridget 's house to cheer her up . She tells them she is worried she is like her mother , whose mood also swung easily from very up to very down , eventually resulting in deep depression and suicide . Carmen and Tibby comfort Bridget by reassuring her that she is stronger than her mother . Eric visits Bridget and apologizes for his behavior over the summer , and tells her that while she is too young for him now , he hopes she will give him a shot when she is older , giving Bridget much - needed closure . Cast ( edit ) Amber Tamblyn as Tabitha `` Tibby '' Tomko - Rollins Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby Alexis Bledel as Lena Kaligaris Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena America Ferrera as Carmen Lowell Tiara Santana as Young Carmen Blake Lively as Bridget Vreeland Ashley Hale as Young Bridget Bradley Whitford as Albert `` Al '' Lowell , Carmen 's father Jenna Boyd as Bailey Graffman Nancy Travis as Lydia Rodman Erica Hubbard as Soccer Pal Diana Kyle Schmid as Paul Rodman Mike Vogel as Eric Richman Michael Rady as Kostas Dounas Kristie Marsden as Soccer Pal Olivia Emily Tennant as Krista Rodman Leonardo Nam as Brian McBrian Rachel Ticotin as Christina Production ( edit ) Principal photography started on the island of Santorini , Greece . Filming then continued in Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , `` This adaptation of a beloved novel charms with its heartwarming tale of friendship and young adulthood ; realistic portrayals of the lives of teenage girls lend the comedy - drama sincerity , and may capture hearts outside the female - centric demographic . '' It has a score of 77 % based on 125 reviews . Metacritic gave the film a score of 66 % , with `` generally favorable reviews '' , based on 34 reviews . Yahoo ! Movies gave the film a B rating based on 13 different critics . Box Office ( edit ) On its opening weekend , the film opened # 5 at the box office with $9,833,340 . As of November 14 , 2008 , the film has grossed $42,013,878 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The DVD and VHS were released in the US on October 11 , 2005 . The film has yet to be released on Blu - ray . Soundtrack and score ( edit ) The song album was released by Columbia Records on May 24 , 2005 . These Days -- Chantal Kreviazuk ( 3 : 57 ) Unwritten -- Natasha Bedingfield ( 4 : 19 ) Time of Our Lives -- Paul van Dyk ( 3 : 37 ) Black Roses Red -- Alana Grace ( 4 : 12 ) If God Made You ( Radio Remix ) -- Five for Fighting ( 4 : 16 ) Just for You -- William Tell ( 3 : 46 ) Closer to You -- Brandi Carlile ( 2 : 54 ) No Sleep Tonight -- The Faders ( 3 : 00 ) I Want You to Know -- Chantal Kreviazuk ( 3 : 19 ) Be Be Your Love -- Rachael Yamagata ( 4 : 14 ) Sun 's Gonna Rise -- Shannon Curfman ( 3 : 55 ) Simple -- Katy Perry ( 3 : 39 ) Always There in You -- Valli Girls ( an early track involving members of HAIM ) ( 3 : 46 ) The album of Cliff Eidelman 's score was released by Varèse Sarabande on July 12 , 2005 . Prologue ( 3 : 44 ) Deja Blue ( 1 : 04 ) Fate ( 1 : 01 ) Rules of the Pants ( 3 : 26 ) A Touch of Greece ( 1 : 18 ) Honey ( 1 : 10 ) The Traveling Pants ( : 53 ) Reflection ( 2 : 07 ) Running ( 1 : 26 ) Traveling to Baja ( : 39 ) The Way of the Pants ( : 34 ) Letter ( 1 : 48 ) Broken Heart ( 1 : 16 ) A Brave Soul ( 1 : 15 ) Last Words ( : 58 ) Us ( 2 : 18 ) Sisterhood Reunites ( 1 : 14 ) Together ( 1 : 29 ) The Traveling Song ( 3 : 17 ) Piano Suite ( 4 : 03 ) Awards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2006 -- Won ; Imagen Foundation Awards for Best Actress ( America Ferrera ) 2006 -- Nominated ; ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture ( America Ferrera ) 2006 -- Nominated ; Young Artist Award for Best Family Feature Film -- Drama 2006 -- Nominated ; Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress ( Jenna Boyd ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Satellite Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role , Comedy or Musical ( America Ferrera ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Satellite Award for Outstanding Youth DVD ( Widescreen Edition ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress : Drama ( Alexis Bledel ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress : Drama ( Amber Tamblyn ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( America Ferrera ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( Jenna Boyd ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( Blake Lively ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Male ( Michael Rady ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit ( America Ferrera ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Love Scene ( Alexis Bledel and Michael Rady ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie : Drama References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Past Productions Thompson - Nicola Film Commission in BC , Canada '' . Tnrdfilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` A Third `` Traveling Pants '' Film On The Way `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE SISTERHOOD OF THE TRAVELING PANTS -- Production Notes -- The Traveling Pants Makes Their Circuit '' . CinemaReview.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants , The reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( 2005 ) -- Movie Info -- Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 2005 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Weekend Grosses from 8 / 8 to 8 / 10 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Valli Girls biography - Last.fm '' . Last.fm . External links ( edit ) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants on IMDb The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants at Rotten Tomatoes hide The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series by Ann Brashares Books The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants The Second Summer of the Sisterhood Girls in Pants : The Third Summer of the Sisterhood Forever in Blue : The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood Sisterhood Everlasting Characters Lena Kaligaris Bridget Vreeland Tibby Rollins Carmen Lowell Films The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( 2005 ) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 ( 2008 ) Spin -- off 3 Willows : The Sisterhood Grows hide Films directed by Ken Kwapis The Beniker Gang ( 1985 ) Sesame Street Presents : Follow That Bird ( 1985 ) Vibes ( 1988 ) He Said , She Said ( 1991 ) Dunston Checks In ( 1996 ) The Beautician and the Beast ( 1997 ) Noah ( 1998 ) Sexual Life ( 2005 ) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( 2005 ) License to Wed ( 2007 ) He 's Just Not That into You ( 2009 ) Big Miracle ( 2012 ) A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sisterhood_of_the_Traveling_Pants_(film)&oldid=846316149 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s coming - of - age films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s teen comedy films 2000s teen drama films 2000s teen romance films Alcon Entertainment films Alloy Entertainment films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American female buddy films American films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen romance films Buddy comedy films Buddy drama films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films about vacationing Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Films directed by Ken Kwapis Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films scored by Cliff Eidelman Films set in Greece Films set in Maryland Films set in Mexico Films set in South Carolina Films shot in Greece Films shot in Mexico Films shot in Vancouver Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 23 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where did they film sisterhood of the traveling pants
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"The film's production budget was $25 million. At the box office, it brought in a total domestic gross of $39,053,061. The DVD was released in the United States on October 11, 2005, and features on-camera commentary by Amber Tamblyn, Alexis Bledel, and America Ferrera and deleted scenes (discussed by Kwapis). The film was partially shot in the Kamloops and Ashcroft area in British Columbia, Canada.[2]"
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"in the Kamloops and Ashcroft area in British Columbia, Canada"
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Doctrine of lapse
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Doctrine of lapse - Wikipedia Doctrine of lapse Jump to : navigation , search For the legal doctrine , see Lapse and anti-lapse . Princely state Salute state British paramountcy Chamber of Princes Jagir Agencies of British India Residencies of British India Doctrine of lapse Political pensioner Privy Purse Standstill agreement Instrument of Accession Individual residencies Hyderabad Indore ( Holkar ) Jammu and Kashmir Mysore ( Maisur ) Travancore Sikkim Agencies Bagelkhand Baluchistan Baroda and Gujarat States Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States Bhopawar Bundelkhand Central India Deccan States Eastern States Gilgit Gwalior Residency Jaipur Residency Madras States Mahi Kantha Malwa Mewar ( Udaipur ) Residency & Western Rajputana Agency North - West Frontier Palanpur Punjab States Rajputana Rewa Kantha Western India States Lists States by region States by name Rajput States Maratha States The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India before 1858 . According to the doctrine , any princely state or territory under the direct influence ( paramountacy ) of the British East India Company ( the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent ) , as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system , would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either `` manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir '' . The latter supplanted the long - established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor . In addition , the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough . The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate . The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie , who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856 . However , it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor - General . Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively , though , so it is generally associated with him . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie 3 Princely states annexed under the doctrine 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) At the time of its adoption , the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent . The company took over the princely states of Satara ( 1848 ) , Jaitpur and Sambalpur ( 1849 ) , Nagpur and Jhansi ( 1854 ) , Tanjore and Arcot ( 1855 ) and Udaipur ( Chhattisgarh ) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse . Oudh ( 1856 ) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse . However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis - governance . Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly , the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine . Udaipur State , however , would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 . With the increasing power of the East India Company , discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces ; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also known as the Sepoy Mutiny . Following the rebellion , in 1858 , the new British Viceroy of India , whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company , renounced the doctrine . The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a ' doctrine of lapse ' . So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 , though he arguably made it official by documenting it . Dalhousie 's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India . Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie ( edit ) Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states , but the policy was not solely of his invention . The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834 . As per this policy , the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839 , Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842 . Princely states annexed under the doctrine ( edit ) Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1893 Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Oudh ( 1854 ) Punjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1854 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 See also ( edit ) Colonialism Escheat List of princely states of India Presidencies and provinces of British India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keay , John . India : A History . Grove Press Books , distributed by Publishers Group West . United States : 2000 ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley . A New History of India ; 3rd ed. , pp. 226 - 28 . Oxford University Press , 1989 . Jump up ^ Rajput Provinces of India - Udaipur ( Princely State ) Jump up ^ Wolpert ( 1989 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ S.N. Sen , ed. ( 2006 ) . History of Modern India . New Age International ( P ) Ltd. p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 8122 - 41774 - 6 . ( hide ) Princely states annexed by the British Raj Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( Carnatic , as political pensioner ) ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Banki ( 1840 ) Ballabhgarh ( 1867 ) Carnatic ( as state , 1801 ) Datarpur ( 1848 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Jubbal ( 1832 - 1840 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kanika ( 1805 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( Colaba ) ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kulpahar ( 1858 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 - 1893 ) Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Nurpur ( 1849 ) Oudh ( Awadh ) ( 1854 ) Pañjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1859 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 - 1860 ) List of princely states of British India ( by region ) Princely states alphabetical Doctrine of lapse Annexation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_of_lapse&oldid=807331010 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Princely states of India Annexation Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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doctrine of lapse was one of the causes of which rebellion
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"With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]"
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"the Indian Rebellion of 1857"
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Illusory correlation
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Illusory correlation - wikipedia Illusory correlation Not to be confused with Correlation fallacy . In psychology , illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables ( typically people , events , or behaviors ) even when no such relationship exists . A false association may be formed because rare or novel occurrences are more salient and therefore tend to capture one 's attention . This phenomenon is one way stereotypes form and endure . Hamilton & Rose ( 1980 ) found that stereotypes can lead people to expect certain groups and traits to fit together , and then to overestimate the frequency with which these correlations actually occur . Contents 1 History 2 Example 3 Theories 3.1 General theory 3.2 Information processing 3.3 Working - memory capacity 3.4 Attention theory of learning 3.5 Effect of learning 3.6 Age 3.7 Explicit versus implicit attitudes 3.8 Paradigm structure 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Sources History ( edit ) `` Illusory correlation '' was originally coined by Chapman and Chapman ( 1967 ) to describe people 's tendencies to overestimate relationships between two groups when distinctive and unusual information is presented . The concept was used to question claims about objective knowledge in clinical psychology through Chapmans ' refutation of many clinicians ' widely used Wheeler signs for homosexuality in Rorschach tests . Example ( edit ) David Hamilton and Robert Gifford ( 1976 ) conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated how stereotypic beliefs regarding minorities could derive from illusory correlation processes . To test their hypothesis , Hamilton and Gifford had research participants read a series of sentences describing either desirable or undesirable behaviors , which were attributed to either Group A or Group B. Abstract groups were used so that no previously established stereotypes would influence results . Most of the sentences were associated with Group A , and the remaining few were associated with Group B . The following table summarizes the information given . Behaviors Group A ( Majority ) Group B ( Minority ) Total Desirable 18 ( 69 % ) 9 ( 69 % ) 27 Undesirable 8 ( 30 % ) 4 ( 30 % ) 12 Total 26 13 39 Each group had the same proportions of positive and negative behaviors , so there was no real association between behaviors and group membership . Results of the study show that positive , desirable behaviors were not seen as distinctive so people were accurate in their associations . On the other hand , when distinctive , undesirable behaviors were represented in the sentences , the participants overestimated how much the minority group exhibited the behaviors . A parallel effect occurs when people judge whether two events , such as pain and bad weather , are correlated . They rely heavily on the relatively small number of cases where the two events occur together . People pay relatively little attention to the other kinds of observation ( of no pain or good weather ) . Theories ( edit ) General theory ( edit ) Most explanations for illusory correlation involve psychological heuristics : information processing short - cuts that underlie many human judgments . One of these is availability : the ease with which an idea comes to mind . Availability is often used to estimate how likely an event is or how often it occurs . This can result in illusory correlation , because some pairings can come easily and vividly to mind even though they are not especially frequent . Information processing ( edit ) Martin Hilbert ( 2012 ) proposes an information processing mechanism that assumes a noisy conversion of objective observations into subjective judgments . The theory defines noise as the mixing of these observations during retrieval from memory . According to the model , underlying cognitions or subjective judgments are identical with noise or objective observations that can lead to overconfidence or what is known as conservatism bias -- when asked about behavior participants underestimate the majority or larger group and overestimate the minority or smaller group . These results are illusory correlations . Working - memory capacity ( edit ) In an experimental study done by Eder , Fiedler and Hamm - Eder ( 2011 ) , the effects of working - memory capacity on illusory correlations were investigated . They first looked at the individual differences in working memory , and then looked to see if that had any effect on the formation of illusory correlations . They found that individuals with higher working memory capacity viewed minority group members more positively than individuals with lower working memory capacity . In a second experiment , the authors looked into the effects of memory load in working memory on illusory correlations . They found that increased memory load in working memory led to an increase in the prevalence of illusory correlations . The experiment was designed to specifically test working memory and not substantial stimulus memory . This means that the development of illusory correlations was caused by deficiencies in central cognitive resources caused by the load in working memory , not selective recall . Attention theory of learning ( edit ) Attention theory of learning proposes that features of majority groups are learned first , and then features of minority groups . This results in an attempt to distinguish the minority group from the majority , leading to these differences being learned more quickly . The Attention theory also argues that , instead of forming one stereotype regarding the minority group , two stereotypes , one for the majority and one for the minority , are formed . Effect of learning ( edit ) A study was conducted to investigate whether increased learning would have any effect on illusory correlations . It was found that educating people about how illusory correlation occurs resulted in a decreased incidence of illusory correlations . Age ( edit ) Johnson and Jacobs ( 2003 ) performed an experiment to see how early in life individuals begin forming illusory correlations . Children in grades 2 and 5 were exposed to a typical illusory correlation paradigm to see if negative attributes were associated with the minority group . The authors found that both groups formed illusory correlations . A study also found that children create illusory correlations . In their experiment , children in grades 1 , 3 , 5 , and 7 , and adults all looked at the same illusory correlation paradigm . The study found that children did create significant illusory correlations , but those correlations were weaker than the ones created by adults . In a second study , groups of shapes with different colors were used . The formation of illusory correlation persisted showing that social stimuli are not necessary for creating these correlations . Explicit versus implicit attitudes ( edit ) Two studies performed by Ratliff and Nosek examined whether or not explicit and implicit attitudes affected illusory correlations . In one study , Ratliff and Nosek had two groups : one a majority and the other a minority . They then had three groups of participants , all with readings about the two groups . One group of participants received overwhelming pro-majority readings , one was given pro-minority readings , and one received neutral readings . The groups that had pro-majority and pro-minority readings favored their respective pro groups both explicitly and implicitly . The group that had neutral readings favored the majority explicitly , but not implicitly . The second study was similar , but instead of readings , pictures of behaviors were shown , and the participants wrote a sentence describing the behavior they saw in the pictures presented . The findings of both studies supported the authors ' argument that the differences found between the explicit and implicit attitudes is a result of the interpretation of the covariation and making judgments based on these interpretations ( explicit ) instead of just accounting for the covariation ( implicit ) . Paradigm structure ( edit ) Berndsen et al. ( 1999 ) wanted to determine if the structure of testing for illusory correlations could lead to the formation of illusory correlations . The hypothesis was that identifying test variables as Group A and Group B might be causing the participants to look for differences between the groups , resulting in the creation of illusory correlations . An experiment was set up where one set of participants were told the groups were Group A and Group B , while another set of participants were given groups labeled as students who graduated in 1993 or 1994 . This study found that illusory correlations were more likely to be created when the groups were Group A and B , as compared to students of the class of 1993 or the class of 1994 . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Thinking portal Apophenia Clustering illusion Cognitive bias Confirmation bias Cum hoc ergo propter hoc Observer bias Observer - expectancy effect Pareidolia Post hoc ergo propter hoc Radical behaviorism Subject - expectancy effect Superstition Thin - slicing Spurious relationship References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pelham , Brett ; Blanton , Hart ( 2013 ) ( 2007 ) . Conducting Research in Psychology : measuring the weight of smoke ( 4th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . pp. 11&ndash , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 59819 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Brian ; Johnson , Craig ( 1990 ) . `` Distinctiveness - based illusory correlations and stereotyping : A meta - analytic integration '' . British Journal of Social Psychology . Wiley - Blackwell on behalf of the British Psychological Society . 29 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 28 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8309.1990. tb00883. x . Jump up ^ Stroessner , Steven J. ; Plaks , Jason E. ( 2001 ) . `` Illusory Correlation and Stereotype Formation : Tracing the Arc of Research Over a Quarter Century '' . In Moskowitz , Gordon B . Cognitive Social Psychology : The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition . Mahwah , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . pp. 247&ndash , 259 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3414 - 1 . Jump up ^ Peeters , Vivian E. ( 1983 ) . `` The Persistence of Stereotypic Beliefs : a Cognitive View '' . In Richard P. Bagozzi ; Alice M. Tybout . Advances in Consumer Research . 10 . Ann Arbor , MI : Association for Consumer Research . pp. 454 -- 458 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Whitley & Kite 2010 Jump up ^ Chapman , L ( 1967 ) . `` Illusory correlation in observational report '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 6 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 155 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5371 ( 67 ) 80066 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Loren J. and Jean P. ( 1969 ) . `` Illusory Correlation as an Obstacle to the Use of Valid Psychodiagnostic Signs '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 74 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 80 . doi : 10.1037 / h0027592 . PMID 4896551 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , D ; Gifford , R ( 1976 ) . `` Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception : A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 12 ( 4 ) : 392 -- 407 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 1031 ( 76 ) 80006 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kunda 1999 , pp. 127 -- 130 Jump up ^ Plous 1993 , pp. 162 -- 164 ^ Jump up to : Plous 1993 , pp. 164 -- 167 Jump up ^ Plous 1993 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Hilbert , Martin ( 2012 ) . `` Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases : How noisy information processing can bias human decision making '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 138 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 237 . doi : 10.1037 / a0025940 . PMID 22122235 . Jump up ^ Eder , Andreas B. ; Fiedler , Klaus ; Hamm - Eder , Silke ( 2011 ) . `` Illusory correlations revisited : The role of pseudocontingencies and working - memory capacity '' . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology . 64 ( 3 ) : 517 -- 532 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470218.2010. 509917 . PMID 21218370 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jeffrey W. ; Kruschke , John K. ; Sherman , Steven J. ; Percy , Elise J. ; Petrocelli , John V. ; Conrey , Frederica R. ( 2009 ) . `` Attentional processes in stereotype formation : A common model for category accentuation and illusory correlation '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 96 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 323 . doi : 10.1037 / a0013778 . PMID 19159134 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Robin A. ; Schmeer , Stefanie ; Vallée - Tourangeau , Frédéric ; Mondragón , Esther ; Hilton , Denis ( 2011 ) . `` Making the illusory correlation effect appear and then disappear : The effects of increased learning '' . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology . 64 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470218.2010. 493615 . PMID 20623441 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Kristen E. ; Jacobs , Janis E. ( 2003 ) . `` Children 's Illusory Correlations : The Role of Attentional Bias in Group Impression Formation '' . Journal of Cognition and Development . 4 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 160 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327647JCD0402_01 . Jump up ^ Primi , Caterina ; Agnoli , Franca ( 2002 ) . `` Children correlate infrequent behaviors with minority groups : a case of illusory correlation '' . Cognitive Development . 17 ( 1 ) : 1105 -- 1131 . doi : 10.1016 / S0885 - 2014 ( 02 ) 00076 - X . Jump up ^ Ratliff , Kate A. ; Nosek , Brian A. ( 2010 ) . `` Creating distinct implicit and explicit attitudes with an illusory correlation paradigm '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 46 ( 5 ) : 721 -- 728 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jesp. 2010.04. 011 . Jump up ^ Berndsen , Mariëtte ; Spears , Russell ; Pligt , Joop ; McGarty , Craig ( 1999 ) . `` Determinants of intergroup differentiation in the illusory correlation task '' . British Journal of Psychology . 90 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 220 . doi : 10.1348 / 000712699161350 . Sources ( edit ) Hamilton , David L. ; Rose , Terrence L. ( 1980 ) . `` Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 39 ( 5 ) : 832 -- 845 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.39. 5.832 . Kunda , Ziva ( 1999 ) . Social Cognition : Making Sense of People . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 61143 - 5 . OCLC 40618974 . Plous , Scott ( 1993 ) . The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050477 - 6 . OCLC 26931106 . Whitley , Bernard E. ; Kite , Mary E. ( 2010 ) . The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 59964 - 7 . OCLC 695689517 . Biases Cognitive biases Acquiescence Anchoring Attentional Attribution Authority Automation Belief Blind spot Choice - supportive Confirmation Congruence Cultural Distinction Dunning -- Kruger Egocentric Emotional Extrinsic incentives Fading affect Correspondence Halo effect Hindsight Horn effect Hostile attribution Impact In - group Mere - exposure effect Negativity Normalcy Omission Optimism Outcome Overton window Precision Pro-innovation Response Restraint Self - serving Social comparison Status quo Time - saving Trait ascription von Restorff effect Zero - risk In animals Statistical biases Estimator Forecast Healthy user Information Lead time Length time Non-response Omitted - variable Participation Recall Sampling Selection Self - selection Social desirability Spectrum Survivorship Systematic error Systemic Verification Wet Other biases Academic Funding FUTON Inductive Infrastructure Inherent in education Media Vietnam War Norway South Asia Sweden United States Arab -- Israeli conflict Ukraine Net Publication Reporting White hat Bias reduction Cognitive bias mitigation Debiasing Heuristics in judgment and decision - making Lists : General Memory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illusory_correlation&oldid=861887172 '' Categories : Cognitive biases Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 19 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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what is an example of an illusory correlation
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"A parallel effect occurs when people judge whether two events, such as pain and bad weather, are correlated. They rely heavily on the relatively small number of cases where the two events occur together. People pay relatively little attention to the other kinds of observation (of no pain or good weather).[9][10]\n"
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"when people judge whether two events, such as pain and bad weather, are correlated"
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Albert Woolson
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Albert Woolson - wikipedia Albert Woolson Jump to : navigation , search Albert Henry Woolson Portrait c. 1953 ( 1850 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1850 Antwerp , New York , U.S. August 2 , 1956 ( 1956 - 08 - 02 ) ( aged 106 ) Duluth , Minnesota , U.S. Buried Park Hill Cemetery , Duluth , Minnesota Allegiance United States Service / branch Union Army Years of service 1864 -- 65 Rank Drummer boy Unit 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment Battles / wars American Civil War Memorials Monument at Gettysburg Other work carpenter and member of the Grand Army of the Republic Albert Henry Woolson ( February 11 , 1850 -- August 2 , 1956 ) was the last surviving member of the Union Army who served in the American Civil War . He was also the last surviving Civil War veteran on either side whose status is undisputed . At least three men who followed him in death claimed to be Confederate veterans , but one has been debunked and the other two are unverified . The last surviving Union soldier to see combat was James Hard ( 1843 -- 1953 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Legacy 3 Images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Woolson was born in Antwerp , New York , to Willard P. Woolson ( 1811 -- 1862 ) and Caroline Baldwin ( ca . 1822 -- unknown ) . He claimed to be born on February 11 , 1847 , but his entry in the 1850 United States Census lists him as born in 1850 . Entries in the later census records and in the 1905 Minnesota State Census support the conclusion that he was born in 1850 . His father , Willard Woolson , enlisted in the Union Army . Willard was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh and was transported to an Army hospital in Windom , Minnesota , where he would die of his wounds . Albert and his mother moved to Windom to accompany Willard . Albert enlisted as a drummer boy in Company C , 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment on October 10 , 1864 , becoming the company 's drummer . However , the company never saw action , and Albert Woolson was discharged on September 7 , 1865 . Woolson returned to Minnesota , where he lived the rest of his life . He was a carpenter and later a member of the Grand Army of the Republic ( G.A.R. ) , a powerful political organization made up of Civil War veterans where he became senior vice commander in chief in 1953 . In his final days , he lived at 215 East Fifth Street in Duluth , Minnesota . Woolson died at St. Luke 's Hospital in Duluth on August 2 , 1956 , at what was then thought to be the age of 109 , of a `` recurring lung congestion condition '' . He was twice widowed and was survived by six daughters and two sons . Woolson was buried with full military honors by the National Guard at Park Hill Cemetery . Following his death , President Dwight D. Eisenhower said : `` The American people have lost the last personal link with the Union Army ... His passing brings sorrow to the hearts of all of us who cherished the memory of the brave men on both sides of the War Between the States . '' Legacy ( edit ) Woolson and fellow drummer - boy Frank Mayer marched together , both aged 99 , in the Memorial Day Parade in May , 1949 , to lay a wreath at the tomb of General Grant in New York City . Life magazine ran a seven - page article upon the death of Albert Woolson , in the August 20 , 1956 issue . The article included much information about the G.A.R. , with pictures or drawings of several encampments ( conventions ) . Also included are photos of the last three living Confederate soldiers ( status and age disputed ) : William Lundy , 108 ; Walter Williams , 113 ; and John Salling , 110 . In mid-2006 , new census research indicated that Albert Woolson was actually only 106 years old , being listed as less than one year old in the 1850 census . Previous research in 1991 had suggested he was only a year younger than claimed ( 108 instead of 109 ) , although this does not affect his veteran status . After his death , the Grand Army of the Republic was dissolved because Woolson was its last surviving member . The 2011 -- 12 Minnesota Legislative Manual was dedicated to him . In 1956 a monument of Woolson was erected in Gettysburg as a memorial to the Grand Army of the Republic . Images ( edit ) Woolson as `` Henry Albert Woolson '' in the 1850 census as a newborn See also ( edit ) 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment Last surviving United States war veterans Albert Woolson at Find a Grave Biography portal United States Army portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nycivilwar.us/jahard.html Jump up ^ https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/XRFH-N3P Jump up ^ File : 1850UnitedStatesFederalCensus 312130447. jpg Jump up ^ Some references still use the self - reported 1847 birth year . Jump up ^ For example , 1860 Census for town of Antwerp , Jefferson County , NY lists him as age 11 . The 1910 census for Duluth , St. Louis County , Minnesota , Enumeration District 180 , list him as age 60 , and the 1905 Minnesota State Census for the town of Winnebago , in Faribault County , lists him as age 56 . Jump up ^ `` Woolson , Last Union Veteran , Is Buried After Military Rites '' . United Press in the New York Times . August 7 , 1956 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Albert Woolson , the 109 - year old ( sic ) Civil War Union Army veteran who outlived all of his comrades , went to his grave today as a soldier . Jump up ^ `` Last 24 Hours '' . St. Petersburg Times . 3 August 1956 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Death of the Last Union Soldier and of an Era '' . Life Magazine . 1956 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Mark ( 2011 ) . `` Dedication of Blue Book '' . In Minnesota Office of Secretary of State . 2011 -- 12 Minnesota Legislative Manual . Minnesota Office of Secretary of State . pp. ii -- iii . ISSN 1524 - 8038 . Jump up ^ http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Individuals/Woolson.php External links ( edit ) Albert Woolson image at Corbis Sons of Union Veterans biography Photographs of Memorial `` Bust of Albert Woolson Given To GAR Museum '' Article in the Civil War News . `` Depot salutes last Union vet '' Article in the Duluth News Tribune , June 10 , 2004 . VIAF : 65626784 LCCN : n90634029 IATH : w68p6s6p Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Woolson&oldid=799372987 '' Categories : 1850 births 1956 deaths Age controversies American centenarians Last living survivors People from Antwerp , New York People from Duluth , Minnesota People of Minnesota in the American Civil War Union Army soldiers Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 09 : 24 . About Wikipedia
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when did the last known civil war soldier die
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"Albert Henry Woolson (February 11, 1850 – August 2, 1956) was the last surviving member of the Union Army who served in the American Civil War. He was also the last surviving Civil War veteran on either side whose status is undisputed. At least three men who followed him in death claimed to be Confederate veterans, but one has been debunked and the other two are unverified. The last surviving Union soldier to see combat was James Hard (1843–1953).[1]"
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"Albert Henry Woolson"
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Raid on Richmond
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Raid on Richmond - wikipedia Raid on Richmond Jump to : navigation , search For the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign during the American Civil War , see Siege of Petersburg . Raid on Richmond Part of the American Revolutionary War British map of the attack on Richmond , January 5th 1781 Date January 1 - January 19 , 1781 Location present - day Richmond , Virginia , and the surrounding area . Result British Victory , and severe damage to Richmond . Belligerents United States Great Britain Commanders and leaders Thomas Jefferson Sampson Mathews Sir Henry Clinton Benedict Arnold Strength Around 200 Virginia Militiamen 1,600 troops of the Loyalist American Legion Casualties and losses Unknown , presumably heavy . Unknown , possibly medium . The Raid on Richmond was a series of British military actions against the capital of Virginia , Richmond , and the surrounding area , during the American Revolutionary War . Led by American turncoat Benedict Arnold , the Richmond Campaign is considered one of his greatest successes while serving under the British Army , and one of the most notorious actions that Arnold ever performed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Richmond Campaign 3 Aftermath 4 References Background ( edit ) Clinton hoped that sending an American - born commander to Richmond would convince more Loyalists in the area to join the British cause , which would subsequently give the British Army the upper hand in the Southern Theatre of the war . Prior to the beginning of the raid , Thomas Jefferson , the then - Governor of Virginia , had moved the capital of Virginia from Williamsburg to Richmond , because of its strategically central , defensible location . In the event of an attack , Jefferson moved all of the town 's military supplies to a foundry five miles outside of Richmond . Little did Jefferson know how big of an attack would soon follow . The Richmond Campaign ( edit ) From the 1st to the 3rd of January , Arnold 's fleet sailed up the James River , laying waste to plantations and settlements along the way . On the 4th of January , the British reached their destination , Westover Plantation , where they would ready themselves for the assault against Richmond . In the afternoon , Arnold and his men disembarked on foot towards Richmond . The following day , Arnold 's force of Loyalist `` green - coats '' , consisting of infantry , dragoons , and artillery , arrived at Richmond , which was defended by about 200 militiamen . Surprisingly enough , most Virginia militiamen had not bothered to defend their capital because they had already served their time in battle , and thought that their duty was up . Upon seeing the group of Virginia militiamen , Colonel John Graves Simcoe , of the Queen 's Rangers , ordered a detachment of soldiers to confront them . The militiamen fired a weak musket volley at the advancing British , and then broke and ran into the woods , with the Loyalist detachment chasing after them . Jefferson , seeing his militiamen dispersed , and no other plausible way to defend Richmond , quickly ordered the mass - evacuation of most military supplies from the city , and promptly fled in his carriage , along with the rest of Virginia 's government officials and his family . At noon , Arnold 's forces marched triumphantly into the city , described by an eyewitness as `` undisturbed by even a single shot . '' From his headquarters at Main Street 's City Tavern ( he would only stay in Richmond for a day ) , Arnold wrote a letter to Jefferson , saying that if he could move the city 's tobacco stores and military arms to his ships , he would leave Richmond unharmed . Jefferson 's response was livid , refusing that a turncoat do anything to Richmond 's supplies . Upon receiving the letter the next day on January 6 , Arnold was enraged , and ordered Richmond to be set to the torch . British troops then started a rampage across the city , burning government buildings as well as private homes , ransacking the city of its valuables and supplies . A strong wind spread the flames even more , adding to the destruction . After most of Richmond was burned and its valuables sacked , Arnold led his forces outside of Richmond and to the Westham cannon foundry , which held even more armaments , and preceded to burn it down . After its destruction , the British went down to the city of Chesterfield , and began another spree of violence , burning down homes and looting buildings . When the news of Richmond 's destruction reached Jefferson , he was aghast . Arnold 's British force had entered Virginia 's very capital , unopposed , and had singlehandedly defiled it . The Governor called his friend , Sampson Mathews , the Colonel of the Virginia militia , and ordered him to assault Arnold 's forces . Mathews built up a group of around 200 militiamen , and embarked hastily to catch and damage Arnold 's slow - moving army near Richmond . Eventually , delayed by bad weather , sickness and mutiny , Mathews ' forces caught up with Arnold 's army , and attacked it by surprise . Using nimble tactics popularized by American commander Nathanael Greene , the militiamen managed to inflict significant casualties on Arnold 's army , and over the following days , the British ranks were thinned by multiple skirmishes around Richmond and the James River . Eventually , Arnold considered the skirmishes between his American Legion and the Patriots to be so serious , that he ordered his army to retreat to Portsmouth , in order to set up defensive fortifications there and wait for reinforcements . Thus , the British army moved quickly down the James River , burning more plantations and homes in their wake , while still being chased by Mathews . One of the plantations that Arnold 's men burned on their retreat was that of Berkeley Plantation , the home of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V. Harrison was going about his regular duties in his mansion , when he saw the British force advancing towards his plantation . He quickly informed his wife and children , and they then escaped in a carriage . Arnold knew that Berkeley belonged to Harrison , whom he viewed as a traitor , and wanted to punish him for treason against Great Britain . All of the Harrison family 's portraits and artwork were taken outside and 40 of Harrison 's slaves were confiscated . Arnold spared Harrison 's mansion and houses , however , as he believed the war would soon be won by the British , and desired a grand plantation in which to live after the war . The only original portrait of Harrison to survive was the miniature around his wife 's neck , wearing it as she fled from the British forces . On January 19 , the Richmond Campaign ended , when Benedict Arnold 's weary troops reached Portsmouth . They had survived a great ordeal , and Arnold was praised by local Loyalists , as well as his superiors , to be a hero . On the same day , General William Phillips arrived to relieve Arnold with 2,000 fresh troops , and to assume command over Portsmouth 's defenses . Even though days of turmoil had ended , they would live on as some of Benedict Arnold 's finest hours . Aftermath ( edit ) The destruction of Richmond , one of the most important cities in the United States , outraged the American populace . George Washington was so angered and humiliated by the destruction of Richmond , that he put a 5,000 guinea bounty on Arnold 's head and ordered his aide , the Marquis de Lafayette , to hang Arnold if he encountered him in battle . Continental marksmen were issued targets painted in Benedict 's appearance to practice on , if in the event they saw him . The British , on the other hand saw Arnold 's victory at Richmond as a turning point , and gave them hopes that Loyalists could rise up with them , and quell the American presence in the South . Many slaves were liberated from the raided plantations , as well as Richmond itself , and many of them promptly joined the British Army afterwards , in exchange for their freedom . After Arnold 's initial raid on the James River and the area around Richmond , more minor raids ensued . British commanders like William Phillips and Banastre Tarleton followed in Arnold 's example , raiding and burning more outlying towns and preying on Continental troops . Benedict Arnold , the Continental Army 's brilliant General , had guaranteed himself a place in the British ranks with the Richmond Campaign , as well as a spot in the annals of history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . William Morrow and Inc . ISBN 1 - 55710 - 034 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://revolutionaryday.com/usroute60/richmond/default.htm ( hide ) Virginia in the American Revolution Early Virginia Resolves ( 1765 ) Virginia Association ( 1769 ) 1774 Fairfax Resolves First Virginia Convention 1775 Fincastle Resolutions `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore 's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp 's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention 1776 Burning of Norfolk Virginia Declaration of Rights Formation of Lee 's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention 1779 Chesapeake raid 1781 Raid of Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne 's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer 's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco 's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Richmond&oldid=826059833 '' Categories : Virginia in the American Revolution History of Richmond , Virginia Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States 1781 in Virginia Conflicts in 1781 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 23 : 32 . About Wikipedia
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who was governor of virginia when british forces burned richmond
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"Prior to the beginning of the raid, Thomas Jefferson, the then-Governor of Virginia, had moved the capital of Virginia from Williamsburg to Richmond, because of its strategically central, defensible location. In the event of an attack, Jefferson moved all of the town's military supplies to a foundry five miles outside of Richmond. Little did Jefferson know how big of an attack would soon follow."
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"Thomas Jefferson"
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Inherit the Wind (1960 film)
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Inherit the Wind ( 1960 film ) - wikipedia Inherit the Wind ( 1960 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Inherit the Wind Directed by Stanley Kramer Produced by Stanley Kramer Written by Jerome Lawrence ( play ) Robert E. Lee ( play ) Nedrick Young Harold Jacob Smith Starring Spencer Tracy Fredric March Gene Kelly Dick York Donna Anderson Harry Morgan Music by Ernest Gold Cinematography Ernest Laszlo , ASC Edited by Frederic Knudtson Distributed by United Artists Release date July 7 , 1960 ( 1960 - 07 - 07 ) ( World Premiere , London ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $2,000,000 ( worldwide ) Inherit the Wind is a 1960 Hollywood film adaptation of the 1955 play of the same name , written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee , directed by Stanley Kramer . It stars Spencer Tracy as lawyer Henry Drummond and Fredric March as his friend and rival Matthew Harrison Brady , also featuring Gene Kelly , Dick York , Harry Morgan , Donna Anderson , Claude Akins , Noah Beery , Jr. , Florence Eldridge , and Jimmy Boyd . The script was adapted by Nedrick Young ( originally as Nathan E. Douglas ) and Harold Jacob Smith . Stanley Kramer was commended for bringing in writer Nedrick Young , as the latter was blacklisted . Inherit the Wind is a parable that fictionalizes the 1925 Scopes `` Monkey '' Trial as a means to discuss McCarthyism . Written in response to the chilling effect of the McCarthy era investigations on intellectual discourse , the film ( like the play ) is critical of creationism . The film had its World Premiere at the Astoria Theatre in London 's West End on July 7 , 1960 . A television remake of the film starring Melvyn Douglas and Ed Begley was broadcast in 1965 . Another television remake starring Jason Robards and Kirk Douglas aired in 1988 . It was once again remade for TV in 1999 , co-starring Jack Lemmon as Drummond and George C. Scott as Brady . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Adaptation changes 3.3 Historical Inaccuracies 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Reviews 4.3 Awards and honors 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small Southern town , a school teacher , Bertram Cates , is about to stand trial . His offense : violating a state law by introducing to his students the concept that man descended from the lower life forms , a theory of the naturalist Charles Darwin . Cates is denounced by town leaders including the Rev. Jeremiah Brown . The town is excited because appearing for the prosecution will be Matthew Brady , a noted statesman and three - time presidential candidate . A staunch foe of Darwinism and a Biblical scholar , Brady will sit beside prosecuting attorney Tom Davenport , in the courtroom of Judge Coffey . Spencer Tracy , Harry Morgan , and Fredric March during the questioning of Brady by Drummond The teacher 's defense is to be handled by the equally well - known Henry Drummond , one of America 's most controversial legal minds and a long - standing acquaintance and adversary of Brady . An influential newspaperman , E.K. Hornbeck of the Baltimore Herald , has persuaded Drummond to represent Cates , and ensured that his newspaper and a radio network will provide nationwide coverage of the case . Rev. Brown publicly rallies the townspeople against Cates and Drummond . The preacher 's daughter Rachel is conflicted because she and Cates are engaged . The judge admires Brady , addressing him as `` Colonel , '' as the governor had given Brady an honorary commission in the state militia . Drummond objects to this ; as a compromise the mayor makes him a `` temporary colonel '' for the duration of the trial . Each time Drummond calls a scientist or authority figure to discuss Darwin 's theories , the judge sustains the prosecution 's objections and forbids such opinions from being heard . Drummond grows frustrated , feeling the case has already been decided . When he asks to withdraw from the case , the judge holds Drummond in contempt of court , orders him jailed , and tells Drummond to show cause the next morning why he should not be held in contempt of court . John Stebbins offers his farm as collateral for Drummond 's bail . ( His son was a friend and protege of Cates who drowned after developing a cramp while swimming . ) The Reverend had said the child was damned to hell because he was not baptized . This led to Cates abandoning the church , as he felt it was not fair that a child could not enter Heaven due to an action that was beyond his control . That night , mocking crowds go by the jail and then to the hotel where Drummond is staying . Drummond is trying to decide how to present his defense without his witnesses and states that he needs a miracle . Hornbeck throws him a Bible from Brady , stating `` There are plenty in there . '' As Hornbeck pours some drinks and turns to Drummond , he is surprised by Drummond holding the Bible and smiling . Drummond calls Brady himself to the witness stand . Brady 's confidence in his Biblical knowledge is so great that he welcomes this challenge , but becomes flustered under Drummond 's cross-examination , unable to explain certain apparent contradictions , until he is forced to confess that at least some Biblical passages can not be interpreted literally . Drummond hammers home his point -- that Cates , like any other man , demands the right to think for himself , and those citing divine support as a rationale to silence him are wrong . Cates is found guilty , but because Drummond has made his case so convincingly , with the trial becoming a political embarrassment , the judge only fines him $100 . Brady is furious and tries to enter a speech into the record , but Drummond persuades the judge to disallow it as the trial has concluded . As court adjourns , Brady tries to give his speech but most ignore him outside of his wife and his opponents at the defense table -- Cates , Rachel , Hornbeck , and Drummond . As he becomes increasingly hysterical , he suffers from a `` busted belly '' , dying in the courtroom . After the crowd has cleared out , Hornbeck talks with Drummond , wanting to use the Bible quotation from Reverend Brown 's rally , where Brady had quoted the `` inherit the wind '' verse because Brown was about to damn his own daughter to hell . Drummond quotes the verse verbatim , shocking Hornbeck , who states , `` Well , we 're growing an odd crop of agnostics this year ! '' They argue over Brady 's legacy , Drummond accuses Hornbeck of being a heartless cynic , and Hornbeck walks out , leaving Drummond alone in the courtroom . Drummond picks up the Bible and Darwin 's book ( On the Origin of Species ) , balancing them in his hands before walking out with both of them . Cast ( edit ) Spencer Tracy as Henry Drummond ( patterned after Clarence Darrow ) Fredric March as Matthew Harrison Brady ( patterned after William Jennings Bryan ) Gene Kelly as E.K. Hornbeck of the Baltimore Herald ( patterned after Henry L. Mencken ) Florence Eldridge as Sara Brady Dick York as Bertram T. Cates ( patterned after John Scopes ) Donna Anderson as Rachel Brown Harry Morgan as Judge Merle Coffey Claude Akins as Rev. Jeremiah Brown Elliott Reid as Prosecutor Tom Davenport Paul Hartman as Deputy Horace Meeker - Bailiff Philip Coolidge as Mayor Jason Carter Jimmy Boyd as Howard Noah Beery Jr. as John Stebbins Norman Fell as WGN Radio Technician Hope Summers as Mrs. Krebs - Townswoman Ray Teal as Jessie H. Dunlap Renee Godfrey as Mrs. Stebbins Uncredited roles include Richard Deacon , George Dunn , Snub Pollard , Addison Richards , Harry Tenbrook , Will Wright Actress and singer Leslie Uggams sings both the opening and closing songs by herself a cappella . Kramer offered the role of Henry Drummond to Spencer Tracy , who initially , turned it down . Kramer then sought March , Kelly and Eldridge as co-stars , and Tracy eventually agreed to make the film . However , none of the other co-stars had been signed at the time ; Tracy was the first . Once Tracy signed on , the others signed , also . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Inherit the Wind is a fictionalized account of the 1925 Scopes `` Monkey '' Trial , which resulted in John T. Scopes 's conviction for teaching Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution to a high school science class , contrary to a Tennessee state law . The characters of Matthew Harrison Brady , Henry Drummond , Bertram Cates and E.K. Hornbeck correspond to the historical figures of William Jennings Bryan , Clarence Darrow , Scopes , and H.L. Mencken , respectively . However , Lee and Lawrence state in a note at the opening of the play on which the film is based that it is not meant to be a historical account , and many events were substantially altered or invented . For instance , the characters of the preacher and his daughter were fictional , the townspeople were not hostile towards those who had come to Dayton for the trial , and Bryan offered to pay Scopes ' fine if he was convicted . Bryan did die shortly after the trial 's conclusion , but his death occurred five days later in his sleep . Political commentator Steve Benen said of the drama 's inaccuracies : `` Scopes issued no plea for empathy , there was no fiancee and the real Scopes was never arrested . Lawrence explained in a 1996 interview that the play 's purpose was to criticize McCarthyism and defend intellectual freedom . According to Lawrence , `` we used the teaching of evolution as a parable , a metaphor for any kind of mind control ... It 's not about science versus religion . It 's about the right to think . '' Adaptation changes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film includes events from the actual Scopes trial , such as when Darrow was cited for contempt of court when he denounced his perception of prejudice by the court and his subsequent act of contrition the next day to have the charge dropped . The film also expands on the relationship of Drummond and Brady , particularly when the two opponents have a respectful private conversation in rocking chairs , in which they explain their positions in the trial . Furthermore , the film has a sequence occurring on the night after the court recessed and Cates and Drummond are harassed by a mob even as the lawyer is inspired how to argue his case the next day . Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) Being mostly faithful to the play , the film engages in literary license with the facts and should not be relied upon as a historical document . For example , Scopes ( Bertram Cates ) is shown being arrested in class , thrown in jail , burned in effigy , and taunted by a fire - snorting preacher . William Jennings Bryan ( Matthew Harrison Brady ) is portrayed as an almost comical fanatic who dramatically dies of a `` busted belly '' while attempting to deliver his summation in a chaotic courtroom . The townspeople are shown as frenzied , mean - spirited , and ignorant . None of that happened in Dayton , Tennessee during the actual trial . Reception ( edit ) The film grossed $2 million worldwide and recorded a loss of $1.7 million . Critical reception ( edit ) Harry Morgan as the judge , Spencer Tracy as Drummond and Fredric March as Brady Gene Kelly as Hornbeck Stanley Kramer receives an Award at the 1960 Berlin Film Festival for Inherit the Wind Reviews ( edit ) The film opened to a storm of praise with Kramer and company applauded for capturing the essence of the Scopes trial . Upon the film 's release , Variety described it as `` a rousing and fascinating motion picture ... roles of Tracy and March equal Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan who collided on evolution ... a good measure of the film 's surface bite is contributed by Gene Kelly as a cynical Baltimore reporter ( patterned after Henry L. Mencken ) whose paper comes to the aid of the younger teacher played by Dick York . Kelly demonstrates again that even without dancing shoes he knows his way on the screen . '' The movie was also lauded by film critc Bosley Crowther of The New York Times . In 2006 , film critic Roger Ebert rated the film four stars , referring to it as `` a film that rebukes the past when it might also have feared the future '' . As of 2009 , the website Rotten Tomatoes had given the film a 90 % rating with 19 fresh and 2 rotten reviews . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards Inherit the Wind was nominated for four Academy Awards . Award Result Nominee Best Actor Nominated Spencer Tracy Winner was Burt Lancaster - Elmer Gantry Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Nominated Nedrick Young and Harold Jacob Smith Winner was Richard Brooks - Elmer Gantry Best Cinematography ( Black - and - White ) Nominated Ernest Laszlo Winner was Freddie Francis - Sons and Lovers Best Film Editing Nominated Frederic Knudtson Winner was Daniel Mandell - The Apartment BAFTA Nominated : Best Film Nominated : Best Foreign Actor ( March and Tracy ) Berlin International Film Festival Won : Silver Bear for Best Actor ( March ) Won : Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People ( Kramer ) Nominated : Golden Bear award ( Kramer ) Golden Globes Nominated : Best Film Nominated : Best Actor ( Tracy ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1960 Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Curtis , Spencer Tracy : A Biography , Alfred Knopf , 2011 p769 ^ Jump up to : Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 p. 26 Jump up ^ `` Inherit the Wind Comes to Hollywood - 1960 '' . Virginia.edu . ^ Jump up to : BILL BLANKENSHIPThe Capital - Journal ( 2001 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Inherit the controversy '' . Cjonline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Times Online , archive 7 July 1960 , page 2 . Jump up ^ Full cast and credits at Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Robert Osborn , TCM Network , broadcast February 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Inherit the Wind : The Playwrights ' Note Jump up ^ http://www.beliefnet.com/News/1999/12/The-Scopes-Trial-Vs-Inherit-The-Wind.aspx?p=2 ^ Jump up to : `` Inherit the Wind , Drama for Students '' . Gale Group . 1 January 1998 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Riley , Karen L. ; Brown , Jennifer A. ; Braswell , Ray ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Historical Truth and Film : Inherit the Wind as an Appraisal of the American Teacher '' . American Educational History Journal . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/SCO_INHE.HTM Jump up ^ `` Variety review '' . Variety.com. 1959 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 1960 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Movie Review - Inherit the Wind - INHERIT THE WIND - NYTimes.com '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2006 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Roger Ebert Review '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Inherit the Wind '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 33rd Academy Awards ( 1961 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 1961 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Inherit the Wind '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inherit the Wind ( 1960 film ) . Inherit the Wind on IMDb Inherit the Wind at the TCM Movie Database Films directed by Stanley Kramer Not as a Stranger ( 1955 ) The Pride and the Passion ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) On the Beach ( 1959 ) Inherit the Wind ( 1960 ) Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Ship of Fools ( 1965 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) R.P.M. ( 1970 ) Bless the Beasts and Children ( 1971 ) Oklahoma Crude ( 1973 ) The Domino Principle ( 1977 ) The Runner Stumbles ( 1979 ) Scopes Trial People William Jennings Bryan Clarence Darrow H.L. Mencken John T. Raulston John T. Scopes In fiction Inherit the Wind play 1960 film 1965 film 1988 film 1999 film Monkey Town Related Butler Act Civic Biology The Great Monkey Trial Six Days or Forever ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inherit_the_Wind_(1960_film)&oldid=841653076 '' Categories : 1960 films English - language films Scopes Trial 1960s drama films American drama films American black - and - white films Courtroom films Films scored by Ernest Gold Films about religion Films about lawyers Films based on actual events American films based on plays Films directed by Stanley Kramer Films produced by Stanley Kramer Legal films Films set in 1925 Films set in Tennessee United Artists films American films Cultural depictions of Clarence Darrow Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played the preacher in inherit the wind
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"Claude Akins as Rev. Jeremiah Brown"
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"Claude Akins"
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Sing (2016 American film)
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Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia Sing ( 2016 American film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2016 animated American film . For 2016 Oscar - winning Hungarian short film , see Sing ( 2016 Hungarian film ) . Sing Theatrical release poster Directed by Garth Jennings Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Garth Jennings Starring Matthew McConaughey Reese Witherspoon Seth MacFarlane Scarlett Johansson John C. Reilly Taron Egerton Tori Kelly Music by Joby Talbot Edited by Gregory Perler Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $632.4 million Sing is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated musical comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet , and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater . The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews , and grossed $632 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include : housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; punk - rock porcupine Ash ; a trio of frogs ; and a camel named Pete . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dancing routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 , money he does not have , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute , but agrees to see a private screening of the show . Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When the frogs quit , and Pete is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray . After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game in a nightclub . The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . '' Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . Voice cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . Seth MacFarlane as Mike , a white mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice and an arrogant attitude . Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teen porcupine and punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . John C. Reilly as Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright . Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband . Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . Brad Morris as a Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings as Piglets . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sing grossed $270.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $362.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $632.4 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.3 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . Critical response ( edit ) Sing received positive reviews from critics . On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 157 reviews ; the average rating is 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing Best Original Song `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Animated Film Best Soundtrack Album Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Jojo Villanueva Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon Most Wanted Pet Favorite Soundtrack Sing Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sing ( 2016 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sing ( 2016 film ) . Official website Sing on IMDb Sing at The Big Cartoon DataBase Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 - present ) Sing ( 2016 - present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Films directed by Garth Jennings The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) Sing ( 2016 ) 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=800848175 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s musical comedy films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films American children 's animated films American children 's comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films Animated films about animals Films about competitions Films set in a theatre Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Garth Jennings Jukebox musicals Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures animated films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 01 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does the voice for the elephant in sing
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"Tori Kelly as Meena, a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright.[5]"
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"Tori Kelly"
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Ken Page
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Ken Page - wikipedia Ken Page Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ken Page Ken Page at the 2017 Florida SuperCon ( 1954 - 01 - 20 ) January 20 , 1954 ( age 63 ) St. Louis , Missouri , United States Nationality American Education Bishop DuBourg High School Alma mater Fontbonne College Occupation Actor , voice actor , cabaret singer Years active 1975 -- present Ken Page ( born January 20 , 1954 ) is an American cabaret singer , actor and voice actor from St. Louis , Missouri . Page is best known as the voice of `` Oogie Boogie '' , the main antagonist of Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas , creating the eponymous role of `` Ken '' in the original Broadway production of Ai n't Misbehavin ' and playing the role of `` Old Deuteronomy '' in both the original Broadway and filmed stage productions of Cats , the Musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 Theatre 4.1 Broadway 4.2 Off Broadway 4.3 Regional 4.4 The Muny - St. Louis 4.5 Other 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards and nominations 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Page was born and raised in St. Louis , Missouri . He attended Bishop DuBourg High School and Fontbonne College . Career ( edit ) Page began his career in the chorus of The Muny outdoor theater in St. Louis . After making his Broadway debut in The Wiz , Page played Nicely - Nicely Johnson in the all - black revival of Guys and Dolls ( Theatre World Award ) . He was then featured in the original cast of the Fats Waller musical revue , Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( Drama Desk Award ) , a role he reprised in the 1982 television broadcast . He also returned to the show in its 1988 Broadway revival . In 1982 , he played Old Deuteronomy in Cats , returning to the part in the 1998 video release . He also has the distinction of playing God twice : in Randy Newman 's Faust at La Jolla Playhouse and Goodman Theatre and in Stephen Schwartz 's Children of Eden ( West End ) . Page frequently acts in shows at The Muny , with recent appearances including Jesus Christ Superstar , Aida , The Wizard of Oz , Les Misérables , My One and Only , and Little Shop of Horrors . Besides The Nightmare Before Christmas , Page 's major film credits include All Dogs Go to Heaven and Torch Song Trilogy , as well as Dreamgirls . His TV credits include guest roles on shows such as Charmed and Touched by an Angel , as well as various movies and specials . In recent years , Page has developed and performed his cabaret - singer show , Page by Page , and directed various regional and touring productions . Page 's most recent role was the voice of the notorious talking plant Audrey II in the Muny 's production of Little Shop of Horrors . He also recently reprising the role of `` Old Deuteronomy '' in the Moonlight Theater production of Cats in Lubbock , TX . He regularly reprises his role as Oogie Boogie in several other Disney productions such as the fireworks display HalloWishes at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , its sister show , Halloween Screams at Disneyland , the Haunted Mansion Holiday ( also at Disneyland ) , the Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular ( at Magic Kingdom ) and subsequent video games including The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge and the Kingdom Hearts series . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Torch Song Trilogy Murray 1989 All Dogs Go to Heaven King Gator ( voice ) 1993 The Nightmare Before Christmas Oogie Boogie ( voice ) 1994 I 'll Do Anything Hair Person 1998 Cats Old Deuteronomy The Devil and Daniel Webster Clerk 2006 Dreamgirls Max Washington Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Gimme a Break ! Kenneth Wilson Episode : `` Class of ' 84 '' 1987 -- 1988 Sable Joe `` Cheesecake '' Tyson Episodes : `` Toy Gun '' `` Hunt '' `` Evangelist '' `` Serial Killer '' `` Copycat '' `` Watchdogs '' `` Mob '' 1989 Polly Mayor Warren Teen Angel Returns Chubby Family Matters Darnell Watkins Episode : `` The Big Reunion '' Capital News Episode : `` Finished ? Not Dunne '' Polly : Comin ' Home ! Mayor Warren ( TV movie ) 1993 -- 1994 Adventures in Wonderland The Walrus Episodes : `` I Am The Walrus '' `` Weed Shall Overcome '' `` To Tear is Human '' `` Give Ants a Chance '' `` Purple Potato Eaters '' `` Those Tusks , Those Eyes '' 1994 Duckman : Private Dick / Family Man Episode : `` American Dicks '' South Central Dr. Raymond McHenry Episodes : `` RTD '' `` Men '' `` Date '' 1995 Touched by an Angel Ox Episode : `` There But for the Grace of God '' 1998 -- 2005 Great Performances Old Deuteronomy Episodes : `` Cats '' `` Broadway 's Lost Treasures III : The Best of the Tony Awards '' 2000 Welcome to New York Chef Andre Episode : `` Tickets '' 2007 State of Mind Florian Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Kingdom Hearts Oogie Boogie ( voice ) The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge 2006 Kingdom Hearts II 2007 Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix+ 2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Archive Footage 2014 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Archive Footage Theatre ( edit ) Broadway ( edit ) 1975 : The Wiz as Lion 1976 : Guys and Dolls as Nicely - Nicely Johnson 1978 : Ai n't Misbehavin ' as Ken 1982 : Cats as Old Deuteronomy 1988 : Ai n't Misbehavin ' as Ken 1999 : It Ai n't Nothin ' But the Blues as Performer Off Broadway ( edit ) 1981 : Louis as Joe `` King '' Olivor 1995 : Call Me Madam as Senator Gallagher 1995 : Out of this World as Jupiter 1998 : The Wizard of Oz as Cowardly Lion 2002 : The Pajama Game as Mr. Hassler Regional ( edit ) 2003 : How the Grinch Stole Christmas as Old Max 2004 : Breakfast at Tiffany 's as Joe Bell 2006 : Aida as Amonasro : 2014 : `` Cats '' as Old Deuteronomy '' The Muny - St. Louis ( edit ) 1994 : `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' as Ken 1995 : `` Camelot '' as King Pellinore 1996 : `` Sleeping Beauty '' voice of Wendell 1997 : `` The Wizard of Oz '' as Zeke / Lion 1998 : `` Radio City Rockettes MUNY Spectacular '' Ensemble 1998 : `` Damn Yankees '' as Mgr. Van Buren 1999 : `` Grease '' as Teen Angel 2001 : `` My Fair Lady '' as Colonel Pickering 2002 : `` The Fantasticks '' as Bellomy 2004 : `` Cats '' as Old Deuteronomy 2004 : `` Breakfast At Tiffany 's '' as Joe 2005 : `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' as King Herod 2005 : `` Beauty and the Beast '' as Maurice / Narrator 2006 : `` The Wizard of Oz '' as Professor Marvel / The Wizard 2006 : `` Oliver ! '' as Mr. Bumble 2006 : `` Aida '' as Amonasro 2007 : `` Les Miserables '' as Thenardier 2008 : `` My One and Only '' as Rt. Rev. J.D. Montgomery 2008 : `` 90 Years of Muny Magic '' as Principal 2010 : `` Cats '' as Old Deuteronomy 2010 : `` Beauty and the Beast '' as Maurice / Narrator 2011 : `` The Little Mermaid '' as King Triton 2011 : `` Little Shop of Horrors '' voice of Audrey II 2012 : `` Dreamgirls '' as Marty 2012 : `` Aladdin '' as Sultan 2013 : `` West Side Story '' as Doc 2014 : `` Tarzan , the Broadway musical '' as Porter 2015 : `` Into The Woods '' as Narrator 2016 : `` Aida ( musical ) '' as Amonasro Other ( edit ) 1979 : Ai n't Misbehavin ' as Performer 4 ( US Tour ) 1991 : Children of Eden as Father / God ( West End ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Year Artist / Writer Song Role Film 1989 Charles Strouse & T.J. Kuenster `` Let 's Make Music Together King Gator All Dogs Go to Heaven 1993 Danny Elfman `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' Oogie Boogie The Nightmare Before Christmas Charles Strouse & T.J. Kuenster `` Let 's Make Music Together '' King Gator MGM Sing - Alongs : Being Happy 1998 Andrew Lloyd Webber & T.S. Eliot `` Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats '' `` Old Deuteronomy '' `` The Awful Battle of the Pekes and the Pollicles '' `` The Jellicle Ball '' `` The Moments of Happiness '' `` Skimbleshanks : The Railway Cat '' `` The Ad - dressing of Cats '' Old Deuteronomy Cats Danny Elfman `` Oogie 's Song '' `` Casino Clash '' `` A Filthy Finale '' Oogie Boogie The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Play Result 1976 Theatre World Award Best Actor Ai n't Misbehavin Won 1978 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Guys and Dolls Won External links ( edit ) Ken Page on IMDb Ken Page at the Internet Broadway Database Ken Page at the Internet Off - Broadway Database ( hide ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) VIAF : 232584262 LCCN : n78062604 ISNI : 0000 0003 6731 6715 BNF : cb13938574m ( data ) MusicBrainz : 65ec9270 - 8522 - 4fa6 - abbe - bde953d108d2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Page&oldid=799007133 '' Categories : 1954 births African - American male actors African - American singers American male film actors American male singers American male stage actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Cabaret singers Drama Desk Award winners Living people Male actors from St. Louis Singers from Missouri American male musical theatre actors Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Español Euskara فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the voice of the oogie boogie man
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[
"Ken Page (born January 20, 1954) is an American cabaret singer, actor and voice actor from St. Louis, Missouri. Page is best known as the voice of \"Oogie Boogie\", the main antagonist of Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, creating the eponymous role of \"Ken\" in the original Broadway production of Ain't Misbehavin' and playing the role of \"Old Deuteronomy\" in both the original Broadway and filmed stage productions of Cats, the Musical."
] |
[
"Ken Page"
] |
-7523305512875265033
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The Autopsy of Jane Doe
|
The Autopsy of Jane Doe - wikipedia The Autopsy of Jane Doe The Autopsy of Jane Doe Theatrical release poster Directed by André Øvredal Produced by Fred Berger Eric Garcia Ben Pugh Rory Aitken Written by Ian Goldberg Richard Naing Starring Emile Hirsch Brian Cox Olwen Catherine Kelly Music by Danny Bensi Saunder Jurriaans Cinematography Roman Osin Edited by Patrick Larsgaard Production company 42 IM Global Impostor Pictures Distributed by IFC Midnight Release date September 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) ( TIFF ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( US ) Running time 86 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Box office $6 million The Autopsy of Jane Doe is a 2016 supernatural horror film directed by André Øvredal . It stars Emile Hirsch and Brian Cox as father - and - son coroners who experience supernatural phenomena while examining the body of an unidentified woman ( played by Olwen Kelly ) . It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2016 , and was released on December 21 . It is Øvredal 's first English - language film . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The corpse of an unidentified woman is found at the scene of a bloody and bizarre homicide . The sheriff finds no signs of forced entry , though she suggests that the victims were trying to escape from the residence . Emma visits her boyfriend , Austin , and his father , Tommy , who is the coroner in their small town . Tommy explains to her that coroners in the past used to tie bells to bodies to make sure they were actually dead , not comatose . The sheriff arrives with the mysterious body , dubbed Jane Doe , and tells Tommy that he needs the cause of death by morning . Austin postpones his date with Emma to help Tommy , promising to meet her later that evening . Tommy and Austin perform the autopsy on Jane Doe and quickly become confused by what they find . There are no external visible signs of trauma , but her wrist and ankle bones had been shattered . As well , her tongue has been crudely cut out , one of her molars is missing , her lungs are blackened as though she had suffered third degree burns , and her internal organs reveal numerous cuts and scarring . Jimsonweed , a paralyzing agent not native to the area , is found in her stomach . The condition of much of the body suggests that death had just occurred , while cloudiness of the corpse 's eyes suggests that she had been dead for a few days . Other mysterious events occur . The radio begins to spontaneously change stations , frequently settling on the song `` Open Up Your Heart ( And Let the Sunshine In ) '' , and Austin hears sounds and believes he sees people standing in the morgue 's hallway . He also finds their cat mortally wounded , hiding in an air duct . News reports on the radio state that a severe storm is about to hit the area , but Tommy and Austin decide to stay and finish the autopsy . Tommy finds the woman 's missing tooth wrapped in a piece of cloth in her stomach . The cloth has Roman numerals and letters as well as an odd diagram . Similar symbols are found on the inside of her skin . The lights in the room suddenly explode . During the confusion , they realize that other corpses in the morgue have gone missing . They decide to leave , but the elevator does not work and a fallen tree is blocking the exit door . An unseen figure attacks Tommy in the bathroom , leaving bruises on his body . They return to the autopsy room and they begin to again examine the corpse . Soon they become aware that the door has closed and locked by itself . Austin uses an emergency axe in an attempt to break the door open . He and Tommy then see that through an opening made in the door , one of the missing corpses is standing outside the door . Tommy decides to burn Jane Doe 's body . Unable to get to the cremation furnace , they set her ablaze in the exam room . The fire spreads rapidly ; Tommy puts it out with an extinguisher but is disturbed to find the body has not burned . When the elevator turns back on , Tommy and Austin try to use it to escape but the doors will not close . Panicked , Tommy uses an axe against what he believes to be one of the animated corpses . When he and Austin exit the elevator , they discover he has actually killed Emma , who had returned to pick up Austin for their date . Certain that Jane Doe 's corpse has been preventing them from finding out the truth about her death , they return to the examination room . Tests determine that Jane Doe 's brain tissue cells remain active , proving that she is somehow still alive . Further examination of the cloth determines that the markings refer to Leviticus 20 : 27 , which condemns witches , and the year 1693 , the date of the Salem witch trials . Tommy and Austin reason that in their attempt to punish a witch , the Salem authorities instead transformed an innocent woman into a witch who now wants revenge . Tommy offers himself to the corpse as a sacrifice , hoping that she will spare Austin . Tommy 's ankles and wrists shatter , mimicking the wounds on the corpse . Tommy forces his son to kill him to end his misery , Austin reluctantly stabs his father in the chest with a knife . Believing he hears the sheriff outside , Austin tries to flee but realizes the voice is another hallucination . Startled by a vision of Tommy 's corpse , Austin trips over the railing and falls to his death . The police arrive the next morning and are again confused by another inexplicable crime scene . The corpse , showing no signs of an autopsy , is taken to another county . During the ambulance ride , the radio begins to play `` Open Up Your Heart ( And Let the Sunshine In ) '' , the camera moves across her body settling on her feet , her big toe twitches . Cast ( edit ) Emile Hirsch as Austin Tilden Brian Cox as Tommy Tilden Ophelia Lovibond as Emma Michael McElhatton as Sheriff Sheldon Burke Olwen Kelly as Jane Doe Parker Sawyers as Officer Cole Production ( edit ) Coming off of the success of Trollhunter , Øvredal stated that he wanted to `` prove something '' -- specifically that he could do more than found footage style films . He stated , `` It 's just a very specific style that you need to get into specifically for that project . '' The Conjuring proved to be a spark of inspiration for Øvredal , and he said , `` it was such a classical horror movie that came at a time where all these movies had tried to do all kinds of different stuff and then suddenly it was like getting back to basics '' . After watching the film , Øvredal told his agency he wanted to `` find a pure horror script '' , which resulted in being sent Autopsy . The script had previously appeared on the annual Black List . Martin Sheen was initially cast as Tommy but pulled out . Although there are some prosthetics used , the role of the corpse , for the most part was played by actress Olwen Kelly . Øvredal felt that it was necessary to have an actress for the part to help connect the audience on a human level . On some level the decision was also a practical one as Øvredal believes that doing some of the close up scenes with a prosthetic would 've been impossible . Øvredal said that Kelly had the most difficult role in the film , and he credited her with making everyone else comfortable on the set . Kelly was the first person interviewed for the role . Øvredal said they performed further interviews afterward , but he instantly knew she was right for the role . One of the reasons she was selected was her knowledge of yoga , which helped her control her body and breathing . Production began in London , England on March 30 , 2015 . The production filmed at Home Farm in Selling , Kent , which doubled as the exterior and kitchen of the Tilden family home . Release ( edit ) The Autopsy of Jane Doe premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2016 . It was released in the US on December 21 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 86 % of 94 surveyed critics gave it a positive review ; the average rating is 6.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe subverts the gruesome expectations triggered by its title to deliver a smart , suggestively creepy thriller that bolsters director André Ovredal 's growing reputation . '' Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dennis Harvey of Variety called it a `` taut , yet often slyly funny scarefest '' , though he said the climax is unfulfilling . Though he praised the acting , Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter called the film an `` unsatisfactory compromise '' of art - house and exploitation film . Richard Whittaker of The Austin Chronicle wrote that Øvredal `` constructs a sinister claustrophobia '' , then `` elegantly and disturbingly unwraps the enigma '' . Joe Lipsett of Bloody Disgusting rated it 5 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Øvredal masterfully balances the requisite gore with some well - earned jump scares and a foreboding sense of doom . '' Writing at Dread Central , Ari Drew described it as `` mostly effective '' . Drew complimented the acting but criticized the film 's exposition and scripting near the end . Writer Stephen King has spoken in favor of the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . British Film Directory . British Council Film . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rife , Katie ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Director André Øvredal on performing The Autopsy Of Jane Doe '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Howard ( 13 December 2016 ) . `` Interview : André Øvredal Dissects The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . Dread Central . Dread Central Media . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` Emile Hirsch And Brian Cox Set For The Autopsy Of Jane Doe '' . Empire . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( 27 September 2016 ) . `` How an actress played dead for horror film The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` IM Global boards The Autopsy Of Jane Doe '' . Screen Daily . Screen International . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . Kent Film Office . Kent County Council . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Dennis ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Toronto Film Review : The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` The Autopsy of Jane Doe : Film Review TIFF 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Richard ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` Fantastic Fest : The Autopsy of Jane Doe '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipsett , Joe ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` ( TIFF Review ) The Autopsy of Jane Doe Provides Maximum Tension '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Drew , Ari ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Autopsy of Jane Doe , The ( 2016 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Stephen King says The Autopsy of Jane Doe rivals Alien in visceral horror '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Autopsy of Jane Doe on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Autopsy_of_Jane_Doe&oldid=861782385 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films Films directed by André Øvredal American films American supernatural horror films American independent films British films British horror films British independent films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 00 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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actress in the movie the autopsy of jane doe
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[
"Emile Hirsch as Austin Tilden\nBrian Cox as Tommy Tilden\nOphelia Lovibond as Emma\nMichael McElhatton as Sheriff Sheldon Burke\nOlwen Kelly as Jane Doe\nParker Sawyers as Officer Cole",
"Emile Hirsch as Austin Tilden\nBrian Cox as Tommy Tilden\nOphelia Lovibond as Emma\nMichael McElhatton as Sheriff Sheldon Burke\nOlwen Kelly as Jane Doe\nParker Sawyers as Officer Cole"
] |
[
"Ophelia Lovibond",
"Olwen Kelly"
] |
-5132040211691169795
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Synthetic phonics
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Synthetic phonics - wikipedia Synthetic phonics Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Reading Language Language Writing Writing system Orthography Braille Types of Reading Slow reading Speed reading Subvocalization Learning to Read Learning to read Comprehension Spelling Vocabulary Reading disability Dyslexia Reading for special needs Reading Instruction Alphabetic principle Phonics Whole language Literacy Literacy Functional illiteracy Family literacy English orthography Lists Languages by writing system Management of dyslexia Synthetic phonics ( UK ) or blended phonics ( US ) , also known as inductive phonics , is a method of teaching reading which first teaches the letter sounds and then builds up to blending these sounds together to achieve full pronunciation of whole words . This article relates to the English language only . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 1.1 Typical programme 2 Systematic phonics 2.1 Analytical phonics 2.2 Synthetic phonics 3 Common terminology 4 History 4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 United Kingdom 4.3. 1 Critics of the report 4.3. 2 Developments following the Rose Review 4.4 United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Methodology ( edit ) Synthetic phonics teaches the phonemes ( sounds ) associated with the graphemes ( letters ) at the rate of about six sounds per week . The sounds are taught in isolation then blended together ( i.e. synthesised ) , all - through - the - word . For example , children might be taught a short vowel sound ( e.g. / a / ) in addition to some consonant sounds ( e.g. / s / , / t / , / p / ) . Then the children are taught words with these sounds ( e.g. sat , pat , tap , at ) . They are taught to pronounce each phoneme in a word , then to blend the phonemes together to form the word ( e.g. / s / - / a / - / t / ; `` sat '' ) . Sounds are taught in all positions of the words , but the emphasis is on all - through - the - word segmenting and blending from week one . It does not teach whole words as shapes ( initial sight vocabulary ) prior to learning the alphabetic code . Synthetic phonics develops phonemic awareness along with the corresponding letter shapes . It involves the children rehearsing the writing of letter shapes alongside learning the letter / s - sound correspondences preferably with the tripod pencil grip . Dictation is a frequent teaching technique from letter level to word spelling , including nonsense words ( e.g. choy and feep ) and eventually extending to text level . It does not teach letter names until the children know their letter / s - sound correspondences thoroughly and how to blend for reading and segment for spelling . Often when letter names are introduced it is through singing an alphabet song . Synthetic phonics teaches phonics at the level of the individual phoneme from the outset ; not syllables and not onset and rime . Synthetic phonics does not teach anything about reading as a meaning - focused process , raising concerns that it addresses part of the reading process only . It highlights decoding and pronunciation of words only . Teachers are to put accuracy before speed . Fluency ( i.e. speed , accuracy , expression , and comprehension ) will come with time , proponents argue but the research into this is equivocal . Synthetic phonics involves the teaching of the transparent alphabet ( e.g. / k / as in `` cat '' ) before progressing onto the opaque alphabet ( e.g. / k / as in `` school '' ) . In other words , children are taught steps which are straightforward and ' work ' before being taught the complications and variations of pronunciation and spelling of the full alphabetic code . It introduces irregular words and more tricky words ( defined as words which can not be pronounced phonically -- English has a surprisingly large number of these , usually the commonest words of all such as ' to ' , ' of ' , etc . ) slowly and systematically after a thorough introduction of the transparent alphabet code ( learning the 44 letter / s - sound correspondences to automaticity and how to blend for reading and segment for spelling ) . Phonics application still works at least in part in such words , claim advocates . Synthetic phonics involves a heavy emphasis on hearing the sounds all - through - the - word for spelling and not an emphasis on `` look , cover , write , check '' . This latter , visual form of spelling plays a larger part with unusual spellings and spelling variations and its effectiveness as a strategy to teach spelling has been supported by research . Teachers read a full range of literature with the children and ensure that all children have a full range of experience of activities associated with literacy such as role play , drama , poetry , but they are not allowed to attempt to ' read ' text which is beyond them , resulting in quite an impoverished reading diet . Typical programme ( edit ) learning letter sounds ( as distinct from the letter names ) ; For example , mmm not em , sss not es , fff not ef . The letter names can be taught later but should not be taught in the early stages . learning the 40 + sounds and their corresponding letters / letter groups ; The English Alphabet Code ' Key ' : 40 + phonemes with their common ' sound pattern ' representations . ( This is based on the British pronunciation . The number and mixture of the 40 + phonemes will vary for other English speaking countries such as Australia , Canada and the U.S.A. ) . Vowels : / a / mat / ae / ape , baby , rain , tray , they , eight / air / square , bear / ar / jar , far / e / peg , bread / ee / sweet , me , beach , key , pony / eer / deer , hear / er / computer , doctor / i / pig , wanted / ie / kite , wild , light , pie / o / orange , quality / oa / oak , rope , bow , piano / oi / coin , boy / oo ( short ) / book , would , put / oo ( long ) / moon , crew , blue , fruit , few / ow / down , house / or / fork , ball , sauce , law , / u / plug , glove / ur / burn , teacher , work , first / ue / tune , unicorn , hue / uh / button , hidden Consonants : / b / boy , rabbit / c / / k / cat , key , duck , school , quit / ch / chip , watch , statue / d / dog , ladder / f / fish , coffee , photo , tough / g / gate , egg , ghost / h / hat , whole / j / jet , giant , cage , bridge / ks / box / l / lip , bell , sample / m / man , hammer , comb / n / nut , dinner , knee , gnat / ng / ring , singer / p / pan , happy / r / rat , cherry , write / s / sun , dress , house , city , mice / sh / ship , mission , station , chef / t / tap , letter , debt / th / thrush / th / that / v / vet , sleeve / w / wet , wheel , queen / y / yes , new / z / zip , fizz , sneeze , is , cheese / gz / exist / zh / treasure learning to read words using sound blending ; reading stories featuring the words the students have learned to sound out ; demonstration exercises to show they comprehend the stories ; Systematic phonics ( edit ) Systematic phonics is not one specific method of teaching phonics ; rather , it is a family of phonics instruction that includes the methods of both synthetic phonics and analytical phonics . They are `` systematic '' because the letters , and the sounds they relate to , are taught in a specific sequence ; as opposed to incidentally or on a ' when - needed ' basis . However , it should be noted that , in most instances , the term systematic phonics appears to refer to synthetic phonics because of the specific instruction methods it uses . ( In the United Kingdom , the term `` systematic phonics '' is `` generally understood as synthetic phonics '' according to the reading review which was conducted in 2006 . ) Systematic phonics does not include methods such as embedded phonics and phonics mini lessons which are found in the whole language approach and the Balanced Literacy approach . It is not clear , however , why the phonics taught in these approaches can not be systematic . Analytical phonics ( edit ) Analytical phonics practitioners do not teach children to pronounce sounds `` in isolation '' as is the practice with Synthetic Phonics , but try to ensure that sounds and letters are taught in meaningful contexts . Furthermore , consonant blends ( separate , adjacent consonant phonemes ) are taught as units ( e.g. , in the word shrouds the shr would be taught as a unit ) . Some analytical phonics programs ( referred to as analogy phonics ) teach children to break - down words into their common components which are referred to as the `` onset '' and the `` rime '' . In the word `` ship '' , `` sh '' is the `` onset '' and `` ip '' is the `` rime '' ( the part starting with the vowel ) . In other words , analytical phonics teaches the child to say / sh / - / ip / ( ship ) and / sh / - / op / ( shop ) , whereas synthetic phonics , teaches the child to say / sh / - / i / - / p / ( ship ) and / sh / - / o / - / p / ( shop ) . The approach through onsets and rimes was developed on the basis of a very rigorous and hugely influential research programme by Professor Usha Goswami , of the University of Cambridge . In analytical phonics , children are also taught to find the similarities among words ( e.g. man , can , tan , fan , and ran ) , thus developing their analogical reasoning . Whereas synthetic phonics devotes most of its time to learning the letter / sound relationships ( i.e. grapheme / phoneme ) outside of any attempt to make such work meaningful to children . Synthetic phonics ( edit ) Synthetic Phonics uses the concept of ' synthesising ' , which means ' putting together ' or ' blending ' . Simply put , the sounds prompted by the letters are synthesised ( put together or blended ) to pronounce the word . Common terminology ( edit ) Some common terminology used within this article includes : alphabetic code ( in synthetic phonics ) : The relationship between sounds ( phonemes ) and the letter / s ( graphemes ) that represent them are referred to as a `` code '' . For example , the sound / ay / can be represented in many ways ( e.g. cake , may , they , eight , aid , break , etc . ) . See also : Alphabetic principle decoding skills ( in phonics ) : Without the use of context , to pronounce and read words accurately by using the relationship between the letter ( s ) and the sounds they represent . ( i.e. `` cat '' is / k / - / a / - / t / , `` plough '' is / p / - / l / - / ow / , and `` school '' is / s / - / k / - / oo / - / l / . `` Encoding skills '' ( i.e. spelling ) is the same process in reverse . Direct instruction ( also known as Explicit Instruction ) : A teaching style that is characterized by `` carefully designed instruction '' that usually includes a fast pace , small steps , demonstrations , active participation , coaching , immediate correction , and positive feedback . ( Pg. 85 ) intensive instruction : teaching or tutoring that include some of the following : more time ; peer - assisted strategies ; and instruction in small groups or one - on - one . ( Pg. 209 ) peer - assisted literacy strategies : Children work in pairs ( taking turns as teacher and learner ) to learn a `` structured sequence '' of literacy skills , such as phonemic awareness , phonics , sound blending , passage reading , and story retelling . ( Pg. 33 ) supportive instruction : teaching or tutoring that supports the student both emotionally and cognitively . This includes encouragement , immediate feedback , positive reinforcement , and instructional scaffolding ( i.e. clear structure , small steps , guiding with questions ) . ( Pg. 209 ) History ( edit ) The teaching of reading and writing has varied over the years from spelling and phonetic methods to the fashions for look - say and whole language methods . In America in the eighteenth century , Noah Webster introduced spelling approaches with syllabaries and in England the use of James Pitman 's Initial Teaching Alphabet was popular in the 1960s . Recently phonic methods have been revived . Australia ( edit ) In December 2005 the Department of Education , Science and Training of the Australian Government published a report entitled a National Inquiry into the Teaching of Reading . The report recommends direct and systematic instruction in phonics as the foundation of early reading instruction . Some of the findings ( not always supported by reliable evidence ) are : Among the successful schools visited , there were a number of key similarities . Three of those similarities are : a belief that each child can learn to read and write regardless of background ; an early , systematic , and `` explicit '' ( i.e. specific and clear ) teaching of phonics ; the phonics instruction was followed by `` direct teaching '' . Students learn best from an approach that includes phonemic awareness , phonics , fluency , vocabulary knowledge and comprehension . ( Executive Summary ) A whole - language approach , `` on its own , is not in the best interests of children , particularly those experiencing reading difficulties '' . ( Pg. 12 ) Where there is unsystematic or no phonics instruction , children do not perform as well in such areas as reading accuracy , fluency , writing , spelling and comprehension . ( Pg. 12 ) A recommendation that teachers provide `` systematic , direct and explicit phonics instruction ''. ( Pg. 14 ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , public education is the responsibility of the Provincial and Territorial governments . There is no evidence that systematic phonics ( including synthetic phonics ) has been adopted by any of these jurisdictions . However , systematic phonics and synthetic phonics receive attention in some publications . In 2003 the Department of Education for the government of Ontario published a report entitled Early Reading Strategy - The Report of the Expert Panel on early Reading in Ontario . The report appears to support the use of systematic and explicit phonics instruction . It suggests that instruction in phonemic awareness be followed up with `` systematic and explicit instruction '' on the relationship between letters and the sounds they represent . ( Pg. 17 ) In 2009 , the Department of Education for the province of British Columbia posted a discussion paper on their Read Now website entitled Reading : Breaking Through the Barriers . The paper states that explicit and synthetic phonics needs to be taught directly in the classroom because it works `` for all students but are particularly helpful for students at risk for reading difficulty '' . ( Pg. 8 ) There appears to be no evidence , however , that systematic phonics ( or synthetic phonics ) is a part of the teaching pedagogy . Dr. Robert Savage , of McGill University , concludes that , with respect to remedial programs , we should not wait for children to fail before using phonics programs . He also recommends the teaching of such skills as segmenting and blending alongside the `` explicit teaching '' of letter sounds . He also says there is a need for more Randomized controlled trials in order to produce more definitive conclusions . Other researchers do not agree with this approach , insisting that reading needs to be taught in a meaningful way if children are to gain long term benefit from this teaching . United Kingdom ( edit ) A review of the teaching of early reading was undertaken by Sir Jim Rose at the request of the Department for Education and Skills . While the report often uses the term `` Systematic Phonic work '' , it appears to support `` Synthetic Phonics '' as evidenced in the Rose Review . In fact , the U.K. Department of Education uses the term `` systematic synthetic phonics '' . The following is a summary of the report 's observations and recommendations concerning phonics : The skills of speaking , listening , reading and writing are used by ( and are supported by ) what it refers to as `` high quality , systematic phonics '' . Young children should receive sufficient pre-reading instruction so they are able to start systematic phonics work `` by the age of five '' . High quality phonics work should be taught as `` the prime approach '' to teaching reading , writing , and spelling . Phonics instruction should form a part of `` a broad and rich language curriculum '' . Note : critics of this report point out that the report does not explain what they mean by this , nor does it offer any details on how to achieve this within the framework of synthetic phonics ' instruction . Critics of the report ( edit ) In a report dated April 2007 , professors Dominic Wyse and Morag Styles conclude that the evidence `` supports '' systematic phonics ; however , the Rose Report 's assertion that synthetic phonics should be the `` preferred method '' is `` not supported by research evidence '' . This criticism is based on the way the research was conducted and how the results were interpreted . In October 2011 , The National Campaign for Real Nursery Education web site ( U.K. ) comments on the U.K. government 's intent to impose a specific type of phonics teaching ( i.e. systematic , synthetic phonics ) in the nursery and reception years , and suggests that this decision was not supported by the `` research evidence '' . Developments following the Rose review ( edit ) Following the adoption of the phonics approach in its schools , the U.K. Department of Education provided a great deal of online support for teachers wishing to learn more . In March 2011 the U.K. Department of Education released its White paper entitled `` The Importance of Teaching '' . In the Executive Summary , item 12 of the curriculum section states their commitment to support `` systematic synthetic phonics , as the best method for teaching reading . '' United states ( edit ) The United States has a long history of debate concerning the various methods used to teach reading , including Phonics . In 1999 , The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ( NICHD ) appears to conclude that systematic phonics programs are `` significantly more effective '' than non-phonics programs . It also concludes that they found no significant difference between the different phonics approaches , while suggesting that more evidence may be required . The NICHD has come out in support of phonics instruction . The institute conducts and supports research on all stages of human development . The institute conducted a meta - analysis and , in 2005 , it published a report entitled Report of the National Reading Panel : Teaching Children to Read . Some findings and determinations of this report are : Teaching phonemic awareness ( PA ) to children was `` highly effective '' with a variety of learners under a variety of conditions . ( Note : Phonemic Awareness / PA is the ability to manipulate phonemes in spoken syllables and words . Phonemes are the smallest units composing spoken language . For example , the words `` go '' and `` she '' each consist of two sounds or phonemes , / g / - / oe / and / sh / - / ee / . ) Reading instruction that taught PA improved the children 's reading ability significantly more than those that lacked this instruction . PA helped normally achieving children to spell , but was not effective in helping disabled readers to spell better . `` Systematic synthetic phonics '' instruction had a positive and significant effect on helping disabled readers , low achieving students , and students with low socioeconomic status to read words more effectively than instruction methods that lacked this approach . Systematic Phonics instruction improved the ability of good readers to spell . Poor readers experienced a small improvement . It should be noted that these conclusions were not supported by all members of the National Reading Panel . See also ( edit ) American English Auditory processing disorder British English Reading for special needs Whole language Note : This article uses British Received Pronunciation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Reading Terms - The Cognitive Foundations of Learning to Read : A Framework '' . Jump up ^ `` Using Nonsense Word Fluency to Predict Reading Proficiency in Kindergarten Through Second Grade for English Learners and Native English Speakers '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Byrne , Brian ; Fielding - Barnsley , Ruth ( 1991 ) . `` Evaluation of a program to teach phonemic awareness to young children . '' . Journal of Educational Psychology . 83 ( 4 ) : 451 -- 455 . ISSN 1939 - 2176 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 0663.83. 4.451 . ^ Jump up to : `` Findings and Determinations of the National Reading Panel by Topic Areas '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario Early Reading Strategy 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The English Alphabetic Code '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Independent review of the teaching of early reading '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Developing Early Literacy '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Teaching Decoding 1998 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching Reading '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government Department of Education , Science and Training . ^ Jump up to : `` Effective Programs for Struggling Readers 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Effective Programs for Struggling Readers 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Reading : Breaking Through the Barriers A Discussion Guide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Word Reading Instruction Methods : The Evidence Concerning Phonics '' . Jump up ^ `` Independent review of the teaching of early reading '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Wyse , Dominic ; Styles , Morag ( 2007 ) . `` Synthetic phonics and the teaching of reading : the debate surrounding England 's ? Rose Report ? '' ( PDF ) . Literacy. 41 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 42 . ISSN 1741 - 4350 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9345.2007. 00455. x . Jump up ^ Wyse , Dominic ; Goswami , Usha ( 2008 ) . `` Synthetic phonics and the teaching of reading '' . British Educational Research Journal . 34 ( 6 ) : 691 -- 710 . ISSN 0141 - 1926 . doi : 10.1080 / 01411920802268912 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Dominic Wyse '' . Institute of Education University of London . Jump up ^ `` Morag Styles '' . Faculty of Education , University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ `` National Campaign for Nursery Education and Childrens Rights and Needs '' . Jump up ^ `` Curriculum , assessment and qualifications ( 2012 ) '' . UK Department of Education . Jump up ^ `` Phonics Instruction '' ( pdf ) . National Reading Panel . Further reading ( edit ) `` An Evaluation of Basic Reading Processes '' ( pdf ) . Powered by Google Docs . Borowsky R , Esopenko C , Cummine J , Sarty GE ( 2007 ) . `` Neural representations of visual words and objects : a functional MRI study on the modularity of reading and object processing '' . Brain Topogr. 20 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 96 . PMID 17929158 . doi : 10.1007 / s10548 - 007 - 0034 - 1 . Heim S , Tschierse J , Amunts K , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia '' . Acta Neurobiol Exp. 68 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 82 . PMID 18389017 . Kendeou P , Savage R , van den Broek P ( June 2009 ) . `` Revisiting the simple view of reading '' . Br J Educ Psychol. 79 ( Pt 2 ) : 353 -- 70 . PMID 19091164 . doi : 10.1348 / 978185408X369020 . Turkeltaub PE , Gareau L , Flowers DL , Zeffiro TA , Eden GF ( July 2003 ) . `` Development of neural mechanisms for reading '' ( pdf ) . Nat . Neurosci. 6 ( 7 ) : 767 -- 73 . PMID 12754516 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1065 . External links ( edit ) A Prototype for Teaching the English Alphabet Code Articles about Synthetic Phonics Four main methods learning to read ( method 1 phonics ) International Reading Association Position Statements Phonemic Chart from the BBC Teaching Phonics - U.K. Department of Education Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Received Pronunciation Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Sunderland Tyneside Yorkshire South Kent Thames Estuary ; London Multicultural London Sussex West Country Bristol Cornwall Dorset West Midlands Black Country Birmingham Stoke - on - Trent Northern Ireland Mid Ulster Ulster Scots Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin D4 South - West Cork Supraregional Ulster Channel Islands Alderney Guernsey Jersey Elsewhere Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta North and South America United States Varieties by common name African American Appalachian Boston Cajun California Chicago ; 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Strine General South Australian Torres Strait West Australian Elsewhere Fiji New Zealand Palau Solomon Islands Other continents Africa Cameroon Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa White Cultivated General Broad Cape Flats Black Indian Uganda Asia Bangladesh Brunei Burma or Myanmar Hong Kong India Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Phonologies of the world 's languages Abkhaz Afrikaans ASL Arabic Modern Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Tunisian Avestan Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese Old Historical Czech Danish Dutch Standard Orsmaal - Gussenhoven dialect English Australian General American New Zealand Regional North American Received Pronunciation South African Old Middle Esperanto Estonian Faroese Finnish French Parisian Quebec Galician German Standard Bernese Chemnitz dialect Greek Standard Modern Ancient Koine Gujarati Hawaiian Hebrew ( Modern ) Hindustani Hungarian Icelandic Inuit Irish Italian Japanese Kiowa Konkani Korean Kyrgyz Latgalian Latin Latvian Limburgish Hamont Lithuanian Luxembourgish Macedonian Malay Maldivian Marathi Navajo Nepali Norwegian Occitan Odia Ojibwe Old Saxon Oromo Ottawa Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Proto - Indo - European Ripuarian Colognian Romanian Russian Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbo - Croatian Slovak Slovene Somali Sotho Spanish Spanish dialects and varieties Swedish Tagalog Tamil Taos Turkish Ubykh Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Uyghur Vietnamese Welsh West Frisian Yiddish Zuni Writing systems Overview History of writing History of the alphabet Graphemes Scripts in Unicode Lists Writing systems Languages by writing system / by first written account Undeciphered writing systems Inventors of writing systems Types Featural Alphabets Abjads Alphasyllabaries / Abugidas Syllabaries Semi-syllabaries Ideogrammic Pictographic Logographic Numeral Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders ( F80 -- F83 , 315 ) General conditions Speech and language impairment , communication disorder Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau -- Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stammering Tip of the tongue Scholastic skills , learning disorder Developmental dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia ( Disorder of written expression ) Motor function Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech Other Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia , Dyslexia interventions Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_phonics&oldid=800111664 '' Categories : Phonics Reading ( process ) Learning to read Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 All articles lacking reliable references NPOV disputes from October 2011 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2011 All articles needing style editing All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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synthetic approaches to instruction are also known as what kind of approach to instruction
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[
"Synthetic phonics (UK) or blended phonics (US), also known as inductive phonics,[1] is a method of teaching reading which first teaches the letter sounds and then builds up to blending these sounds together to achieve full pronunciation of whole words. This article relates to the English language only."
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"inductive phonics"
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She's Got a Way with Words
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She 's Got a Way with Words - wikipedia She 's Got a Way with Words Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with She 's Got a Way . `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' Single by Blake Shelton from the album If I 'm Honest Released June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Country Length 3 : 11 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Wyatt Earp Andy Albert Marc Beeson Producer ( s ) Scott Hendricks Blake Shelton singles chronology `` Savior 's Shadow '' ( 2016 ) `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' ( 2016 ) `` A Guy with a Girl '' ( 2016 ) `` Savior 's Shadow '' ( 2016 ) `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' ( 2016 ) `` A Guy with a Girl '' ( 2016 ) `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Blake Shelton for his tenth studio album If I 'm Honest ( 2016 ) . Released to radio as the album 's third single on June 13 , 2016 , the track was written by Wyatt Earp , Andy Albert and Marc Beeson , while production was handled by Scott Hendricks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 References Commercial performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 28 on the Hot Country Songs chart on the release of the album If I 'm Honest , selling 26,000 copies for the week . It debuted at number 54 on the Country Airplay chart the following week ahead of its official release to radio . It became the most - added of the song on its official release . Reaching a peak of number 7 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart , `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' became Shelton 's first single to miss number one since `` I 'll Just Hold On '' in 2009 , ending a streak of seventeen consecutive number one hits for him . The song has sold 284,000 copies in the United States as of October 2016 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Adam Rothlein and premiered in June 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 76 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 61 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Add Dates '' ( PDF ) . Country Aircheck Weekly ( 502 ) : Chart p. 4 . June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . June 11 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : May 31 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . June 18 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Brandy McDonnell ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Video : Blake Shelton 's ' She 's Got a Way with Words ' most added at country radio '' . NewsOK . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Chart : October 3 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Blake Shelton : She 's Got a Way With Words '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Shelton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Blake Shelton -- She 's Got a Way with Words '' . Music Canada . ( hide ) Blake Shelton singles Discography Blake Shelton `` Austin '' `` All Over Me '' `` Ol ' Red '' The Dreamer `` The Baby '' `` Heavy Liftin ' '' `` Playboys of the Southwestern World '' Blake Shelton 's Barn & Grill `` Some Beach '' `` Goodbye Time '' `` Nobody but Me '' Pure BS `` Do n't Make Me '' `` The More I Drink '' `` Home '' Startin ' Fires `` She Would n't Be Gone '' `` I 'll Just Hold On '' Red River Blue `` Honey Bee '' `` God Gave Me You '' `` Drink on It '' `` Over '' Based on a True Story ... `` Sure Be Cool If You Did '' `` Boys ' Round Here '' `` Mine Would Be You '' `` Doin ' What She Likes '' `` My Eyes '' Bringing Back the Sunshine `` Neon Light '' `` Lonely Tonight '' `` Sangria '' `` Gonna '' If I 'm Honest `` Straight Outta Cold Beer '' `` She 's Got a Way with Words '' `` Came Here to Forget '' `` A Guy with a Girl '' `` Go Ahead and Break My Heart '' `` Friends '' `` Savior 's Shadow '' `` Every Time I Hear That Song '' Texoma Shore `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' `` I Lived It '' Collaborations `` The Truth About Men '' `` Just a Fool '' `` Medicine '' `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' Other songs `` Hillbilly Bone '' `` All About Tonight '' `` Who Are You When I 'm Not Looking '' `` Footloose '' `` Over You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_Got_a_Way_with_Words&oldid=811221585 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Blake Shelton songs Warner Bros. Nashville singles Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by Marc Beeson Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks Songs written by Andy Albert Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote shes got a way with words
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[
"\"She's Got a Way with Words\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Blake Shelton for his tenth studio album If I'm Honest (2016). Released to radio as the album's third single on June 13, 2016,[1] the track was written by Wyatt Earp, Andy Albert and Marc Beeson, while production was handled by Scott Hendricks.",
"\"She's Got a Way with Words\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Blake Shelton for his tenth studio album If I'm Honest (2016). Released to radio as the album's third single on June 13, 2016,[1] the track was written by Wyatt Earp, Andy Albert and Marc Beeson, while production was handled by Scott Hendricks.",
"\"She's Got a Way with Words\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Blake Shelton for his tenth studio album If I'm Honest (2016). Released to radio as the album's third single on June 13, 2016,[1] the track was written by Wyatt Earp, Andy Albert and Marc Beeson, while production was handled by Scott Hendricks."
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[
"Wyatt Earp",
"Andy Albert",
"Andy Albert"
] |
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Church of the Holy Sepulchre
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Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Wikipedia Church of the Holy Sepulchre This article is about the church building in Jerusalem . For other uses , see Holy Sepulchre ( disambiguation ) . Church of the Holy Sepulchre Basic information Location Old City of Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 42 '' N 35 ° 13 ′ 47 '' E / 31.77833 ° N 35.22972 ° E / 31.77833 ; 35.22972 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 42 '' N 35 ° 13 ′ 47 '' E / 31.77833 ° N 35.22972 ° E / 31.77833 ; 35.22972 Affiliation Christianity Rite Byzantine , Latin , Alexandrian , Armenian , Syriac Municipality Jerusalem Year consecrated 13 September 335 Ecclesiastical or organizational status Active Architectural description Architect ( s ) Nikolaos Ch . Komnenos ( 1810 restoration ) Architectural type Church , Basilica Architectural style Romanesque , Baroque Founder Constantine the Great Completed 335 ( demolished in 1009 , rebuilt in 1048 ) Specifications Capacity 8,000 Dome ( s ) Materials Stone , wood The Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( Arabic : كَنِيسَةُ ٱلْقِيَامَة Kanīsatu al - Qiyāmah ; Greek : Ναὸς τῆς Ἀναστάσεως Naos tes Anastaseos ; Armenian : Սուրբ Հարության տաճար Surb Harut'yan tač̣ar ; Latin : Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri ; Hebrew : כנסיית הקבר , Knesiyat ha - Kever ; also called the Church of the Resurrection or Church of the Anastasis by Orthodox Christians ) is a church in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem . The church contains , according to traditions dating back to at least the fourth century , the two holiest sites in Christianity : the site where Jesus of Nazareth was crucified , at a place known as `` Calvary '' or `` Golgotha '' , and Jesus 's empty tomb , where he is said to have been buried and resurrected . The tomb is enclosed by the 19th - century shrine , called the Aedicule ( Edicule ) . The Status Quo , a 150 - year - old understanding between religious communities , applies to the site . Within the church proper are the last four ( or , by some definitions , five ) Stations of the Via Dolorosa , representing the final episodes of Jesus ' Passion . The church has been a major Christian pilgrimage destination since its creation in the fourth century , as the traditional site of the Resurrection of Christ , thus its original Greek name , Church of the Anastasis . Today , the wider complex accumulated during the centuries around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre also serves as the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem , while control of the church itself is shared among several Christian denominations and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for over 160 years , and some for much longer . The main denominations sharing property over parts of the church are the Greek Orthodox , Armenian Apostolic and Roman Catholic , and to a lesser degree the Coptic Orthodox , Syriac Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox . Meanwhile , Protestants , including Anglicans , have no permanent presence in the Church . Some Protestants prefer The Garden Tomb , elsewhere in Jerusalem , as a more evocative site to commemorate Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection . Contents 1 History 1.1 Construction ( 4th century ) 1.2 Damage and destruction ( 614 -- 1009 ) 1.3 Reconstruction ( 11th century ) 1.4 Crusader period ( 1099 -- 1244 ) 1.5 Ottoman and later periods 2 Description 2.1 Parvis ( courtyard ) 2.2 Bell tower 2.3 Façade and entrance 2.4 Calvary ( Golgotha ) 2.5 Stone of Anointing 2.6 Rotunda and Aedicule 2.7 Catholicon 2.8 Ambulatory 2.9 Chapel of Saint Helena 2.10 Franciscan area north of the Aedicule 2.11 Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea 2.12 Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule 3 Status quo 3.1 2018 Tax / Land affair 4 Connection to temple of Venus 5 Location 6 Influence 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Custodians History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Construction ( 4th century ) ( edit ) The second room of the aedicula , purportedly containing the tomb of Jesus A diagram of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre showing the traditional site of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus According to Eusebius of Caesarea , the Roman emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD built a temple dedicated to the goddess Venus in order to bury the cave in which Jesus had been buried . The first Christian emperor , Constantine the Great , ordered in about 325 / 326 that the temple be replaced by a church . During the building of the Church , Constantine 's mother , Helena , is believed to have rediscovered the tomb ( although there are some discrepancies among authors ) . Socrates Scholasticus ( born c. 380 ) , in his Ecclesiastical History , gives a full description of the discovery . Traditional site of Golgotha Constantine 's church was built as two connected churches over the two different holy sites , including a great basilica ( the Martyrium visited by Egeria in the 380s ) , an enclosed colonnaded atrium ( the Triportico ) with the traditional site of Golgotha in one corner , and a rotunda , called the Anastasis ( `` Resurrection '' in Greek ) , which contained the remains of a rock - cut room that Helena and Macarius identified as the burial site of Jesus . According to tradition , Constantine arranged for the rockface to be removed from around the tomb , without harming it , in order to isolate the tomb ; in the centre of the rotunda is a small building called the Kouvouklion in Greek or the Aedicula in Latin , which encloses this tomb . The remains are completely enveloped by a marble sheath placed some 500 years before to protect the ledge from Ottoman attacks . However , there are several thick window wells extending through the marble sheath , from the interior to the exterior that are not marble clad . They appear to reveal an underlying limestone rock , which may be part of the original living rock of the tomb . The church was built starting in 325 / 326 , and was consecrated on 13 September 335 . From pilgrim reports it seems that the chapel housing the tomb of Jesus was freestanding at first , and that the Rotunda was only erected around the chapel in the 380s . Each year , the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the anniversary of the consecration of the Church of the Resurrection ( Holy Sepulchre ) on 13 September . Damage and destruction ( 614 -- 1009 ) ( edit ) This building was damaged by fire in May of 614 when the Sassanid Empire , under Khosrau II , invaded Jerusalem and captured the True Cross . In 630 , the Emperor Heraclius restored it and rebuilt the church after recapturing the city . After Jerusalem came under Arab rule , it remained a Christian church , with the early Muslim rulers protecting the city 's Christian sites . A story reports that the Caliph Umar ibn al - Khattab visited the church and stopped to pray on the balcony ; but at the time of prayer , he turned away from the church and prayed outside . He feared that future generations would misinterpret this gesture , taking it as a pretext to turn the church into a mosque . Eutychius added that Umar wrote a decree prohibiting Muslims from praying at this location . The building suffered severe damage due to an earthquake in 746 . Early in the ninth century , another earthquake damaged the dome of the Anastasis . The damage was repaired in 810 by Patriarch Thomas . In the year 841 , the church suffered a fire . In 935 , the Orthodox Christians prevented the construction of a Muslim mosque adjacent to the Church . In 938 , a new fire damaged the inside of the basilica and came close to the rotunda . In 966 , due to a defeat of Muslim armies in the region of Syria , a riot broke out , which was followed by reprisals . The basilica was burned again . The doors and roof were burnt , and the Patriarch John VII was murdered . On 18 October 1009 , Fatimid caliph Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the complete destruction of the church as part of a more general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt . The damage was extensive , with few parts of the early church remaining . Christian Europe reacted with shock and expulsions of Jews ( for example , Cluniac monk Rodulfus Glaber blamed the Jews , with the result that Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns ) and an impetus to later Crusades . Reconstruction ( 11th century ) ( edit ) View of Holy Sepulchre courtyard also showing the Immovable Ladder In wide - ranging negotiations between the Fatimids and the Byzantine Empire in 1027 -- 28 , an agreement was reached whereby the new Caliph Ali az - Zahir ( Al - Hakim 's son ) agreed to allow the rebuilding and redecoration of the Church . The rebuilding was finally completed with the financing at a huge expense by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos and Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople in 1048 . As a concession , the mosque in Constantinople was re-opened and the khutba sermons were to be pronounced in az - Zahir 's name . Muslim sources say a by - product of the agreement was the recanting of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under Al - Hakim 's persecutions . In addition , the Byzantines , while releasing 5,000 Muslim prisoners , made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by Al - Hakim and the re-establishment of a Patriarch in Jerusalem . Contemporary sources credit the emperor with spending vast sums in an effort to restore the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after this agreement was made . Despite the Byzantines spending vast sums on the project , `` a total replacement was far beyond available resources . The new construction was concentrated on the rotunda and its surrounding buildings : the great basilica remained in ruins . '' The rebuilt church site consisted of `` a court open to the sky , with five small chapels attached to it . '' The chapels were to the east of the court of resurrection , where the wall of the great church had been . They commemorated scenes from the passion , such as the location of the prison of Christ and of his flagellation , and presumably were so placed because of the difficulties of free movement among shrines in the streets of the city . The dedication of these chapels indicates the importance of the pilgrims ' devotion to the suffering of Christ . They have been described as ' a sort of Via Dolorosa in miniature ' ... since little or no rebuilding took place on the site of the great basilica . Western pilgrims to Jerusalem during the eleventh century found much of the sacred site in ruins . '' Control of Jerusalem , and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , continued to change hands several times between the Fatimids and the Seljuk Turks ( loyal to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad ) until the arrival of the Crusaders in 1099 . Crusader period ( 1099 -- 1244 ) ( edit ) Coat of arms of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre Many historians maintain that the main concern of Pope Urban II , when calling for the First Crusade , was the threat to Constantinople from the Turkish invasion of Asia Minor in response to the appeal of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos . Historians agree that the fate of Jerusalem and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was of concern if not the immediate goal of papal policy in 1095 . The idea of taking Jerusalem gained more focus as the Crusade was underway . The rebuilt church site was taken from the Fatimids ( who had recently taken it from the Abassids ) by the knights of the First Crusade on 15 July 1099 . Painting by Émile Signol ( 1804 -- 1892 ) of the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders on 15 July 1099 1 . The Holy Sepulchre 2 . The Dome of the Rock 3 . Ramparts The First Crusade was envisioned as an armed pilgrimage , and no crusader could consider his journey complete unless he had prayed as a pilgrim at the Holy Sepulchre . Crusader Prince Godfrey of Bouillon , who became the first crusader monarch of Jerusalem , decided not to use the title `` king '' during his lifetime , and declared himself `` Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri '' ( `` Protector ( or Defender ) of the Holy Sepulchre '' ) . By the crusader period , a cistern under the former basilica was rumoured to have been the location where Helena had found the True Cross , and began to be venerated as such ; although the cistern later became the `` Chapel of the Invention of the Cross , '' there is no evidence of the rumour before the 11th century , and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to 11th century repairs by Monomachos . Crusader graffiti in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre According to the German clergyman and orient pilgrim Ludolf von Sudheim , the keys of the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre were in hands of the `` ancient Georgians '' and the food , alms , candles and oil for lamps were given them by the pilgrims in the south door of the church . William of Tyre , chronicler of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem , reports on the renovation of the Church in the mid-12th century . The crusaders investigated the eastern ruins on the site , occasionally excavating through the rubble , and while attempting to reach the cistern , they discovered part of the original ground level of Hadrian 's temple enclosure ; they decided to transform this space into a chapel dedicated to Helena ( the Chapel of Saint Helena ) , widening their original excavation tunnel into a proper staircase . The crusaders began to refurnish the church in a Romanesque style and added a bell tower . These renovations unified the small chapels on the site and were completed during the reign of Queen Melisende in 1149 , placing all the Holy places under one roof for the first time . The church became the seat of the first Latin Patriarchs , and was also the site of the kingdom 's scriptorium . The church was lost to Saladin , along with the rest of the city , in 1187 , although the treaty established after the Third Crusade allowed for Christian pilgrims to visit the site . Emperor Frederick II ( r . 1220 -- 50 ) regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century while he himself was under a ban of excommunication , with the curious consequence that the holiest church in Christianity was laid under interdict . The church seems to have been largely in Greek Orthodox Patriarch Athanasius II of Jerusalem 's hands , c. 1231 -- 47 , during the Latin control of Jerusalem . Both city and church were captured by the Khwarezmians in 1244 . Ottoman and later periods ( edit ) Top view of the church and surrounding areas , detailed descriptions in Greek , 1807 Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( 1885 ) . Its appearance has essentially not changed since the 12th century . The Franciscan friars renovated it further in 1555 , as it had been neglected despite increased numbers of pilgrims . The Franciscans rebuilt the Aedicule , extending the structure to create an ante - chamber . After the renovation of 1555 , control of the church oscillated between the Franciscans and the Orthodox , depending on which community could obtain a favorable `` firman '' from the `` Sublime Porte '' at a particular time , often through outright bribery , and violent clashes were not uncommon . There was no agreement about this question , although it was discussed at the negotiations to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 . In 1767 , weary of the squabbling , the `` Porte '' issued a `` firman '' that divided the church among the claimants . A fire severely damaged the structure again in 1808 , causing the dome of the Rotunda to collapse and smashing the Aedicule 's exterior decoration . The Rotunda and the Aedicule 's exterior were rebuilt in 1809 -- 1810 by architect Nikolaos Ch . Komnenos of Mytilene in the then current Ottoman Baroque style . The fire did not reach the interior of the Aedicule , and the marble decoration of the Tomb dates mainly to the 1555 restoration , although the interior of the ante - chamber , now known as the `` Chapel of the Angel , '' was partly rebuilt to a square ground - plan , in place of the previously semi-circular western end . Another decree in 1853 from the sultan solidified the existing territorial division among the communities and set a `` status quo '' for arrangements to `` remain forever , '' causing differences of opinion about upkeep and even minor changes , including disagreement on the removal of the `` Immovable Ladder '' , an exterior ladder under one of the windows ; this ladder has remained in the same position since then . The church after its 1808 restoration The cladding of red marble applied to the Aedicule by Komnenos has deteriorated badly and is detaching from the underlying structure ; since 1947 it has been held in place with an exterior scaffolding of iron girders installed by the British authorities . A careful renovation is undergoing , funded by a $4 million gift from King Abdullah II of Jordan and a $1.3 - million gift from Mica Ertegun . The current dome dates from 1870 , although it was restored between 1994 -- 1997 , as part of extensive modern renovations to the church which have been ongoing since 1959 . During the 1970 -- 1978 restoration works and excavations inside the building , and under the nearby Muristan , it was found that the area was originally a quarry , from which white meleke limestone was struck . To the east of the Chapel of Saint Helena , the excavators discovered a void containing a 2nd - century drawing of a Roman ship , two low walls which supported the platform of Hadrian 's 2nd - century temple , and a higher 4th - century wall built to support Constantine 's basilica . After the excavations of the early 1970s , the Armenian authorities converted this archaeological space into the Chapel of Saint Vartan , and created an artificial walkway over the quarry on the north of the chapel , so that the new Chapel could be accessed ( by permission ) from the Chapel of Saint Helena . In 2016 , restoration works were performed in the Aedicule . For the first time since at least 1555 , marble cladding which protected the estimated burial bed of Jesus from vandalism and souvenir takers was removed . When the cladding was first removed on 26 October , an initial inspection by the National Technical University of Athens team showed only a layer of fill material underneath . By the night of 28 October , the original limestone burial bed was revealed intact . This suggested that the tomb location has not changed through time and confirmed the existence of the original limestone cave walls within the Aedicule . The tomb was resealed shortly thereafter . Description ( edit ) Parvis ( courtyard ) ( edit ) The courtyard facing the entrance to the church is known as the parvis . Located around the parvis are a few smaller structures . South of the parvis , opposite the church : Broken columns -- once forming part of an arcade -- stand opposite the church , at the top of a short descending staircase stretching over the entire breadth of the parvis . In the 13th century , the tops of the columns were removed and sent to Mecca by the Khwarezmids . The Gethsemane Metochion , a small Greek Orthodox monastery . On the eastern side of the parvis , south to north : The Monastery of St Abraham ( Greek Orthodox ) The Chapel of St John ( Armenian Orthodox ) The Chapel of St Michael ( Coptic / Ethiopian Orthodox ) , giving access to the roof of the Chapel of St Helen and the Ethiopian monastery . North of the parvis , in front of the church façade or against it : Chapel of the Franks -- a blue - domed Roman Catholic Crusader chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows , which once provided exclusive access to Calvary . The chapel marks the 10th Station of the Cross ( the stripping of Jesus ' garments ) . A Greek Orthodox oratory and chapel , directly beneath the Chapel of the Franks , dedicated to St. Mary of Egypt . The tomb of Philip d'Aubigny ( Phillipe Daubeney , d . 1236 ) -- a knight , tutor , and royal councilor to King Henry III of England and signer of the Magna Carta -- is placed in front of , and between , the two original entrance doors of the church , of which the eastern one is walled - up . It is one of the few tombs of crusaders and other Europeans not removed from the Church after the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem in the 12th century . A stone marker was placed on his tomb in 1925 , sheltered by a wooden trapdoor which hides it from view . A group of three chapels is bordering the parvis on its west side . They originally formed the baptistery complex of the Constantinian church . The southernmost chapel was the vestibule , the middle chapel the actual baptistery , and the north chapel the chamber in which the patriarch chrismated the newly baptized before leading them into the rotunda north of this complex . Now they are dedicated as ( from south to north ) The Chapel of St. James the Just ( Greek Orthodox ) , The Chapel of St. John the Baptist ( Greek Orthodox ) , The Chapel of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste ( Greek Orthodox ; at the base of the bell tower ) . Bell tower ( edit ) The church 's bell tower is located to the left of the façade . It is currently almost half its original size . Façade and entrance ( edit ) See also : Immovable Ladder The entrance to the church , a single door in the south transept -- through the crusader façade -- is found past a group of streets winding through the outer Via Dolorosa , by way of a local souq in the Muristan . This narrow way of access to such a large structure has proven to be hazardous at times . For example , when a fire broke out in 1840 , dozens of pilgrims were trampled to death . The `` Immovable Ladder '' , in its latest incarnation , stands beneath a window on the façade . Historically , two large , arched doors allowed access to the church . However , only the left - hand entrance is currently accessible , as the right door has long since been bricked up . These entrances are located in the parvis of a larger courtyard , or plaza . The Stone of Anointing , where Jesus ' body is said to have been anointed before burial A mosaic depiction of Christ 's body being prepared after his death , opposite the Stone of Anointing Calvary ( Golgotha ) ( edit ) Main article : Calvary The Altar of the Crucifixion The Rock of Calvary as seen in the Chapel of Adam Just inside the church is a stairway climbing to Calvary ( Golgotha ) , traditionally regarded as the site of Jesus ' crucifixion and the most lavishly decorated part of the church . The exit is via another stairway opposite the first , leading down to the ambulatory . The Golgotha and its chapels are just south of the main altar of the Catholicon . On the ground floor , underneath the Golgotha chapel proper , are the Chapel of Adam and the Treasury of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate , holding many relics including an alleged fragment of the Holy Cross . The raised Chapel of the Calvary , or Golgotha Chapel , contains the apex of the Rock of Calvary ( 12th Station of the Cross ) . It is split into two halves , one Greek Orthodox and one Catholic , each one with its own altar . The northern half with the main altar belongs to the Greek Orthodox . The rock can be seen under glass on both sides of the altar , and beneath the altar there is a hole in the rock , said to be the place where the cross was raised . Due to the significance of this , it is the most visited site in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre along with the Tomb of Jesus . The Roman Catholic ( Franciscan ) Chapel of the Nailing of the Cross ( 11th Station of the Cross ) stretches south of it . Between the Catholic and the Orthodox altar , there is a statue of Mary , believed by some to be miraculous . It marks the 13th Station of the Cross , where Jesus ' body was removed from the cross and given to his family and disciples . Beneath the Calvary and the two chapels there , on the main floor , there is the Chapel of Adam . According to tradition , Jesus was crucified over the place where Adam 's skull was buried . According to some , at the crucifixion , the blood of Christ ran down the cross and through the rocks to fill the skull of Adam . The Rock of Calvary appears cracked through a window on the altar wall , with the crack traditionally claimed to be caused by the earthquake that occurred when Jesus died on the cross , while some scholars claim it to be the result of quarrying against a natural flaw in the rock . Stone of Anointing ( edit ) Just inside the entrance to the church is the Stone of Anointing ( also Stone of the Anointing or Stone of Unction ) , which tradition believes to be the spot where Jesus ' body was prepared for burial by Joseph of Arimathea . However , this tradition is only attested since the crusader era ( notably by the Italian Dominican pilgrim Riccoldo da Monte di Croce in 1288 ) , and the present stone was only added in the 1810 reconstruction . The wall behind the stone is defined by its striking blue balconies and tau cross-bearing red banners ( depicting the insignia of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre ) , and is decorated with lamps . The modern three - part mosaic along the wall depicts the anointing of Jesus ' body , preceded on the right by the Descent from the Cross , and succeeded on the left by the Burial of Jesus . The wall was a temporary addition to support the arch above it , which had been weakened after the damage in the 1808 fire ; it blocks the view of the rotunda , separates the entrance from the Catholicon , sits on top of the now - empty and desecrated graves of four 12th - century crusader kings -- including Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin I of Jerusalem -- and is no longer structurally necessary . There is a difference of opinion as to whether it is to be seen as the 13th Station of the Cross , which others identify as the lowering of Jesus from the cross and locate between the 11th and 12th stations on Calvary . The lamps that hang over the Stone of Unction , adorned with cross-bearing chain links , are contributed by Armenians , Copts , Greeks and Latins . Immediately to the left of the entrance is a bench that has traditionally been used by the church 's Muslim doorkeepers , along with some Christian clergy , as well as electrical wiring . To the right of the entrance is a wall along the ambulatory containing , to the very right , the staircase leading to Golgotha . Further along the same wall is the entrance to the Chapel of Adam . Rotunda and Aedicule ( edit ) The Aedicule The Rotunda is located in the centre of the Anastasis , beneath the larger of the church 's two domes . In the center of the Rotunda is the chapel called the Aedicule , which contains the Holy Sepulchre itself . The Aedicule has two rooms , the first holding the Angel 's Stone , which is believed to be a fragment of the large stone that sealed the tomb ; the second is the tomb itself . Possibly due to the fact that pilgrims laid their hands on the tomb or to prevent eager pilgrims from removing bits of the original rock as souvenirs , a marble plaque was placed in the fourteenth century on the tomb to prevent further damage to the tomb . Under the status quo , the Eastern Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb , and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily . It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions , such as the Holy Saturday ceremony of the Holy Fire led by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch ( with the participation of the Coptic and Armenian patriarchs ) . To its rear , in a chapel constructed of iron latticework upon a stone base semicircular in plan , lies the altar used by the Coptic Orthodox . Historically , the Georgians also retained the key to the Aedicule . From May 2016 to March 2017 , the Aedicule underwent restoration and repairs after the Israel Antiquities Authority declared the structure unsafe . Much of the $3 million project was funded by the World Monuments Fund . West of the Aedicule , to the rear of the Rotunda , is a chapel ( see `` Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea '' ) located in a Constantinian apse and containing an opening to a rock - cut ancient Jewish tomb . This chapel is where the Syriac Orthodox celebrate their Liturgy on Sundays . To the right of the Sepulchre on the northwestern edge of the Rotunda is the Chapel of the Apparition , which is reserved for Roman Catholic use ( see `` Franciscan area north of the Aedicule '' ) . Catholicon ( edit ) The `` Christ Pantocrator '' mosaic in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Cross over the Catholicon The omphalos and the north wall of the Catholicon The Catholicon -- On the east side opposite the Rotunda is the Crusader structure housing the main altar of the Church , today the Greek Orthodox catholicon . The second , smaller dome sits directly over the centre of the transept crossing of the choir where the compas , an omphalos once thought to be the center of the world ( associated to the site of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection ) , is situated . Since 1996 this dome is topped by the monumental Golgotha Crucifix which the Greek Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem consecrated . It was at the initiative of Gustav Kühnel to erect a new crucifix at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem that would not only be worthy of the singularity of the site , but that would also become a symbol of the efforts of unity in the community of Christian faith . East of this is a large iconostasis demarcating the Orthodox sanctuary before which is set the throne of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem on the south side facing the throne of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch on the north side . Ambulatory ( edit ) The `` Holy Prison '' , or Prison of Christ Prison of Christ -- In the north - east side of the complex there is The Prison of Christ , alleged by the Franciscans to be where Jesus was held . The Greek Orthodox allege that the real place that Jesus was held was the similarly named Prison of Christ , in their Monastery of the Praetorium , located near the Church of Ecce Homo , between the Second and Third Stations of the Via Dolorosa . The Armenians regard a recess in the Monastery of the Flagellation at the Second Station of the Via Dolorosa , as the Prison of Christ . A cistern among the ruins beneath the Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu on Mount Zion is also alleged to have been the Prison of Christ . To reconcile the traditions , some allege that Jesus was held in the Mount Zion cell in connection with his trial by the Jewish High Priest , at the Praetorium in connection with his trial by the Roman governor Pilate , and near the Golgotha before crucifixion . Further to the east in the ambulatory are three chapels ( from south to north ) : Greek Chapel of Saint Longinus -- The Orthodox Greek chapel is dedicated to Saint Longinus . Armenian Chapel of Division of Robes Greek Chapel of the Derision -- the southernmost chapel in the ambulatory . Chapel of Saint Helena ( edit ) Chapel of Saint Helena , Jerusalem , called by the Armenians `` St. Gregory the Illuminator '' Chapel of Saint Helena -- between the first two chapels are stairs descending to the Chapel of Saint Helena . Chapel of Vartan ( or Vardan ) Mamikonian -- on the north side of the Chapel of Saint Helena is an ornate wrought iron door , beyond which a raised artificial platform affords views of the quarry , and which leads to the Chapel of Saint Vartan . The latter chapel contains archaeological remains from Hadrian 's temple and Constantine 's basilica . These areas are open only on request . Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross -- another set of 22 stairs from the Chapel of Saint Helena leads down to the Roman Catholic Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross , believed to be the place where the True Cross was found . Franciscan area north of the Aedicule ( edit ) The Franciscan Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene -- The chapel indicates the place where Mary Magdalene met Jesus after his resurrection . The Franciscan Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament ( or Chapel of the Apparition ) -- in memory of Jesus ' meeting with his mother after the Resurrection . Syriac Chapel with tomb of Joseph of Arimathea ( edit ) The Syriac Orthodox Chapel of Saint Joseph of Arimathea and Saint Nicodemus . On Sundays and feast days it is furnished for the celebration of Mass . It is accessed from the Rotunda , by a door west of the Aedicule . On the far side of the chapel is the low entrance to an almost complete 1st - century Jewish tomb , initially holding six kokh - type funeral shafts radiating from a central chamber , of which two are still exposed . Although this space was discovered recently and contains no identifying marks , many Christians believe that Saints Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus were buried here . Since Jews always buried their dead outside the city , the presence of this tomb proves that the Holy Sepulchre site was outside the city walls at the time of the crucifixion . Armenian Monastery south of the Aedicule ( edit ) South of the Aedicule is the `` Place of the Three Marys '' , marked by a stone canopy and a large modern wall mosaic . From here one can enter the Armenian monastery which stretches over the ground and first upper floor of the church 's southeastern part . Status quo ( edit ) The `` Immovable Ladder '' . Detail from photograph of main entrance above the façade . The Sultan 's firman ( decree ) of 1853 , known as the `` status quo '' , pinned down the now permanent statutes of property and the regulations concerning the roles of the different denominations and other custodians . The primary custodians are the Greek Orthodox , Armenian Apostolic , and Roman Catholic Churches , with the Greek Orthodox Church having the lion 's share . In the 19th century , the Coptic Orthodox , the Ethiopian Orthodox and the Syriac Orthodox acquired lesser responsibilities , which include shrines and other structures in and around the building . Times and places of worship for each community are strictly regulated in common areas . The Greek Orthodox act through the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate as well as through the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre . The Roman Catholics act through the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land . The establishment of the 1853 status quo did not halt controversy and sometimes violence , which continues to break out occasionally . On a hot summer day in 2002 , a Coptic monk moved his chair from its agreed spot into the shade . This was interpreted as a hostile move by the Ethiopians , and eleven were hospitalized after the resulting fracas . In another incident in 2004 , during Orthodox celebrations of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross , a door to the Franciscan chapel was left open . This was taken as a sign of disrespect by the Orthodox and a fistfight broke out . Some people were arrested , but no one was seriously injured . Franciscans during the procession on The Calvary , 2006 On Palm Sunday , in April 2008 , a brawl broke out when a Greek monk was ejected from the building by a rival faction . Police were called to the scene but were also attacked by the enraged brawlers . On Sunday , 9 November 2008 , a clash erupted between Armenian and Greek monks during celebrations for the Feast of the Cross . A less grave sign of this state of affairs is located on a window ledge over the church 's entrance . A wooden ladder was placed there at some time before 1852 , when the status quo defined both the doors and the window ledges as common ground . This ladder , the `` Immovable Ladder '' , in its latest incarnation , remains to this day , in almost exactly the same position it occupied in century - old photographs and engravings , as it must be replaced whenever it falls apart . An engraving by David Roberts in 1839 also shows the same ladder in the same position . No one controls the main entrance . In 1192 , Saladin assigned door - keeping responsibilities to the Muslim Nuseibeh family . The wooden doors that compose the main entrance are the original , highly carved doors . The Joudeh Al - Goudia family were entrusted as custodian to the keys of the Holy Sepulchre by Saladin in 1187 . Despite occasional disagreements , the religious services take place in the Church with regularity and coexistence is generally peaceful . An example of concord between the Church custodians is the recent ( 2016 -- 17 ) full restoration of the Aedicule . 2018 tax / Land affair ( edit ) In late February 2018 after a tax dispute over 152 million euros of uncollected taxes on church properties the Church had closed until further notice . The city hall stressed that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and all other churches are exempt from the taxes , with the changes only affecting establishments like `` hotels , halls and businesses '' owned by the churches . NPR had reported that the Greek Orthodox Church calls itself the second - largest landowner in Israel , after the Israeli government . There was a lock in protest against an Israeli legislative proposal which would expropriate church lands that had been sold to private companies since 2010 , a measure which church leaders assert constitutes a serious violation of their property rights and the status quo . In a joint official statement the church authorities protested what they considered to be the peak of a systematic campaign in ' a discriminatory and racist bill that targets solely the properties of the Christian community in the Holy Land , ' adding , ' This reminds us all of laws of a similar nature which were enacted against the Jews during dark periods in Europe . ' The 2018 Taxation affair does not cover any church buildings or religious related facilities ( because they are exempt by law ) , but commercial facilities such as the Notre Dame Hotel which was not paying the arnona tax , and any land which is owned and used as a commercial land . The church hold the rights to land where private homes have been constructed , and some of the disagreement had been raised after the Knesset had proposed a bill that will make it harder for a private company not to extend a lease for land used by homeowners . According to the JPost ' The stated aim of the bill is to protect homeowners against the possibility that private companies will not extend their leases of land on which their houses or apartments stand . ' The church leaders have said that such a bill will make it harder for them to sell church owned lands . Connection to temple of Venus ( edit ) Jerusalem after being rebuilt by Hadrian . Two main east - west roads were built rather than the typical one , due to the awkward location of the Temple Mount , blocking the central east - west route . The site of the Church had been a temple of Venus before Constantine 's edifice was built . Hadrian 's temple had actually been located there because it was the junction of the main north - south road with one of the two main east - west roads and directly adjacent to the forum ( which is now the location of the ( smaller ) Muristan ) ; the forum itself had been placed , as is traditional in Roman towns , at the junction of the main north - south road with the ( other ) main east - west road ( which is now El - Bazar / David Street ) . The temple and forum together took up the entire space between the two main east - west roads ( a few above - ground remains of the east end of the temple precinct still survive in the Alexander Nevsky Church complex of the Russian Mission in Exile ) . `` Church of the Holy Sepulcher '' . Generation Word . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . From the archaeological excavations in the 1970s , it is clear that construction took over most of the site of the earlier temple enclosure and that the Triportico and Rotunda roughly overlapped with the temple building itself ; the excavations indicate that the temple extended at least as far back as the Aedicule , and the temple enclosure would have reached back slightly further . Virgilio Canio Corbo , a Franciscan priest and archaeologist , who was present at the excavations , estimated from the archaeological evidence that the western retaining wall of the temple itself would have passed extremely close to the east side of the supposed tomb ; if the wall had been any further west any tomb would have been crushed under the weight of the wall ( which would be immediately above it ) if it had not already been destroyed when foundations for the wall were made . Other archaeologists have criticized Corbo 's reconstructions . Dan Bahat , the former city archaeologist of Jerusalem , regards them as unsatisfactory , as there is no known temple of Aphrodite matching Corbo 's design , and no archaeological evidence for Corbo 's suggestion that the temple building was on a platform raised high enough to avoid including anything sited where the Aedicule is now ; indeed Bahat notes that many temples to Aphrodite have a rotunda - like design , and argues that there is no archaeological reason to assume that the present rotunda was not based on a rotunda in the temple previously on the site . Location ( edit ) Tourists and pilgrims at one of the two access gates to the Holy Sepulchre courtyard , photo by Bonfils , 1870s The New Testament describes Jesus 's tomb as being outside the city wall , as was normal for burials across the ancient world , which were regarded as unclean . Today , the site of the Church is within the current walls of the old city of Jerusalem . It has been well documented by archaeologists that in the time of Jesus , the walled city was smaller and the wall then was to the east of the current site of the Church . In other words , the city had been much narrower in Jesus ' time , with the site then having been outside the walls ; since Herod Agrippa ( 41 -- 44 ) is recorded by history as extending the city to the north ( beyond the present northern walls ) , the required repositioning of the western wall is traditionally attributed to him as well . The area immediately to the south and east of the sepulchre was a quarry and outside the city during the early 1st century as excavations under the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer across the street demonstrated . The church is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Old City of Jerusalem . The Christian Quarter and the ( also Christian ) Armenian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem are both located in the northwestern and western part of the Old City , due to the fact that the Holy Sepulchre is located close to the northwestern corner of the walled city . The adjacent neighbourhood within the Christian Quarter is called the Muristan , a term derived from the Persian word for hospital -- Christian pilgrim hospices have been maintained in this area near the Holy Sepulchre since at least the time of Charlemagne . Influence ( edit ) From the 9th century , the construction of churches inspired in the Anastasis was extended across Europe . One example is Santo Stefano in Bologna , Italy , an agglomeration of seven churches recreating shrines of Jerusalem . Several churches and monasteries in Europe , for instance , in Germany and Russia , and at least one church in the United States have been modeled on the Church of the Resurrection , some even reproducing other holy places for the benefit of pilgrims who could not travel to the Holy Land . They include the Heiliges Grab of Görlitz , constructed between 1481 and 1504 , the New Jerusalem Monastery in Moscow Oblast , constructed by Patriarch Nikon between 1656 and 1666 , and Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery built by the Franciscans in Washington , DC in 1898 . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Eastern Christianity portal Oriental Orthodoxy portal Jerusalem portal Art of the Crusades Burial places of founders of world religions Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre Constantine I and Christianity Christianity in Israel Early Christian art and architecture Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre Garden Tomb Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites History of the Orthodox Church History of Roman and Byzantine domes List of oldest church buildings Monza ampullae Palestinian Christians Talpiot Tomb Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The walled Old City area is contested by the State of Palestine , but the power over the region is de facto exercised by the State of Israel since conquering it from Jordan in 1967 . Jump up ^ In American English also spelled Sepulcher . Also called the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre . Jump up ^ English aedicule or edicule , the Latin diminutive of aedes , `` house '' , meaning `` small house '' or `` shrine '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Complete compendium of Church of the Holy Sepulchre '' . Madain Project . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Arthur L. ( 1913 ) . `` Holy Sepulchre '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Jerusalem '' . Jerusalem : Sacred-destinations.com. 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Conciliation Commission ( 1949 ) . United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places . Jump up ^ Cust , L.G.A. ( 1929 ) . The Status Quo in the Holy Places . H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine . ^ Jump up to : NPNF2 - 01 . Eusebius Pamphilius : Church History , Life of Constantine , Oration in Praise of Constantine . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Though Eusebius 's account makes no mention of Helena 's presence at the excavation , nor of the finding of the cross but only the tomb . According to Eusebius , the tomb exhibited `` a clear and visible proof '' that it was the tomb of Jesus . Jump up ^ Pringle , Denys ( 2007 ) . The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . 3 . Cambridge University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0521390361 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ The Pilgrim of Bordeaux reports in 333 : `` There , at present , by the command of the Emperor Constantine , has been built a basilica , that is to say , a church of wondrous beauty '' . Itinerarium Burdigalense , p. 594 Jump up ^ `` NPNF2 - 02 . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kουβούκλιον ; Modern Greek for small compartment Jump up ^ `` Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection ( Holy Sepulchre ) at Jerusalem '' . Orthodox Church in America . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroesen , Justin ( 2000 ) . The Sepulchrum Domini Through the Ages : Its Form and Function . Leuven . p. 11 . ISBN 9789042909526 -- via WorldCat , Google Books . Jump up ^ Adémar de Chabannes recorded that the church of Saint George at Lydda ' with many other churches of the saints ' had been attacked , and the ' basilica of the Lord 's Sepulchre destroyed down to the ground ' ... The Christian writer Yahya ibn Sa'id reported that everything was razed ' except those parts which were impossible to destroy or would have been too difficult to carry away ' . '' Morris 2005 ^ Jump up to : Morris 2005 Jump up ^ Bokenkotter , Thomas ( 2004 ) . A Concise History of the Catholic Church . Doubleday . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50584 - 1 . Jump up ^ MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . A History of Christianity : The First Three Thousand Years . Penguin Books Limited . ISBN 9780141957951 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Yaacov ( July 1991 ) . State and Society in Fatimid Egypt . Leiden ; New York : E.J. Brill . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09344 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Foakes - Jackson , Frederick John ( 1921 ) . An Introduction to the History of Christianity , A.D. 590 -- 1314 . London : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Fergusson , James ( 1865 ) . A History of Architecture in All Countries . London : J. Murray . Jump up ^ Gold , Dore ( 29 January 2007 ) . The Fight for Jerusalem : Radical Islam , the West , and the Future of the Holy City . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 029 - X . Jump up ^ Venetian Adventurer : The Life and Times of Marco Polo , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Pilgrimages and Pilgrim shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095 , Henry L. Savage , A History of the Crusades : The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States , Volume IV , ed . Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard , ( University of Wisconsin Press , 1977 ) , 37 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Denys ( 1993 ) . The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem : Volume 3 , The City of Jerusalem : A Corpus . Cambridge University Press . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39038 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy - O'Connor , Jerome ( February 1998 ) . The Holy Land . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 , 59 . ISBN 978 - 0191528675 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mailáth , János Nepomuk Jozsef ( 1848 ) . Geschichte der europäischen Staaten , Geschichte des östreichischen Kaiserstaates ( History of the European states , history of Austrian Imperial State ) . 4 . Hamburg : F. Perthes . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond ( May 2009 ) . `` The Church of the Holy Sepulchre : A Work in Progress '' . The Bible and Interpretation . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Romey , Kristin ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Christ 's Burial Place Exposed for First Time in Centuries '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hesemann , Michael ( 1999 ) . Die Jesus - Tafel ( in German ) . Freiburg . p. 170 . ISBN 3 - 451 - 27092 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lancaster , James E. ( 1998 ) . `` Finding the Keys to the Chapel of St. Vartan '' . Jim Lancaster 's Web Space . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . the height difference can be easily seen ; the yellowish wall on the left is the 4th century wall , the pinkish wall on the right is the 2nd century wall . Jump up ^ Metaxas , Eric ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` History Revealed ? Jesus 's Tomb Discovered in Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Empty '' . CNSNews.com . ^ Jump up to : Romey , Kristin ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` Unsealing of Christ 's Reputed Tomb Turns Up New Revelations '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pappas , Stephanie ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` Original Bedrock of Jesus ' Tomb Revealed in New Images '' . Live Science . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parvis and Entry '' . Gerusalemme San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour 's Monastery . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ LoLordo , Ann ( 28 June 1999 ) . `` Trouble in a holy place '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ William R. Cook of State University of New York , lecture series Jump up ^ `` The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher '' . Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Romey , Kristin ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` Jesus ' Burial Tomb Uncovered : Here 's What Scientists Saw Inside '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle of Holy Fire which happens every year '' . Holyfire.org . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Janin , Raymond ( 1913 ) . Échos d'Orient ( Echos of the Orient ) . 16 . Institut français d'études byzantines . p. 35 . Jump up ^ DeSandoli , Sabino ( 1986 ) . The Church of Holy Sepulchre : Keys , Doors , Doorkeepers . Franciscian Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , George ( 1919 ) . A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City : With Some Account of the Medieval Copies of the Holy Sepulchre Surviving in Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 69 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Tomb of Jesus Reopens to Public After $3 Million Restoration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Chapel of the Apparition '' . See The Holy Land.net . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Cross of Golgotha '' . Michael Hammers. 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel of St. Helena '' . www.holysepulchre.custodia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Franciscans at the Holy Sepulchre '' . The Franciscans of the Holy Land . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael. , Dumper , ; E. , Stanley , Bruce ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Cities of the Middle East and North Africa : a historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576079195 . OCLC 80014324 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Chris ( 1 July 2002 ) . `` Christian History Corner : Divvying up the Most Sacred Place '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher - Ilan , Allyn ( 28 September 2004 ) . `` Punch - up at tomb of Jesus '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ El Deeb , Sarah ( 21 April 2008 ) . `` Christians brawl at Jesus ' tomb '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Riot police called as monks clash in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre '' . The Times . London . 10 November 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ O'Laughlin , Toni ( 10 November 2008 ) . `` The monks who keep coming to blows in Jerusalem '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Sepulchre Ladder '' . Coastdaylight.com . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who moved thy ladder ? '' . Danny the Digger. 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . An unusual and rare location of the ladder was documented by an Israeli tour guide in February 2009 Jump up ^ `` Entrance to the holy sepulchre ; title page , vol. 1 '' . Library of Congress . 1842 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ William R. Cook of University of New York , lecture series Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Jesus 's tomb unveiled after $4 m restoration '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church at Jesus 's burial site closed for second day after tax dispute '' . i24NEWS. 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Daniel ( 2 December 2017 ) . `` Greek Orthodox Church Sells Land In Israel , Worrying Both Israelis And Palestinians '' . Weekend Edition . Jump up ^ Jonathan Lis and Nir Hasson , Jerusalem churches warn of Israel 's ' systematic ' erosion of Christian presence in Holy Land Haaretz 25 February 2018 ^ Jump up to : Token , Benny ( 27 February 2018 ) . `` בעיריית ירושלים לא מתרגשים מהכנסייה '' ( The Jerusalem Municipality is not moved by the church ) . Arutz Sheva ( in Hebrew ) . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WATCH : Pilgrims Face Closed Doors at Church of the Holy Sepulchre '' . The Jerusalem Post . Reuters. 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Corbo , Virgilio ( 1981 ) . Il Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme ( The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem ) ( in Italian ) . Franciscan Press . Jump up ^ Bahat , Dan ( May -- June 1986 ) . `` Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus ? '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ for example , Hebrews 13 : 12 Jump up ^ Toynbee , Jocelyn M.C. Death and Burial in the Roman World , pp. 48 -- 49 , JHU Press . 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5507 - 1 . An exception in the Classical World were the Lycians of Anatolia . There are also the Egyptian mortuary - temples , where the object of worship was the deified royal person entombed , but Egyptian temples to the major gods contained no burials . Jump up ^ Trainor , Terry ( 21 May 2012 ) . Bedlam . St. Mary of Bethlehem . Trainor , Terry . ISBN 9781471714283 . Jump up ^ Monastero di Santo Stefano : Basilica Santuario Santo Stefano : Storia , Bologna . Further reading ( edit ) Biddle , Martin ( 25 February 1999 ) . The Tomb of Christ . Scarborough : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1926 - 4 . Biddle , Martin ; Seligman , Jon ; Tamar , Winter & Avni , Gideon ( 7 July 2000 ) . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre . New York : Rizzoli in cooperation with Israel Antiquities Authority , distributed by St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 2282 - 6 . Coüasnon , Charles ( 1974 ) . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . London : Oxford University Press for the British Academy . ISBN 0 - 19 - 725938 - 3 . Gibson , Shimon ; Taylor , Joan E. ( 1994 ) . Beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem : The archaeology and early history of traditional Golgotha . London : Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund . ISBN 0 - 903526 - 53 - 0 . b Cohen , Raymond ( 10 March 2008 ) . Saving the Holy Sepulchre : How Rival Christians Came Together to Rescue Their Holiest Shrine . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518966 - 3 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Bowman , Glenn ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` '' In Dubious Battle on the Plains of Heav'n `` : The Politics of Possession in Jerusalem 's Holy Sepulchre '' . University of Kent . Weitzmann , Kurt , ed. ( 1979 ) . Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art , third to seventh century . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0870991790 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Holy Sepulchre OrthodoxWiki ( article ) Sacred Destinations ( article , interactive plan , photo gallery ) The Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ( article and photos ) Virtual Tour ( Church of the Holy Sepulchre Virtual Tour ) Private Virtual Tour ( Church of the Holy Sepulchre Private Virtual Tour ) Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Custodians ( edit ) Franciscan Custody in the Holy Land ( Roman Catholic custodians ) The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre ( Greek Orthodox custodians ) St. James Brotherhood ( Armenian custodians ) The Joudeh Family ( Muslim Custodian of the keys of the Holy Sepulchre ) Nuseibeh family ( Muslim Holy Sepulchre Door Keepers ) Cemeteries in Jerusalem Christian cemeteries Mount Zion Cemetery Franciscan Cemetery , Mount Zion Jewish cemeteries Har HaMenuchot Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery Sanhedria Cemetery Shaare Zedek Cemetery Sheikh Badr Islamic cemeteries Mamilla Cemetery Military cemeteries Jerusalem British War Cemetery Mount Herzl Tombs Cave of Nicanor Cave of the Ramban David 's Tomb Jason 's Tomb Herod Family Tomb Holy Sepulchre Silwan necropolis Tomb of Absalom Tomb of Benei Hezir Tomb of Simeon the Just Tombs of the Sanhedrin Tomb of the Virgin Mary Tomb of Zechariah Tombs of the Kings Jerusalem portal Israel portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashke - nazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Jewish Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas , quarters Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . 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who built the church of the holy sepulchre
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"According to Eusebius of Caesarea, the Roman emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD built a temple dedicated to the goddess Venus in order to bury the cave in which Jesus had been buried.[6][7] The first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great, ordered in about 325/326 that the temple be replaced by a church.[8] During the building of the Church, Constantine's mother, Helena, is believed to have rediscovered the tomb (although there are some discrepancies among authors).[6] Socrates Scholasticus (born c. 380), in his Ecclesiastical History, gives a full description of the discovery.[9]\n"
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"Constantine the Great"
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Pittsburgh Penguins
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Pittsburgh Penguins - Wikipedia Pittsburgh Penguins `` The Pens '' redirects here . For other uses , see Pens ( disambiguation ) . Pittsburgh Penguins 2018 -- 19 Pittsburgh Penguins season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1967 History Pittsburgh Penguins 1967 -- present Home arena PPG Paints Arena City Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Colors Black , Pittsburgh gold , white Media AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh The X ( 105.9 FM ) ESPN Pittsburgh ( 970 AM ) Pittsburgh Penguins Radio Network Owner ( s ) Ronald Burkle Mario Lemieux General manager Jim Rutherford Head coach Mike Sullivan Captain Sidney Crosby Minor league affiliates Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ( AHL ) Wheeling Nailers ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 5 ( 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) Conference championships 6 ( 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) Presidents ' Trophy 1 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Division championships 8 ( 1990 -- 91 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 ) Official website nhl.com/penguins The Pittsburgh Penguins are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's original expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , when they moved to the PPG Paints Arena . The 1992 -- 93 Penguins won the franchise 's first - ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times -- in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back - to - back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997 -- 98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Beginnings ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1.2 Triumph of playoff berths and tragedy of Briere ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 1.3 Playoff runs and a uniform change ( 1974 -- 1982 ) 1.4 Arrival of Mario Lemieux ( 1982 -- 1988 ) 1.5 Back - to - back and the Lemieux / Jagr era ( 1988 -- 1997 ) 1.6 Lemieux 's retirement and return ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.7 Rebuilding and Mario Lemieux retires again ( 2001 -- 2006 ) 1.8 The Crosby -- Malkin era ( 2006 -- present ) 1.8. 1 The entry of Malkin and an arena deal ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1.8. 2 Runners - up and third Stanley Cup ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.8. 3 New arena and playoff struggles ( 2009 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 4 Back - to - back Cup titles and 50th anniversary ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Retired numbers 4.3 Hall of Famers 4.4 Penguins Hall of Fame 4.5 Team captains 4.6 Head coaches 4.7 Penguins ' Ring of Honor 4.8 Dapper Dan Sportsman of the Year 4.9 Franchise scoring leaders 4.10 Franchise goaltending leaders 4.11 100 - point seasons 5 NHL awards and trophies 6 Franchise individual records 7 Current staff 8 Rivalries 8.1 Philadelphia Flyers 8.2 Washington Capitals 8.3 Columbus Blue Jackets 9 Fanbase 10 Arenas 11 Minor league affiliates 12 Media 12.1 Broadcasters 12.1. 1 Television 12.1. 2 Radio 13 Outreach 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1967 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Before the Penguins , Pittsburgh had been the home of the NHL 's Pirates from 1925 to 1930 and of the American Hockey League Hornets franchise from 1936 to 1967 ( with a short break from 1956 to 1961 ) . In the spring of 1965 , Jack McGregor , a state senator from Kittanning , began lobbying campaign contributors and community leaders to bring an NHL franchise back to Pittsburgh . The group focused on leveraging the NHL as an urban renewal tool for Pittsburgh . The senator formed a group of local investors that included H.J. Heinz Company heir H.J. Heinz III , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney , and the Mellon family 's Richard Mellon Scaife . The projected league expansion depended on securing votes from the then - current NHL owners ; to ensure that Pittsburgh would be selected as one of the expansion cities , McGregor enlisted Rooney to petition votes from James D. Norris , owner of the Chicago Black Hawks , and his brother Bruce Norris , owner of the Detroit Red Wings . The Civic Arena 's capacity was increased in order to meet NHL requirements for a franchise . The arena served as the Penguins ' home arena from 1967 to 2010 . The effort was successful , and on February 8 , 1966 , the National Hockey League awarded an expansion team to Pittsburgh for the 1967 -- 68 season . The Penguins paid $2.5 million ( $19.1 million today ) for their entry and $750,000 ( $5.5 million today ) more for start - up costs . The Civic Arena 's capacity was then boosted from 10,732 to 12,500 to meet the NHL requirements for expansion . The Pens also paid an indemnification bill to settle with the Detroit Red Wings , which owned the Pittsburgh Hornets franchise . The investor group named McGregor president and chief executive officer , and he represented Pittsburgh on the NHL 's Board of Governors . A contest was held where 700 of 26,000 entries picked `` Penguins '' as the nickname for the team . Mark Peters had the winning entry ( which was inspired by the fact that the team was to play in the `` Igloo '' , the nickname of the Pittsburgh Civic Arena ) , a logo was chosen that had a penguin in front of a triangle , which symbolized the `` Golden Triangle '' of downtown Pittsburgh . '' The Penguins ' first general manager , Jack Riley opened the first preseason camp for the franchise in Brantford , Ontario on September 13 , 1967 , playing the franchise 's first exhibition match in Brantford against the Philadelphia Flyers on September 23 , 1967 . The Pens , along with the rest of the expansion teams , were hampered by restrictive rules which kept most major talent with the existing `` Original Six '' teams . Beyond aging sniper Andy Bathgate , All - Star defenseman Leo Boivin ( who had begun his professional career with the Hornets ) and Ranger veteran Earl Ingarfield , the first Penguins team was largely manned by a cast of former minor leaguers . A number of the players had played for the Hornets the previous season : Bathgate , wingers Val Fonteyne and Ab McDonald , and goaltenders Hank Bassen and Joe Daley . George Sullivan was named the head coach for the club 's first two seasons , and McDonald was named the team 's first captain . On October 11 , 1967 , league president Clarence Campbell and McGregor jointly dropped the ceremonial first puck of the Penguins opening home game against the Montreal Canadiens . On October 21 , 1967 , they became the first team from the expansion class to beat an Original Six team , as they defeated the Chicago Black Hawks 4 -- 2 . However , the Penguins went 27 -- 34 -- 13 and finished in fifth place in the West Division , missing the playoffs and ending with the third worst record in the league . The team 's best player proved to be longtime Cleveland Barons AHL goaltender Les Binkley , who recorded a 2.88 goals against average and was second in the league in shutouts with six . Defensive winger Ken Schinkel won the team 's sole league honor , being named to represent the Penguins in the NHL All - Star Game . Bathgate led the team in scoring with 59 points , but retired at season 's end . McDonald , who led the team in goals and was second in team scoring , was also gone at season 's end , traded to St. Louis for center Lou Angotti . The next season , 1968 -- 69 , saw the team slip in the standings in the midst of a sharp drop in form by Binkley , into sixth place and with the league 's worst record . Several changes were made to try to improve the team , resulting in Boivin and several others being traded , and new players -- including longtime future Pens star Jean Pronovost -- making their debuts . No captain was named to replace McDonald , and the team went with four alternate captains . Schinkel was again the team 's lone All - Star . Triumph of playoff berths and tragedy of Briere ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) Michel Briere 's number was taken out of circulation following his career - ending accident in 1970 , and was later formally retired in 2001 . In the 1969 draft the Penguins selected Michel Briere who although being chosen 26th soon was drawing comparisons to Phil Esposito and Bobby Clarke . Joining the team in November , he finished as the second place rookie scorer in the NHL ( behind Bobby Clarke ) with 44 points ( 57th overall ) , and third on the Penguins . Briere placed second in Calder Memorial Trophy voting for Rookie of the Year honors to Chicago goalie Tony Esposito in leading Pittsburgh to its first NHL playoff berth since the 1928 Pirates . The Penguins defeated the Oakland Seals in a four - game sweep in the quarter - finals , with Briere scoring the series - clinching goal in overtime . In the semi-final round , defending conference champions St. Louis Blues got the best of the Penguins during six games . Briere led the team in playoff scoring , recording five goals ( including three game winners ) and eight points . Tragedy struck the Penguins just days after their playoff heroics . On May 15 , 1970 , Briere was in a car crash in his native Quebec , suffering brain trauma and going into a coma from which he would never recover , dying a year later . His No. 21 jersey was never reissued , remaining out of circulation for the Penguins until it was formally retired in 2001 . The next season the Penguins finished five games out of the playoffs with a 21 -- 37 -- 20 record , the fourth worst record in the league . Pittsburgh achieved a playoff berth in 1972 only to be swept by the Chicago Black Hawks in the first round . With the exception of a handful of decent players such as Ken Schinkel , Jean Pronovost , Syl Apps Jr. , Keith McCreary , agitator Bryan Watson and goaltender Les Binkley , talent was otherwise thin , but enough for the Penguins to reach the playoffs in both 1970 and 1972 . The Penguins battled the California Golden Seals for the division cellar in 1974 , when Riley was fired as general manager and replaced with Jack Button . Button traded for Steve Durbano , Ab DeMarco , Bob `` Battleship '' Kelly and Bob Paradise . The personnel moves proved successful , as the team improved to a 28 -- 41 -- 9 record , although they remained nine points away from a playoff berth . In early 1975 , however , the Penguins ' creditors demanded payment of back debts , forcing the team into bankruptcy . The doors to the team 's offices were padlocked , and it looked like the Penguins might fold or relocate . Around the same time , rumors had begun to circulate that the Penguins and California Golden Seals were to be relocated to Seattle and Denver respectively , the two cities that were to have been the sites of an expansion for the 1976 -- 77 season . Through the intervention of a group that included former Minnesota North Stars head coach Wren Blair , the team was prevented from folding and remained in Pittsburgh , eventually being bought by shopping mall magnate Edward J. DeBartolo , Sr . Playoff runs and a uniform change ( 1974 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) During the mid-1970s , Lowell MacDonald was a paired with Syl Apps Jr. and Jean Pronovost forming the Century Line . MacDonald played with the Penguins from 1970 to 1978 . Beginning in the mid - ' 70s , Pittsburgh iced some powerful offensive clubs , led by the likes of the `` Century Line '' of Syl Apps , Lowell MacDonald and Jean Pronovost . They nearly reached the Stanley Cup semi-finals in 1975 , but were ousted from the playoffs by the New York Islanders in one of the only four best - of - seven game series in NHL history where a team came back from being down three games to none . As the 1970s wore on , the Penguins brought in other offensive weapons such as Rick Kehoe , Pierre Larouche and Ron Schock , along with solid blue - liners Ron Stackhouse and Dave Burrows . But the Pens ' success beyond the regular season was always neutralized by mediocre team defense . Goaltender Denis Herron was a stalwart in goal for parts of six seasons . Aldege `` Baz '' Bastien , a former coach and general manager of the AHL Hornets , later became general manager . The Penguins missed the playoffs in 1977 -- 78 when their offense lagged , and Larouche was traded for Peter Mahovlich and Peter Lee . Bastien traded prime draft choices for several players whose best years were already behind them , such as Orest Kindrachuk , Tom Bladon and Rick MacLeish , and the team would suffer in the early 1980s as a result . The decade closed with a playoff appearance in 1979 and a rousing opening series win over the Buffalo Sabres before a second - round sweep at the hands of the Boston Bruins . The Penguins began the 1980s by changing their team colors . In January 1980 , the team switched from wearing blue and white to their present - day scheme of black and gold to honor Pittsburgh 's other sports teams , the Pirates and the Steelers , as well as the Flag of Pittsburgh . Both the Pirates and Steelers had worn black and gold for decades , and both were fresh off world championship seasons at that time . The Bruins protested this color change , claiming a monopoly on black and gold , but the Penguins defended their choice by stating that the NHL Pirates also used black and gold as their team colors , and that black and gold were Pittsburgh 's traditional sporting colors . The NHL agreed , and Pittsburgh was allowed to use black and gold . The Penguins officially debuted wearing black and gold against the St. Louis Blues at the Civic Arena on January 30 , 1980 . On the ice , the Penguins began the 1980s with defenseman Randy Carlyle , and prolific scorers Paul Gardner and Mike Bullard , but little else . During the early part of the decade , the Penguins made a habit of being a tough draw for higher - seeded opponents in the playoffs . In 1980 , the 13th seeded Penguins took the Bruins to the limit in their first round playoff series . The following season , as the 15th seed , they lost the decisive game of their first - round series in overtime to the heavily favored St. Louis Blues . Then , in the 1982 playoffs , the Penguins held a 3 -- 1 lead late in the fifth and final game of their playoff series against the reigning champions , the New York Islanders . However , the Islanders rallied to force overtime and won the series on a goal by John Tonelli . It would be the Pens ' final playoff appearance until 1989 . Arrival of Mario Lemieux ( 1982 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) The team had the league 's worst record in both the 1983 and 1984 seasons , and with the team suffering financial problems , it again looked as though the Penguins would either fold or relocate . Mario Lemieux , one of the most highly touted NHL draft picks in history , was due to be drafted in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft . Heading towards the end of the season ahead of the New Jersey Devils , who were placed last , the Penguins made a number of questionable moves that appeared to weaken the team in the short - term . The Penguins posted three six - game winless streaks in the last 21 games of the season and earned the right to draft Lemieux amidst protests from Devils management . Pittsburgh coach Lou Angotti later admitted that a conscious decision was made to finish the season as the team with the worst record , stating in an interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that a mid-season lunch prompted the plan , in light of the fact that there was a high chance of the franchise folding if Lemieux was not drafted . In particular , Angotti gave the example of a game the Penguins were winning 3 -- 1 , at which point General Manager Eddie Johnston asked the coach `` what are you doing ? '' in the first intermission of the game that was eventually lost 6 -- 3 . The Penguins were still , despite losing ten of their last twelve games , only two games away from losing Lemieux to the Devils . However , Angotti stated that he did not feel comfortable with the plan , even though it worked and saved the franchise . Other teams offered substantial trade packages for the draft choice , but the Penguins kept the pick and drafted Lemieux first overall . Mario Lemieux played for the Penguins in three stints ( 1984 -- 1994 , 1995 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2006 ) . Lemieux paid dividends right away , scoring on his first ever shot of his first ever NHL shift , in his first NHL game . However , the team spent four more years out of the playoffs after his arrival . In the late 1980s , the Penguins finally gave Lemieux a strong supporting cast , trading for superstar defenseman Paul Coffey from the Edmonton Oilers ( after the Oilers ' 1987 Stanley Cup win ) and bringing in young talent such as scorers Kevin Stevens , Rob Brown and John Cullen from the minors . Also , the team at last acquired a top - flight goaltender with the acquisition of Tom Barrasso from Buffalo . All this talent had an immediate impact in helping Lemieux lead the Pens ; but the Penguins struggled to make the playoffs . The 1985 -- 86 Pens unluckily missed the playoffs on the final day of the season by one game . In 1986 -- 87 the Penguins missed the playoffs by just two games and saw four teams with equal or worse records qualify . In 1987 -- 88 the team again missed the playoffs on the last day of the season by one game . Back - to - back and the Lemieux / Jagr era ( 1988 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) In 1989 , Pittsburgh finally broke through the barrier and made the playoffs , on the back of Lemieux leading the league in goals , assists and points . On December 31 , 1988 , Lemieux became the only player in history to score a goal in all five possible game situations in the same game ( even strength , shorthanded , penalty shot , power play , and empty net ) . The Pens shocked the New York Rangers in a four - game sweep in the first round , however their run was halted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the second round . The seven game defeat featured Mario Lemieux scoring five goals in the fifth game . Bob Johnson coached the Penguins to their first Stanley Cup in the 1991 Finals . A herniated disc in Lemieux 's back cut short his 1989 -- 90 NHL season , although he still amassed 123 points . However , the Penguins fell out of the playoff picture . The Penguins opted to strengthen their roster and support Lemieux in the 1990 off - season . Free agent signings ( Bryan Trottier ) and trades ( Joe Mullen , Larry Murphy , Ron Francis and Ulf Samuelsson ) played a major part of this . Arguably no move was bigger during this time than when the Penguins drafted Jaromir Jagr with the fifth overall pick in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft . The first Czechoslovak player to be drafted into the NHL without first needing to defect to the West , Jagr became the Penguins ' second franchise player , and quickly developed into a superstar offensive talent . The roster overhaul culminated in the Penguins winning their first Stanley Cup by defeating the Minnesota North Stars in the Stanley Cup Finals in six games , punctuated by an 8 -- 0 victory in the deciding game , the largest margin of victory in a final Cup game in over 80 years . After the 1991 Stanley Cup Finals , the Penguins met with President George H.W. Bush , the first NHL team to ever visit the White House . The following season , the team lost coach Bob Johnson to cancer , and Scotty Bowman took over as coach . Under Bowman , they swept the Chicago Blackhawks to repeat as Stanley Cup champions in 1991 -- 92 . Cancer revisited the Penguins in 1993 when Lemieux was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's disease . Only two months after the diagnosis , missing 24 out of 84 games , he came back to win his fourth Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion with 160 points , edging out Pat LaFontaine and Adam Oates . Despite the off - ice difficulties , Pittsburgh finished with a 56 -- 21 -- 7 record , the franchise 's best regular season ever , winning the franchise 's first ( and , as of 2017 , only ) Presidents ' Trophy . After Lemieux 's return , the team played better than it ever had before , winning an NHL - record 17 consecutive games . Despite all of this success , they were eliminated in the second round by the New York Islanders in overtime of Game 7 . The Penguins continued to be a formidable team throughout the 1990s . The stars of the Stanley Cup years were followed by the likes of forwards Alexei Kovalev , Martin Straka , Aleksey Morozov , Robert Lang and Petr Nedved , and defensemen Sergei Zubov , Darius Kasparaitis and Kevin Hatcher . Despite the departure of many of the franchise 's Cup Champion roster , the Penguins fielded enough talent to reach the first round of the playoffs in 1994 ( where they lost to the Washington Capitals in six games ) , the second round in 1995 ( where they lost to the New Jersey Devils in five games ) , and the conference finals in 1996 ( where they lost to the Florida Panthers in seven games ) . 1997 marked a turning point , as the Penguins suffered a first - round elimination at the hands of the rival Philadelphia Flyers in five games . Lemieux 's retirement and return ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) The franchise was rocked on April 6 , 1997 when Mario Lemieux , citing ongoing health concerns , and disapproval with the way NHL hockey was being officiated , announced he would retire at the conclusion of the 1997 playoffs . Lemieux was so respected in the NHL , and his achievements over the course of his career were so great , that he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the same year as he retired , the three - year waiting period being waived . His departure would essentially be the first in a series of events that would lead the Penguins once again into regular season stagnation , and to the brink of financial ruin . The team was eliminated in the first round of the playoffs in 1998 by the Montreal Canadiens despite being the second - seeded team in the East . The following year , their post-season run ended in the second round when they lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 6 games . In 2000 , the Penguins stunned the highly touted Washington Capitals 4 -- 1 in the first round only to fall to the Philadelphia Flyers 4 -- 2 in the second round . At this point , the lofty contracts handed out during the early 1990s were beginning to catch up with the franchise . Their free - spending ways culminated in the team owing in excess of $90 million to various creditors . Then - owners Howard Baldwin and Morris Belzberg ( who bought the Penguins after their first Cup win ) asked the players to defer their salaries to help pay the bills . When the deferred salaries finally came due , combined with other financial pressures , the Penguins were forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 1998 . At this point , Lemieux stepped in with an unusual proposal to buy the team out of bankruptcy . The Penguins owed Lemieux $32.5 million in deferred salary , making him the team 's largest individual creditor . He proposed to recover this money by converting it into equity -- enough to give him controlling interest over the team . He also vowed to keep the team in Pittsburgh . The League and the court agreed , and Lemieux , with help from supermarket tycoon Ronald Burkle , assumed control on September 3 , 1999 , thus saving the franchise for the second time . Lemieux once again shocked the hockey world by announcing at a press conference on December 8 , 2000 his intentions to return to the Penguins as an active player . On December 27 , 2000 , Lemieux stepped onto NHL ice for the first time in 44 months , officially becoming the first player -- owner in NHL history . Lemieux helped lead the Penguins deep into the 2001 playoffs , highlighted by an overtime victory against the Buffalo Sabres in Game 7 of the second round . Darius Kasparaitis scored the series - clinching goal to advance the Penguins to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost in five games to the New Jersey Devils . Rebuilding and Mario Lemieux retires again ( 2001 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Marc - Andre Fleury was drafted first overall in 2003 by the Penguins . The Penguins ' attendance had dwindled in the late 1990s . In 1998 -- 99 , the Penguins had an average attendance of 14,825 at home games , the lowest it had been since Lemieux 's rookie year . Reducing revenue on top of the previous bankruptcy necessitated salary shedding . The biggest salary move was the trading of superstar Jaromir Jagr to the Washington Capitals in the summer of 2001 . The return for Jagr was mediocre , at best , as the Penguins received prospects Kris Beech , Michal Sivek and Ross Lupaschuk . The Penguins missed the playoffs for the first time in 12 years in 2002 , finishing in a tie for third - to - last in the conference . Further financial difficulties saw them trade Alexei Kovalev to the New York Rangers the next season , quickly followed by the free agency departure of Robert Lang . The 2002 -- 03 season was even worse , with the team finishing second - last in the Conference . The situation began to echo the dark days of the early 1980s . However , just like in the 1980s , the Penguins used the opportunity to rebuild through the draft and acquire elite prospects . In the 2003 NHL Entry Draft , the Penguins selected goaltender Marc - Andre Fleury with the first overall pick . The 2003 -- 04 season was an ordeal with Lemieux missing all but 24 regular season games with a hip injury , and attendance dipping to an average of 11,877 ( the lowest average out of any NHL team ) , with just one sellout . As the season progressed , the Penguins signed new head coach ( and former Penguins player and commentator ) Eddie Olczyk , traded Martin Straka to the Los Angeles Kings and opted not to include the highly rated Fleury in the lineup for the bulk of the 2003 -- 04 season . This culminated in the worst record in the NHL , as they won just 23 games . As in the 1980s , the Penguins ' struggles were fortuitously concurrent with a string of NHL Entry Draft classes that would yield multiple world - class talents . The Penguins lost out on the first overall pick for the 2004 NHL Entry Draft which went to the Washington Capitals . As expected , the Capitals made Russian superstar Alexander Ovechkin , the top pick . However , Ovechkin 's countryman , center Evgeni Malkin , was similarly highly regarded , and Pittsburgh took him with the second overall pick . By this point , the Penguins had collapsed financially since the Stanley Cup - winning years of the early 1990s . Their home venue , the Civic Arena had become the oldest and was widely regarded as the worst NHL arena in the league , and Lemieux had tried unsuccessfully to cut a deal with the city for a new facility . With Pittsburgh uninterested in building a new hockey arena for the struggling Penguins , Lemieux began looking into the possibilities of selling and / or relocating the team to Kansas City , Missouri . The 2004 -- 05 NHL season was canceled due to the NHL lockout . One of the many reasons for the lockout included disagreements on the resolution of the financial struggles of teams like the Penguins and the Ottawa Senators , who had filed for bankruptcy protection . In the midst of the lockout , the Penguins dispersed between the club 's American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins , and to European leagues . Alexei Morozov and Milan Kraft elected not to return to the Penguins after the lockout , opting instead to remain playing in Europe . Sidney Crosby during his sophomore season with the Penguins . He was drafted first - overall by the team in the 2005 draft . With the lockout resolved in 2005 , the League organized an unprecedented draft lottery to set the 2005 NHL Entry Draft selection order . The draft lottery , which was held behind closed doors in a `` secure location '' , resulted in the Penguins being awarded the first overall pick for the second time in three years . The entry draft that year was being touted as having the greatest rookie class since Lemieux , himself , had been drafted . Quebec Major Junior Hockey League superstar Sidney Crosby ( who had been training with Lemieux over the summer ) was the consensus No. 1 overall pick , with many referring to the draft lottery process as `` The Sidney Crosby Sweepstakes '' . The Penguins selected Crosby on July 30 , 2005 with the top pick , instantly rekindling interest in hockey in Pittsburgh . The Penguins then began rebuilding the team under the salary cap . They signed free agents Sergei Gonchar , John LeClair , and Zigmund Palffy , and traded for goaltender Jocelyn Thibault . However , Evgeni Malkin , the Penguins ' 2004 draft pick , second overall , could not report to Pittsburgh immediately due to a playing rights dispute with the Russian Superleague ( RSL ) . The addition of Crosby paid instant dividends , with attendance rising by approximately 4,000 on average in the 2005 -- 06 season . However , Crosby 's presence did not immediately translate into wins , as the team began the season with a long winless skid that resulted in a head coaching change from Olczyk to Michel Therrien . Palffy announced his retirement mid-season due to a lingering shoulder injury as the team 's second - leading scorer . Then , on January 24 , 2006 , Lemieux announced his second retirement , this time permanently , after developing an irregular heart beat . He finished as the NHL 's seventh all - time scorer ( 1,723 ) , eighth in goals ( 690 ) and tenth in assists ( 1,033 ) , but also with the second highest career points per game average ( 1.88 ) , which is second to Wayne Gretzky 's 1.92 . Despite the team 's various struggles , Crosby lived up to the hype and became an instant superstar amassing 102 points in his debut season and finishing second to Washington 's Alexander Ovechkin for the Calder Memorial Trophy awarded each year to the league 's top rookie . In the Penguins ' final game of the season , Crosby tallied a goal and an assist to become the top scoring rookie in Penguins history ( eclipsing Lemieux ) . The Penguins once again posted the worst record in the Eastern Conference and the highest goals - against total in the League . They received the second overall draft pick , their fourth top two pick in four years , in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft and selected touted two - way forward Jordan Staal . The team announced on April 20 that the contract for General Manager Craig Patrick would not be renewed . Patrick had been GM since December 1989 . On May 25 , Ray Shero signed a five - year contract as general manager . The Crosby -- Malkin era ( 2006 -- present ) ( edit ) The Entry of Malkin and an Arena deal ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Evgeni Malkin at Penguins practice . Malkin made an immediate impact in his rookie season , driving the Penguins to their first playoff appearance in six years . Change came for the Penguins on October 18 , 2006 , when rookie Evgeni Malkin made his NHL debut . He went on to set the modern NHL record with a goal in each of his first six games . On February 27 , 2007 , the Penguins acquired Gary Roberts from the Florida Panthers and Georges Laraque from Phoenix Coyotes . Malkin would go on to tally points in 16 consecutive games with 14 wins and two overtime losses in early 2007 . The streak ended on February 19 with a last - minute loss to the New York Islanders . It was the second - longest point streak in club history . On March 13 , 2007 , Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell , Allegheny County Chief Executive Dan Onorato , Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl and Mario Lemieux of the Pittsburgh Penguins ownership group , publicly announced that an agreement had been reached among the parties to build the long sought arena . The state - of - the - art , multi-purpose facility , the Consol Energy Center , guaranteed that the Penguins would remain in the city of Pittsburgh . Following the announcement of the plan , the Lemieux ownership group announced that they no longer had plans to sell the team . On June 8 , 2007 , a $325 million bond was issued and the Penguins signed a 30 - year lease , binding the Penguins to the city of Pittsburgh through 2040 ; the lease agreement was signed on September 19 . On May 6 , 2008 , the Pittsburgh planning commission unanimously approved the final design . The arena includes a glass atrium overlooking downtown Pittsburgh and rooftop lights shining into the sky . The new $ 290 million dollar arena was expected to open in time for the 2010 -- 11 season . On August 14 , 2008 , the ground breaking ceremony for the new arena was held , thus officially beginning construction on the new facility . On December 15 , 2008 , it was announced by the Penguins they had entered into an agreement with Consol Energy on a 21 - year deal for naming rights to the new arena . The Penguins finished the 2006 -- 07 season in fifth place in the Eastern Conference with a record of 47 -- 24 -- 11 , totaling 105 points , only two points behind the Atlantic Division winners , the New Jersey Devils . It was the franchise 's first 100 - point season in 11 years , and represented an enormous 47 - point leap from the previous season . In the first round of the 2007 Stanley Cup playoffs , the Penguins were defeated 4 -- 1 by the eventual Stanley Cup runners - up , the Ottawa Senators . At the season 's end , rookies Evgeni Malkin and Jordan Staal were finalists for the Calder Memorial Trophy , awarded to the Rookie of the Year , which Malkin won . Runners - up and third Stanley Cup ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) After a mediocre start to the 2007 -- 08 season , Sidney Crosby and starting goaltender Marc - Andre Fleury were both injured long - term due to high right ankle sprains . In their absence , the Penguins flourished due to the play and leadership of center Evgeni Malkin and backup goaltender Ty Conklin . The Penguins markedly improved in January , and fell no lower than the third seed in the East from that point onward . On February 26 , the Penguins would acquire the Atlanta Thrashers ' star right winger Marian Hossa and forward Pascal Dupuis at the NHL trade deadline , relinquishing Colby Armstrong , Erik Christensen , Angelo Esposito and a first - round pick in 2008 . The Penguins also acquired defensemen Hal Gill from the Toronto Maple Leafs for a second - round pick in 2008 and a fifth - round pick in 2009 . On April 2 , 2008 , the Penguins clinched the Atlantic Division title -- their first division title in 10 years -- with a 4 -- 2 win against rivals the Philadelphia Flyers . However , they closed the season with a loss to the Flyers on the next night , relegating them to the second seed in the East behind the Montreal Canadiens . The Pens had spent most of the second half going back - and - forth with the Habs for first place in the East . Evgeni Malkin finished the season with 106 points for second place in the League , behind only Washington 's Alexander Ovechkin , and also finished as a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy . This was the first time that neither the New Jersey Devils nor the Philadelphia Flyers won the Atlantic Division since the New York Rangers won the inaugural one , when they won the 1994 Stanley Cup . Crosby , Bill Guerin , and Chris Kunitz during the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals . The Penguins defeated the Detroit Red Wings in the Finals , earning their third Stanley Cup . The team launched into their first extended playoff run in many years , beating Ottawa 4 -- 0 , defeating the New York Rangers 4 -- 1 and then defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 4 -- 1 to clinch the Prince of Wales Trophy . Pittsburgh went on to lose the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals to the Detroit Red Wings in six games , finishing the playoffs with a 14 -- 6 record . Sidney Crosby finished the playoffs with 27 points ( 6 goals and 21 assists in 20 games ) , tying Conn Smythe Trophy - winner Henrik Zetterberg ( 13 goals and 14 assists in 22 games ) for the playoff scoring lead . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Malkin won the Art Ross by narrowly defeating rival Alexander Ovechkin in the points race and was a candidate for the Hart Memorial Trophy for MVP . Crosby finished third in League scoring with 33 goals and 70 assists for 103 points , despite missing five games . The Penguins ' record dipped mid-season but lifted after Head Coach Michel Therrien was replaced by Dan Bylsma and defenseman Sergei Gonchar returned from injury . The effect was almost instantaneous and the Penguins recovered enough to secure home ice advantage in their first round matchup against the Philadelphia Flyers , whom the Penguins defeated in six games . The next series , against Washington , took all seven games for the Penguins to win , sending them to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they dispatched the Carolina Hurricanes in a four - game sweep . After defeating the Hurricanes , the Penguins earned their second consecutive trip to the Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings , to whom they had lost the previous Cup . After losing Games 1 and 2 in Detroit , just like the previous years , the Penguins won Games 3 and 4 in Pittsburgh . Each team won on home ice in Games 5 and 6 . In Game 7 in Detroit , Maxime Talbot scored two goals , including the game - winner , as the Penguins won 2 -- 1 to earn their third Stanley Cup . Malkin 's dominant playoff performance was rewarded by the Conn Smythe Trophy . New Arena and playoff struggles ( 2009 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Outside of Consol Energy Center ( now PPG Paints Arena ) in March 2010 before it officially opened . On Friday , October 2 , 2009 , the Penguins opened the 2009 -- 10 season against the New York Rangers . It was the last home opener at the Mellon Arena and it was also the night the team raised the Stanley Cup championship banner to the arena 's rafters . The Penguins started the season by winning a franchise - record seven road games to start a season . For the second - straight year , the Penguins finished the season in second place , behind New Jersey . Crosby scored 109 points ( 51 goals and 58 assists ) in 81 games , finishing second in scoring to Henrik Sedin 's 112 points ( 29 goals , 83 assists ) from 82 games . Crosby 's 51 goals also earned him the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy , awarded to the NHL season 's leading goalscorer . The Penguins , seeded fourth in the East , began their title defense against the Ottawa Senators . Losing Game 1 by a score of 5 -- 4 , the team went on to win the next three games . With the Penguins up 3 -- 1 in their series , they looked to close out the series in Game 5 , which was ultimately won by Ottawa in triple overtime . The Penguins then won Game 6 in overtime , despite an early - game 3 -- 0 deficit . In the next round , the Penguins faced the Montreal Canadiens . The teams would swap wins in the series en route to the decisive Game 7 , which the Penguins lost 5 -- 2 , ending their season and their tenure at Mellon Arena . Coincidentally , the Canadiens opened and closed the Mellon Arena with wins . The Penguins hosted the Washington Capitals at Heinz Field during the 2011 NHL Winter Classic . In 2010 -- 11 , the Penguins played their first game in the Consol Energy Center , a loss to their rivals the Philadelphia Flyers . The start of the season was reasonably successful , and the Penguins played in the NHL Winter Classic versus the Washington Capitals . However , the season was marred by a season - ending concussion and knee injury to Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin , respectively . After some difficulties , the Penguins managed to cope with the key losses , particularly through the enhanced play of Jordan Staal and a 10 -- 3 record in shootouts , and ended up second in the Atlantic Division behind the Philadelphia Flyers . Despite this success , the Penguins made an early exit in the playoffs , losing the series after taking a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Tampa Bay Lightning , with the goaltending of Marc - Andre Fleury called into question . With Sidney Crosby still sidelined with post-concussion syndrome , at the start of the 2011 -- 12 season , Evgeni Malkin led the Penguins ' top line and dominated league scoring . He finished with 50 goals and 109 points as the Penguins earned 51 wins on the season . The Penguins ' offense was reinforced by the breakout performances of James Neal , who scored 40 goals , and Jordan Staal , who set a career high in points while missing significant time with injuries . With Malkin 's Art Ross - winning performance and Crosby 's late - season return from injury , the Penguins headed into the 2012 playoffs with high hopes of making a significant Cup run . However , the highly favored Penguins were defeated in six games by their cross-state rivals , the Philadelphia Flyers , after falling into a 0 -- 3 series hole . Malkin was later awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy and Lester B. Pearson award . Following the Penguins ' disappointing playoff exit , General Manager Ray Shero made sweeping changes to the team at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft for the upcoming 2012 -- 13 season . After Jordan Staal rejected a ten - year contract offer to stay with the Penguins , he was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for a first - round draft pick ( Derrick Pouliot ) , Brandon Sutter and Brian Dumoulin . The Penguins then traded defenseman Zbynek Michalek to the Phoenix Coyotes for a third - round draft pick , Marc Cheverie and prospect Harrison Ruopp . The Penguins also signed veteran goaltender Tomas Vokoun to a two - year contract after acquiring his negotiating rights for a seventh - round draft pick . During the lockout - shortened 2012 -- 13 season , the Penguins again fought through serious injury . Malkin missed 17 games to a mild concussion and shoulder injury , while Crosby missed the entire month of April with a broken jaw . At the trade deadline , General Manager Ray Shero sold - off several prospects and draft picks to acquire Jarome Iginla , Brendan Morrow , Douglas Murray and Jussi Jokinen in separate deals . At the end of the regular season , the Penguins finished atop the Eastern Conference , matching - up against the eighth - seeded New York Islanders in round one . The Penguins defeated the Islanders in six games , with Marc - Andre Fleury struggling once again and being replaced by Tomas Vokoun after Game 4 . The Penguins then dispatched the Ottawa Senators in five games before being swept in the Conference Finals by the Boston Bruins , scoring just two goals in the entire four - game sweep . Mike Johnston coaching the Penguins during the 2014 -- 15 season . Johnston was named the team 's head coach , after Dan Bylsma was relieved from the position on June 25 , 2014 . On June 13 , 2013 , Malkin signed an eight - year contract extension worth an annual average of $9.5 million . This extension , along with Crosby 's 12 - year extension previously signed in the 2012 off - season , ensured that the duo will likely remain the core of the Penguins for the foreseeable future . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Penguins acquired Marcel Goc and Lee Stempniak and again suffered through numerous injuries throughout the campaign , including the season - ending losses of Pascal Dupuis to a torn ACL in December and Kris Letang to a stroke suffered in January . Despite the adversity , the Penguins won the realigned , eight - team Metropolitan Division , though Pittsburgh struggled in the playoffs , requiring six games to defeat the Columbus Blue Jackets , then losing to the New York Rangers in seven games despite leading the series 3 -- 1 after four games . The team 's series collapse prompted Penguins ownership to fire General Manager Ray Shero , replacing him on June 6 with Jim Rutherford , the former general manager of the Carolina Hurricanes . Rutherford 's first action as GM was to relieve Head Coach Dan Bylsma of his duties , and on June 25 , he announced that Mike Johnston was hired as Bylsma 's replacement behind the bench . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the Penguins led the Metropolitan Division for the first half of the season . However , after losing players such as Olli Maatta -- shoulder surgery -- and Pascal Dupuis -- a blood clot in his lungs -- to injuries and illnesses including the mumps , the team fell to fourth in the Division . The team also led the League in penalty minutes throughout the season . As a result , the Penguins were in danger of elimination from playoff contention with one game remaining in the regular season . In the final game , however , the Penguins clinched the eighth and final playoff spot with a win against Buffalo , which simultaneously eliminated Boston from playoff contention after the team 's loss to Tampa Bay . Nonetheless , Pittsburgh would lose in five games to the New York Rangers in the first round of the playoffs . On July 1 , 2015 , the Penguins acquired right winger Phil Kessel in a multi-player deal . On July 1 , 2015 the Penguins traded Nick Spaling , Kasperi Kapanen , Scott Harrington , a conditional first round pick , and a third round pick to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Phil Kessel , Tyler Biggs , Tim Erixon , and a second round pick . Toronto will also retain $1.2 million of Kessel 's salary in each of the next seven seasons . On July 28 , 2015 , the Penguins acquired Nick Bonino , Adam Clendening and a 2nd round pick in 2016 for Brandon Sutter and a 3rd round pick . On August 6 , 2015 , the Penguins signed center Matt Cullen to a 1 - year deal . The move reunited him with Jim Rutherford , whom had worked with Cullen during his time as general manager of the Carolina Hurricanes . On October 27 , 2015 former Penguins ' defenseman Sergei Gonchar accepted a player development coaching position within the Penguins organization , after failing to make the team at the conclusion of training camp . On December 8 , 2015 Pascal Dupuis announced his retirement in - season due to lingering health concerns related to blood clots . He was placed on long - term injured reserve but remains under contract with the Penguins . Back - to - back Cup titles and 50th anniversary ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On December 12 , 2015 , the team had a record of 15 -- 10 -- 3 . The organization then fired head coach Mike Johnston and replaced him with Mike Sullivan , head coach of the organization 's American Hockey League affiliate in Wilkes - Barre . This move was followed by a series of trades by Jim Rutherford . Crosby with the Stanley Cup during the Penguins ' victory parade . The team won their fourth Stanley Cup following the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals . On December 14 , Rob Scuderi was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Trevor Daley . On January 16 , 2016 , the Penguins traded forward David Perron and defenceman Adam Clendening to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Carl Hagelin . On February 27 , 2016 the Penguins acquired Justin Schultz from the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for a third round pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft . To supplement these trades , the Penguins called - up several players from their AHL affiliate , the Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins , which included Conor Sheary , Tom Kuhnhackl , Bryan Rust and goaltender Matt Murray ; who all would become regulars in the team 's postseason lineup . The Penguins qualified for the playoffs for the tenth consecutive season . They earned second place in the Metropolitan Division with 104 points . In the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs , the Penguins defeated the Rangers in a 4 -- 1 series , the Capitals 4 -- 2 , and the Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 , to win the Eastern Conference Championship , advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals against the San Jose Sharks . On June 12 , 2016 , the Penguins defeated the Sharks in a 4 -- 2 series to win their fourth Stanley Cup title . Team captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The Penguins opened their 50th anniversary season in the NHL as defending Stanley Cup champions , raising their commemorative banner on October 13 , 2016 in a shootout victory over the Capitals . With the Red Wings ' playoff appearance streak ending at 25 seasons , the Penguins appeared in the playoffs for the 11th consecutive season , now the longest active streak in the NHL . Patric Hornqvist celebrates the 2017 Stanley Cup clinching - goal against the Nashville Predators . The Penguins faced the Columbus Blue Jackets , in the opening round of the 2017 playoffs , and defeated them in five games . In the second round , they played against their divisional rival , Washington Capitals , and faced them for the second - straight year in the same round where the Penguins won after a hard - fought seven game series . In the Conference Finals , the Penguins won against the Ottawa Senators in seven games , and moved on the Stanley Cup Finals where they faced the Nashville Predators . The Penguins won the first two games of the Finals and then lost the next two matchups before dominating the fifth and the sixth games of the series , and clinching their second - straight Stanley Cup . By defending their title , the Penguins became the first team since the 1997 -- 98 Detroit Red Wings to successfully defend their title , and the first to do so in the salary cap era . Before the 2017 -- 18 season , the Penguins lost longtime goaltender Marc - Andre Fleury in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft . Nevertheless , the Penguins once again qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs with the second division playoff spot , finishing the regular season with 100 points . They defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in the First Round in six games , but were defeated by the eventual Stanley Cup champion Washington Capitals in six games . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) With the exception of the 1992 -- 2002 period , the Penguins have used a variation of the `` skating penguin '' logo since the team 's inception . For their inaugural season , the logo featured a hefty - looking skating penguin wearing a scarf , on a gold triangle inside a circle reading `` Pittsburgh Penguins . '' The gold triangle is a reference to the Golden Triangle in the city of Pittsburgh . Then - General Manager Jack Riley felt the team 's name and logo were ridiculous , and refused to have either appear on the team 's uniforms , which featured only the word `` PITTSBURGH '' diagonally . A refined version of the logo appeared on a redesigned uniform in the second season , which removed the scarf and gave the penguin a sleeker , `` meaner '' look . The circle encompassing the logo was removed mid-season in 1971 -- 72 . The team 's colors were originally powder blue , navy blue , and white . The powder blue was changed to royal blue in 1973 , but returned in 1977 when navy became the predominant uniform color . The team adopted the current black and gold color scheme in January 1980 ( the announcement was made at halftime of Super Bowl XIV ) to unify the colors of the city 's professional sports teams , although like the Pittsburgh Pirates and Steelers , the shade of gold more closely resembled yellow . The change was not without controversy , as the Boston Bruins protested by claiming to own the rights to the black and gold colors . However the Penguins cited the colors worn by the now - defunct NHL team Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1920s , as well as black and gold being the official colors of the City of Pittsburgh and its namesake , thus were able to secure permission to use the black and gold colors . The NHL 's Pittsburgh Pirates used old Pittsburgh Police uniforms , hence beginning the black and gold sports tradition in the city . This would remain unchanged until the 1992 -- 93 season , when the team unveiled new uniforms and a new logo , made by Pittsburgh visual communications agency Vance Wright Adams . The logo featured a modern - looking , streamlined penguin . Although the `` Robo - Penguin '' logo survived in various forms for 15 years , it received mixed responses from fans and was never as widely accepted as the `` skating penguin '' logo . Longtime KDKA anchor Bill Burns even went as far as calling the penguin in the logo `` a pigeon . '' After Mario Lemieux ( a personal fan of the `` skating penguin '' logo ) purchased the team from bankruptcy court in 1999 , he announced plans to bring back the `` skating penguin '' logo . This occurred for the 2000 -- 01 season , when the team revived the logo ( albeit with a `` Vegas gold '' triangle instead of `` Pittsburgh gold '' ) on the chest of the team 's new alternate jersey . In 2002 -- 03 , the logo became the primary logo , and the `` flying penguin '' logo ( also with a `` Vegas gold '' triangle instead of `` Pittsburgh gold '' ) was relegated to secondary status and only on the shoulders of the team 's jerseys , until it was retired in 2007 when the team introduced their version of the Rbk Edge uniforms . The uniforms themselves have changed several times over the years . The original jerseys from the team 's first season had diagonal text reading `` Pittsburgh . '' Currently , only images of these uniforms survive , although the jersey is available in NHL Hitz 2003 and several EA Sports ' NHL games as an alternate jersey available to play in for the team . The uniforms themselves were discovered nearly 30 years later in a garbage bag by a Civic Arena employee at the arena . Due to the years of neglect in the bag , the uniforms were damaged beyond repair . The following season , a revised version of the logo was used on a completely redesigned uniform . Player names were first added in 1970 . Until 1977 , the team had some minor striping patterns on the jerseys change every few years . But in 1977 , the team basically adopted their longest - lasting uniform style to date and a style they would wear for the next 16 seasons , winning the Stanley Cup twice in the process . When the colors were swapped from blue and white to black and gold in 1980 , the uniform patterns themselves remained unchanged . This was likely due to the fact that the change was made in the middle of the season . From the 1981 -- 82 season to the 1984 -- 85 season , the team had a gold `` Sunday '' jersey , called as such because the team only wore them on Sundays . This was a rare example of an NHL team having a third jersey before the rule allowing such jerseys was officially implemented in 1995 . Team wordmark , used 2002 to 2008 . After winning their second Stanley Cup in 1992 , the team completely redesigned their uniforms and introduced the `` flying penguin '' logo . The team 's away uniforms were somewhat of a throwback to the team 's first season , as they revived the diagonal `` Pittsburgh '' script . In 1995 , the team introduced their second alternate jersey , featuring different stripe designs on each sleeve . This jersey would prove to be so popular that the team adopted it as their away jersey in 1997 . In 2000 , the team unveiled yet another alternate jersey , the aforementioned black jersey featuring the revival of the `` skating penguin '' logo . This would later prove to be a test to see how the revived logo would do with fans , and the following season became the team 's away uniform with a white version as the team 's home jersey . This time , the gold used is known as `` Vegas gold '' , a more metallic shade . When the Rbk Edge jerseys were unveiled for the 2007 -- 08 season leaguewide , the Penguins made major striping pattern changes and quietly removed the `` flying penguin '' logo from the shoulders . They also added a `` Pittsburgh 250 '' gold circular patch to the shoulders to commemorate the 250th birthday of the city of Pittsburgh . While the Penguins , as with the rest of the NHL , have worn their black jersey at home since the league made the initiative to do so starting with the 2003 -- 04 NHL season , the team wore their white jerseys in some home games during the 2007 -- 08 season and at least once during the 2008 -- 09 season , as well as wearing their powder blue , 1968 -- 1972 `` throwbacks '' against the Buffalo Sabres in the 2008 NHL Winter Classic . On November 5 , 2008 , this jersey was introduced as the team 's new alternate jersey . This was worn for select home games during the 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 seasons . This throwback was supposedly retired with the introduction of a new dark blue third jersey that made its debut at the 2011 NHL Winter Classic at Heinz Field , but it was worn at several games after the 2011 Winter Classic . The new 2011 Winter Classic jersey was first worn as the third jersey against the Los Angeles Kings on February 10 , 2011 . After this , the Penguins discontinued the usage of their 2008 Winter Classic jerseys . For the 2011 -- 12 season , the 2011 Winter Classic jersey was the team 's official third uniform , with the 2008 Winter Classic uniform being retired . Called the `` Blue Jerseys of Doom '' by the Pittsburgh Tribune - Review , the alternate jerseys were worn when Sidney Crosby sustained a broken jaw injury on March 30 , 2013 , and also when he received a concussion in the 2011 Winter Classic . Center Evgeni Malkin was also injured , also with a concussion , during a game when the Penguins donned the alternate uniforms on February 22 , 2013 . The team was set to wear the blue jerseys for an April 2 , 2013 , game against the Buffalo Sabres , three days after Crosby sustained a broken jaw wearing one , but instead wore their black and `` Vegas gold '' home jerseys . On April 4 , 2013 , the Penguins announced that the club would not wear an alternate uniform for the 2013 -- 14 season . The team then announced that they were in the process of working up a new design for possibly the 2014 -- 15 season , the 30th anniversary of majority co-owner Mario Lemieux 's rookie season . The Penguins wore a modified version of their away uniforms for the 2014 NHL Stadium Series against the Chicago Blackhawks at Soldier Field , featuring enlarged numbers at the back , slightly angled stripes and sleeve numbers and a chrome - treated version of the `` skating penguin '' in front . On September 19 , 2014 , the Penguins released their new alternate uniforms for the 2014 -- 15 season . The new black uniforms are throwbacks to the early part of Lemieux 's playing career , emulating the uniforms worn by the Penguins ' 1991 and 1992 Stanley Cup - winning teams . The new alternate uniform featured `` Pittsburgh gold '' , the particular shade of gold which had been retired when the Penguins switched to the metallic gold full - time in 2002 . After the 2016 season , the team returned to using the `` Pittsburgh gold '' jerseys as the primary uniforms . The `` Vegas gold '' jerseys were retired , in time for the 50th anniversary in 2017 . The new home and away `` Pittsburgh gold '' jerseys were unveiled on June 24 , 2016 , and first presented at the 2016 NHL Entry Draft . A commemorative patch was added to the uniforms throughout the 2016 -- 17 season to celebrate the team 's 50th year of play in the NHL . On November 25 , 2016 , the Penguins unveiled their jerseys for their 2017 NHL Stadium Series game against the Philadelphia Flyers at Heinz Field . The primary color for the jerseys is Pittsburgh gold . The traditional skating penguin , without the golden triangle , dons the crest , while the sleeves have black stripes . A black keystone patch that says `` City of Champions '' with two crossed hockey sticks in gold , is located on the left sleeve . The patch also has four gold stars above it to represent Pittsburgh 's Stanley Cup championships in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 and 2016 . Season - by - season record ( edit ) Main article : List of Pittsburgh Penguins seasons Sidney Crosby with Marc - Andre Fleury ( left ) and the Stanley Cup during the Penguins ' victory parade in 2009 . This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Penguins . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 51 24 7 109 249 207 1st , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 3 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 82 43 27 12 98 221 210 4th , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2015 -- 16 82 48 26 8 104 245 203 2nd , Metropolitan Stanley Cup champions , 4 -- 2 ( Sharks ) 2016 -- 17 82 50 21 11 111 282 234 2nd , Metropolitan Stanley Cup champions , 4 -- 2 ( Predators ) 2017 -- 18 82 47 29 6 100 272 250 2nd , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 2 -- 4 ( Capitals ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated July 19 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Zach Aston - Reese RW 24 2017 Staten Island , New York 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Derick Brassard 30 2018 Hull , Quebec 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 Sidney Crosby ( C ) 31 2005 Cole Harbour , Nova Scotia 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Matt Cullen 41 2018 Virginia , Minnesota 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Jean - Sebastien Dea 24 2013 Laval , Quebec 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Casey DeSmith 27 2017 Rochester , New Hampshire 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Brian Dumoulin 26 2012 Biddeford , Maine 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Derek Grant 28 2018 Abbotsford , British Columbia 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Jake Guentzel LW 23 2013 Omaha , Nebraska 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Carl Hagelin LW 30 2016 Nykvarn , Sweden 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Jimmy Hayes RW 28 2018 Boston , Massachusetts 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Patric Hornqvist RW 31 2014 Sollentuna , Sweden 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Tristan Jarry 23 2013 Surrey , British Columbia 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Jack Johnson 31 2018 Indianapolis , Indiana 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Phil Kessel RW 30 2015 Madison , Wisconsin 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Kris Letang ( A ) 31 2005 Montreal , Quebec 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Olli Maatta 24 2012 Jyväskylä , Finland 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Evgeni Malkin ( A ) 32 Magnitogorsk , Soviet Union 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Matt Murray 24 2012 Thunder Bay , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Jamie Oleksiak 25 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Chad Ruhwedel 28 2016 San Diego , California 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Bryan Rust RW 26 Pontiac , Michigan 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Justin Schultz 28 2016 Kelowna , British Columbia 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Riley Sheahan 26 2017 St. Catharines , Ontario 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Dominik Simon LW 24 2015 Prague , Czech Republic 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Daniel Sprong RW 21 2015 Amsterdam , Netherlands Retired numbers ( edit ) The banners of numbers retired by the Penguins franchise hang in the rafters of the PPG Paints Arena . Pittsburgh Penguins retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 21 Michel Briere 1969 -- 1970 January 5 , 2001 66 Mario Lemieux 1984 -- 1997 2000 -- 2006 November 19 , 1997 Notes Taken out of circulation following Briere 's death ( 1971 ) , but not officially retired until January 5 , 2001 . Lemieux 's number was restored when he resumed playing for the team on December 27 , 2000 , and once again retired on October 5 , 2006 . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Hall of famers ( edit ) The Pittsburgh Penguins presently acknowledge an affiliation with a number of inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Inductees affiliated with the Penguins include 11 former players and four builders of the sport . The four individuals recognized as builders by the Hockey Hall of Fame includes former head coaches , and general managers . In addition to builders and players , broadcasters and sports journalists have also been recognized by the Hockey Hall of Fame . In 2001 , radio play - by - play broadcaster Mike Lange , was awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the Hall of Fame . In 2009 , Dave Molinari , a sports journalist for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was awarded the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award from the Hall of Fame . Pittsburgh Penguins Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Affiliation with inductees based on team acknowledgement Hall of Fame players Andy Bathgate Mario Lemieux Leo Boivin Joe Mullen Paul Coffey Larry Murphy Ron Francis Mark Recchi Tim Horton Luc Robitaille Red Kelly Bryan Trottier Hall of Fame builders Scotty Bowman Herb Brooks Bob Johnson Craig Patrick Penguins Hall of Fame ( edit ) Bob Johnson , head coach ( 1990 -- 1991 ) inducted 1992 Jean Pronovost , RW ( 1968 -- 1978 ) inducted 1992 Rick Kehoe , RW ( 1974 -- 1985 ) inducted 1992 Syl Apps , Jr. , C ( 1970 -- 1978 ) inducted 1994 Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. , owner ( 1977 -- 1991 ) inducted 1996 Dave Burrows , D ( 1971 -- 1978 , 1980 -- 1982 ) inducted 1996 Elaine Heufelder , front office ( 1967 -- 2003 ) inducted 1996 Mario Lemieux , C ( 1984 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2006 ) , owner ( 1999 -- present ) inducted 1999 Jack Riley , GM ( 1967 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 ) inducted 1999 Joe Mullen , RW ( 1990 -- 1995 , 1996 -- 1997 ) inducted 2000 Craig Patrick , GM ( 1989 -- 2006 ) inducted 2001 Mike Lange , broadcaster ( 1974 -- 1975 , 1976 -- present ) inducted 2001 Anthony `` A.T. '' Caggiano , locker room ( 1967 -- 2000 ) inducted 2001 Les Binkley , G ( 1967 -- 1972 ) inducted 2003 Ulf Samuelsson , D ( 1991 -- 1995 ) inducted 2003 Vince Lascheid , organist ( 1970 -- 2003 ) inducted 2003 Paul Coffey , D ( 1987 -- 1992 ) inducted 2007 Frank Sciulli , locker room ( 1967 -- 2007 ) inducted 2007 Team captains ( edit ) Ab McDonald , 1967 -- 1968 Earl Ingarfield , 1968 -- 1969 Ron Schock , 1973 -- 1977 Jean Pronovost , 1977 -- 1978 Orest Kindrachuk , 1978 -- 1981 Randy Carlyle , 1981 -- 1984 Mike Bullard , 1984 -- 1986 Terry Ruskowski , 1986 -- 1987 Dan Frawley , 1987 Mario Lemieux , 1987 -- 1994 Ron Francis , 1995 Mario Lemieux , 1995 -- 1997 Ron Francis , 1997 -- 1998 Jaromir Jagr , 1998 -- 2001 Mario Lemieux , 2001 -- 2006 Sidney Crosby , 2007 -- present Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Pittsburgh Penguins head coaches George `` Red '' Sullivan , 1967 -- 1969 Red Kelly , 1969 -- 1973 Ken Schinkel , 1973 -- 1974 Marc Boileau , 1974 -- 1976 Ken Schinkel , 1976 -- 1977 Johnny Wilson , 1977 -- 1980 Eddie Johnston , 1980 -- 1983 Lou Angotti , 1983 -- 1984 Bob Berry , 1984 -- 1987 Pierre Creamer , 1987 -- 1988 Gene Ubriaco , 1988 -- 1989 Craig Patrick ( interim ) , 1989 -- 1990 Bob Johnson , 1990 -- 1991 Scotty Bowman , 1991 -- 1993 Eddie Johnston , 1993 -- 1997 Kevin Constantine , 1997 -- 1999 Herb Brooks , 1999 -- 2000 Ivan Hlinka , 2000 -- 2001 Rick Kehoe , 2001 -- 2003 Ed Olczyk , 2003 -- 2005 Michel Therrien , 2005 -- 2009 Dan Bylsma , 2009 -- 2014 Mike Johnston , 2014 -- 2015 Mike Sullivan , 2015 -- present Penguins ' ring of honor ( edit ) A mural honoring members of the franchise 's `` Millennium Team '' , it was first displayed September 26 , 2003 . This was a permanent display at Mellon Arena until its demolition , designed to honor past greats without having to retire their numbers . Current members are : Tom Barrasso ( G ) Les Binkley ( G ) Herb Brooks ( Coach ) Dave Burrows ( D ) Paul Coffey ( D ) Ron Francis ( F ) Jaromir Jagr ( F ) Bob Johnson ( Coach ) Rick Kehoe ( F ) Mario Lemieux ( F ) Larry Murphy ( D ) Craig Patrick ( GM - coach ) Jean Pronovost ( F ) Ulf Samuelsson ( D ) Kevin Stevens ( F ) Mark Recchi ( F ) Dapper Dan Sportsman of the year ( edit ) Ten Penguins have won the Dapper Dan Sportsman of the Year Award at eleven banquets . The award has been bestowed on the most outstanding athlete in Western Pennsylvania since 1939 at an annual charitable banquet in the city . The following Penguins have won : Baz Bastien ( 1967 ) Mario Lemieux ( 1986 , 1988 , 1999 ) Bob Johnson ( 1991 ) Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 ) Sidney Crosby ( 2006 , 2007 , 2017 ) Evgeni Malkin ( 2009 ) Dan Bylsma & Marc - Andre Fleury ( 2011 ) Mike Sullivan & Jim Rutherford ( 2016 ) Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Penguins player Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Mario Lemieux 1984 -- 1997 2000 -- 2006 915 690 1,033 1,723 115 834 Sidney Crosby * 2005 -- present 864 411 705 1,116 165 622 Jaromír Jágr 1990 -- 2001 RW 806 439 640 1,079 207 593 Evgeni Malkin * 2006 -- present 784 370 560 930 91 813 Rick Kehoe 1974 -- 1985 RW 722 312 324 636 − 86 88 Ron Francis 1990 -- 1998 533 164 449 613 70 295 Jean Pronovost 1968 -- 1978 RW 753 316 287 603 32 306 Kevin Stevens 1987 -- 1995 2000 -- 2002 LW 522 260 295 555 − 40 1,048 Syl Apps Jr . 1970 -- 1978 495 151 349 500 94 241 Martin Straka 1992 -- 1995 1997 -- 2004 560 165 277 442 49 215 Franchise goaltending leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten goaltenders in franchise history by wins . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Penguins player Goaltenders Player Seasons GP TOI OT GA GAA SA SV % SO Marc - André Fleury 2003 -- 2017 691 39,770 375 216 66 1,713 2.58 19,487 . 912 44 Tom Barrasso 1988 -- 2000 460 25,879 226 153 53 8 1,409 3.27 13,479 . 896 22 Ken Wregget 1991 -- 1998 212 11,738 104 67 21 644 3.29 6,285 . 898 6 Denis Herron 1972 -- 1974 1976 -- 1979 1982 -- 1986 290 16,105 88 133 44 -- 1,041 3.88 3,585 . 879 6 Matt Murray * 2014 -- present 111 6,248 68 28 0 -- 269 2.58 3,228 . 917 6 Jean - Sébastien Aubin 1998 -- 2004 168 8,888 63 72 11 10 432 2.92 4,369 . 901 6 Les Binkley 1967 -- 1972 196 11,046 58 94 34 -- 575 3.12 -- -- 11 Greg Millen 1978 -- 1981 135 7,839 57 56 18 -- 501 3.83 -- -- Johan Hedberg 2000 -- 2003 116 6,831 46 57 12 6 328 2.88 3,301 . 901 7 Roberto Romano 1982 -- 1987 1993 -- 1994 125 7,051 46 62 8 0 465 3.96 3,862 . 863 100 - point seasons ( edit ) Rob Brown , RW 1988 -- 89 ( 115 ) Paul Coffey , D 1988 -- 89 ( 113 ) 1989 -- 90 ( 102 ) Sidney Crosby , C 2005 -- 06 ( 102 ) 2006 -- 07 ( 120 ) 2008 -- 09 ( 103 ) 2009 -- 10 ( 109 ) 2013 -- 14 ( 104 ) John Cullen , C 1990 -- 91 ( 110 ) Ron Francis , C 1992 -- 93 ( 100 ) 1995 -- 96 ( 119 ) Jaromir Jagr , RW 1995 -- 96 ( 149 ) 1997 -- 98 ( 102 ) 1998 -- 99 ( 127 ) 2000 -- 01 ( 121 ) Pierre Larouche , C 1975 -- 76 ( 111 ) Mario Lemieux , C 1984 -- 85 ( 100 ) 1985 -- 86 ( 141 ) 1986 -- 87 ( 107 ) 1987 -- 88 ( 168 ) 1988 -- 89 ( 199 ) 1989 -- 90 ( 123 ) 1991 -- 92 ( 131 ) 1992 -- 93 ( 160 ) 1995 -- 96 ( 161 ) 1996 -- 97 ( 122 ) Evgeni Malkin , C 2007 -- 08 ( 106 ) 2008 -- 09 ( 113 ) 2011 -- 12 ( 109 ) Jean Pronovost , RW 1975 -- 76 ( 104 ) Mark Recchi , RW 1990 -- 91 ( 113 ) Kevin Stevens , LW 1991 -- 92 ( 123 ) 1992 -- 93 ( 111 ) Rick Tocchet , RW 1992 -- 93 ( 109 ) NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of Pittsburgh Penguins award winners Stanley Cup 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Presidents ' Trophy 1992 -- 93 Prince of Wales Trophy 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Art Ross Trophy Mario Lemieux : 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Jaromir Jagr : 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 Sidney Crosby : 2006 -- 07 , 2013 -- 14 Evgeni Malkin : 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Lowell MacDonald : 1972 -- 73 Mario Lemieux : 1992 -- 93 Calder Memorial Trophy Mario Lemieux : 1984 -- 85 Evgeni Malkin : 2006 -- 07 Conn Smythe Trophy Mario Lemieux : 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 Evgeni Malkin : 2008 -- 09 Sidney Crosby : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Frank J. Selke Trophy Ron Francis : 1994 -- 95 Hart Memorial Trophy Mario Lemieux : 1987 -- 88 , 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 Jaromir Jagr : 1998 -- 99 Sidney Crosby : 2006 -- 07 , 2013 -- 14 Evgeni Malkin : 2011 -- 12 James Norris Memorial Trophy Randy Carlyle : 1980 -- 81 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Rick Kehoe : 1980 -- 81 Ron Francis : 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 Lester B. Pearson / Ted Lindsay Award Mario Lemieux : 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 Jaromir Jagr : 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 Sidney Crosby : 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 . 2013 -- 14 Evgeni Malkin : 2011 -- 12 Lester Patrick Trophy Joe Mullen : 1994 -- 95 Mario Lemieux : 1999 -- 00 Craig Patrick : 1999 -- 00 Herb Brooks : 2001 -- 02 Mark Messier Leadership Award Sidney Crosby : 2009 -- 10 Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy Sidney Crosby : 2009 -- 10 ( shared with Steven Stamkos of the Tampa Bay Lightning ) Sidney Crosby : 2016 -- 17 Jack Adams Award Dan Bylsma : 2010 -- 11 NHL General Manager of the Year Award Ray Shero : 2012 -- 13 Jim Rutherford : 2015 -- 16 NHL Plus / Minus Award Mario Lemieux : 1992 -- 93 Ron Francis : 1994 -- 95 NHL All - Star Game MVP Greg Polis : 1973 Syl Apps Jr. : 1975 Mario Lemieux : 1985 , 1988 , 1990 NHL All - Rookie Team 1985 : Mario Lemieux , Warren Young 1989 : Zarley Zalapski 1991 : Jaromir Jagr 1997 : Patrick Lalime 2003 : Sebastien Caron 2004 : Ryan Malone 2006 : Sidney Crosby 2007 : Evgeni Malkin , Jordan Staal 2017 : Matt Murray First Team All - Star 1981 : Randy Carlyle 1988 : Mario Lemieux 1989 : Paul Coffey , Mario Lemieux 1992 : Kevin Stevens 1993 : Mario Lemieux 1995 : Jaromir Jagr 1996 : Jaromir Jagr , Mario Lemieux 1997 : Mario Lemieux 1998 : Jaromir Jagr 1999 : Jaromir Jagr 2000 : Jaromir Jagr 2001 : Jaromir Jagr 2007 : Sidney Crosby 2008 : Evgeni Malkin 2009 : Evgeni Malkin 2012 : Evgeni Malkin , James Neal 2013 : Sidney Crosby , Chris Kunitz 2014 : Sidney Crosby 2016 : Sidney Crosby Second Team All - Star 1986 : Mario Lemieux 1987 : Mario Lemieux 1990 : Paul Coffey 1991 : Kevin Stevens 1992 : Mario Lemieux 1993 : Tom Barrasso , Larry Murphy , Kevin Stevens 1995 : Larry Murphy 1997 : Jaromir Jagr 2001 : Mario Lemieux 2013 : Kris Letang 2015 : Sidney Crosby 2016 : Kris Letang 2017 : Sidney Crosby Franchise individual records ( edit ) Season Most goals in a season : Mario Lemieux , 85 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most assists in a season : Mario Lemieux , 114 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most points in a season : Mario Lemieux , 199 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Paul Baxter , 409 ( 1981 -- 82 ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Paul Coffey , 113 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Sidney Crosby , 102 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most wins in a season : Tom Barrasso , 43 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Most shutouts in a season : Marc - Andre Fleury , 10 ( 2014 -- 15 ) In the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs , Matt Murray set the franchise record for the lowest goals against average during the playoffs . Playoffs Most goals in a playoff season : Kevin Stevens , 17 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most assists in a playoff season : Mario Lemieux , 28 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most points in a playoff season : Mario Lemieux , 44 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most points in a playoff season , defenseman : Larry Murphy , 23 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most wins in a playoff season : Tom Barrasso , 16 ( 1991 -- 92 ) and Marc - Andre Fleury , 16 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Lowest goals against average in a playoff season : Matt Murray , 1.70 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Highest save percentage in a playoff season : Ron Tugnutt , . 945 ( 1999 -- 00 ) Most playoff shutouts : Marc - Andre Fleury , 10 Most shutouts in a playoff season : Marc - Andre Fleury , 3 ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Matt Murray , 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive games in a single playoff with multiple points : Evgeni Malkin , 6 ( 2009 ) Longest playoff shutout streak : Matt Murray , 225 : 49 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Current staff ( edit ) See also : List of Pittsburgh Penguins owners , List of Pittsburgh Penguins general managers , and List of Pittsburgh Penguins head coaches Executive Committee Owner ( s ) -- Mario Lemieux , Ron Burkle Chairman -- Mario Lemieux President / Chief Executive Officer -- David Morehouse Hockey Operations General Manager / Executive Vice President -- Jim Rutherford Assistant General Manager -- Bill Guerin Assistant General Manager -- Jason Karmanos Hockey Operations Assistant -- Erik Heasley Head Coach -- Mike Sullivan Assistant Coach -- Mark Recchi Assistant Coach -- Jacques Martin Assistant Coach -- Sergei Gonchar Goaltending Coach -- Mike Buckley Director of Player Development - Scott Young Player Development Coach - Jarrod Skalde Player Development Coach - Tom Kostopoulos Goaltending Development Coach - Andy Chiodo Strength & Conditioning -- Alex Trinca , Alexi Pianosi Video Coordinator -- Andy Saucier Manager of Team Operations -- Jim Britt Scouting Director of Amateur Scouting -- Patrik Allvin Director of Professional Scouting -- Derek Clancey Rivalries ( edit ) Philadelphia Flyers ( edit ) Main article : Flyers -- Penguins rivalry Considered to be the best rivalry in the NHL , the Philadelphia Flyers -- Pittsburgh Penguins rivalry began in 1967 when the teams were introduced into the NHL 's `` Next Six '' expansion wave . The rivalry exists both due to divisional alignment and geographic location , as both teams play in the State of Pennsylvania . The Flyers lead the head - to - head record with a 153 -- 98 - 30 record . However , the Penguins eliminated the Flyers from the playoffs in 2008 and 2009 and were eliminated from the playoffs in 2012 by the Flyers , strengthening the rivalry . In total , the franchises have met six times in the playoffs , with the Flyers winning four series ( 1989 Patrick Division Finals , 4 -- 3 ; 1997 Eastern Conference Quarter - finals , 4 -- 1 ; 2000 Eastern Conference Semi-finals , 4 -- 2 ; and 2012 Eastern Conference Quarter - finals , 4 -- 2 ) and the Penguins winning two ( 2008 Eastern Conference Finals , 4 -- 1 ; and 2009 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 2 ) . Washington Capitals ( edit ) An altercation between the Penguins and the Washington Capitals during the 2009 playoffs . The Penguins and Capitals have faced one another in ten playoff series . Main article : Capitals -- Penguins rivalry The two teams have faced - off eleven times in the playoffs , with the Penguins winning nine of the eleven matchups , their two series losses coming in the 1994 and 2018 playoffs . The Penguins defeated the Capitals en route to all five of their Stanley Cup victories . They have met in a decisive , series - deciding Game 7 in the 1992 , 1995 , 2009 and 2017 playoffs . This rivalry was showcased at the NHL 's fourth Winter Classic , played on January 1 , 2011 , at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh . The Capitals won the game 3 -- 1 . The rivalry can also be seen in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . Pittsburgh 's top farm team is the Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins , and their in - state and biggest rivals are the Capitals ' top farm team , the Hershey Bears . Columbus blue Jackets ( edit ) Ever since their inception , the Columbus Blue Jackets had never established a consistent rivalry with any other team . That changed starting from the 2013 -- 14 season , when they were placed in the same division as Pittsburgh . The 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs furthered the rivalry as Columbus won their first ever playoff game on April 19 , 2014 against Pittsburgh . Due to geographical proximity , there 's significant crossover of Pittsburgh fans with Columbus , often leading to the games in Nationwide Arena being well - attended by Penguins faithful for away games , much to the consternation of Blue Jackets fans . Subsequent years , in addition to the Blue Jackets ' success in the 2016 -- 17 season , have intensified the contest . Coach Mike Sullivan was assistant coach to the Blue Jacket 's head coach John Tortorella for seven years . According to Sullivan , `` Columbus is a divisional rival , they 're one of the top teams in the league this year '' . Sidney Crosby is known to have personal rivalries with Blue Jackets players , in the form of both a lifelong friendship with childhood teammate Jack Johnson , and a much more heated one with Center Brandon Dubinsky , whom is often pitted against him in games . The Penguins defeated the Blue Jackets 4 - 1 in the first round of the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs . Fanbase ( edit ) Despite Pittsburgh 's long history with hockey and having a small , but loyal fanbase early on , the Penguins struggled with fan support early on in its history , at times only averaging 6,000 fans per game when Civic Arena had a seating capacity over 16,000 . Fan support was so low by the team 's first bankruptcy that the NHL had no problems with the team being moved , something that would change decades later when the team faced another relocation threat . While the drafting of Mario Lemieux began piquing interest in hockey locally , fan support was still skeptical . John Steigerwald , brother of current Penguins broadcaster Paul Steigerwald , once noted in his autobiography that upon his arrival at KDKA - TV from WTAE - TV in 1985 that the station cared more about the Pittsburgh Spirit of the Major Indoor Soccer League than the Penguins . However , Lemieux 's play steadily grew the fanbase in the area , which would only be reassured upon the arrival of Sidney Crosby after the team struggled both on the ice and in attendance following the Jaromir Jagr trade . Today , the Penguins are one of the NHL 's most popular teams , especially among American non-Original Six franchises and are considered second behind the Steelers among Pittsburgh 's three major professional sports teams , taking advantage of both its success and the Pittsburgh Pirates struggles both on and off the field . Especially notable was a 2007 survey done of the four major sports leagues 122 teams , in which the Penguins surprised observers by being ranked 20th overall and third among NHL teams , while the Steelers were ranked number one and the Pirates ( before the arrival of Andrew McCutchen and that team 's turnaround ) ranking much lower on the list from its peers . The Penguins popularity has at times even rivaled that of the Steelers at the local level . Arenas ( edit ) The Penguins called Civic Arena home for over 45 seasons , beginning with their inception in 1967 . In September 2010 , they completed the move to the state - of - the - art Consol Energy Center ( now named PPG Paints Arena ) . The Penguins also played two `` home '' games in the Cleveland suburb of Richfield , Ohio , in 1992 and 1993 at the Richfield Coliseum ( this is not unlike the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA playing an annual pre-season game in Pittsburgh ; the Philadelphia 76ers also used the Civic Arena as a second home in the early 1970s ) . The UPMC Lemieux Sports Complex under construction in Cranberry Township , Pennsylvania in April 2015 . The complex opened in August 2015 , and is used by the Penguins as their practice facility . From 1995 to 2015 the IceoPlex at Southpointe in the South Hills suburbs served as the team 's practice facility . Robert Morris University 's 84 Lumber Arena has at times served as a secondary practice facility for the team . During the franchise 's first pre-season training camp and pre-season exhibition games , the Brantford Civic Centre in Brantford , Ontario , served as its home , and by the 1970s and continuing through the 1980s , the team was using the suburban Rostraver Ice Garden for training . In August 2015 , the Penguins and the UPMC opened UPMC Lemieux Sports Complex , combining a new team practice and training facility with a UPMC Sports Medicine treatment and research complex , in suburban Cranberry Township near the interchange between Interstate 79 and Pennsylvania Route 228 . The twin rink facility replaced both the IceoPlex at Southpointe and the 84 Lumber Arena as the Penguins ' regular practice facility , freeing up the Consol Energy Center for other events on days the Penguins are not scheduled to play . As with most other NHL arenas , the Penguins make use of a goal horn whenever the team scores a goal at home . It is also played just before the beginning of a home game , and after a Penguins victory . Their current goal horn , made by Nathan Manufacturing , Inc. and introduced in 2005 to coincide with the arrival of Sidney Crosby to the team , was used at both the Civic Arena and the Consol Energy Center . Minor League affiliates ( edit ) The Penguins have two minor league affiliates assigned to their team . The Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins , their AHL affiliate , have played in Wilkes - Barre Township , Pennsylvania , since 1999 . The Penguins also have a secondary affiliate in the ECHL , the Wheeling Nailers , which they have been associated with since the start of the 2000 -- 01 season . Media ( edit ) The Penguins currently have their radio home on WXDX - FM and their television home on AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh . The Penguins have recently started their own 24 - hour radio channel on HD Radio , with WXDX converting their adult album alternative digital subchannel on HD - 2 into a 24 - hour Penguins channel . The channel will feature the NHL 's own daily NHL Live and NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman 's weekly NHL Hour , in addition to local programming . The team becomes the first NHL team with its own radio channel , and joins the National Football League 's Dallas Cowboys as the second professional sports team to have such a channel . In November 2009 , the Penguins also launched a weekly radio show , NHL Na Russkom ( NHL in Russian ) , hosted by George Birman and Oleg Mejeritski of Sovetsky Sport in order to appeal to Russian - speaking fans of the team . Broadcasters ( edit ) Further information : Pittsburgh Penguins Radio Network Television ( edit ) The Penguins were broadcast by local ABC affiliate WTAE - TV during the 1967 -- 68 season , with station Sports Director Ed Conway handling the play - by - play during both the television and radio broadcasts and would remain as the lone play - by - play broadcaster until the completion of the 1968 -- 69 season . Joe Tucker took over for Ed Conway during the 1969 -- 70 season , when WPGH - TV and WTAE - TV split Penguins ' broadcasts . WPGH - TV retained the rights to broadcast the Penguins for the 1970 -- 71 season with Bill Hamilton handing the play - by - play duties . The 1970 -- 71 season was also the first season where the Penguins introduced a color commentator to the broadcast team , with John MacDonald taking the position as the booth 's color commentator . The broadcasting rights to the Penguins were then transferred to WIIC - TV 11 in 1971 , with Sam Nover handling the play - by - play with several color commentators interchanged during his tenure . Nover eventually left WIIC to join NBC Sports as a play - by - play broadcaster for the National Football League . During the Penguins ' time with WIIC , the station broadcast `` about a dozen '' Penguins game each season . Penguins ' games returned to WPGH - TV for the 1977 -- 78 season with former long - time Pittsburgh Pirates broadcaster Bob Prince handling the play - by - play . Prince was criticized by fans for not being knowledgeable towards the game and that his style was better suited for baseball than hockey . He was later removed from the broadcast team and reassigned as an intermission interviewer . In his place was Jim Forney , who had previously held the position of color commentator during Sam Novak 's tenure . Mike Lange is the Penguins ' current play - by - play radio announcer . Lange has been the Penguins ' announcer since 1974 . Mike Lange , who joined the Penguins ' broadcast team as a play - by - play announcer on the radio side in 1974 -- 75 , became the play - by - play broadcaster for the team at the start of the 1979 -- 80 season . At his side was Terry Schiffauer , who had previously held the position of Penguins ' director of public relations and eventually transitioned into color commentator for Sam Nover since 1972 -- 73 . Lange and Schiffauer remained a team in the Penguins ' broadcast booth until 1984 -- 85 , when Schiffauer was replaced by Paul Steigerwald . While the Penguins broadcast network transitioned from WPGH - TV ( 1979 -- 90 ) to KDKA - TV ( 1990 -- 96 ) , along with the eventual transition to KBL ( later Prime Sports ) and eventually Fox Sports Pittsburgh 1996 -- 2011 ) , the team of Lange and Steigerwald remained a constant in the broadcast booth from 1985 until 1999 . During this time , local stations WPGH and WPTT - TV also carried a handful of games that were not available on Fox Sports Pittsburgh during the 1996 -- 97 season . Also notable during the 1996 -- 97 NHL season is that former broadcaster Sam Nover returned to the team in a new role ; this time as a post-game studio host , sharing duties with John Fedko and Thor Tolo . With Steigerwald 's departure in 1999 , Mike Lange shared the broadcast booth with former Penguins ' defenseman Peter Taglianetti . Taglianetti , a two - time Stanley Cup winner with the team in 1991 and 1992 , remained in the position for one season before being replaced by Ed Olczyk . Lange and Olczyk were broadcast partners from 2000 until 2003 , when Olczyk left the booth to become the 18th head coach in Penguins history that had become upon due to the firing of previous Head Coach Rick Kehoe after the 2002 -- 03 season . With Olczyk 's vacancy , the Penguins hired Bob Errey as their new color commentator for the start of the 2003 -- 04 season ( a position that he continues to hold as of the start of the 2012 -- 13 season . Lange and Errey remained in the booth until 2005 -- 06 . After 26 seasons in the television broadcast booth , Mike Lange was not retained by FSN Pittsburgh . Instead , he was replaced by former broadcast partner Paul Steigerwald , who remained the TV play - by - play broadcaster for the team until the 2016 -- 17 season . Lange returned to the radio broadcast booth and currently holds the position of radio play - by - play announcer , the same position he had held with the team in the mid-1970s . Following the 2016 -- 17 season , Steigerwald moved back to the Penguins front office and NHL Network personality Steve Mears was hired as the new television play - by - play announcer starting with the 2017 -- 18 season . Every Penguins game is currently carried on the AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh network , which is carried by cable providers in most of two states and parts of four others : All of Pennsylvania ( save the ten county Philadelphia metro area ) , all of West Virginia except the two counties in the Washington , D.C. , metro area , eight counties in eastern and southern Ohio , three counties in Western Maryland , one county in Southwestern New York state and one county in Northeastern Kentucky . In addition , Fox Sports Ohio simulcasts Penguins hockey in the Cleveland metro area , as well as some parts of Eastern Ohio and Northern Kentucky . Dish Network , Verizon FiOS and Direct TV all carry the Penguins games on their AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh channel in HD nationally . The TV announcers are : Steve Mears , play - by - play ( 2017 -- present ) Bob Errey , color commentator ( 2003 -- present ) Dan Potash , in - game reporter ( 2006 -- present ) Rob King and Jay Caufield , in - studio intermission and post-game reporters . The Pittsburgh Penguins also receive monthly and sometimes weekly `` game of the week '' national exposure on both NBC Sports Network and NBC along with TSN and CBC Sports in Canada . Prior to 2004 , Penguins games have been aired on ESPN and ESPN2 . Radio ( edit ) The Pittsburgh Penguins Radio Network consists of a total of 34 stations in four states . Twenty three of these are in Pennsylvania , four in West Virginia , three in Ohio , and three in Maryland . The network also features an FM High - Definition station in Pittsburgh . The announcers are : Mike Lange , play - by - play Josh Getzoff , play - by - play ( select away games ) Phil Bourque , color commentator Outreach ( edit ) The Pittsburgh Penguins Foundation conducts numerous community activities to support both youth and families through hockey education and charity assistance . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Red Kelly was the Penguins ' head coach from 1969 -- 73 . He was inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in the players ' category in 1969 . Although Kelly never played with the Penguins , and was not formally inducted in the builders category , the team continues to acknowledge an affiliation with the Hall of Famer . Citations Jump up ^ `` Penguins Make The Move to `` Pittsburgh Gold '' `` . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Uniform History '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steel City Legend : Sen. Jack McGregor '' . Pittsburgh Hockey.net . ^ Jump up to : Stainkamp , Michael ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` A brief history : Pittsburgh Penguins '' . NHL.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why the name Pittsburgh Penguins ? '' . LetsGoPens.com . September 19 , 2002 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform History '' . Pittsburgh Penguins . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Start Training Sessions '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 14 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins like feel of home '' . The Leader - Post . January 23 , 1975 -- via Google News Archive Search . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wv8sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-MsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2348%2C6319320 Jump up ^ Did the Penguins tank the ' 83 -- ' 84 season to draft Lemieux Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ^ Jump up to : Finder : Lessons can be learned from Angotti and 1984 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Hockey History '' . PenguinsJersey.com . ^ Jump up to : Hockey Central Penguins attendance records Jump up ^ `` It Was a Great Night For Hockey -- in Kansas City '' . NHL.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge grants Ottawa Senators bankruptcy protection '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxden.Com -- The urban web 's front page '' . slumz.boxden.com . Jump up ^ `` Lemieux announces retirement '' . ESPN . 2006 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Lemieux says goodbye for final time '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Game Summary '' . NHL. 2007 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins to open new arena in 2010 -- 11 season '' . NHL.com. 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2009 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Penguins ride Talbot to 2 -- 1 Game 7 win over Red Wings '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Aaron Beard ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Penguins beat Hurricanes 3 -- 2 in shootout '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Penguins humbled , disappointed after being ushered from playoffs by rival Flyers '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Masisak , Corey ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Penguins deal Jordan Staal to ' Canes '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins trade Michalek back to Phoenix for Ruopp , pick '' . TSN . June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins Sign Goaltender Tomas Vokoun to Multi-Year Deal '' . Bleacher Report . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins fire Ray Shero , new GM to decide Dan Bylsma 's fate '' . CBS Sports . 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Maple Leafs trade Phil Kessel to Penguins '' . Rogers Sportsnet . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved Sep 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canucks acquire Sutter & 3rd rounder from Pens '' . Vancouver Canucks . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins sign Matt Cullen to 1 - year deal '' . Pittsburgh Penguins. 2015 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sergei Gonchar named Penguins defenseman development coach '' . Pittsburgh Penguins. 2015 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Pens ' Dupuis Will No Longer Play Hockey Because of Medical Condition '' . Pittsburgh Penguins. 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Sullivan Named Head Coach of Pittsburgh Penguins '' . 2015 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins notebook : Scuderi traded to Blackhawks for Daley '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . 2015 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins acquire forward Carl Hagelin from the Ducks '' . Pittsburgh Penguins. 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Oilers deal Justin Schultz to Penguins for a pick '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2016 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ West , Bill ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Penguins ' rookies relish title run together '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins top Lightning 2 -- 1 to advance to Stanley Cup final '' . The Associated Press . 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ West , Bill ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Penguins ' Crosby tabbed as Conn Smythe winner '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Jason ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Arena , fans aglow as Penguins raise Cup banner '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Integrated Marketing Agency -- Pipitone Group '' . www.vwadesign.com . Jump up ^ `` Skating penguin logo returns to center ice '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . August 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Shelly ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Heinz ' in ' place to be Jan. 1 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Molinari , Dave ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Penguins to use Winter Classic sweaters '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Rossi , Rob ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Penguins notebook : Crosby returns home after jaw surgery '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Jump up ^ Rossi , Rob ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Penguins notebook : Crosby visits team , still no set return date '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins Unveil Stadium Series Jerseys '' . KDKA - TV . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins to wear ' Pittsburgh gold ' jerseys during playoff home games '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muir , Allan ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Pittsburgh Penguins reveal new jerseys for 50th season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins unveil Stadium Series jersey '' . NHL . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kovacevic , Dejan ( January 6 , 2001 ) . `` Penguins Report : 01 / 06 / 01 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November 20 , 1997 ) . `` Lemieux Teary as His Jersey Retired '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honors / Awards '' ( PDF ) . 2016.17 Pittsburgh Penguins Media Guide . Pittsburgh Penguins. 2016 . p. 291 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foster Hewitt Memorial Award winners '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award Winners '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Francis '' . Legends of Hockey . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Molinari , Dave ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Penguins Notebook : Patrick undecided on whether to sign No. 1 pick Fleury '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- All Skaters -- Career for Franchise -- Career Points -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- Goalie -- Goalie Career for Franchise -- Career Wins -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Champions and Finalists '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Presidents ' Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Wales Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Calder Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Lester Patrick Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bridgestone Messier Leadership Award '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` NHL General Manager of the Year Award '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` NHL All - Star Game MVPs '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/nhl/murrays-playoff-shutout-streak-ends-at-nearly-4-full-games/ar-AAvRwxf Jump up ^ `` Flyers - Penguins Is The NHL 's Best Rivalry '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' I think this is currently the biggest rivalry in the NHL . '' -- Four former NHL players talk Penguins vs. Flyers `` . Vox Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NHL 's 10 Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers Head - to - Head Results '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ Three years later , the Flyers won the sixth playoff meeting between the clubs to advance to the Conference Semi-finals . Moldovanyi , Rick ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Philadelphia Flyers : The Best Rivalry in the NHL Today ? '' . The Hockey Writers . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins vs Blue Jackets : The NHL 's Next Big Rivalry '' . 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins ' fans dominate Nationwide Arena '' . Jump up ^ Schram , Carol . `` New Rivalries Getting Better in the 2016 - 17 NHL Season '' . Jump up ^ Portzline , Aaron . `` Blue Jackets -- Coaches ' rivalry is friendly -- for now '' . Jump up ^ `` Sidney Crosby had memorable year at Minnesota prep school '' . Jump up ^ `` Dubinsky -- Crosby 's nemesis -- gets the last laugh on Friday '' . 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Steigerwald , John ( 2010 ) . Just Watch the Game . Renaissance News , Inc. p. 117 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Collier , Gene ( 2008 - 05 - 25 ) . `` This is Hockeytown ? '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Shelly ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Penguins Notebook : In this case , No. 20 ranking is huge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Sports Report -- Can the Penguins challenge the Steelers for popularity in Pittsburgh ? By John A. Phillips '' . www.pittsburghsportsreport.com . Jump up ^ `` Scenes from Pittsburgh '' . Cleveland Cavaliers . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Regular Season Records : Field Goals '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins Start With Many Goalies on Team '' . Observer - Reporter . September 13 , 1967 . p . Page 4 , Section D . Jump up ^ Crechiolo , Michelle ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` UPMC Lemieux Sports Complex Has Grand Opening '' . The Pittsburgh Penguins . NHL.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New site in Cranberry chosen for UPMC - Penguins joint development -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ http://www.frozenfaceoff.net/2013/03/all-about-nhl-goal-horns-part-2.html Jump up ^ `` NHL Videos and Highlights '' . NHL.com . Jump up ^ `` Penguins , Nailers renew affiliation agreement -- Pittsburgh Sporting News '' . 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The NHL Pittsburgh Penguins get a full - time HD - 2 channel from ' The X . ' '' . Taylor on Radio - Info . Radio-Info.com. 2009 - 05 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NHLPenguins.ru -- English Site '' . Pittsburgh Penguins. 2009 - 11 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sportscaster Ed Conway Dies '' , The Pittsburgh Press , Pittsburgh , p. 67 , May 29 , 1974 Jump up ^ Neill , Barbara M. ( July -- August 2008 ) , `` Swimming Against The Tide : The Unpredictable Life of Eleanor Schano '' , Laurel Mountain Post , Pittsburgh , pp. 4 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Time For Hockey Fans '' . pbrtv.com. April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan Palmer ( April 15 , 2003 ) . `` Penguins Fire Coach Rick Kehoe '' . kdsk.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Media Affiliates -- Schedule '' . Pittsburgh Penguins . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://triblive.com/sports/penguins/12759581-74/penguins-radio-broadcaster-mike-lange-to-cut-back-on-schedule Further reading ( edit ) Buker , Rick ( 2010 ) . Total Penguins : the definitive encyclopedia of the Pittsburgh Penguins . Chicago , Ill : Triumph Books . ISBN 9781600783975 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pittsburgh Penguins . Official website Pittsburgh Penguins Founded in 1967 Based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Affiliates Foundation Current season History 1967 expansion Owners Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Ronald Burkle Mario Lemieux General manager Jim Rutherford Head coach Mike Sullivan Team captain Sidney Crosby Current roster Arenas Civic Arena PPG Paints Arena Rivalries Philadelphia Flyers Washington Capitals Affiliates AHL Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Wheeling Nailers Media Networks TV AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh Radio WXDX WBGG Broadcasters TV Steve Mears Bob Errey Radio Mike Lange Phil Bourque Culture and lore Penguins -- Islanders brawl Bob Gessner Iceburgh Jeff Jimerson Vince Lascheid Penguin Pete Penguins lore Russian Penguins Sudden Death `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam 2008 NHL Winter Classic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Stadium Series 2019 NHL Stadium Series Links to related articles Preceded by Edmonton Oilers Stanley Cup champions 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 Succeeded by Montreal Canadiens Preceded by Detroit Red Wings Stanley Cup champions 2008 -- 09 Succeeded by Chicago Blackhawks Preceded by Chicago Blackhawks Stanley Cup champions 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Succeeded by Washington Capitals Pittsburgh Penguins seasons 1960s 1960 -- 61 . 1961 -- 62 . 1962 -- 63 . 1963 -- 64 . 1964 -- 65 . 1965 -- 66 . 1966 -- 67 . 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2018 -- 19 season Sports teams based in Pennsylvania Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders EL Altoona Curve Erie SeaWolves Harrisburg Senators Reading Fightin Phils NYPL State College Spikes Williamsport Crosscutters ALPB Lancaster Barnstormers York Revolution FL Washington Wild Things Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Erie BayHawks Cricket Lehigh Valley Cricket Club Philadelphia Cricket Club Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks LFL Pittsburgh Rebellion WFA Keystone Assault Philadelphia Phantomz Pittsburgh Passion IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds WSFL Erie Illusion Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins AHL Hershey Bears Lehigh Valley Phantoms Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Reading Royals OHL Erie Otters NAHL Johnstown Tomahawks Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights EHL Central Penn Panthers Lehigh Valley Jr . 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Pitt Hornets Keystones Lyceum Panthers Phantoms Pirates Pirates ( WPHL ) Pros Shamrocks Victorias Winter Garden Yellow Jackets Soccer Riverhounds SC Beadling Cannons Hurricanes Phantoms Spirit Other Sledgehammers Bulls Harlequins PCC Triangles Wallabies Studio Wrestling Dirty Dozen Venues PPG Paints Arena Heinz Field PNC Park 84 Lumber Arena Fitzgerald Field House Highmark Stadium Palumbo Center Petersen Events Center Petersen Sports Complex Rooney Field Trees Hall Central Park Civic Arena Duquesne Gardens Exposition Park Forbes Field Josh Gibson Field Greenlee Field Motor Square Garden Pitt Stadium Recreation Park Schenley Gardens Sewall Center Three Rivers Winter Garden Ice hockey portal Pittsburgh portal Pennsylvania portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh_Penguins&oldid=855016049 '' Categories : 1967 establishments in Pennsylvania Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1998 Ice hockey clubs established in 1967 Ice hockey teams in Pittsburgh Metropolitan Division National Hockey League in Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Penguins Professional ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 10 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the pittsburgh penguins come into the nhl
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"The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league's original expansion from six to twelve teams. The Penguins played in the Civic Arena, also known as The Igloo, from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009–10 season, when they moved to the PPG Paints Arena. The 1992–93 Penguins won the franchise's first-ever Presidents' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season. In addition to their eight division titles, they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals, winning the Stanley Cup five times – in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017. Along with the Edmonton Oilers, the Penguins are tied for the most Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall. With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017, the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years (since the 1997–98 Detroit Red Wings) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap.\n"
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LS based GM small-block engine
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LS based GM small - block engine - wikipedia LS based GM small - block engine Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with the Chevrolet small - block engine . LS based GM small - block engine Overview Manufacturer General Motors Production 1996 -- present Layout Configuration OHV V8 Chronology Predecessor Chevrolet Small - Block engine Northstar engine The LS based GM small - block engine is the primary V - 8 used in General Motors ' line of rear - wheel - drive cars and trucks . Introduced in January 1995 , it is a `` clean sheet '' design with only rod bearings and bore spacing in common with the longstanding Chevrolet small block V8 that preceded it as the basis for GM small - block V8s . The basic LS variations use cast iron blocks , while performance editions are all aluminium with cast iron cylinder liners . The LS small - block has been manufactured in three Generations -- III , IV , and V -- with preceding Generations I and II of modular GM small - block engines having been based on the Chevrolet small - block V8 originally designed in 1955 . GM recycled the `` LT '' designation beginning with the LS Generation V `` LT1 '' in 2014 . Several versions of the LS were used in the Chevrolet Corvette , beginning with the LS1 in 1997 through the LS9 and others in 2013 . Variants of the LT version of the GM small - block have been used since . Contents ( hide ) 1 Generation III ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1.1 3.898 in bore blocks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1.1. 1 5.7 L 1.2 3.78 in bore blocks ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.2. 1 4.8 L LR4 1.2. 2 5.3 L 1.2. 2.1 LM7 1.2. 2.2 L59 1.2. 2.3 LM4 1.2. 2.4 L33 1.3 4.00 in bore blocks ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.3. 1 6.0 L 1.3. 1.1 LQ4 1.3. 1.2 LQ9 2 Generation IV ( 2005 -- present ) 2.1 4.00 in bore blocks ( 2005 -- present ) 2.1. 1 6.0 L 2.2 3.78 in bore blocks ( 2005 -- present ) 2.2. 1 4.8 L 2.2. 1.1 LY2 2.2. 1.2 L20 2.2. 2 5.3 L 2.2. 2.1 LMF 2.2. 2.2 LH6 2.2. 2.3 LY5 2.2. 2.4 LMG 2.2. 2.5 LC9 2.2. 2.6 LH8 2.2. 2.7 LH9 2.2. 2.8 LS4 2.3 4.125 in bore blocks ( 2006 -- present ) 2.3. 1 7.0 L 2.4 4.06 in bore blocks ( 2007 -- present ) 2.4. 1 6.2 L 3 Generation V ( 2013 -- present ) 3.1 4.06 in bore blocks ( 2014 -- present ) 3.1. 1 6.2 L 3.2 3.78 in bore blocks ( 2014 -- present ) 3.2. 1 5.3 L 3.3 3.921 in bore blocks ( 2014 -- present ) 3.3. 1 4.3 L 4 Engine table 5 Problems 6 Build - your - own program 7 Aftermarket 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Generation III ( 1996 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Generation III Overview Manufacturer General Motors Also called Vortec Production 1996 - 2007 Layout Configuration V8 Displacement 4,807 cc ( 293.3 cu in ) 5,328 cc ( 325.1 cu in ) 5,665 cc ( 345.7 cu in ) 5,967 cc ( 364.1 cu in ) Cylinder bore 96.01 mm ( 3.780 in ) 99 mm ( 3.9 in ) 101.6 mm ( 4.00 in ) Piston stroke 83 mm ( 3.3 in ) 92 mm ( 3.6 in ) Cylinder block alloy Aluminium Cast iron Cylinder head alloy Aluminium Cast iron Valvetrain OHV Combustion Fuel system Sequential multi-port fuel injection Fuel type Gasoline Oil system Wet sump Cooling system Water - cooled Chronology Predecessor Generation I Generation II Successor Generation IV The GM Generation I and Generation II ( LT ) engine families both derived from the longstanding Chevrolet small block V8 . The Generation III small - block V8 was a `` clean sheet '' design , which replaced the Gen I and Gen II engine families in 2003 and 1996 respectively . Like the previous two generations , the Buick and Oldsmobile small blocks , the gen III / IV can be found in many different brands . The engine blocks were cast in aluminium for car applications , and iron for most truck applications ( notable exceptions include the Chevrolet TrailBlazer SS , Chevrolet SSR and a limited run of Chevrolet / GMC Extended Cab Standard Box Trucks ) . The architecture of the LS series makes for an extremely strong engine block with the aluminium engines being nearly as strong as the iron generation I and II engines . The LS engine also used coil - near - plug style ignition to replace the distributor setup of all previous small - block based engines . The traditional five - bolt pentagonal cylinder head pattern was replaced with a square four - bolt design ( much like the 64 - 90 Oldsmobile V8 ) , and the pistons are of the flat - topped variety ( in the LS1 , LS2 , LS3 , LS6 , LS7 , LQ9 and L33 ) , while all other variants , including the new LS9 and LQ4 truck engine received a dished version of the GM hypereutectic piston . The cylinder firing order was changed to 1 - 8 - 7 - 2 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 , so that the LS series now corresponds to the firing pattern of other modern V8 engines ( for example the Ford Modular V8 ) . 3.898 in bore blocks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) The first of the Generation IIIs , the LS1 was the progenitor of the new architecture design that would transform the entire V8 line and influence the last of the Big Blocks . 5.7 L ( edit ) GM LS1 engine in a Chevrolet Camaro GM LS1 engine in a Chevrolet Corvette C5 The Generation III 5.7 L shares little other than similar displacement , external dimensions , and rod bearings , with its predecessor ( LT1 ) . It is an all - aluminium 5,665 cc ( 5.665 L ; 345.7 cu in ) pushrod engine with a bore of 3.898 in ( 99.0 mm ) and a stroke of 3.62 in ( 92 mm ) . LS1 When introduced in the 1997 Corvette the LS1 was rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5,600 rpm and 350 lbf ⋅ ft ( 470 N ⋅ m ) at 4,400 rpm . After improvements to the intake and exhaust manifolds in 2001 the rating improved to 350 hp ( 260 kW ) and 365 lbf ⋅ ft ( 495 N ⋅ m ) . The LS1 was used in the Corvette from 97 - 04 . It was also used in 98 - 02 GM F - Body ( Camaro & Trans Am ) cars with a rating of 305 -- 325 + HP , which was rumored to be conservative . The extra horsepower was claimed to come from the intake ram - air effect available in the SS and WS6 models . In Australia , continuous modifications were made to the LS1 engine throughout its lifetime , reaching 380 hp / 365 ft - lb in the HSV 's YII series , and a Callaway modified version named `` C4B '' was fitted to HSV GTS models producing 400 hp and 405 ft - lb , which was always considered over rated due to never being able to keep up with the Ford XR6 turbo of that same era which had a lower but more modest power output . Applications : 1997 -- 2004 Chevrolet Corvette 1998 -- 2002 Pontiac Firebird Formula , Trans Am 1998 -- 2002 Chevrolet Camaro 1999 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Clubsport ( VT , VX , Y Series ) 1999 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Clubsport R8 ( VT , VX , Y Series ) 1999 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Grange ( VT , VX , Y Series ) 1999 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles GTS ( VT , VX , Y Series ) 1999 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Maloo ( VT , VX , Y Series ) 1999 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Senator Signature ( VT , VX , Y Series ) 2000 -- 2005 Holden Ute 1999 -- 2005 Holden Commodore ( VT , VX , VY , VZ ) 1999 -- 2005 Holden Statesman ( WH , WK , WL ) 1999 -- 2005 Holden Caprice ( WH , WK , WL ) 2000 -- 2002 Holden Special Vehicles Senator 300 ( VX ) 2000 -- 2002 Holden Special Vehicles Coupé GTO ( VX ) 2000 -- 2002 Holden Special Vehicles Coupé GTS ( VX ) 2000 -- 2002 Holden Special Vehicles SV300 ( VX ) 2000 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Maloo R8 ( VX , Y Series ) 2001 Opel Omega V8 ( prototype ) 2001 -- 2005 Holden Monaro CV8 2005 Holden Monaro CV8 Z 2001 -- 2005 CSV Mondo 2001 -- 2013 Mosler MT900 2003 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Clubsport SE ( Y Series ) 2003 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Coupé LE ( Y Series ) 2003 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Coupé4 AWD ( Y Series ) 2003 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Avalanche XUV ( Y Series ) 2003 -- 2004 Holden Special Vehicles Avalanche XUV AWD ( Y Series ) 2004 Pontiac GTO 2006 -- present Elfin MS8 Streamliner 2006 -- present Elfin MS8 Clubman GM LS6 engine in a Chevrolet Corvette Z06 LS6 The LS6 designation was also used on a 454 CID Chevrolet Big - Block engine of the 1970s , as well as an iteration of the GM Iron Duke engine from the late 1970s The LS6 is a higher - output version of GM 's LS1 engine and retains the same capacity . The initial 2001 LS6 produced 385 bhp ( 287 kW ) and 385 lbf ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) , but the engine was modified for 2002 through 2004 to produce 405 bhp ( 302 kW ) and 400 lbf ⋅ ft ( 540 N ⋅ m ) of torque . The LS6 was originally only used in the high - performance C5 Corvette Z06 model , with the Cadillac CTS V - Series getting the 400 bhp ( 300 kW ) engine later . The V - Series used the LS6 for two years before being replaced by the LS2 in 2006 . For 2006 , the Z06 replaced the LS6 with the new LS7 . The LS6 shares its basic block architecture with the GM LS1 engine , but other changes were made to the design such as windows cast into the block between cylinders , improved main web strength and bay to bay breathing , an intake manifold and MAF - sensor with higher flow , a camshaft with higher lift and more duration , a higher compression ratio of 10.5 : 1 , sodium - filled valves , and a revised oiling system better suited to high lateral acceleration . LS6 intake manifolds were also used on all 2001 + LS1 / 6 engines . The casting number , located on the top rear edge of the block , is 12561168 . Applications : 2001 - 2004 Corvette Z06 2004 -- 2005 Cadillac CTS V - Series 2007 SSC Ultimate Aero TT 3.78 in bore blocks ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The 4.8 L and the 5.3 L are smaller truck versions of the LS1 and were designed to replace the 305 and the 350 in trucks . Both the 4.8 L and the 5.3 L share the same engine block , heads ( upper end ) and as they share architecture , some parts interchange freely between these engines and other variants in the LS family . 4.8 L LR4 ( edit ) The Vortec 4800 LR4 ( VIN code `` V '' ) is a Generation III small block V8 truck engine . Displacement is 4.8 L ( 293 cu in ) with a 96.01 mm ( 3.78 inch ) bore and 83 mm ( 3.267 inch ) stroke . It is the smallest of the Generation III Vortec truck engines and was the replacement for the 5.0 L 5000 L30 . The LR4 engines in 1999 produced 255 hp ( 190 kW ) while the 2000 and above models made 270 -- 285 hp ( 201 -- 213 kW ) and all have a torque rating between 285 -- 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 386 -- 400 N ⋅ m ) , depending on the model year and application . The 2005 - 2006 models made 285 hp ( 213 kW ) and 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) , LR4s are manufactured at St. Catharines , Ontario and Romulus , Michigan . It uses flat top pistons . LR4 applications : 2003 -- 2006 Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana 1999 -- 2006 Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra 1500 2000 -- 2006 Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon 5.3 L ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 , or LM7 / L59 / LM4 , is a V8 truck engine . It is a longer - stroked ( by 9 mm ( 0.35 in ) ) version of the Vortec 4800 and replaced the L31 . L59 denoted a flexible fuel version of the standard fuel LM7 engine . Displacement is 5.3 L ( 5,328 cc ( 325.1 cu in ) ) from 3.78 - inch ( 96 mm ) bore and 3.622 - inch ( 92.0 mm ) stroke . Vortec 5300s are built in St. Catharines , Ontario and Romulus , Michigan . Another engine variant , the L33 , shares the same displacement , but has an aluminum block with cast in cylinder liners , much like the LS1 . LM7 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LM7 ( VIN code 8th digit `` T '' ) was introduced in 1999 . It has a cast iron block and aluminum heads , and can be considered the `` garden variety '' version of the Generation III V8s . The 1999 LM7 engine produced 270 hp ( 201 kW ) and 315 lb ft of torque ( 427 N m ) . The 2000 - 2003 engines made 285 hp ( 213 kW ) and 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) . The 2004 - 2007 engines made 295 hp and 335 lb ft of torque . The stock cam specs @ . 050 duration are : 190 / 191 duration , . 466 /. 457 lift , 114 LSA , 112 / 116 Timing LM7 applications : 2002 -- 2005 Cadillac Escalade 2WD 2002 -- 2006 Chevrolet Avalanche 2003 -- 2007 Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana 1999 -- 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 1999 -- 2007 GMC Sierra 1500 2000 -- 2006 Chevrolet Suburban / GMC Yukon XL 1500 2000 -- 2006 Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon L59 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 L59 ( VIN code `` Z '' ) is a flexible fuel version of the LM7 . The 2002 - 2003 made 285 hp ( 213 kW ) and 320 lb ⋅ ft ( 434 N ⋅ m ) , while the 2004 - 2007 L59s made 295 hp ( 220 kW ) and 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) . L59 applications : 2002 -- 2007 Chevrolet Avalanche Z71 Package 2002 -- 2006 Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon 2002 -- 2006 Chevrolet Suburban / GMC Yukon XL 1500 2002 -- 2007 GMC Sierra 1500 / Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LM4 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LM4 ( VIN code `` P '' ) is an aluminum block version of the LM7 , and had a short production life . The LM4s made 290 hp ( 216 kW ) and 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) , It should not be confused with the L33 described below . LM4 applications : 2003 -- 2005 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT 2003 -- 2004 Isuzu Ascender 2003 - 2004 GMC Envoy XL 2003 -- 2004 Chevrolet SSR 2004 Buick Rainier L33 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 L33 ( VIN code `` B '' ) is an aluminum block version of the LM7 , and was referred to as the Vortec 5300 HO in marketing materials . However it should be noted that the L33 uses a flat top piston from the 4.8 L instead of the standard dish piston found in the LM7 . It also uses 799 cylinder heads , which are identical to the 243 casting found on the LS6 and LS2 with the exception to the Corvette spec valve springs , and hollow stem exhaust valves on the 2002 - 2004 LS6 . This combination increased the compression from 9.5 : 1 to 10.0 : 1 . The L33 also had a specific camshaft not shared with any other engine , The cam specs @ . 050 duration are : 193 duration , . 482 lift , 116 LSA . As a result , power increased by 15 hp ( 11 kW ) , to 310 hp ( 230 kW ) and 335 lb ft ( 441 N m ) . It was only available on extended cab 4WD pickup trucks . Only 25 % of trucks made in 2005 had the L33 engine . L33 applications : 2005 -- 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4WD 2005 -- 2007 GMC Sierra 1500 4WD 400 in bore blocks ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The 6.0 L is a larger truck version of the LS motor , with the exception that the blocks were cast of iron , and was designed to bridge the gap between the new small blocks and big blocks in truck applications . There were two version of this engine : the LQ4 and the LQ9 , the latter being more performance oriented . Although the block of the 6.0 L looks similar to the LS1 , they are iron instead of aluminum . 6.0 L ( edit ) The Vortec 6000 is a V8 truck engine . Displacement is 5.97 L ( 364 cu in ) from 101.6 mm ( 4.00 `` ) bore and 92 mm ( 3.622 '' ) stroke . It is an iron / aluminum ( 1999 & 2000 model year engines had cast iron heads ) design and produces 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) to 345 horsepower ( 257 kW ) and 360 lbf ⋅ ft ( 490 N ⋅ m ) to 380 lbf ⋅ ft ( 520 N ⋅ m ) . LQ4 ( edit ) The Vortec 6000 LQ4 , is a V8 truck engine . Displacement is 5.97 L ( 364 cu in ) from a 4.0 - inch ( 101.6 mm ) bore and 3.622 - inch ( 92.0 mm ) stroke . It is an iron / aluminum ( 1999 & 2000 model year engines had cast iron heads ) design and produces 300 hp ( 224 kW ) to 325 hp and 360 lb ⋅ ft ( 488 N ⋅ m ) to 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) . LQ4s are built in Romulus , Michigan and Silao , Mexico . ( VIN U ) Applications : Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana Chevrolet Silverado 2500 Pickup , 3500 Pickup , Crew Cab , and Chassis Cab / GMC Sierra 2500 HD Pickup and Crew Cab , C3 , Denali , and 3500 Pickup and Chassis Cab , 1500HD Crew Cab Chevrolet Suburban / GMC Yukon XL Denali Hummer H2 SUT GMC Yukon Denali LQ9 ( edit ) The Vortec HO 6000 or VortecMAX is a special high - output version of the Vortec 6000 V8 truck engine originally designed for Cadillac . This engine was renamed as the VortecMAX for 2006 . It features high - compression ( 10 : 1 ) flat - top pistons for an extra 10 hp ( 7 kW ) and 10 lb ⋅ ft ( 14 N ⋅ m ) , bringing output to 345 hp ( 257 kW ) and 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) . LQ9s are built only in Romulus , Michigan . LQ9 ( VIN N ) Applications : 2002 -- 2006 Cadillac Escalade AWD 2006 Cadillac Escalade 2WD 2002 -- 2006 Cadillac Escalade EXT 2003 -- 2006 Cadillac Escalade ESV 2003 -- 2007 Chevrolet Silverado SS 2004 -- 2006 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra Vortec HO Edition , Silverado / Sierra Performance Edition 2005 - 2006 GMC Sierra Denali pickup and Yukon Denali 2007 Classic Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra VortecMAX & Silverado / Sierra Performance Edition Generation IV ( 2005 -- present ) ( edit ) Generation IV Overview Manufacturer General Motors Also called Vortec Production 2005 -- present Layout Configuration V8 Displacement 4,807 cc ( 293.3 cu in ) 5,328 cc ( 325.1 cu in ) 5,967 cc ( 364.1 cu in ) 6,162 cc ( 376.0 cu in ) 7,008 cc ( 427.7 cu in ) Cylinder bore 96.01 mm ( 3.780 in ) 101.6 mm ( 4.00 in ) 103.25 mm ( 4.065 in ) 104.775 mm ( 4.1250 in ) Piston stroke 83 mm ( 3.3 in ) 92 mm ( 3.6 in ) 101.6 mm ( 4.00 in ) Cylinder block alloy Aluminum Cast iron Cylinder head alloy Aluminum Valvetrain OHV Combustion Fuel system Sequential multi-port fuel injection Fuel type Gasoline E85 Oil system Wet sump Cooling system Water - cooled Chronology Predecessor Generation III Successor Generation V In 2005 , the Generation III was superseded by the Generation IV . This category of engines has provisions for high - displacement ranges up to 7,011 cc ( 7.011 L ; 427.8 cu in ) and power output to 638 bhp ( 476 kW ) . Based on the Generation III design , Generation IV was designed with displacement on demand in mind , a technology that allows every other cylinder in the firing order to be deactivated . It can also accommodate variable valve timing . A 3 - valve per cylinder design was originally slated for the LS7 , which would have been a first for a GM pushrod engine ; but the idea was shelved owing to design complexities and when the same two - valve configuration as the other Generation III and IV engines proved to be sufficient to meet the goals for the LS7 . 400 in bore blocks ( 2005 -- present ) ( edit ) This family of blocks were the first of the generation IV small block with the LS2 being the progenitor of this family and generation . This family of blocks has seen a wide range of applications from performance vehicles to truck usage . 6.0 L ( edit ) The Generation IV 6000 is a V8 engine that displaces 5,967 cc ( 364.1 cu in ) from 101.6 mm ( 4.000 in ) bore and 92 mm ( 3.622 in ) stroke . It features either a cast iron or aluminum engine block with cast aluminum heads . Certain versions feature variable cam phasing , Active Fuel Management , and Flex - fuel capability . LS2 LS2 can also refer to the 1973 -- 1974 Super Duty 455 CID Pontiac V8 engine LS2 can also refer to the 1985 Oldsmobile Diesel V6 engine . GM LS2 engine in a 2005 Chevrolet Corvette The LS2 was introduced as the Corvette 's new base engine for the 2005 model year . It also appeared as the standard powerplant for the 2005 -- 2006 GTO . It produces 400 bhp ( 300 kW ) at 6000 rpm and 400 lb ⋅ ft ( 542 N ⋅ m ) at 4400 rpm from a slightly larger displacement of 5,967 cc ( 5.967 L ; 364.1 cu in ) . It is similar to the high - performance LS6 , but with improved torque throughout the rpm range . The LS2 uses the `` 243 '' casting heads used on the LS6 ( although without the sodium - filled valves ) , a smaller camshaft , and an additional 18 cubic inches . The compression of the LS2 was also raised to 10.9 : 1 compared to the LS1s ' 10.25 : 1 and the LS6s ' 10.5 : 1 . The LS2 in the E-series HSVs are modified in Australia to produce 412 bhp ( 307 kW ) and 412 lbft . The LS2 in the Chevrolet Trailblazer SS and the Saab 9 - 7X Aero are rated at 395 bhp ( 295 kW ) ( 2006 -- 2007 ) or 390 bhp ( 290 kW ) ( 2008 -- 2009 ) and 400 lb ⋅ ft ( 542 N ⋅ m ) of torque due to a different ( sometimes referred to as a `` truck '' ) intake manifold that produces more torque at lower RPMs . The LS2 is also used as the basis of the NASCAR Specification Engine that is used as an optional engine in NASCAR 's Camping World Series East and West divisions starting in 2006 , and starting in 2010 may also be used on tracks shorter than two kilometers ( 1.25 miles ) in the Camping World Truck Series . A version of NASCAR V8 cylinder block cast in Compacted Graphite Iron by Grainger & Worrall won the UK 's Casting of the Year Award 2010 . Applications : 2005 - 2007 Chevrolet Corvette 2005 - 2006 Chevrolet SSR 2006 -- 2009 Chevrolet TrailBlazer SS 2006 -- 2007 Cadillac CTS V - Series 2005 - 2006 Holden Monaro family : 2005 -- 2006 Pontiac GTO 2005 -- 2006 Vauxhall Monaro VXR 2005 -- 2006 HSV Coupé GTO 2005 -- 2006 HSV SV6000 2005 -- 2008 HSV Clubsport R8 , Maloo R8 , Senator Signature and GTS 2005 -- 2008 HSV Grange 2008 -- 2009 Saab 9 - 7X Aero L76 The L76 is derived from the LS2 . And like the LS2 it features an aluminum engine block . However , the L76 does feature Active fuel management ( AFM ) . While the displacement on demand technology was disabled on Holdens , this feature is enabled on the 2008 Pontiac G8 GT and subsequently refitted in the 2009 model Holdens with AFM enabled , but only on models fitted with the 6L80 Automatic Transmission . The engine also meets Euro III emissions requirements . Output is 348 bhp ( 260 kW ) at 5600 rpm and 376 lb ⋅ ft ( 510 N ⋅ m ) at 4400 rpm for the Holden variant , and 361 bhp ( 269 kW ) and 385 lb ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) for the G8 GT . The Vortec 6000 or new VortecMax version is based on the Holden L76 engine , and features variable cam phasing , along with Active Fuel Management . It can be considered the replacement for the Generation III LQ9 engine . It produces 367 hp ( 274 kW ) at 5400 rpm and 375 lb ⋅ ft ( 508 N ⋅ m ) at 4400 rpm . Production of the Vortec 6000 started in late 2006 , and is only available with the new body style Silverado and Sierra . The final year for the option of the VortecMax engine was 2009 in the Silverado and Sierra . Applications : 2006 Holden VZ Commodore - Those built from February 2006 until July 2006 until the release of the VE series . 2006 Holden WL Statesman / Caprice - Those built from February 2006 until September 2006 until the release of the WM series . 2008 -- 2009 Pontiac G8 GT 2008 -- 2010 Holden VE Commodore ( automatic only ) 2008 -- 2010 Holden VE Ute ( automatic only ) 2008 -- 2010 Holden WM Statesman / Caprice 2007 -- 2009 Chevrolet Suburban 2007 -- 2009 Chevrolet Avalanche 2007 -- 2009 Chevrolet Silverado 2007 -- 2009 GMC Sierra 2007 -- 2009 GMC Yukon XL L98 For the tuned - port Generation I engine of the same RPO , see Chevrolet L98 The L98 is a slightly modified version of the L76 . Since Holden did not use the displacement on demand technology of the L76 , some redundant hardware was removed to form the L98. Power increased to 362 bhp ( 270 kW ) at 5700 rpm and 391 lb ⋅ ft ( 530 N ⋅ m ) at 4400 rpm . Applications : 2006 - 2007 Holden VZ Ute 2006 -- 2010 Holden VE Commodore ( manual only from 2008 -- 2010 ) 2006 -- 2010 Holden VE Ute ( manual only from 2008 -- 2010 ) 2006 -- 2008 Holden WM Statesman / Caprice L77 L77 can also refer to the 455 Oldsmobile big block . L77 engines were released in the Holden Commodore Series II VE range in both manual and automatic transmissions , along with the Chevrolet Caprice police car . The L77 differs from the L76 with its inclusion of Flex - fuel capability , allowing it to run on E85 ethanol . The L77 is rated at 362 hp ( 270 kW ) and 391lbft ( 530Nm ) of torque in the manual Commodore SS and SS - V , in automatic Commodores it is rated at 348 hp ( 260 kW ) and 382lbft ( 517Nm ) of torque . Applications : 2010 -- 2013 Holden VE II Commodore 2013 - 2015 Holden VF Commodore 2010 -- 2013 Holden VE II Ute 2013 - 2015 Holden VF Ute 2010 -- 2013 Holden WM Caprice 2013 - 2015 Holden WN Caprice 2011 - 2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV LY6 The LY6 is a Generation IV small block V8 truck engine with a cast iron block . It shares the same bore and stroke as its LQ4 predecessor . Like other Gen IV engines , it features variable valve timing . It generated 361 horsepower at 5,600 rpm and 385 lb - ft of torque at 4,400 rpm using `` regular '' gas , or ~ 87 octane . Redline is 6,000 rpm and compression ratio is 9.6 : 1 . This engine uses L92 / LS3 style rectangle port cylinder heads , though without the sodium - filled exhaust valves of the LS3 . Applications : 2007 -- 2009 Chevrolet Silverado HD 2007 -- 2009 GMC Sierra HD 2007 -- 2013 Chevrolet Suburban 3 / 4 ton 2007 -- 2013 GMC Yukon XL 3 / 4 ton L96 The L96 is essentially identical to its predecessor , the LY6 . The primary difference is that the former is Flex Fuel capable , while the latter was not . Applications : 2010 -- present Chevrolet Silverado HD 2010 -- present GMC Sierra HD 2010 -- 2013 Chevrolet Suburban 3 / 4 ton 2010 -- 2013 GMC Yukon XL 3 / 4 ton 2016 -- present Chevrolet Suburban 3500 2010 -- present Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana LFA The LFA is a Generation IV small block V8 truck engine . The LFA variant is used in the GM 's `` two mode '' hybrid GMT900 trucks and SUVs , and is an all - aluminum design . It has a 10.8 : 1 compression ratio and produces 332 hp ( 248 kW ) at 5100 rpm and 367 lb ⋅ ft ( 498 N ⋅ m ) at 4100 rpm . Engine VIN code of 5 . In 2008 this engine was selected by Wards as one of the 10 best engines in any regular production vehicle . Applications : 2008 -- 2009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2008 -- 2009 GMC Yukon Hybrid 2008 - 2009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2008 - 2009 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 2008 - 2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid LZ1 The LZ1 is almost entirely based on its predecessor , the LFA , but with some revisions , such as including up - integrated electronic throttle control , long - life spark plugs , GM 's Oil Life System , Active Fuel Management and variable valve timing . It has the same compression ratio , power and torque ratings as its predecessor , the LFA . Applications : 2010 -- 2013 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2010 -- 2013 GMC Yukon Hybrid 2010 -- 2013 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2010 -- 2013 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 2010 -- 2013 GMC Sierra Hybrid 3.78 in bore blocks ( 2005 -- present ) ( edit ) This family of blocks is just an updated version of its Generation III predecessor with Generation IV updates and capabilities . Applications of this family were mainly for trucks but did see some mild usage ( with some modifications ) in front - wheel - drive cars . 4.8 L ( edit ) LY2 ( edit ) The Vortec 4800 LY2 ( VIN code `` C '' ) is a Generation IV small block V8 truck engine . Like its LR4 predecessor , it gets its displacement from a 96.01 mm ( 3.780 in ) bore and 83 mm ( 3.268 in ) stroke . The smallest member of the Generation IV engine family , it is unique in that it is the only member of that family that is used in trucks that does not feature variable valve timing.It has a cast iron block . Power output is 260 -- 295 hp ( 194 -- 220 kW ) and torque is 295 -- 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 -- 414 N ⋅ m ) . LY2 applications : 2008 -- 2009 Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana 2007 -- 2009 Chevrolet Silverado 2007 -- 2009 Chevrolet Tahoe 2007 -- 2009 GMC Sierra 2007 -- 2009 GMC Yukon L20 ( edit ) The Vortec 4800 L20 makes more power and features variable valve timing . The system adjusts both intake and exhaust timing , but does not come with Active Fuel Management . The L20 has a cast iron block and power output is 260 -- 302 hp ( 194 -- 225 kW ) while torque is 295 -- 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 -- 414 N ⋅ m ) . The Vortec 4800 base engines were dropped from the Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon in favor of the 5300 with Active Fuel Management . L20 applications : 2010 -- 2017 Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana 2010 -- 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 2010 -- 2013 GMC Sierra 5.3 L ( edit ) The Generation IV 5.3 L engines share all the improvements and refinements found in other Generation IV engines . 8 versions of the Gen IV 5.3 L engine were produced : 3 iron blocks ( LY5 , LMG , and LMF ) and 5 aluminum blocks ( LH6 , LH8 , LH9 , LC9 , and LS4 ) . All versions featured Active Fuel Management except for the LH8 , LH9 and LMF . LMF ( edit ) Introduced in 2010 , the LMF is a lower tech version used in the lower volume half ton vehicles cargo vans with AWD that still used the 4 speed automatic , and do not use Active Fuel Management . 2014 was the last year for the GM full size 1 / 2 ton cargo vans . 3 / 4 and 1 ton are still in production . LMF applications : 2010 - 2014 Chevrolet Express 1 / 2 ton AWD 2010 - 2014 GMC Savana 1 / 2 ton AWD LH6 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LH6 ( VIN code `` M '' ) with Active Fuel Management replaced the LM4 for 2005 , and was the first of the Generation IV small block V8 truck engines to go into production . The LH6 produced 300 hp ( 220 kW ) to 315 hp ( 235 kW ) and 330 lb ⋅ ft ( 447 N ⋅ m ) to 338 lb ⋅ ft ( 458 N ⋅ m ) . It is the aluminum block counterpart to the LY5 . LH6 applications : 2005 -- 2009 Chevrolet TrailBlazer including EXT ( through 2006 ) 2005 -- 2009 GMC Envoy Denali 2005 -- 2006 GMC Envoy XL 2005 GMC Envoy XUV 2005 -- 2007 Buick Rainier 2005 -- 2009 Saab 9 - 7X 2005 -- 2007 Isuzu Ascender 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2007 - 2009 GMC Sierra 1500 LY5 ( edit ) Introduced in 2007 , the Vortec 5300 LY5 ( VIN code `` J '' ) is the replacement for the LM7 Generation III engine . For SUV applications , it is rated at 320 hp ( 239 kW ) and 340 lb ⋅ ft ( 461 N ⋅ m ) of torque ; for pickup truck applications , it is rated at 315 -- 320 hp ( 235 -- 239 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 335 -- 340 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 -- 461 N ⋅ m ) at 4000 rpm LY5 applications : 2007 - 2014 Chevrolet Avalanche 2007 -- 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2007 -- 2014 Chevrolet Suburban 1 / 2 ton 2007 -- 2014 Chevrolet Tahoe 2007 -- 2013t GMC Sierra 1500 2007 -- 2014 GMC Yukon 2007 -- 2014 GMC Yukon XL 1 / 2 ton LMG ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LMG ( VIN code `` 0 '' ) is the flexible - fuel version of the LY5. Power and torque ratings for SUV and pickup truck applications are the same as each application 's LY5 rating . Variable valve timing was added for the 2010 model year . LMG applications : 2007 -- 2013 Chevrolet Avalanche 2007 -- 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2007 -- 2014 Chevrolet Suburban 1 / 2 ton 2007 -- 2014 Chevrolet Tahoe 2007 -- 2013 GMC Sierra 1500 2007 -- 2014 GMC Yukon 2007 -- 2014 GMC Yukon XL 1 / 2 ton LC9 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LC9 ( VIN code `` 3 '' ) is the aluminum block Flex - Fuel version of the LH6 , and is found in 4WD models . SUV applications are rated at 320 hp ( 239 kW ) @ 5400 rpm and 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm of torque . Pickup truck applications are rated at 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5300 rpm and 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm of torque . Variable valve timing was added for the 2010 model year . LC9 applications : 2007 -- 2013 Chevrolet Avalanche 2007 -- 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2007 -- 2014 Chevrolet Suburban 1 / 2 ton 2007 -- 2013 GMC Sierra 1500 2007 -- 2014 GMC Yukon XL 1 / 2 ton LH8 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LH8 is a variant of the 5.3 L Gen IV small block V8 modified to fit in the engine bay of the GMT 345 SUV and GMT 355 trucks . It produces 300 hp ( 220 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 320 lb ⋅ ft ( 434 N ⋅ m ) at 4000 rpm . It has a displacement of 5,328 cc ( 325.1 cu in ) . LH8 applications : 2008 -- 2010 Hummer H3 Alpha 2009 Chevrolet Colorado / GMC LH9 ( edit ) The Vortec 5300 LH9 is a variant of the 5.3 L Gen IV small block V8 modified to fit in the engine bay of the GMT 355 trucks . It has Variable Valve Timing ( VVT ) and produces 300 hp ( 220 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 320 lb ⋅ ft ( 434 N ⋅ m ) at 4000 rpm . It has a displacement of 5,328 cc ( 325.1 cu in ) . LH9 applications : 2010 -- 2012 Chevrolet Colorado / GMC LS4 ( edit ) 5.3 L LS4 V8 in a 2006 Chevrolet Impala SS LS4 can also refer to a 454 CID Chevrolet Big - Block engine of the 1970s The LS4 is a 5,328 cc ( 5.328 L ; 325.1 cu in ) version of the Generation IV block . Though it has the same displacement as the Vortec 5300 LY5 , it features an aluminum block instead of iron , and it uses the same cylinder head casting as the Generation III LS6 engine . The bellhousing bolt pattern differs from the rear - wheel drive blocks . This engine is adapted for transverse front - wheel drive applications . According to GM , `` The crankshaft is shortened 13 mm -- 3 mm at the flywheel end and 10 mm at the accessory drive end -- to reduce the length of the engine compared to the 6.0 L. All accessories are driven by a single serpentine belt to save space . The water pump is mounted remotely with an elongated pump manifold that connects it to the coolant passages . Revised oil pan baffles , or windage trays , are incorporated into the LS4 to ensure that the oil sump stays loaded during high - g cornering . '' Active Fuel Management is also used . Output of this version is 303 hp ( 226 kW ) / 300 hp on LaCrosse Super and 323 lb ⋅ ft ( 438 N ⋅ m ) . Applications : 2005 -- 2008 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP 2006 -- 2009 Chevrolet Impala SS 2006 -- 2007 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS 2008 -- 2009 Buick LaCrosse Super 4.125 in bore blocks ( 2006 -- present ) ( edit ) Inspired by the LS1. R in size and performance goals , this family of blocks was designed for race oriented performance . The only engine with this bore size that was used in a production vehicle is the LS7 with the LSX being only for aftermarket use . One unique feature of this family is that the cylinders are siamesed , no water passages between neighboring cylinders . This was done to increase both bore size and block strength . 7.0 L ( edit ) LS7 7.0 L LS7 engine in a 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 LS7 can also refer to a 454 over the counter 460 + hp high compression engine Chevrolet Big - Block engine of the 1970s The LS7 is a 7,011 cc ( 7.011 L ; 427.8 cu in ) engine , based on the Gen IV architecture . The block is changed , with sleeved cylinders in an aluminum block and a larger 4.125 in ( 104.775 mm ) bore and longer 4.00 in ( 101.6 mm ) stroke than the LS2 . The small - block 's 4.4 in ( 110 mm ) bore spacing is retained , requiring pressed - in cylinder liners . The crankshaft and main bearing caps are forged steel for durability , the connecting rods are forged titanium , and the pistons are hypereutectic . The two - valve arrangement is retained , though the titanium intake valves by Del West have grown to 2.20 in ( 56 mm ) and sodium - filled exhaust valves are up to 1.61 in ( 41 mm ) . Peak output is 505 hp ( 377 kW ) at 6300 rpm and 470 lb ⋅ ft ( 640 N ⋅ m ) at 4800 rpm with a 7100 rpm redline During GM 's reliability testing of this engine in its prototype phase , the LS7 was remarked to have been repeatedly tested to be 8000 rpm capable , although power was not recorded at that rpm level , due to the constraints of the camshaft 's hydraulic lifters and the intake manifold ability to flow required air at that engine speed . The LS7 is hand - built by the General Motors Performance Build Center in Wixom , Michigan . Most of these engines are installed in the Z06 , some are also sold to individuals by GM as a crate engine . While it has the same displacement the Hennessey Venom GT utilizes an iron block LSX , not an LS7 . After an extensive engineering process over several years , Holden Special Vehicles fitted the LS7 to a special edition model , the W427 . The HSV - tuned engine produced 375 kW ( 503 hp ) and 640 N ⋅ m ( 470 lb ⋅ ft ) . The W427 was unveiled at the Melbourne International Motor Show on February 29 , 2008 and went on sale in August 2008 . The first Australian car to be fitted with this engine , however , was the CSV GTS of 2007 , which was claimed to have a power output of 400 kW ( 536 hp ) and 600 N ⋅ m ( 440 lb ⋅ ft ) . Applications : 2006 -- 2013 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 2008 Spada Codatronca 2013 Corvette 427 Convertible 2007 CSV GTS 2008 HSV W427 2012 New Zealand V8SuperTourer 2014 - 2015 Chevrolet Camaro Z / 28 Vertical Hummingbird helicopter 2012 -- present Falcon F7 2014 Korres P4 4.06 in bore blocks ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) This family was designed as a replacement for the LS2 but enlarged to better accommodate variable valve timing and Active Fuel Management while still generating good performance . This family of engines has mainly seen duty in performance cars and high - end SUVs . 6.2 L ( edit ) L92 The 2007 Cadillac Escalade has a 6.2 l ( 380 cu in ) Vortec 6200 ( RPO L92 ) engine . It is an all - aluminum design which , while still a pushrod engine , boasts variable valve timing . The system adjusts both intake and exhaust timing between two settings . This engine produces 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) in the GMC Yukon Denali / XL Denali , GMC Sierra Denali , Hummer H2 , and briefly in the Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ ( midway through MY 2008 through MY 2009 ) and rated at 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 415 lb ⋅ ft ( 563 N ⋅ m ) . It was also available in the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra starting in MY 2009 ( as the L9H ) with power ratings of 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) . The L92 was modified with Flex Fuel capability for MY 2009 and became the L9H , and was further modified with Active Fuel Management for MY 2010 ( and becoming the L94 ) in the Cadillac Escalade and GMC Yukon Denali 's ( Active Fuel Management hardware was present in 2007 engines , but the software was not present in the PCM ) . Applications : 2007 - 2013 Cadillac Escalade ( L9H for MY 2009 , L94 for MY 2010 - 2013 ) 2008 - 2009 Chevrolet Tahoe 2007 - 2013 GMC Yukon Denali / Denali XL 2007 - 2013 GMC Sierra Denali 2008 - 2009 Hummer H2 2009 - 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 ( as RPO code L9H ) 2009 - 2013 GMC Sierra 1500 ( as RPO code L9H ) LS3 GM LS3 Engine in a 2008 Chevrolet Corvette LS3 can also refer to a 402 CID Chevrolet Big - Block engine of the 1970s The LS3 was introduced as the Corvette 's new base engine for the 2008 model year . It produces 430 bhp ( 321 kW ; 436 PS ) at 5900 rpm and 424 lb ⋅ ft ( 575 N ⋅ m ) at 4600 rpm without the optional Corvette exhaust and is SAE certified . The block is an updated version of the LS2 casting featuring a larger bore of 4.06 in ( 103 mm ) creating a displacement of 6,162 cc ( 6.162 L ; 376.0 cu in ) . It also features higher flowing cylinder heads sourced from the L92 , a more aggressive camshaft with 0.551 - inch ( 14.0 mm ) lift , a 10.7 : 1 compression ratio , a revised valvetrain with 6 mm ( 0.24 in ) offset intake rocker arms , a high - flow intake manifold and 47 lb / hr fuel injectors from the LS7 engine . The L76 / L92 / LS3 cylinder heads use 2.165 in ( 55.0 mm ) intake valves , and 1.59 in ( 40 mm ) exhaust valves . Improved manufacturing efficiency makes these heads cheaper than the outgoing LS6 heads , and severely undercuts aftermarket heads . The large valves , however , limit maximum rpm - 6000 in the L76 ( with AFM ) , and 6600 in the LS3 ( with hollow stem valves ) . In addition to the above , a dual - mode exhaust package with a bypass on acceleration was available on C6 Corvettes . The dual - mode exhaust uses vacuum - actuated outlet valves , which control engine noise during low - load operation , but open for maximum performance during high - load operation . The system is similar to the C6 Z06 , but uses a 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) diameter exhaust compared to the Z06 's 3 in ( 76 mm ) . Power is boosted to 436 hp ( 325 kW ) and 428 lb ⋅ ft ( 580 N ⋅ m ) with this option . A similar system was optional on later model 5th generation Chevrolet Camaros and standard on the 2016 - 2017 Chevrolet SS , but no horsepower or torque increases were advertised on those vehicles . From April 2008 , Australian performance car manufacturer , HSV , adopted the LS3 as its standard V8 throughout the range , replacing the LS2 . The LS3 received modifications for its application to HSV E Series models , producing 425 bhp ( 317 kW ) . The LS3 engine in the E Series II GTS ( released September 2009 ) was upgraded to produce 436 bhp ( 325 kW ) . All HSV MY12. 5 excluding the base Maloo and Clubsport variants have been upgraded to produce 436 bhp ( 325 kW ) . From September 2015 Holden introduced the LS3 in all V8 models of the VF II Commodore and WN II Caprice - V , replacing the 6.0 L L77 . Applications : 2008 -- 2013 Chevrolet Corvette 2010 -- 2015 Chevrolet Camaro SS ( manual only ) 2008 -- 2017 Holden Commodore family : 2009 Pontiac G8 GXP 2009 -- 2013 Vauxhall VXR8 2008 -- 2013 HSV GTS 2008 -- 2015 HSV Maloo R8 and Senator Signature 2008 -- 2016 HSV Clubsport R8 2014 -- 2017 Chevrolet SS 2015 -- 2017 Holden Commodore 2008 -- 2016 Holden Caprice family : 2008 -- 2016 HSV Grange 2015 -- 2017 Holden Caprice Drakan Spyder Tauro Sport Auto 2016 - Present Megabots MK III Eagle Prime L99 For the 4.3 L ( 260 cu in ) Generation II engine of the same RPO , see GM LT Engine The L99 is derived from the LS3 with reduced output but adds Active Fuel Management ( formerly called Displacement on Demand ) and variable valve timing , which allows it to run on only four cylinders during light load conditions . Applications : 2010 -- 2015 Chevrolet Camaro SS ( Automatic Transmission ) LS9 The Gen IV LS9 is a supercharged 6,162 cc ( 6.162 L ; 376.0 cu in ) engine , based on the LS3 ; the LS7 block was not used due to the higher cylinder pressures created by the supercharger requiring the thicker cylinder walls of the LS3 . Cylinder dimensions are now 4.06 in ( 103 mm ) bore and 3.62 in ( 92 mm ) stroke . It is equipped with an Eaton four - lobe Roots type supercharger and has a compression ratio of 9.1 : 1 . Power output is rated 638 bhp ( 476 kW ) at 6500 rpm and 604 lb ⋅ ft ( 819 N ⋅ m ) at 3800 rpm . Note : GM previously used the LS9 RPO code on 1969 and later Chevrolet trucks ( both 2WD and 4WD ) including Blazers , Jimmys , Suburbans , as well as car carriers . The original LS9 was a 350 cu in V8 , developing 160 hp and 245 Ft / lbs of torque . Applications : 2009 -- 2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 2017 HSV GTSR W1 Equus Bass 770 LSA The supercharged 6.2 L LSA is similar to the LS9 and debuted in the 2009 CTS - V . The LSA has been SAE certified at 556 bhp ( 415 kW ) at 6100 rpm and 551 lb ⋅ ft ( 747 N ⋅ m ) at 3800 rpm . GM labeled it `` the most powerful ever offered in Cadillac 's nearly 106 - year history '' . The LSA features a smaller 1.9 L capacity supercharger rather than the 2.3 L variant of the LS9 . Other differences include a slightly lower 9.0 : 1 compression ratio , single unit heat exchanger and cast pistons . A 580 bhp ( 430 kW ) and 556 lb ⋅ ft ( 754 N ⋅ m ) version of the LSA engine is used in the 2012 Camaro ZL1 . On May 15 , 2013 , Holden Special Vehicles announced that this version of the LSA engine will also be used in the GEN - F GTS . Applications : 2009 -- 2015 Cadillac CTS - V 2012 -- 2015 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 2013 - 2017 HSV GTS 2014 HSV GTS Maloo 2015 - 2017 HSV Clubsport R8 LSA , Maloo R8 LSA and Senator Signature 2017 HSV GTSR and GTSR Maloo Generation V ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Generation V Overview Manufacturer General Motors Also called Ecotec3 Production 2013 -- present Layout Configuration V6 , V8 Displacement 4,301 cc ( 262.5 cu in ) 5,328 cc ( 325.1 cu in ) 6,162 cc ( 376.0 cu in ) Cylinder bore 99.6 mm ( 3.92 in ) 96.01 mm ( 3.780 in ) 103.25 mm ( 4.065 in ) Piston stroke 92 mm ( 3.6 in ) Cylinder block alloy Aluminum Cylinder head alloy Aluminum Valvetrain OHV Compression ratio 10.0 : 1 11.0 : 1 11.5 : 1 Combustion Fuel system Direct injection Fuel type Gasoline E85 Oil system Wet sump Cooling system Water - cooled Chronology Predecessor Generation IV In 2007 , wardsauto.com reported that the LS3 ( used by 2008 Chevrolet Corvette ) and Vortec 6000 LFA ( used by 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid ) engines would be the final two designs in the Generation IV small - block engine family , and the future designs would be part of the Generation V engine family . An experimental engine was built based on L92 engine from Cadillac Escalade , GMC Yukon Denali and Hummer H2 , and reported to generate 450 bhp ( 340 kW ) on gasoline via direct fuel injection , increased compression ratio to 11.5 : 1 , and a modified engine controller . The first Gen V LT engine was the LT1 , announced in 2012 as the initial powerplant for the redesigned C7 Corvette , succeeding the LS engine family . The new logo formally adopts the Small Block name for the engines . The fifth generation of the iconic GM small block engine family features the same cam - in - block architecture and 4.400 - inch bore centers ( the distance between the centers of each cylinder ) that were born with the original small block in 1955 . Structurally , the Gen - V small - block is similar to the Gen III / IV engines , including a deep - skirt cylinder block . Refinements and new or revised components are used throughout , including a revised cooling system and all - new cylinder heads . All Gen V engine are aluminum blocks with aluminum cylinder heads and include features such as direct injection , piston cooling jets , active fuel management , variable displacement oil pump , continuously variable valve timing and aluminum cylinder heads and block . However , it does retain its ancestors ' two - valve pushrod valvetrain . 4.06 in bore blocks ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) This family of blocks were the first of the generation V small block with the LT1 being the progenitor of this family and generation . This family of blocks has seen a wide range of applications from performance vehicles to truck usage . 6.2 L ( edit ) LT1 For the 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) Generation II engine of the same RPO , see GM LT Engine The 6.2 l ( 380 cu in ) LT1 engine debuted in the 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray and is the first Generation V small block engine . Like its LS3 predecessor , it gets its displacement from 103.25 mm ( 4.060 in ) bore and 92 mm ( 3.62 in ) stroke with a compression ratio of 11.5 to 1 . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2014 -- present Chevrolet Corvette C7 455 hp ( 339 kW ) @ 6000 rpm 460 lb ⋅ ft ( 624 N ⋅ m ) @ 4600 rpm link 460 hp ( 343 kW ) @ 6000 rpm ( Performance Exhaust ) 465 lb ⋅ ft ( 630 N ⋅ m ) @ 4600 rpm ( Performance Exhaust ) link 2016 -- present Chevrolet Camaro SS 455 hp ( 339 kW ) @ 6000 rpm 455 lb ⋅ ft ( 617 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 rpm L86 The 6.2 l ( 380 cu in ) EcoTec3 is a Generation V small block V8 truck engine . ( VIN Code `` J '' ) The L86 is an LT1 engine modified for truck use with a compression ratio of 11.5 to 1 . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2014 -- present Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra 420 hp ( 313 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 460 lb ⋅ ft ( 624 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm link 2014 -- present GMC Yukon Denali / Denali XL 420 hp ( 313 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 460 lb ⋅ ft ( 624 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm link 2014 -- present Cadillac Escalade / Escalade ESV 420 hp ( 313 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 460 lb ⋅ ft ( 624 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm link LT4 For the 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) Generation II engine of the same RPO , see GM LT Engine The 6.2 l ( 380 cu in ) LT4 engine builds on the design strengths of the previous LS9 supercharged engine used in the sixth - generation Corvette ZR1 and leverages the technologies introduced on the seventh - generation Corvette Stingray , including direct injection , cylinder deactivation and continuously variable valve timing , to take Corvette performance to an all - new level . The LT4 engine is based on the same Gen 5 small block foundation as the Corvette Stingray 's LT1 6.2 L naturally aspirated engine , incorporating several unique features designed to support its higher output and the greater cylinder pressures created by forced induction , including : Rotocast A356T6 aluminum cylinder heads that are stronger and handle heat better than conventional aluminum heads , lightweight titanium intake valves , forged powder metal steel connecting rods which are highly machined to an optimized geometry for increased strength while eliminating unnecessary reciprocating mass , 10.0 : 1 compression ratio , high for a forced - induction engine , enhances performance and efficiency and is enabled by direct injection , forged aluminum pistons with unique , stronger structure to ensure strength under high cylinder pressures , stainless steel exhaust manifolds for structure at higher temperatures , aluminum balancer for reduced mass , and standard dry - sump oiling system with a dual - pressure - control oil pump . The engine uses a 1.7 L Eaton TVS supercharger . Although smaller than the previous 2.3 l supercharger used on the sixth - gen ZR1 , it spins 5000 RPM faster thus generating boost quicker while making only slightly less total boost than the LS9 engine . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2015 -- present Chevrolet Corvette Z06 650 hp ( 485 kW ) @ 6400 rpm 650 lb ⋅ ft ( 881 N ⋅ m ) @ 3600 rpm link 2016 -- present Cadillac CTS - V 640 hp ( 477 kW ) @ 6400 rpm 630 lb ⋅ ft ( 854 N ⋅ m ) @ 3600 rpm ′ 2017 -- present Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 650 hp ( 485 kW ) @ -- 650 lb ⋅ ft ( 881 N ⋅ m ) @ -- ′ LT5 The 6.2 L ( 376 cu in ) LT5 engine debuted in the seventh - generatiion Corvette ZR1 at the 2017 Dubai Motor Show . It draws its inspiration from the already venerable LT4 small block V8 but improves with a 2.6 L Eaton TVS Supercharger and an improved cooling and fuel injection system . Power output is 755 hp ( 563 kW ) @ 6400 rpm and 715 lb - ft ( 969 NM ) @ 3600 rpm . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2019 -- present Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 755 hp ( 563 kW ) @ 6400 rpm 715 lb ⋅ ft ( 969 N ⋅ m ) @ 3600 rpm ' 3.78 in bore blocks ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Unlike the previous Generation III / IV 3.78 in bore block families , there is no 4.8 L displacement variant ( having been ' replaced ' by GM 's 5th Generation LT V8 - based V6 , the 4.3 L / 262 Cu In LV3 ) . 5.3 L ( edit ) L83 Dubbed EcoTec3 5.3 L is a Generation V small block V8 truck engine. ( VIN Code `` C '' ) Like its Vortec 5300 Generation IV predecessor , it gets its displacement from 96.01 mm ( 3.78 in ) bore and 92 mm ( 3.62 in ) stroke with a compression ratio of 11.0 to 1 . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2014 -- present Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm link 376 hp ( 280 kW ) @ 5600 rpm E85 416 lb ⋅ ft ( 564 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm E85 2014 -- present Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm link 376 hp ( 280 kW ) @ 5600 rpm E85 416 lb ⋅ ft ( 564 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm E85 2014 -- present Chevrolet Suburban / GMC Yukon XL 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm link 376 hp ( 280 kW ) @ 5600 rpm E85 416 lb ⋅ ft ( 564 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm E85 L8B The L8B is an eAssist mild hybrid version of the L83 featuring a . 45 - KWH lithium ion battery pack . This setup can improve fuel efficiency by about 13 % . This adds about 100 lb ( 45 kg ) to the total weight of the truck but provides an additional 13 hp ( 10 kW ) and 44 lb ⋅ ft ( 60 N ⋅ m ) . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2016 -- present Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 rpm 3.921 in bore blocks ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) These V6 engines are based on the V8 version of the Gen - V family , but with two fewer cylinders - a design lineage that dates back to the previous 4.3 L V6 , which was itself a Gen - I small block with a pair of cylinders removed . Of special note , there were no V6 engines based on Generation II / III / IV small blocks . 4.3 L ( edit ) LV3 Dubbed EcoTec3 4.3 L is a Generation V small block V6 truck engine . It gets its displacement from 99.6 mm ( 3.921 in ) bore and 92 mm ( 3.62 in ) stroke with a compression ratio of 11.0 to 1 . Firing order is 1 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 . This engine replaces the unrelated 4.3 L V6 that have a lineage that dates back to 1978 . Applications : Year ( s ) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart 2014 -- present Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5300 rpm 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3900 rpm link 297 hp ( 221 kW ) @ 5300 rpm E85 330 lb ⋅ ft ( 447 N ⋅ m ) @ 3900 rpm E85 Engine table ( edit ) Note 1 : depending upon vehicle application ; horsepower , torque , and fuel requirements will vary . vin code indicating engine RPO may also not be consistent between vehicle types ( cars or trucks ) or years . with few exceptions , RPM redline is generally 6000 or higher Note 2 : block features are generally dependent upon the Generation but not always built - in . typical features are AFM ( Advanced Fuel Management ) , VVT ( Variable Valve Train ) , Front Wheel Drive ( FWD ) and other improvements . features marked with an * indicate that only certain model years have that feature Gen III / IV / V Years Offered Engine Code ( vin code ) Power ( hp ) Torque ( lb. - ft . ) Size ( L ) Fuel Type ( E85 / 89 / 91 / 93 ) Bore ( in ) Stroke ( in ) Compression Ratio Block & Heads / Iron or Aluminum Block Features III 1997 - 05 LS1 ( G ) 305 - 350 @ 5600 350 - 365 @ 4400 5.7 91 3.90 3.62 10.25 : 1 Aluminum III 2001 - 05 LS6 ( S ) 385 - 405 @ 6000 385 - 400 @ 4800 5.7 3.90 3.62 10.5 : 1 Aluminum III 1999 - 07 LR4 ( V ) 255 - 285 285 - 295 4.8 3.78 3.3 9.45 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads III 1999 - 07 LM7 ( T ) 270 - 295 315 - 335 5.3 3.78 3.62 9.49 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads III 2002 - 07 L59 ( Z ) 285 - 295 320 - 335 5.3 E85 - capable 3.78 3.62 9.9 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads III 2003 - 04 LM4 ( P ) 290 325 5.3 3.78 3.62 10.0 : 1 Aluminum III 2005 - 08 L33 ( B ) 310 @ 5200 335 @ 4400 5.3 3.78 3.62 10.0 : 1 Aluminum III 1999 - 08 LQ4 ( U ) 300 - 325 @ 5200 360 - 370 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.62 10.0 : 1 Iron / Iron - Alum . heads III 2002 - 07 LQ9 ( N ) 345 @ 5200 380 @ 4000 6.0 4.00 3.62 10.0 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads IV 2008 - 17 LS3 ( W ) 426 - 436 @ 5900 420 - 428 @ 4600 6.2 93rec 4.06 3.62 10.7 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads IV 2010 - 15 L99 ( J ) 400 @ 5900 410 @ 4300 6.2 E85 - capable 4.06 3.62 10.4 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads AFM , VVT , IV 2009 - 11 LSA ( P ) 556 - 580 @ 6100 551 - 556 @ 3800 6.2 93req 4.06 3.62 9.1 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads IV 2010 - 12 L94 ( F ) 403 @ 5700 417 @ 4300 6.2 E85 - capable 4.06 3.62 10.4 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads AFM , VVT IV 2007 - 09 L76 ( Y ) 361 - 367 @ 5600 375 - 385 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.62 10.4 : 1 Aluminum AFM IV 2011 - 16 L77 ( 2 ) 362 @ 5700 391 @ 4400 6.0 E85 - capable 4.00 3.62 10.4 : 1 Aluminum AFM IV 2010 - 17 L96 ( G ) 322 - 360 @ 4400 - 5400 373 - 382 @ 4200 - 4400 6.0 E85 - capable 4.00 3.62 9.7 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads VVT IV 2009 - 10 L98 ( H ) 362 @ 5700 391 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.62 10.4 : 1 Aluminum L76 with AFM hardware removed IV 2007 - 09 LY2 ( C ) 260 - 295 295 - 305 4.8 3.78 3.3 9.08 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads no VVT IV 2010 - 12 L20 ( A ) 260 - 302 @ 5400 295 - 305 @ 4600 4.8 E85 - capable 3.78 3.3 8.8 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads no AFM , VVT IV 2005 - 09 LH6 ( M ) 300 - 315 330 - 338 5.3 3.78 3.62 9.95 : 1 Aluminum AFM , VVT * IV 2007 - 09 LY5 ( J ) 315 - 320 @ 5200 335 - 340 @ 4000 5.3 3.78 3.62 9.95 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads AFM , VVT * IV 2008 - 12 LMG ( 0 ) 315 - 320 @ 5200 335 - 340 @ 4000 5.3 E85 - capable 4.00 3.62 9.6 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads AFM , VVT * IV 2007 - 12 LC9 ( 3 ) 315 - 320 @ 5400 335 @ 4000 5.3 E85 - capable 3.78 3.62 9.95 : 1 Aluminum AFM , VVT * IV 2005 - 09 LS4 ( C ) 303 @ 5600 323 @ 4400 5.3 3.78 3.62 10.0 : 1 Aluminum AFM , FWD IV 2008 - 09 LH8 ( L ) 300 @ 5200 320 @ 4000 5.3 3.78 3.62 Aluminum IV 2007 - 08 L92 ( 8 ) 403 415 6.2 4.06 3.62 10.5 : 1 Aluminum VVT IV 2009 - 12 L9H ( 2 ) 403 415 6.2 E85 - capable * 4.06 3.62 10.5 : 1 Aluminum VVT IV 2005 - 07 , 09 LS2 ( U ) 390 - 400 @ 6000 400 @ 4400 6.0 93 4.00 3.62 10.9 : 1 Aluminum IV 2007 - 10 LY6 ( K ) 361 @ 5600 385 @ 4400 6.0 4.00 3.62 9.67 : 1 Iron / Alum . heads VVT IV 2008 - 09 LFA ( 5 ) 332 @ 5100 367 @ 4100 6.0 Hybrid 4.00 3.62 10.8 : 1 Aluminum AFM IV 2010 - 12 LZ1 ( J ) 332 @ 5100 367 @ 4100 6.0 Hybrid 4.00 3.62 10.8 : 1 Aluminum AFM , VVT IV 2009 - 13 LS9 ( R / T ) 638 @ 6500 604 @ 3800 6.2 92 4.065 3.62 9.1 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads IV 2006 - 15 LS7 ( E ) 505 @ 6300 470 @ 4800 7.0 91 4.125 4.00 11.0 : 1 Aluminum IV / V none LSX376 450 @ 5900 444 @ 4600 6.2 92 4.06 3.62 9 : 1 Aftermarket IV / V none LSX454 620 @ 6200 590 @ 4800 7.4 92 4.185 4.125 11.0 : 1 Aftermarket IV / V none LSX454R 776 @ 7000 680 @ 4500 7.4 110 4.185 4.125 13.1 : 1 Aftermarket V 2014 -- present LT1 455 - 460 @ 6000 455 - 465 @ 4600 6.2 93rec 4.06 3.62 11.5 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . Heads V 2015 -- present LT4 640 - 650 @ 6400 630 - 650 @ 3600 6.2 4.06 3.62 10 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . Heads V 2014 -- present L83 ( C ) 355 - 376 @ 5600 383 - 416 @ 4100 5.3 E85 - capable 3.78 3.62 11.0 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads V 2014 -- present L86 ( J ) 420 @ 5600 460 @ 4100 6.2 NOT E85 - capable 4.06 3.62 11.5 : 1 Aluminum / Alum . heads Problems ( edit ) In the early production run of the LS - series engine , some engines encountered ' piston slap ' during the first couple minutes after a cold engine start - this sound is caused by the pistons rocking slightly in the cylinder until they reach operating temperature / size . ' Piston slap ' sometimes sounds more like a knock or the sound of a diesel engine running . It is typically only present when the engine is cold and disappears as the engine reaches operating temperature . The noise of ' piston slap ' often is louder when listening for it below the oil pan . Another common problem with the 2001 - 2006 5.3 L engines was cracking cylinder heads . This is commonly called the ' Castech Head ' failure on the internet . GM issued a TSB on this failure to help service techs identify the problem . The head casting ( which can be viewed from the passenger side of the vehicle just in front of the valve cover ) was 706 . Some heads with this casting number would fail ( but not all of them ) as GM had different suppliers for the same head . The failure was due to undetected porosity around the oil drains in the head . Build - your - own program ( edit ) In 2011 , Chevrolet Performance began to offer the build your own engine program for LS7 ( part number 19259944 ) or LS9 ( part number 19259945 ) crate engines . It also provides customers the experience of visiting GM 's unique Performance Build Center in Wixom , Mich. , where they will join a specially trained engine builder to assist in the start - to - finish assembly of the engine they purchased -- from installing the crankshaft in the cylinder block to topping off the engine with its intake system . In the case of the LS9 , it also means installing the supercharger assembly . Upon completion , a personalized nameplate is added to the engine . The build - your - own engine program associated with the V8 engines , available for buyers of Chevrolet Corvette , Cadillac XLR and certain top - spec Chevrolet Camaro models , were temporarily halted after the closure of GM Performance Build Center in Wixom , Michigan . The program 's venue was reported to be relocated to the Corvette assembly plant in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Aftermarket ( edit ) LS7. R The LS7. R engine is a variation of the LS7 used in the highly successful C6. R American Le Mans Series racecar . It was crowned as Global Motorsport Engine of the Year by a jury of 50 race engine engineers on the Professional Motorsport World Expo 2006 in Cologne , Germany . LSX LSx is also used to denote any LS engine . At the 2006 SEMA show , GM Performance Parts introduced the LSX engine , an all - new cast - iron racing block based on the LS7 engine . It was designed with help from drag racing legend Warren Johnson . It offers displacements ranging from 364 cu in ( 5,965 cc ) to 511 cu in ( 8,374 cc ) ( 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) Bore x 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) Stroke ) and is capable of withstanding 2,500 bhp ( 1,900 kW ) . This block incorporates two extra rows of head - bolt holes per bank for increased clamping capacity . The six bolt steel main caps are the same ones used on the LS7 engine . The engine debuted at the auto show in a customized 1969 Camaro owned by Reggie Jackson . The LSX will be available starting the second quarter of 2007 , set to be available in authorized dealerships and retailers on March 31 , 2007. Hennessey Venom GT uses LSX engine based on LS7 . Chevrolet Performance LSX Bowtie block includes LSX specific six - bolts - per - cylinder head bolt pattern , billet - steel six - bolt dowel - located main bearing caps , extra-thick deck for maximum clamping force , extra-thick cylinder walls allow increased bore capacity ( maximum 4.200 - inch bore still allows 0.200 - inch minimum wall thickness ) , true priority main oiling system , main web bay - to - bay breathing holes reduce crank windage , orange powder coat finish , machined bore at 3.880 is ready for final boring / honing . LSX376 Chevrolet Performance LSX376 crate engines are updated versions of LSX crate engine family designed to support up to 1,000 horsepower . All models use Chevrolet Performance LSX Bowtie block . LSX376 - B15 ( part number 19299306 ) includes forged steel crankshaft , forged H - beam rods and forged aluminum pistons ( 9.0 : 1 compression ) , high - flow rectangular - port six - bolt LSX - LS3 heads for supercharged and turbocharged combinations producing up to 15 pounds of boost and up to about 1,000 horsepower . LSX376 - B8 ( part number 19171049 ) is a more economical version that is capable of approximately 8 pounds of boost , for engine producing approximately 600 horsepower . It is designed for production - style supercharger and turbo systems used without enhancements or modifications . See also ( edit ) General Motors 90 ° V6 engine GM engines Vortec References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LS1 Info and Specifications '' . Smokemup.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LS Engines - Small Block Engine - Crate Engine '' . GM Performance Parts . March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corvette LS6 - Ruthless Pursuit of Power Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR 's new motor '' . Circletrack.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nascar block wins award Jump up ^ `` All - new G8 accelerates new era of rear - wheel - drive performance at Pontiac '' . Global Auto Index . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Vortec 6.0 L V - 8 VVT Hybrid ( LZ1 ) '' . GM . 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM Powertrain '' . GM . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM Inside News Forum - Engine Guide '' . Gminsidenews.com . March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LS4 Overview - GM Powertrain '' . Jump up ^ `` Gen III & Gen IV Vortec Truck Engines '' . GM High - Tech Performance . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : our fastest , most expensive road car '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CSV GTS LS7 - HSV 's faithful wait for an official 7.0 - litre project , but CSV has already beaten the factory to the power punch '' . Wheels . Motoring.com.au . December 2007 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vertical Aviation Technologies ( 2013 ) . `` Hummingbird 300LS '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Mike ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` GM Reveals Small - Block V - 8 With Direct Injection '' . WardsAuto.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GM 6.2 Liter Supercharged V8 Small Block LT4 Engine '' . GM Authority . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Angus ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` The torque 's the thing : 625 - hp Z06 Corvette debuts in Detroit '' . www.gizmag.com . Gizmag . Jump up ^ Smirnov , Andre. `` 2017 GMC Sierra 1500 eAssist Hybrid : Is There Future in Hybrid Pickup Trucks ? ( Video ) - The Fast Lane Truck '' . www.tfltruck.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Introduces 2016 Silverado with eAssist '' . media.gm.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.vadengmpp.com/owners-manual/chevrolet/2001-Chevrolet-Camaro.pdf Jump up ^ LS9 Crate Engine Specifications Archived April 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Chevrolet.com Jump up ^ `` LS7 : The Largest , Most Powerful Small - Block Ever Built '' . National Corvette Museum . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2005 . Retrieved January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ LSX454R ; GM Performance Parts online Jump up ^ `` Castech Head Failure TSB '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Build Your Own LS7 or LS9 Crate Engine - Exclusive program lets customers help assemble engine at GM 's Performance Build Center Jump up ^ GM relocating build - your - own engine program to Bowling Green Jump up ^ Hellwig , Ed ( October 2006 ) . `` 2006 SEMA Show - Reggie Jackson Camaro '' . Edmunds Inside Line . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stronger LSX TM Bowtie Blocks are Foundations for Boost - Ready Chevrolet Performance LSX376 Crate Engines External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to General Motors LS engines . Gen 5 press kit General Motors Divisions and subsidiaries Vehicle brands Buick Cadillac Chevrolet GMC Holden Holden Special Vehicles Services ACDelco GM Certified Service GM Financial Maven OnStar Geographic General Motors de Argentina General Motors do Brasil General Motors Canada CAMI Automotive General Motors Egypt General Motors India Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited General Motors de Mexico General Motors South Africa GM Vietnam Shareholdings FAW - GM ( 50 % ) GM - AvtoVAZ ( 41.61 % ) GM Korea ( 96 % ) GM Uzbekistan ( 25 % ) UzDaewooAvto 50 % HRL Laboratories ( 50 % ) SAIC - GM ( 49 % ) SAIC - GM - Wuling ( 34 % ) Baojun Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines ( 20 % ) Products and technologies Platforms Transmissions Hybrids Vehicles Engines I3 Family 0 SGE I4 Family 0 SGE Family 1 MGE Family II Ecotec V6 High Feature Gen V V8 Gen IV Gen V Former divisions , joint ventures and subsidiaries Allison Engine Company ( 1929 -- 1995 ) Allison Transmission ( 1929 -- 2007 ) Ally Financial ( 1919 - 2013 ) Atlantic Aircraft Chevrolet Europe ( 2005 - 2016 ) Dayton - Wright Company ( 1919 -- 1923 ) Delco Electronics Delphi ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Detroit Diesel ( 1938 -- 1988 ) DirecTV ( 1994 -- 2003 ) Electro - Motive Diesel ( 1930 -- 2004 ) Electronic Data Systems ( 1984 -- 1996 ) Euclid Trucks ( 1953 -- 1968 ) Fisher Body Fleetwood Metal Body Frigidaire ( 1919 -- 1980 ) General Motors Europe ( 1986 -- 2010 ) General Motors Diesel Division ( 1938 -- 1987 ) General Motors Diesel ( 1949 -- 1969 ) Ghandhara Industries ( 1953 -- 1963 ) GM Defense ( 1950 -- 2003 ) GMAC Real Estate ( 1998 -- 2008 ) GMC Heavy Trucks Hughes Aircraft ( 1985 -- 1997 ) Hughes Electronics ( 1985 -- 1997 ) Hughes Network Systems ( 1987 -- 2003 ) HughesNet ( DirecWay / DirecPC ) ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Kettering University National City Lines NUMMI ( 1984 -- 2009 ) New Venture Gear ( 36 % , 1990 -- 2002 ) Nexteer ( 2009 -- 2010 ) North American Aviation ( 1933 -- 1948 ) Nuvell Financial Services ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Opel ( 1931 -- 2017 ) PanAmSat ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Remy Electric ( 1918 -- 1994 ) Rochester Products Division Terex United Australian Automobile Industries ( 1989 -- 1996 ) Vauxhall Motors ( 1926 -- 2017 ) Winton Motor Carriage Company Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company ( 1925 -- 1943 ) Places Renaissance Center GM Technical Center GM Proving Grounds Factories People William C. Durant ( Founder ) Tim Solso ( Chairman ) Mary Barra ( CEO ) Dan Ammann ( President ) Other General Motors Foundation History Reorganization General Motors Motorama Streetcar conspiracy Concept of the Corporation Ignition switch recalls Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LS_based_GM_small-block_engine&oldid=836189470 '' Categories : General Motors engines V8 engines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what year did the ls engines come into production
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"The LS based GM small-block engine is the primary V-8 used in General Motors' line of rear-wheel-drive cars and trucks. Introduced in January 1995, it is a \"clean sheet\" design with only rod bearings and bore spacing in common with the longstanding Chevrolet small block V8 that preceded it as the basis for GM small-block V8s. The basic LS variations use cast iron blocks, while performance editions are all aluminium with cast iron cylinder liners."
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"January 1995"
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List of batsmen who have scored 100 centuries in first-class cricket
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List of batsmen who have scored 100 centuries in first - class cricket - wikipedia List of batsmen who have scored 100 centuries in first - class cricket Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of first - class cricket records § Most centuries Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe walk out to the middle at the Sydney Cricket Ground in a Test match . Both Hobbs and Sutcliffe scored over 100 first - class centuries ; with Hobbs holding the record for most centuries in a first - class career . In the sport of cricket , a batsman is said to have scored a century when they score 100 or more runs without being dismissed . In first - class cricket , the highest form of the game below international level , a total of 25 players have achieved the feat on a hundred or more occasions . The first cricketer to achieve the feat was W.G. Grace , who completed his hundredth century in 1895 . Grace remains the only batsman to have achieved the feat and finish with a batting average below 40 . The English County Championship has historically always been the first - class competition in which the most matches are played per season , hence the most conducive competition to prolific runscoring . Of the 25 men to have scored 100 first - class centuries , all have been either natively English or English - qualified except Donald Bradman of Australia , Zaheer Abbas of Pakistan , Glenn Turner of New Zealand and West Indian Viv Richards . Zaheer Abbas ( Gloucestershire ) , Turner ( Worcestershire ) and Richards ( Somerset ) all had substantial county careers as overseas players ; Bradman , the first non-English batsman to achieve the feat , therefore remains the only batsman to have done so despite never having played for an English county side . Batsmen with a century of centuries ( edit ) Note : this list uses the figures accepted by the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . For details on the difference between these figures and those used by other sources , see Variations in first - class cricket statistics . Key 100s denotes how many centuries the batsman scored in first - class cricket . Nation denotes the side for which the batsman played Test cricket ; the number following indicates the number of centuries scored in Test cricket ( in bold ) plus the number of other first - class centuries scored for the national side . 100th denotes the season in which the batsman scored his one - hundredth century in first - class cricket . ItH denotes how many innings it took the batsman to reach his hundredth century in first - class cricket . Inns denotes how many innings the batsman played . Runs denotes the number of runs scored by the batsman in his first - class career . Ave denotes the batsman 's career batting average . ♠ denotes the batsman scored their hundredth century in a Test match . Rank 100s Player Nation ( 100s ) County ( 100s ) 100th ItH Career Inns Runs Ave Notes 01 ! 1 199 Hobbs , Jack Jack Hobbs England ( 15 ) Surrey ( 1 ! 144 ) 1923 821 1905 -- 1934 1,315 61,237 50.65 02 ! 2 170 Hendren , Patsy Patsy Hendren England ( 07 ! 7 + 1 ) Middlesex ( 1 ! 119 ) 1928 -- 29 740 1907 -- 1938 1,300 57,611 50.80 03 ! 3 167 Hammond , Wally Wally Hammond England ( 22 + 4 ) Gloucestershire ( 113 ) 1935 680 1923 -- 1950 1,005 50,551 56.10 04 ! 4 153 Mead , Phil Phil Mead England ( 04 ! 4 ) Hampshire ( 138 ) 1927 892 1905 -- 1936 1,340 55,061 47.67 05 ! 5 151 Boycott , Geoffrey Geoffrey Boycott ♠ England ( 22 + 3 ) Yorkshire ( 2 ! 103 ) 1977 645 1962 -- 1986 1,014 48,426 56.83 06 ! 6 149 Sutcliffe , Herbert Herbert Sutcliffe England ( 16 + 2 ) Yorkshire ( 1 ! 112 ) 1932 700 1919 -- 1945 1,088 50,138 51.95 07 ! 7 145 Woolley , Frank Frank Woolley England ( 05 ! 5 + 3 ) Kent ( 1 ! 122 ) 1929 1,031 1906 -- 1938 1,532 58,969 40.75 08 ! 8 136 Hick , Graeme Graeme Hick England ( 06 ! 6 ) Worcestershire ( 106 ) 1998 574 1983 -- 2008 871 41,112 52.23 09 ! 9 129 Hutton , Len Len Hutton England ( 19 + 1 ) Yorkshire ( 3 ! 85 ) 1951 619 1934 -- 1960 814 40,140 55.51 10 128 Gooch , Graham Graham Gooch England ( 20 ) Essex ( 94 ) 1992 -- 93 820 1973 -- 2000 990 44,846 49.01 11 126 Grace , W.G. W.G. Grace England ( 02 ! 2 + 2 ) Gloucestershire ( 49 ) 1895 1,113 1865 -- 1908 1,493 54,896 39.55 12 123 Compton , Denis Denis Compton England ( 17 ) Middlesex ( 2 ! 67 ) 1952 552 1936 -- 1964 839 38,942 51.85 13 122 Graveney , Tom Tom Graveney England ( 11 ) Gloucestershire ( 50 ) Worcestershire ( 27 ) 1964 940 1948 -- 1972 1,223 47,793 44.91 14 117 Bradman , Donald Donald Bradman Australia ( 29 + 36 ) -- 1947 -- 48 295 1927 -- 1949 338 28,067 95.14 15 114 Richards , Viv Viv Richards West Indies ( 24 + 23 ) Somerset ( 47 ) Glamorgan ( 10 ) 1988 -- 89 658 1971 -- 1993 796 36,212 49.40 16 114 Ramprakash , Mark Mark Ramprakash England ( 02 ! 2 + 3 ) Middlesex ( 3 ! 46 ) Surrey ( 60 ) 2008 676 1987 -- 2012 764 35,659 53.14 17 108 Zaheer Abbas ♠ Pakistan ( 12 + 17 ) Gloucestershire ( 49 ) 1982 -- 83 658 1965 -- 1987 768 34,843 51.54 18 = 107 Sandham , Andy Andy Sandham England ( 02 ! 2 ) Surrey ( 3 ! 83 ) 1935 871 1911 -- 1938 1,000 41,284 44.82 18 = 107 Cowdrey , Colin Colin Cowdrey England ( 22 + 1 ) Kent ( 3 ! 58 ) 1973 1,035 1950 -- 1976 1,130 42,719 42.89 20 104 Hayward , Tom Tom Hayward England ( 03 ! 3 ) Surrey ( 2 ! 88 ) 1913 1,076 1893 -- 1914 1,138 43,551 41.79 21 = 103 Turner , Glenn Glenn Turner New Zealand ( 07 ! 7 + 9 ) Worcestershire ( 72 ) 1982 779 1964 -- 1983 792 34,346 49.70 21 = 103 Edrich , John John Edrich England ( 12 ) Surrey ( 4 ! 81 ) 1977 945 1956 -- 1978 979 39,790 45.47 23 = 102 Ames , Les Les Ames England ( 08 ! 8 + 4 ) Kent ( 2 ! 78 ) 1950 916 1926 -- 1951 951 37,248 43.51 23 = 102 Tyldesley , Ernest Ernest Tyldesley England ( 03 ! 3 + 1 ) Lancashire ( 90 ) 1934 919 1909 -- 1936 961 38,874 45.46 23 = 102 Amiss , Dennis Dennis Amiss England ( 11 + 1 ) Warwickshire ( 78 ) 1986 1,081 1960 -- 1987 1,139 43,423 42.86 References ( edit ) General Berry , Scyld , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` First - Class Records -- Batting '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ( 146th ed . ) . John Wisden & Co. pp. 134 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905625 - 16 - 1 . Specific Jump up ^ Hussain , Nasser ( 2009 ) . `` The Masters of Modern County Cricket '' . In Scyld Berry ( ed ) . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ( 146th ed . ) . John Wisden & Co. p. 54 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Most hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Scyld , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` First - Class Records -- Batting -- Most Runs '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ( 146th ed . ) . John Wisden & Co. p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Patsy Hendren player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Hammond player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mead player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Boycott player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Hick player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Len Hutton player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Gooch player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Compton player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Graveney player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Bradman player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Bradman , Batting by team '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viv Richards player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viv Richards , Batting by team '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ramprakash player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surrey 217 - 4 ... Wilson 27 * ... Ramprakash 115 * ... number 113 of Ramprakash 's first class career ... '' Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zaheer Abbas player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zaheer Abbas , Batting by team '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Sandham player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Cowdrey player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hayward player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Turner player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Turner , Batting by team '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Edrich player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Les Ames player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ernest Tyldesley player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Amiss player profile '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) `` Most Centuries in First - Class Cricket '' . CricketArchive . Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Batsmen who have scored 100 first - class centuries Hobbs ( 199 ) Hendren ( 170 ) Hammond ( 167 ) Mead ( 153 ) Boycott ( 151 ) Sutcliffe ( 149 ) Woolley ( 145 ) Hick ( 136 ) Hutton ( 129 ) Gooch ( 128 ) Grace ( 126 ) Compton ( 123 ) Graveney ( 122 ) Bradman ( 117 ) Richards ( 114 ) Ramprakash ( 114 ) Abbas ( 108 ) Sandham ( 107 ) Cowdrey ( 107 ) Hayward ( 104 ) Turner ( 103 ) Edrich ( 103 ) Ames ( 102 ) Tyldesley ( 102 ) Amiss ( 102 ) Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_batsmen_who_have_scored_100_centuries_in_first-class_cricket&oldid=820383453 '' Categories : Lists of cricketers First - class cricket records Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has most centuries in first class cricket
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[
"\n\nRank\n100s\nPlayer\nNation (100s)\n County (100s)\n100th\nItH\nCareer\nInns\nRuns\nAve\nNotes\n\n\n01 !1\n199\nHobbs, JackJack Hobbs\n England (15)\nSurrey (1 !144)\n1923\n821\n1905–1934\n1,315\n61,237\n50.65\n[3]\n\n\n02 !2\n170\nHendren, PatsyPatsy Hendren\n England (07 !7+1)\nMiddlesex (1 !119)\n1928–29\n740\n1907–1938\n1,300\n57,611\n50.80\n[4]\n\n\n03 !3\n167\nHammond, WallyWally Hammond\n England (22+4)\nGloucestershire (113)\n1935\n680\n1923–1950\n1,005\n50,551\n56.10\n[5]\n\n\n04 !4\n153\nMead, PhilPhil Mead\n England (04 !4)\nHampshire (138)\n1927\n892\n1905–1936\n1,340\n55,061\n47.67\n[6]\n\n\n05 !5\n151\nBoycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott ♠\n England (22+3)\nYorkshire (2 !103)\n1977\n645\n1962–1986\n1,014\n48,426\n56.83\n[7]\n\n\n06 !6\n149\nSutcliffe, HerbertHerbert Sutcliffe\n England (16+2)\nYorkshire (1 !112)\n1932\n700\n1919–1945\n1,088\n50,138\n51.95\n[3]\n\n\n07 !7\n145\nWoolley, FrankFrank Woolley\n England (05 !5+3)\nKent (1 !122)\n1929\n1,031\n1906–1938\n1,532\n58,969\n40.75\n[3]\n\n\n08 !8\n136\nHick, GraemeGraeme Hick\n England (06 !6)\nWorcestershire (106)\n1998\n574\n1983–2008\n871\n41,112\n52.23\n[8]\n\n\n09 !9\n129\nHutton, LenLen Hutton\n England (19+1)\nYorkshire (3 !85)\n1951\n619\n1934–1960\n814\n40,140\n55.51\n[9]\n\n\n10\n128\nGooch, GrahamGraham Gooch\n England (20)\nEssex (94)\n1992–93\n820\n1973–2000\n990\n44,846\n49.01\n[10]\n\n\n11\n126\nGrace, W. G.W. G. Grace\n England (02 !2+2)\nGloucestershire (49)\n1895\n1,113\n1865–1908\n1,493\n54,896\n39.55\n[3]\n\n\n12\n123\nCompton, DenisDenis Compton\n England (17)\nMiddlesex (2 !67)\n1952\n552\n1936–1964\n839\n38,942\n51.85\n[11]\n\n\n13\n122\nGraveney, TomTom Graveney\n England (11)\nGloucestershire (50)\nWorcestershire (27)\n1964\n940\n1948–1972\n1,223\n47,793\n44.91\n[12]\n\n\n14\n117\nBradman, DonaldDonald Bradman\n Australia (29+36)\n—\n1947–48\n295\n1927–1949\n338\n28,067\n95.14\n[13][14]\n\n\n15\n114\nRichards, VivViv Richards\n West Indies (24+23)\nSomerset (47)\nGlamorgan (10)\n1988–89\n658\n1971–1993\n796\n36,212\n49.40\n[15][16]\n\n\n16\n114\nRamprakash, MarkMark Ramprakash\n England (02 !2+3)\nMiddlesex (3 !46)\nSurrey (60)\n2008\n676\n1987–2012\n764\n35,659\n53.14\n[17][18]\n\n\n17\n108\nZaheer Abbas ♠\n Pakistan (12+17)\nGloucestershire (49)\n1982–83\n658\n1965–1987\n768\n34,843\n51.54\n[19][20]\n\n\n18=\n107\nSandham, AndyAndy Sandham\n England (02 !2)\nSurrey (3 !83)\n1935\n871\n1911–1938\n1,000\n41,284\n44.82\n[21]\n\n\n18=\n107\nCowdrey, ColinColin Cowdrey\n England (22+1)\nKent (3 !58)\n1973\n1,035\n1950–1976\n1,130\n42,719\n42.89\n[22]\n\n\n20\n104\nHayward, TomTom Hayward\n England (03 !3)\nSurrey (2 !88)\n1913\n1,076\n1893–1914\n1,138\n43,551\n41.79\n[23]\n\n\n21=\n103\nTurner, GlennGlenn Turner\n New Zealand (07 !7+9)\nWorcestershire (72)\n1982\n779\n1964–1983\n792\n34,346\n49.70\n[24][25]\n\n\n21=\n103\nEdrich, JohnJohn Edrich\n England (12)\nSurrey (4 !81)\n1977\n945\n1956–1978\n979\n39,790\n45.47\n[26]\n\n\n23=\n102\nAmes, LesLes Ames\n England (08 !8+4)\nKent (2 !78)\n1950\n916\n1926–1951\n951\n37,248\n43.51\n[27]\n\n\n23=\n102\nTyldesley, ErnestErnest Tyldesley\n England (03 !3+1)\nLancashire (90)\n1934\n919\n1909–1936\n961\n38,874\n45.46\n[28]\n\n\n23=\n102\nAmiss, DennisDennis Amiss\n England (11+1)\nWarwickshire (78)\n1986\n1,081\n1960–1987\n1,139\n43,423\n42.86\n[29]\n\n"
] |
[
"Jack Hobbs"
] |
-6259922390527369121
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Bridesmaid
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Bridesmaid - wikipedia Bridesmaid `` Maid of honor '' redirects here . For the UK royal court title , see maid of honour . For the Justice League episode , see Maid of Honor ( Justice League episode ) . `` Bridesmaids '' redirects here . For the 2011 film , see Bridesmaids ( 2011 film ) . For other uses , see Bridesmaid ( disambiguation ) . Seven bridesmaids in matching dresses , with the bride The bridesmaids are members of the bride 's party in a wedding . A bridesmaid is typically a young woman , and often a close friend or relative . She attends to the bride on the day of a wedding or marriage ceremony . Traditionally , bridesmaids were chosen from unwed young women of marriageable age . The principal bridesmaid , if one is so designated , may be called the chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried , or the matron of honor if she is married . A junior bridesmaid is a girl who is clearly too young to be married , but who is included as an honorary bridesmaid . In the United States , typically only the maid / matron of honor and the best man are the official witnesses for the wedding license . Often there is more than one bridesmaid : in modern times the bride chooses how many to ask . Historically , no person of status went out unattended , and the size of the retinue was closely calculated to be appropriate to the family 's social status . A large group of bridesmaids provided an opportunity for showing off the family 's social status and wealth . Today , the number of bridesmaids in a wedding party is dependent on many variables , including a bride 's preferences , the size of her family , and the number of attendants her partner would like to have as well . The male equivalent is the groomsman , also known in British English as an usher ; in the United States , the role of attending to the groom has diverged from that of escorting guests to their seats , and the two positions are no longer synonymous and are often if not usually filled by different persons . In some cultures , such as in Norway , the Netherlands and Victorian Britain , it has been customary for bridesmaids to be small girls rather than grown women . They may carry flowers during the wedding procession and pose with the married couple in bridal photos . In modern English - speaking countries , this role is separate from that of the bridesmaid , and the small child performing it is known as a flower girl . Contents 1 Duties 2 Maid of honor 3 Origin and history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Duties ( edit ) Four bridesmaids wearing gagra cholis , the traditional dress of northern India Although many exceed the minimum , the bridesmaids ' required duties are very limited . They are required to attend the wedding ceremony and to assist the bride on the day of the wedding . Bridesmaids in Europe and North America are often asked to assist the bride with planning the wedding and a wedding reception . In modern times , a bridesmaid often participates in planning wedding - related events , such as a bridal shower or bachelorette party , if there are any . These , however , are optional activities ; according to etiquette expert Judith Martin , `` Contrary to rumor , bridesmaids are not obliged to entertain in honor of the bride , nor to wear dresses they can not afford . '' If it is customary in the bride 's area to have a bridesmaids luncheon , then it is hosted , and therefore organized and paid for , by the bride . A junior bridesmaid has no responsibilities beyond attending the wedding . This junior bridesmaid , in North Carolina , USA , is dressed in white , just like the bride . The duties and costs of being a bridesmaid are parsed out between a bride and her attendants in a variety of ways . Since modern bridesmaids , unlike their historical counterparts , can no longer rely on having their clothes and travel expenses paid for by the bride 's family , and are sometimes even told they must pay for parties that the bride wants to have before the wedding , it has become customary for the bride to present the bridesmaids with gifts as a sign of gratitude for the support and financial commitment that comes with their roles . It has become equally customary for women who are invited to serve as bridesmaids to first ask about the amount of time , energy , and money that the bride expects from them before accepting this position , and to decline or resign if this is more than they will be able to give . In some American weddings , each bridesmaid may be asked to spend US $1,700 or more , with travel to destination weddings and pre-wedding parties usually being the biggest expense . Maid of honor ( edit ) For the court title , see Maid of honour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The bride ( center ) with her maid of honor ( third from left ) and bridesmaids . The maid of honor can be distinguished by her dress , which differs somewhat from that of the other bridesmaids , as well as by her position in the traditional place of honor at the immediate right of the principal party . From 1929 , in Minnesota , USA . In the United Kingdom , the term `` maid of honour '' originally referred to the female attendant of a queen . The term bridesmaid is normally used for all bridal attendants in the UK . However , when the attendant is married , or is a mature woman , the term matron of honour is often used . The influence of American English has led to the chief bridesmaid sometimes being called the maid of honour . In North America , a wedding party might include several bridesmaids , but the maid of honor is the title and position held by the bride 's chief attendant , typically her closest friend or sister . In modern - day weddings some brides opt to choose a long - time male friend or brother as their head attendant , using the title best man or man of honor . The activities of the principal bridesmaid may be as many or as varied as she allows the bride to impose upon her . Her only required duty is to participate in the wedding ceremony . Typically , however , she is asked for help with the logistics of the wedding as an event , such as addressing invitations , and for her help as a friend , such as attending the bride as she shops for her wedding dress . On the day of the wedding , her principal duty is to provide practical and emotional support . She might assist the bride with dressing and , if needed , help the bride manage her veil , a bouquet , a prayer book , or the train of her wedding dress during the day . In a double - ring wedding , the chief bridesmaid is often entrusted with the groom 's wedding ring until it is needed during the ceremony . Many brides ask bridesmaids if they are adults , to be legal witnesses who sign the marriage license after the ceremony . If there is a reception after the wedding , the maid of honor may be asked to offer a toast to the newlywed . Origin and History ( edit ) The origin of the Western bridesmaid tradition likely arose from a combination of many factors . The most - likely factors include , but are n't limited to , socioeconomic class and status , family size , socialization standards of the day , and religion . Others cite the Biblical story of Jacob , and his two wives Leah and Rachel , who both literally came with their own maids as detailed in the Book of Genesis ( 29 : 24 , 46 : 18 ) as the origin of bridesmaids . These women were handmaidens ( servants or slaves ) instead of social peers . Some sources state that , in ancient times , originally the bride and all the bridesmaids wore exactly the same dress and veiled their faces heavily , for the purpose of confusing jealous suitors and evil spirits . In China during the feudal era , the female womb was seen as precious for the production of an heir . Brides were susceptible to kidnapping at weddings by rival clans and hooligans . Shouldering the responsibility to protect the bride , bridesmaids were dressed up like the bride to lower the risk that she might be identified and robbed . As legal protections for marriage were established , this was no longer necessary , and the role of bridesmaid took a more symbolic turn . In the Victorian era , white was the official color for both male groomsmen and female bridesmaids . This trend originated with Queen Victoria when she married Prince Albert wearing a long white wedding dress , and her bridesmaids matched the color of her gown . See also ( edit ) Bridesman Groomsman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior , Freshly Updated . Kamen , Gloria . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 383 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . ( I ) n polite society ... the bridesmaids ' only duties are to make a special fuss over the bride by gathering around her at the wedding and , in the weeks before , by pretending to be interested in all the wedding details . It is also nice , but not obligatory , for them to plan a girlishly informal gathering -- a luncheon or shower -- for her beforehand . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 1999 ) . Miss Manners on weddings . New York : Crown Publishers . pp. 136&ndash , 137 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60431 - 7 . Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 1922 ) . Etiquette in Society , in Business , in Politics and at Home ' . Funk & Wagnalls Company . pp. 335 -- 337 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Stephanie ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` How much does it cost to be a bridesmaid ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Thompson , By Jenn . `` Bizarre origins of wedding traditions - CNN.com '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of Bridesmaids '' . oureverydaylife.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's so dangerous being a bridesmaid in China that some brides are hiring professionals instead - San Francisco Wedding Photography - SF Wedding Photographer '' . www.iqphoto.com . External links ( edit ) Media related to Bridesmaids at Wikimedia Commons A Salute to Bridesmaids - slideshow by Life magazine Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage license Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Western dress codes : Formal Morning dress White tie Semi-formal Black lounge suit Black tie Informal Dress clothes Lounge suit Wedding dress Contemporary Western wedding dress Ball gown / Evening gown Boutonnière Garter Hwarot Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lychgate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Hindu Bengali Muslim Brunei Malay Chinese Catholic Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Odia Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland India Myanmar ( Burma ) Pakistan Philippines Russia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridesmaid&oldid=864179396 '' Categories : Wedding ceremony participants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 16 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what do you call bridesmaids who are married
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[
"The principal bridesmaid, if one is so designated, may be called the chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried, or the matron of honor if she is married. A junior bridesmaid is a girl who is clearly too young to be married, but who is included as an honorary bridesmaid. In the United States, typically only the maid/matron of honor and the best man are the official witnesses for the wedding license.\n"
] |
[
"matron of honor"
] |
-7907835054835294063
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Sugarcane
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Sugarcane - wikipedia Sugarcane Jump to : navigation , search Saccharum officinarum Sugar cane growing , Queensland , 2016 Cut sugarcane Sugarcane and bowl of refined sugar Sugarcane , or sugar cane , are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum , tribe Andropogoneae , native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia and Melanesia , and used for sugar production . It has stout , jointed , fibrous stalks that are rich in the sugar sucrose , which accumulates in the stalk internodes . The plant is two to six meters ( six to twenty feet ) tall . All sugar cane species interbreed and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids . Sugarcane belongs to the grass family Poaceae , an economically important seed plant family that includes maize , wheat , rice , and sorghum , and many forage crops . Sucrose , extracted and purified in specialized mill factories , is used as raw material in the food industry or is fermented to produce ethanol . Ethanol is produced on a large scale by the Brazilian sugarcane industry . Sugarcane is the world 's largest crop by production quantity . In 2012 , The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates it was cultivated on about 26 × 10 hectares ( 6.4 × 10 acres ) , in more than 90 countries , with a worldwide harvest of 1.83 × 10 tonnes ( 1.80 × 10 long tons ; 2.02 × 10 short tons ) . Brazil was the largest producer of sugar cane in the world . The next five major producers , in decreasing amounts of production , were India , China , Thailand , Pakistan , and Mexico . The world demand for sugar is the primary driver of sugarcane agriculture . Cane accounts for 80 % of sugar produced ; most of the rest is made from sugar beets . Sugarcane predominantly grows in the tropical and subtropical regions ( sugar beets grow in colder temperate regions ) . Other than sugar , products derived from sugarcane include falernum , molasses , rum , cachaça ( a traditional spirit from Brazil ) , bagasse , and ethanol . In some regions , people use sugarcane reeds to make pens , mats , screens , and thatch . The young , unexpanded inflorescence of tebu telor is eaten raw , steamed , or toasted , and prepared in various ways in certain island communities of Indonesia . The Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the famous `` reeds that produce honey without bees '' in India between the 6th and 4th centuries BC . They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture . Merchants began to trade in sugar from India , which was considered a luxury and an expensive spice . In the 18th century AD , sugarcane plantations began in Caribbean , South American , Indian Ocean and Pacific island nations and the need for laborers became a major driver of large human migrations , including slave labor and indentured servants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Cultivation 3.1 Pests 3.2 Pathogens 3.3 Nitrogen fixation 3.4 Conditions for sugarcane workers 4 Processing 4.1 Milling 4.2 Refining 4.3 Ribbon cane syrup 4.4 Pollution from sugarcane processing 5 Production 6 Ethanol 7 Bagasse applications 7.1 Electricity production 7.2 Biogas production 8 Medicinal usage 9 Sugarcane as food 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) Sugarcane is a tropical , perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems , typically three to four m ( 10 to 13 ft ) high and about 5 cm ( 2 in ) in diameter . The stems grow into cane stalk , which when mature constitutes around 75 % of the entire plant . A mature stalk is typically composed of 11 -- 16 % fiber , 12 -- 16 % soluble sugars , 2 -- 3 % nonsugars , and 63 -- 73 % water . A sugarcane crop is sensitive to the climate , soil type , irrigation , fertilizers , insects , disease control , varieties , and the harvest period . The average yield of cane stalk is 60 -- 70 tonnes per hectare ( 24 -- 28 long ton / acre ; 27 -- 31 short ton / acre ) per year . However , this figure can vary between 30 and 180 tonnes per hectare depending on knowledge and crop management approach used in sugarcane cultivation . Sugarcane is a cash crop , but it is also used as livestock fodder . History ( edit ) See also : History of sugar The westward diffusion of sugarcane in pre-Islamic times ( shown in red ) , in the medieval Muslim world ( green ) , and by Europeans in the 15th century ( islands circled by violet lines ) Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical South and Southeast Asia . Different species likely originated in different locations , with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum in New Guinea . The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India . The exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear . The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts . Around the 8th century , Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from South Asia to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean , Mesopotamia , Egypt , North Africa , and Andalusia . By the 10th century , sources state that no village in Mesopotamia did not grow sugarcane . It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by the Spanish , mainly Andalusians , from their fields in the Canary Islands , and the Portuguese from their fields in the Madeira Islands . Christopher Columbus first brought sugarcane to the Caribbean during his second voyage to the Americas ; initially to the island of Hispaniola ( modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) . In colonial times , sugar formed one side of the triangle trade of New World raw materials , along with European manufactured goods , and African slaves . Sugar ( often in the form of molasses ) was shipped from the Caribbean to Europe or New England , where it was used to make rum . The profits from the sale of sugar were then used to purchase manufactured goods , which were then shipped to West Africa , where they were bartered for slaves . The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters . The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar , which was shipped to Europe . Sugar plantation in the British colony of Antigua , 1823 France found its sugarcane islands so valuable that it effectively traded its portion of Canada , famously dubbed `` a few acres of snow '' , to Britain for their return of Guadeloupe , Martinique and St. Lucia at the end of the Seven Years ' War . The Dutch similarly kept Suriname , a sugar colony in South America , instead of seeking the return of the New Netherlands ( New York ) . Boiling houses in the 17th through 19th centuries converted sugarcane juice into raw sugar . These houses were attached to sugar plantations in the Western colonies . Slaves often ran the boiling process under very poor conditions . Rectangular boxes of brick or stone served as furnaces , with an opening at the bottom to stoke the fire and remove ashes . At the top of each furnace were up to seven copper kettles or boilers , each one smaller and hotter than the previous one . The cane juice began in the largest kettle . The juice was then heated and lime added to remove impurities . The juice was skimmed and then channeled to successively smaller kettles . The last kettle , the `` teache '' , was where the cane juice became syrup . The next step was a cooling trough , where the sugar crystals hardened around a sticky core of molasses . This raw sugar was then shoveled from the cooling trough into hogsheads ( wooden barrels ) , and from there into the curing house . A sugar plantation on the island of Réunion in the late 19th century In the British Empire , slaves were liberated after 1833 and many would no longer work on sugarcane plantations when they had a choice . British owners of sugarcane plantations therefore needed new workers , and they found cheap labour in China , Portugal and India . The people were subject to indenture , a long - established form of contract which bound them to forced labour for a fixed term ; apart from the fixed term of servitude , this resembled slavery . The first ships carrying indentured labourers from India left in 1836 . The migrations to serve sugarcane plantations led to a significant number of ethnic Indians , southeast Asians and Chinese settling in various parts of the world . In some islands and countries , the South Asian migrants now constitute between 10 and 50 percent of the population . Sugarcane plantations and Asian ethnic groups continue to thrive in countries such as Fiji , Natal , Burma , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , British Guiana , Jamaica , Trinidad , Martinique , French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Grenada , St. Lucia , St. Vincent , St. Kitts , St. Croix , Suriname , Nevis , and Mauritius . Old - fashioned Indian Sugarcane Press , c. 1905 The then British colony of Queensland , now a state of Australia , coerced ( or `` blackbirded '' ) between 55,000 and 62,500 ( estimates vary ) people from the South Pacific Islands to work on sugarcane plantations between 1863 and 1900 . Cuban sugar derived from sugarcane was exported to the USSR , where it received price supports and was ensured a guaranteed market . The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet state forced the closure of most of Cuba 's sugar industry . Sugarcane remains an important part of the economy of Guyana , Belize , Barbados , and Haiti , along with the Dominican Republic , Guadeloupe , Jamaica , and other islands . About 70 % of the sugar produced globally comes from S. officinarum and hybrids using this species . A 19th - century lithograph by Theodore Bray showing a sugarcane plantation : On the right is the `` white officer '' , the European overseer . Slave workers toil during the harvest . To the left is a flat - bottomed vessel for cane transportation . Cultivation ( edit ) Sugarcane plantation , Mauritius Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or temperate climate , with a minimum of 60 cm ( 24 in ) of annual moisture . It is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom . It is a C plant , able to convert up to 1 % of incident solar energy into biomass . In prime growing regions , such as Mauritius , Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , India , Guyana , Indonesia , Pakistan , Peru , Brazil , Bolivia , Colombia , Australia , Ecuador , Cuba , the Philippines , El Salvador , Jamaica , and Hawaii , sugarcane crops can produce over 15 kg / m of cane . Once a major crop of the southeastern region of the United States , sugarcane cultivation has declined there in recent decades , and is now primarily confined to Florida , Louisiana , and South Texas . Sugarcane is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics in areas with a plentiful supply of water for a continuous period of more than six to seven months each year , either from natural rainfall or through irrigation . The crop does not tolerate severe frosts . Therefore , most of the world 's sugarcane is grown between 22 ° N and 22 ° S , and some up to 33 ° N and 33 ° S. When sugarcane crop is found outside this range , such as the Natal region of South Africa , it is normally due to anomalous climatic conditions in the region , such as warm ocean currents that sweep down the coast . In terms of altitude , sugarcane crop is found up to 1,600 metres or 5,200 feet close to the equator in countries such as Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru . Sugarcane can be grown on many soils ranging from highly fertile well - drained mollisols , through heavy cracking vertisols , infertile acid oxisols , peaty histosols , to rocky andisols . Both plentiful sunshine and water supplies increase cane production . This has made desert countries with good irrigation facilities such as Egypt some of the highest - yielding sugarcane - cultivating regions . Sugarcane flower , Dominica Although some sugarcanes produce seeds , modern stem cutting has become the most common reproduction method . Each cutting must contain at least one bud , and the cuttings are sometimes hand - planted . In more technologically advanced countries like the United States and Australia , billet planting is common . Billets harvested from a mechanical harvester are planted by a machine that opens and recloses the ground . Once planted , a stand can be harvested several times ; after each harvest , the cane sends up new stalks , called ratoons . Successive harvests give decreasing yields , eventually justifying replanting . Two to 10 harvests are usually made depending on the type of culture . In a country with a mechanical agriculture looking for a high production of large fields , like in North America , sugar canes are replanted after two or three harvests to avoid a lowering in yields . In countries with a more traditional type of agriculture with smaller fields and hand harvesting , like in the French island la Réunion , sugar canes are often harvested up to 10 years before replanting . Sugar canes harvested by women , Hòa Bình Province , Vietnam Sugarcane mechanical harvest , Jaboticabal , São Paulo , Brazil Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically . Hand harvesting accounts for more than half of production , and is dominant in the developing world . In hand harvesting , the field is first set on fire . The fire burns dry leaves , and chases away or kills any lurking venomous snakes , without harming the stalks and roots . Harvesters then cut the cane just above ground - level using cane knives or machetes . A skilled harvester can cut 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) of sugarcane per hour . Mechanical harvesting uses a combine , or sugarcane harvester . The Austoft 7000 series , the original modern harvester design , has now been copied by other companies , including Cameco / John Deere . The machine cuts the cane at the base of the stalk , strips the leaves , chops the cane into consistent lengths and deposits it into a transporter following alongside . The harvester then blows the trash back onto the field . Such machines can harvest 100 long tons ( 100 t ) each hour ; however , harvested cane must be rapidly processed . Once cut , sugarcane begins to lose its sugar content , and damage to the cane during mechanical harvesting accelerates this decline . This decline is offset because a modern chopper harvester can complete the harvest faster and more efficiently than hand cutting and loading . Austoft also developed a series of hydraulic high - lift infield transporters to work alongside their harvesters to allow even more rapid transfer of cane to , for example , the nearest railway siding . This mechanical harvesting does n't require the field to be set on fire ; the remains left in the field by the machine consist of the top of the sugar cane and the dead leaves , which act as mulch for the next round of planting . Sugarcane plantations in Brazil , the largest producer in the world . Pests ( edit ) The cane beetle ( also known as cane grub ) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots ; it can be controlled with imidacloprid ( Confidor ) or chlorpyrifos ( Lorsban ) . Other important pests are the larvae of some butterfly / moth species , including the turnip moth , the sugarcane borer ( Diatraea saccharalis ) , the Mexican rice borer ( Eoreuma loftini ) ; leaf - cutting ants , termites , spittlebugs ( especially Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois flavopicta ) , and the beetle Migdolus fryanus . The planthopper insect Eumetopina flavipes acts as a virus vector , which causes the sugarcane disease ramu stunt . Pathogens ( edit ) Main article : List of sugarcane diseases Numerous pathogens infect sugarcane , such as sugarcane grassy shoot disease caused by Phytoplasma , whiptail disease or sugarcane smut , pokkah boeng caused by Fusarium moniliforme , Xanthomonas axonopodis bacteria causes Gumming Disease , and red rot disease caused by Colletotrichum falcatum . Viral diseases affecting sugarcane include sugarcane mosaic virus , maize streak virus , and sugarcane yellow leaf virus . Nitrogen fixation ( edit ) Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus . Unlike legumes and other nitrogen - fixing plants that form root nodules in the soil in association with bacteria , G. diazotrophicus lives within the intercellular spaces of the sugarcane 's stem . Coating seeds with the bacteria is a newly developed technology that can enable every crop species to fix nitrogen for its own use . Conditions for sugarcane workers ( edit ) At least 20,000 people are estimated to have died of chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) in Central America in the past two decades -- most of them sugar cane workers along the Pacific coast . This may be due to working long hours in the heat without adequate fluid intake . Processing ( edit ) Traditionally , sugarcane processing requires two stages . Mills extract raw sugar from freshly harvested cane and `` mill - white '' sugar is sometimes produced immediately after the first stage at sugar - extraction mills , intended for local consumption . Sugar crystals appear naturally white in color during the crystallization process . Sulfur dioxide is added to inhibit the formation of color - inducing molecules as well as to stabilize the sugar juices during evaporation . Refineries , often located nearer to consumers in North America , Europe , and Japan , then produce refined white sugar , which is 99 percent sucrose . These two stages are slowly merging . Increasing affluence in the sugar - producing tropics increased demand for refined sugar products , driving a trend toward combined milling and refining . Milling ( edit ) Main article : Sugar cane mill Brown ( top ) and white sugar crystals . Manually extracting juice from sugarcane A truck hauls cane to a sugar mill in Florida Sugarcane processing produces cane sugar ( sucrose ) from sugarcane . Other products of the processing include bagasse , molasses , and filtercake . Bagasse , the residual dry fiber of the cane after cane juice has been extracted , is used for several purposes : fuel for the boilers and kilns , production of paper , paperboard products , and reconstituted panelboard , agricultural mulch , and more , as a raw material for production of chemicals . Santa Elisa sugarcane processing plant in Sertãozinho , one of the largest and oldest in Brazil The primary use of bagasse and bagasse residue is as a fuel source for the boilers in the generation of process steam in sugar plants . Dried filtercake is used as an animal feed supplement , fertilizer , and source of sugarcane wax . Molasses is produced in two forms : Blackstrap , which has a characteristic strong flavor , and a purer molasses syrup . Blackstrap molasses is sold as a food and dietary supplement . It is also a common ingredient in animal feed , is used to produce ethanol and rum , and in the manufacturing of citric acid . Purer molasses syrups are sold as molasses , and may also be blended with maple syrup , invert sugars , or corn syrup . Both forms of molasses are used in baking . Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane syrup Refining ( edit ) Play media A video of sugarcane juice extraction Sugar refining further purifies the raw sugar . It is first mixed with heavy syrup and then centrifuged in a process called `` affination '' . Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals ' outer coating , which is less pure than the crystal interior . The remaining sugar is then dissolved to make a syrup , about 60 percent solids by weight . The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide , which combine to precipitate calcium phosphate . The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others , and then float to the top of the tank , where they can be skimmed off . An alternative to this `` phosphatation '' technique is `` carbonatation '' , which is similar , but uses carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide to produce a calcium carbonate precipitate . After filtering any remaining solids , the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon . Bone char or coal - based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role . Some remaining color - forming impurities adsorb to the carbon . The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum , to produce white refined sugar . As in a sugar mill , the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging . Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce brown sugar . When no more sugar can be economically recovered , the final molasses still contains 20 -- 30 percent sucrose and 15 -- 25 percent glucose and fructose . To produce granulated sugar , in which individual grains do not clump , sugar must be dried , first by heating in a rotary dryer , and then by blowing cool air through it for several days . Ribbon cane syrup ( edit ) Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the southern United States , as far north as coastal North Carolina . The juice was extracted with horse or mule - powered crushers ; the juice was boiled , like maple syrup , in a flat pan , and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener . It is not currently a commercial crop , but a few growers find ready sales for their product . Pollution from sugarcane processing ( edit ) Particulate matter , combustion products , and volatile organic compounds are the primary pollutants emitted during the sugarcane processing . Combustion products include nitrogen oxides ( NO ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) , CO , and sulfur oxides ( SO ) . Potential emission sources include the sugar granulators , sugar conveying and packaging equipment , bulk loadout operations , boilers , granular carbon and char regeneration kilns , regenerated adsorbent transport systems , kilns and handling equipment ( at some facilities ) , carbonation tanks , multi-effect evaporator stations , and vacuum boiling pans . Modern pollution prevention technologies are capable of addressing all of these potential pollutants . Production ( edit ) Top ten sugarcane producers -- 2015 Country Production ( thousand metric tons , TMT ) Brazil 739,267 India 341,200 China * 125,536 Thailand 100,096 Pakistan 63,750 Mexico 61,182 Colombia 34,876 Indonesia * 33,700 Philippines 31,874 United States 27,906 World 1,877,105 P = official figure , F = FAO estimate , * = Unofficial / Semi-official / mirror data , C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate ( may include official , semi-official or estimates ) ; Source : Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations : Economic And Social Department : The Statistical Division Brazil led the world in sugarcane production in 2013 with a 739,267 TMT harvest . India was the second largest producer with 341,200 TMT tons , and China the third largest producer with 125,536 TMT tons harvest . The average worldwide yield of sugarcane crops in 2013 was 70.77 tons per hectare . The most productive farms in the world were in Peru with a nationwide average sugarcane crop yield of 133.71 tons per hectare . The theoretical possible yield for sugar cane , according to 1983 study of Duke , is about 280 metric tons per hectare per year , and small experimental plots in Brazil have demonstrated yields of 236 -- 280 metric tons of fresh cane per hectare . The most promising region for high yield sugarcane production were in sun drenched , irrigated farms of northern Africa , and other deserts with plentiful water from river or irrigation canals . In the United States , sugarcane is grown commercially in Florida , Hawaii , Louisiana , and Texas . Brazil uses sugarcane to produce sugar and ethanol for gasoline - ethanol blends ( gasohol ) , a locally popular transportation fuel . In India , sugarcane is used to produce sugar , jaggery and alcoholic beverages . Ethanol ( edit ) Further information : Ethanol fuel See also : Biofuel A fuel pump in Brazil , offering cane ethanol ( A ) and gasoline ( G ) . Ethanol is generally available as a byproduct of sugar production . It can be used as a biofuel alternative to gasoline , and is widely used in cars in Brazil . It is an alternative to gasoline , and may become the primary product of sugarcane processing , rather than sugar . In Brazil , gasoline is required to contain at least 22 percent bioethanol . This bioethanol is sourced from Brazil 's large sugarcane crop . The production of ethanol from sugar cane is more energy efficient than from corn or sugar beets or palm / vegetable oils , particularly if cane bagasse is used to produce heat and power for the process . Furthermore , if biofuels are used for crop production and transport , the fossil energy input needed for each ethanol energy unit can be very low . EIA estimates that with an integrated sugar cane to ethanol technology , the well - to - wheels CO emissions can be 90 percent lower than conventional gasoline . A textbook on renewable energy describes the energy transformation : Presently , 75 tons of raw sugar cane are produced annually per hectare in Brazil . The cane delivered to the processing plant is called burned and cropped ( b&c ) , and represents 77 % of the mass of the raw cane . The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves ( which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer ) , and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop . Average cane production is , therefore , 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year . Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice ( 135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water ) and 260 kg of moist bagasse ( 130 kg of dry bagasse ) . Since the lower heating value of sucrose is 16.5 M J / kg , and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ / kg , the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse . Per hectare per year , the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ . This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter . Assuming an average insolation of 225 W per square meter , the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38 % . The 135 kg of sucrose found in 1 ton of b&c are transformed into 70 litres of ethanol with a combustion energy of 1.7 GJ . The practical sucrose - ethanol conversion efficiency is , therefore , 76 % ( compare with the theoretical 97 % ) . One hectare of sugar cane yields 4,000 litres of ethanol per year ( without any additional energy input , because the bagasse produced exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product ) . This , however , does not include the energy used in tilling , transportation , and so on . Thus , the solar energy - to - ethanol conversion efficiency is 0.13 % . Bagasse Applications ( edit ) Sugarcane is a major crop in many countries . It is one of the plants with the highest bioconversion efficiency . Sugarcane crop is able to efficiently fix solar energy , yielding some 55 tonnes of dry matter per hectare of land annually . After harvest , the crop produces sugar juice and bagasse , the fibrous dry matter . This dry matter is biomass with potential as fuel for energy production . Bagasse can also be used as an alternative source of pulp for paper production . Sugarcane bagasse is a potentially abundant source of energy for large producers of sugarcane , such as Brazil , India and China . According to one report , with use of latest technologies , bagasse produced annually in Brazil has the potential of meeting 20 percent of Brazil 's energy consumption by 2020 . Electricity production ( edit ) A number of countries , in particular those devoid of any fossil fuel , have implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures to minimize energy used in cane processing and furthermore export any excess electricity to the grid . Bagasse is usually burned to produce steam , which in turn creates electricity . Current technologies , such as those in use in Mauritius , produce over 100 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse . With a total world harvest of over 1 billion tonnes of sugar cane per year , the global energy potential from bagasse is over 100,000 GWh . Using Mauritius as a reference , an annual potential of 10,000 GWh of additional electricity could be produced throughout Africa . Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important , particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations . Recent cogeneration technology plants are being designed to produce from 200 to over 300 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse . As sugarcane is a seasonal crop , shortly after harvest the supply of bagasse would peak , requiring power generation plants to strategically manage the storage of bagasse . Biogas production ( edit ) A greener alternative to burning bagasse for the production of electricity is to convert bagasse into biogas . Technologies are being developed to use enzymes to transform bagasse into advanced biofuel and biogas . Medicinal usage ( edit ) In āyurveda , the Indian system of medicine , the sugarcane is most commonly known in Sanskrit as Ikṣu , having characteristics such as improving strength and acting as an aphrodisiac . It has the following synonyms : Dīrghachada , Bhūrirasa , Guḍamūla , Asipatra , Madhutṛṇa . These synonyms , along with its main varieties and characteristics are described in nighaṇṭus such as the Bhāvaprakāśa ( 1.6. 23 , group of sugarcanes ) . The juice of the sugarcane is known as Phāṇita . Sugarcane as food ( edit ) Cane juice Freshly squeezed sugarcane juice . Nutritional value per 28.35 grams Energy 111.13 kJ ( 26.56 kcal ) Carbohydrates 27.51 g Sugars 26.98 g Protein 0.27 g Minerals Calcium ( 1 % ) 11.23 mg Iron ( 3 % ) 0.37 mg Potassium ( 1 % ) 41.96 mg Sodium ( 1 % ) 17.01 mg Nutrient Information from ESHA Research Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Caipirinha , a cocktail made from sugarcane - derived Cachaça In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated , there are several foods and popular dishes derived directly from it , such as : Raw sugarcane : chewed to extract the juice Sayur nganten : an Indonesian soup made with the stem of trubuk ( Saccharum edule ) , a type of sugarcane . Sugarcane juice : a combination of fresh juice , extracted by hand or small mills , with a touch of lemon and ice to make a popular drink , known variously as air tebu , usacha rass , guarab , guarapa , guarapo , papelón , aseer asab , ganna sharbat , mosto , caldo de cana , nước miá . Syrup : a traditional sweetener in soft drinks , now largely supplanted in the US by high fructose corn syrup , which is less expensive because of corn subsidies and sugar tariffs . Molasses : used as a sweetener and a syrup accompanying other foods , such as cheese or cookies Jaggery : a solidified molasses , known as gur or gud or gul in India , is traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge , and then cooling and molding it in buckets . Modern production partially freeze dries the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color . It is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees , sweets and desserts . Falernum : a sweet , and lightly alcoholic drink made from sugarcane juice Cachaça : the most popular distilled alcoholic beverage in Brazil ; a liquor made of the distillation of sugarcane juice . Rum : is a liquor made from sugarcane products , typically molasses but sometimes also cane juice . It is most commonly produced in the Caribbean and environs . Basi : is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane juice produced in the Philippines and Guyana . Panela : solid pieces of sucrose and fructose obtained from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice ; a food staple in Colombia and other countries in South and Central America Rapadura : a sweet flour that is one of the simplest refinings of sugarcane juice , common in Latin American countries such as Brazil , Argentina and Venezuela ( where it is known as papelón ) and the Caribbean . Rock candy : crystallized cane juice Gâteau de Sirop See also ( edit ) Sugar plantations in the Caribbean Sugar plantations in Hawaii Trapiche References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Crop production '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dahlia ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Consumer Preference for Indigenous Vegetables '' ( PDF ) . World Agroforestry Centre . Jump up ^ `` Agribusiness Handbook : Sugar beet white sugar '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organization , United Nations . 2009 . Jump up ^ Sidney Mintz ( 1986 ) . 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International Sugar Journal . 108 ( 1295 ) : 640 -- 644 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cetrel and Novozymes to Make Biogas and Electricity from Bagasse '' . Business Wire. 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bagasse Cogen - Global Review and Potential '' ( PDF ) . World Alliance for Decentralized Energy . 2004 . Jump up ^ Deepchand ( 2005 ) . `` Sugar Cane Bagasse Energy Cogeneration -- Lessons from Mauritius '' ( PDF ) . The United Nations . Jump up ^ Ogden ; et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Steam economy and cogeneration in cane sugar factories '' ( PDF ) . International Sugar Journal . 92 ( 1099 ) : 131 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Hollanda , Erber ( 2010 ) . Trade and Environment Review . United Nations . pp. 68 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 112782 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murthy , K.R. Srikantha ( 2016 ) . Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra , Vol . I. Krishnadas Ayurveda Series 45 ( reprint 2016 ed . ) . Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy , Varanasi . pp. 490 -- 494 . ISBN 9788121800006 . Jump up ^ `` Cane Juice Nutrition Information '' . WH Foods . 2011 . Jump up ^ Pollan M ( 12 October 2003 ) . `` The ( Agri ) Cultural Contradictions Of Obesity '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sugar cane . Look up sugarcane in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Sucropedia.com , an encyclopedia about sugar production Sugar and the Environment from the World Wide Fund for Nature CaneInfo from India 's National Informatics Centre Industry organizations : Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association ( UNICA ) National Federation of Sugarcane Planters , Philippines The Better Sugar Cane Initiative Ethical Sugar , a French NGO Health Benefits of Sugarcane Sugar ( as food commodity ) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Fructose Galactose Glucose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Xylose Monosaccharide Disaccharide Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Bioenergy Biofuels Alcohol Algae fuel Bagasse Babassu oil Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Corn stover Ethanol cellulosic mixtures Methanol Stover Corn stover Straw Cooking oil Vegetable oil Water hyacinth Wood gas Energy from foodstock Barley Cassava Grape Hemp Maize Oat Palm oil Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugarcane Sugar beet Sunflower Wheat Yam Camelina sativa Non-food energy crops Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Millettia pinnata Miscanthus giganteus Switchgrass Wood fuel Technology BECCS Bioconversion Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer -- Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellets mill stove Thermal depolymerization Concepts Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry EROEI Food vs. fuel Issues Sustainable biofuel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarcane&oldid=808092269 '' Categories : Saccharum Sugar Crops originating from Asia Energy crops Ethanol fuel Flora of Southeast Asia Flora of tropical Asia Flora of Indo - China Crops Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ भोजपुरी བོད ་ ཡིག Chamoru ChiShona ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Español Français Gaeilge 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Kongo मराठी مصرى Na Vosa Vakaviti नेपाली Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog ತುಳು Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 20 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is sugar cane grown in the usa
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"Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or temperate climate, with a minimum of 60 cm (24 in) of annual moisture. It is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom. It is a C4 plant, able to convert up to 1% of incident solar energy into biomass.[18] In prime growing regions, such as Mauritius, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, India, Guyana, Indonesia, Pakistan, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Australia, Ecuador, Cuba, the Philippines, El Salvador, Jamaica, and Hawaii, sugarcane crops can produce over 15 kg/m2 of cane. Once a major crop of the southeastern region of the United States, sugarcane cultivation has declined there in recent decades, and is now primarily confined to Florida, Louisiana, and South Texas."
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"Florida, Louisiana, and South Texas."
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Call Out My Name
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Call Out My Name - wikipedia Call Out My Name `` Call Out My Name '' Single by The Weeknd from the album My Dear Melancholy , Released April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 48 Label XO Republic Songwriter ( s ) Abel Tesfaye Adam Feeney Nicolas Jaar Producer ( s ) Frank Dukes The Weeknd singles chronology `` Pray for Me '' ( 2018 ) `` Call Out My Name '' ( 2018 ) `` What You Want '' ( 2018 ) `` Pray for Me '' ( 2018 ) `` Call Out My Name '' ( 2018 ) `` What You Want '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Call Out My Name '' on YouTube `` Call Out My Name '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter The Weeknd , taken from his first EP , My Dear Melancholy , . The song was released with the rest of the EP on March 30 , 2018 . He co-wrote the song with Frank Dukes and Nicolas Jaar , while Dukes served as the producer of the song . It is the first track on the EP . It was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on April 10 , 2018 as the extended play 's first single in the United States . Contents 1 Composition 2 Commercial performance 3 Music videos 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of D ♯ minor with a tempo of 45 beats per minute in compound duple ( ) time . The chords alternate between G ♯ m and D ♯ m . Tesfaye 's vocals span two octaves , from D ♯ to D ♯ . Commercial performance ( edit ) Tesfaye earned the largest first - day Spotify stream count of any song released in 2018 with `` Call Out My Name '' . The song was also streamed 6 million times on its first day on Apple Music . The song debuted at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated April 7 , 2018 , becoming his eighth top ten entry . Music Videos ( edit ) A lyric video was released on April 2 , 2018 , depicting Tesfaye on various television screens . On March 30 , 2018 , The Weeknd uploaded a vertical video to Spotify . The official music video for `` Call Out My Name '' was released on April 12 , 2018 and directed by Grant Singer . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 49 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 France ( SNEP ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 15 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 40 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 5 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 89 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 27 Singapore ( RIAS ) 10 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 57 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United States April 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary radio XO Republic Italy April 20 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Universal United Kingdom Urban contemporary XO Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spot On Track -- The Spotify Tracker '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Adam . `` The Weeknd `` Call Out My Name '' Sheet Music in D# Minor ( transposable ) -- Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd Lands Largest Spotify Debut Of 2018 With `` Call Out My Name '' `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd Nearly Doubles His Spotify Streaming Record On Apple Music '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` All 6 of The Weeknd 's ' My Dear Melancholy ' Tracks Debut on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Weeknd ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) , The Weeknd - Call Out My Name ( Official Lyric Video ) , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Weeknd Shares 2 New Videos : Watch '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rettig , James ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Watch The Weeknd Perform New Songs `` Call Out My Name '' & `` Try Me '' For Spotify `` . Stereogum . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kim , Michelle ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Watch the Weeknd 's Bizarre New `` Call Out My Name '' Video `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 14 al 20 de Mayo , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201814 into search . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd : Call Out My Name '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 14 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay '' . Billboard . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 17 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- 15 iulie 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . Kiss FM . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 22 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 20 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201814 into search . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 15 : del 6.4. 2018 al 12.4. 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' God 's Plan ' Becomes Drake 's Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 , The Weeknd Debuts at No. 4 & Migos Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Music Canada . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Call Out My Name in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Weeknd -- Call Out My Name '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/the-weeknd-call-out-my-name-177701-20-04-2018-radiodate/ Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1Xtra -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1Xtra . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Audio on YouTube Lyric video on YouTube The Weeknd Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Kiss Land Beauty Behind the Madness Starboy Compilation albums Trilogy Mixtapes House of Balloons Thursday Echoes of Silence EPs My Dear Melancholy , Tours The Madness Fall Tour Starboy : Legend of the Fall Tour Singles `` Wicked Games '' `` Twenty Eight '' `` The Zone '' `` Kiss Land '' `` Belong to the World '' `` Live For '' `` Wanderlust '' `` Often '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` Earned It ( Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' `` The Hills '' `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` In the Night '' `` Acquainted '' `` Starboy '' `` I Feel It Coming '' `` Party Monster '' `` Reminder '' `` Rockin ' '' `` Die for You '' `` Pray for Me '' `` Call Out My Name '' Featured singles `` Crew Love '' `` Remember You '' `` Odd Look ( Remix ) '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Might Not '' `` Nocturnal '' `` Low Life '' `` Some Way '' `` Lust for Life '' `` A Lie '' Other songs `` One of Those Nights '' `` Tell Your Friends '' `` Prisoner '' `` 6 Inch '' `` False Alarm '' `` Secrets '' `` Sidewalks '' `` Six Feet Under '' `` All I Know '' `` Comin Out Strong '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_Out_My_Name&oldid=851505557 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Songs written by Frank Dukes Songs written by The Weeknd The Weeknd songs Contemporary R&B ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 19 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings you just call out my name
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[
"\"Call Out My Name\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter The Weeknd, taken from his first EP, My Dear Melancholy,. The song was released with the rest of the EP on March 30, 2018. He co-wrote the song with Frank Dukes and Nicolas Jaar, while Dukes served as the producer of the song. It is the first track on the EP. It was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on April 10, 2018 as the extended play's first single in the United States.\n"
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"The Weeknd"
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-8331080557185610158
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Pikes Peak
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Pikes Peak - wikipedia Pikes Peak Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain in Colorado . For the race , see Pikes Peak International Hill Climb . For other uses , see Pikes Peak ( disambiguation ) . Pikes Peak Heey - otoyoo ' ( Arapaho ) View of Pikes Peak Highest point Elevation 14,115 feet ( 4,302 m ) NAVD88 Prominence 5,530 feet ( 1,690 m ) Isolation 60.6 mi ( 97.6 km ) Listing North America highest peaks 53rd US highest major peaks 39th US most prominent peaks 89th US most isolated peaks 115th Colorado highest major peaks 20th Colorado fourteeners 30th Colorado county high points 17th Coordinates 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405322 ° N 105.0442048 ° W / 38.8405322 ; - 105.0442048 Coordinates : 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405322 ° N 105.0442048 ° W / 38.8405322 ; - 105.0442048 Geography Pikes Peak Colorado Location High point of El Paso County , Colorado , United States Parent range Front Range , Highest summit of the Pikes Peak Massif Topo map USGS 7.5 ' topographic map Pikes Peak , Colorado Geology Age of rock ~ 1.05 Gyr Mountain type granite Climbing First ascent 1820 -- Edwin James and party Easiest route Barr Trail Manitou and Pike 's Peak Railway Pikes Peak Highway Pikes Peak is the highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains , in North America . The ultra-prominent 14,115 - foot ( 4,302.31 m ) fourteener is located in Pike National Forest , 12.0 miles ( 19.3 km ) west by south ( bearing 263 ° ) of downtown Colorado Springs , Colorado . The mountain is named in honor of American explorer Zebulon Pike , who was unable to reach the summit . The summit is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mountain 2 Geography and geology 3 Discovery 4 History 5 Today 6 Climate 7 Historical names 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Mountain ( edit ) Pikes Peak is one of Colorado 's 53 fourteeners , mountains more than 14,000 feet ( 4,267.2 m ) above sea level . The mountain rises 8,000 ft ( 2,400 m ) above downtown Colorado Springs . Pikes Peak is a designated National Historic Landmark . `` Tava '' or `` sun , '' is the Ute word that was given by these first people to the mountain that we now call Pikes Peak . The band of Ute people who called the Pikes Peak region their home were the `` Tabeguache , '' meaning the `` People of Sun Mountain . '' The Ute people first arrived in Colorado about 500 A.D. , although their traditions state they were created on Pikes Peak . In the 1800s , when the Arapaho people arrived in Colorado , they knew the mountain as `` Heey - otoyoo ' '' meaning `` Long Mountain '' . Early Spanish explorers named the mountain `` El Capitán '' meaning `` The Leader '' . American explorer Zebulon Pike named the mountain `` Highest Peak '' in 1806 , and the mountain was later commonly known as `` Pike 's Highest Peak '' . American explorer Stephen Harriman Long named the mountain `` James Peak '' in honor of Edwin James who climbed to the summit in 1820 . The mountain was later renamed `` Pike 's Peak '' in honor of Pike . The name was simplified to `` Pikes Peak '' by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890 . Geography and geology ( edit ) Pikes Peak is composed of a characteristic pink granite called Pikes Peak granite . The color is due to a large amount of potassium feldspar . It is thought that the granite was once magma that crystallized at least 20 miles ( 32 km ) beneath the Earth 's surface , formed by an igneous intrusion during the Precambrian , approximately 1.05 billion years ago , during the Grenville orogeny . Through the process of uplifting , the hardened rock pushed through the Earth 's crust and created a dome - like mountain , covered with less resistant rock . Years of erosion and weathering removed the soil and rock leaving the exposed mountain . Soils on Pikes Peak are classified as Cirque Land above timberline ; forests at lower altitudes are mostly supported by brown stony sandy loam of the Catamount or Ivywild series . Discovery ( edit ) The first Europeans to discover Pikes Peak were the Spanish in the 1700s . The first American sighting is often credited to members of the Pike expedition , led by Zebulon Pike . After a failed attempt to climb to the top in November 1806 , Pike wrote in his journal : ... here we found the snow middle deep ; no sign of beast or bird inhabiting this region . The thermometer which stood at 9 ° above 0 at the foot of the mountain , here fell to 4 ° below 0 . The summit of the Grand Peak , which was entirely bare of vegetation and covered with snow , now appeared at the distance of 15 or 16 miles from us , and as high again as what we had ascended , and would have taken a whole day 's march to have arrived at its base , when I believed no human being could have ascended to its pinical ( sic ) . This with the condition of my soldiers who had only light overalls on , and no stockings , and every way ill provided to endure the inclemency of the region ; the bad prospect of killing any thing to subsist on , with the further detention of two or three days , which it must occasion , determined us to return . History ( edit ) An 1890 winter climb ( near Windy Point ) up Pikes Peak Manitou and Pike 's Peak Railway train rounding Windy Point , around 1900 . The first European - American to climb the peak came 14 years after Pike , in the summer of 1820 . Edwin James , a young student who had just graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont , signed on as the relief botanist for Stephen Harriman Long 's expedition after the first botanist had died . The expedition explored the South Platte River up as far as present - day Denver , then turned south and passed close to what James called `` Pike 's highest peak . '' James and two other men left the expedition , camped on the plains , and climbed the peak in two days , encountering little difficulty . Along the way , James was the first to describe the blue columbine , Colorado 's state flower . Gold was discovered in the area of present - day Denver in 1858 , and newspapers referred to the gold - mining area as `` Pike 's Peak . '' Pike 's Peak or Bust became the slogan of the Colorado Gold Rush ( see also Fifty - Niner ) . This was more due to Pikes Peak 's visibility to gold seekers traveling west across the plains than any actual significant gold find anywhere near Pikes Peak . Major gold deposits were not discovered in the Pikes Peak area until the Cripple Creek Mining District was discovered southwest of Pikes Peak and led , in 1893 , to one of the last major gold rushes in the lower 48 states . The summit of Pikes Peak in 1901 In July 1860 , Clark , Gruber and Company commenced minting gold coins in Denver bearing the phrase `` Pike 's Peak Gold '' and an artist 's rendering of the peak ( sight unseen ) on the obverse . In 1863 , the U.S. Treasury purchased the minting equipment for $25,000 to open the Denver Mint . Julia Archibald Holmes and James Holmes traveled to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in 1858 , and reached the summit on August 5 , with J.D. Miller and George Peck , making Archibald Holmes the first European - American woman to climb Pikes Peak . From the summit , she wrote in a letter to her mother : `` Nearly everyone tried to discourage me from attempting it , but I believed that I should succeed ; and now here I am , and I feel that I would not have missed this glorious sight for anything at all . '' Thirty - five years later , in July 1893 , Katharine Lee Bates wrote the song `` America the Beautiful '' , after having admired the view from the top of Pikes Peak . It appeared in print in The Congregationalist , a weekly journal , on July 4 , 1895 . A plaque commemorating the words to the song was placed at the summit . During 1899 , the Serbian physicist Nikola Tesla built his first working version of the Magnifying Transmitter in his laboratory some kilometers away from Colorado Springs , up in Pike 's Peak , where he worked on his idea of wireless energy transmission and investigated the ionosphere and the telluric currents in the planets . Here , he proved that Earth is a good conductor , and he produced artificial bolt of 40 meters and millions of volts . He stated that during this year he discovered the Earth ' stationary waves . On July 17 , 1913 William Wayne Brown drove his car , the Bear Cat , 20 miles to the summit . The ascent took 5 hours and 28 minutes . The uppermost portion of Pikes Peak , above 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) elevation , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . Pikes Peak was the home of a ski resort from 1939 until 1984 . Today ( edit ) The sign at the summit Pikes Peak dominates the backdrop of Garden of the Gods . View from Pikes Peak summit looking north There are several visitor centers on Pikes Peak , some with a gift shop and restaurant . These centers are located at the 6 mile , 12 - mile ( 19 km ) and the summit itself , and there are several ways to ascend the mountain . The Manitou and Pike 's Peak Railway , the world 's highest cog railroad , operates from Manitou Springs to the summit year - round , conditions permitting . Road vehicles can be driven to the summit via the Pikes Peak Highway , a 19 mi ( 31 km ) road that starts a few miles up Ute Pass at Cascade . The road has a series of switchbacks , treacherous at high speed , called `` The W 's '' for their shape on the side of the mountain . The road is maintained by the city of Colorado Springs as a toll road . A project to pave the remainder of the road was completed on October 1 , 2011 . The project is in response to a suit by the Sierra Club over damage caused by the gravel and sediment that is constantly washed off the road into the alpine environment . The road remained open during construction . The Highway is famous worldwide for the annual Pikes Peak International Hill Climb , a motor race . The short film Climb Dance features Ari Vatanen racing his Peugeot automobile up the steep , twisty slopes . It also hosts the Pikes Peak Cycling Hill Climb ( formerly Assault on the Peak ) , a cycling hillclimb race first held in 2010 , and the USA Cycling Hill Climb National Championships , a race first held in 2016 . The most popular hiking route to the top is called Barr Trail , which approaches the summit from the east . The trailhead is just past the cog railway depot in Manitou Springs . Visitors can walk , hike , or bike the trail . Although the Barr Trail is rated only Class 1 it is a long and arduous hike with nearly 8,000 feet of elevation gain , and a 13 mile trip one - way . Runners race to the top and back on Barr Trail in the annual Pikes Peak Marathon . Another route begins at Crags Campground , approaching the summit from the west . Since 1969 , the summit of Pikes Peak has been the site of the United States Army Pikes Peak Research Laboratory , a medical research laboratory for the assessment of the impact of high altitude on human physiological and medical parameters of military interest . Climate ( edit ) At the peak , the partial pressure of oxygen is only about 60 % of that at sea level . Water boils at 186 ° F ( 86 ° C ) at 14,000 feet , rather than 212 ° F ( 100 ° C ) at sea level . A faster rate of respiration is required by humans and animals not regularly at high altitudes . Those familiar with altitude training know that prolonged exposure to the reduced pressures of high altitudes will produce more red blood cells to offset the lower oxygen availability . For the unacclimated , altitude sickness may develop in those who are sensitive or who over-exert themselves . The summit of Pikes Peak has a polar climate due to its elevation. Snow is a possibility any time year - round , and thunderstorms are common in the summer . Surrounding areas have different climatic variations depending on location and elevation . Much of the area near Pikes Peak has a continental semiarid climate , while other areas would be classified as hemiboreal . ( hide ) Climate data for Pikes Peak summit . ( Elevation 14,115 ft ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 8.1 ( − 13.3 ) 10.6 ( − 11.9 ) 14.0 ( − 10 ) 19.7 ( − 6.8 ) 28.4 ( − 2 ) 38.5 ( 3.6 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 28.4 ( − 2 ) 16.0 ( − 8.9 ) 10.7 ( − 11.8 ) 25.8 ( − 3.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) − 3.7 ( − 19.8 ) − 2.9 ( − 19.4 ) − 0.8 ( − 18.2 ) 4.6 ( − 15.2 ) 14.3 ( − 9.8 ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 33.7 ( 0.9 ) 32.9 ( 0.5 ) 24.3 ( − 4.3 ) 14.2 ( − 9.9 ) 3.9 ( − 15.6 ) − 2.7 ( − 19.3 ) 11.9 ( − 11.2 ) Source : summitpost.org Historical names ( edit ) Tava El Capitán Grand Pea Heey - otoyoo ' Highest Peak -- 1806 James Peak -- 1835 Long Mountain Pike 's Highest Peak Pike 's Peak -- 1858 Pikes Peak -- 1890 See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal Colorado portal Mountains portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of Colorado county high points List of Colorado fourteeners List of Ultras of the United States Pikes Peak International Hill Climb References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` PIKES PEAK '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pikes Peak , Colorado '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pikes Peak '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wroth , William , Ed . ( 2000 ) . Ute Indian Arts & Culture . Colorado Springs , CO : Taylor Museum of the Colorado Springs Fin Arts Center . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 916537 - 12 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Arapaho Place Names '' . Arapaho Language Archives , University of Colorado at Boulder . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/ Jump up ^ Pike , Zebulon M. ( 1810 ) . An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi . ISBN 0 - 665 - 46872 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Janet ( 2003 ) . The Magnificent Mountain Women : Adventures in the Colorado Rockies . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 2 -- 6 . ISBN 0803289952 . Jump up ^ Barbara , Morgan ( 2002 ) . `` Holmes , Julia Archibald ( 1838 -- 1887 ) '' . Women in World History . Jump up ^ Nikola Tesla , The True Wireless , in Electrical Experimenter , May 1919 Jump up ^ Charles Coulston Gillispie , Tesla , Nikola , in Dictionary of Scientific Biography , New York , Charles Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Corum e James F. Corum , Nikola Tesla , Lightning Observations , and Stationary Waves , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Up Pikes Peak by Auto '' . Technical world magazine . Armour Institute of Technology . 1913 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 ... has safely withstood the assaults of automobiles , until July 17 , 1913 , when W.W. Brown , a racing driver from Kansas City , drove a machine , termed by himself the `` Bear Cat '' , up the slopes of the Peak , a distance of twenty miles . Jump up ^ `` William Wayne `` W.W. '' Brown a.k.a. `` Cockeyed '' Brown ( 1886 - 1958 ) `` . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . This photograph of W.W. Brown was taken on July 17 , 1913 as he drove his Model 10 Buick `` Bearcat '' up Pikes Peak in Colorado . He had raced the car in Winfield , Kansas just 13 days earlier . Jump up ^ `` Pike 's Peak '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joseph Scott Mendinghall ( December 1 , 1975 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Pike 's Peak '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . and Accompanying 5 photos , from 1975 . ( 1.14 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Colorado Ski History . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Colorado.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Rappold . `` Paving completed on Pike 's Peak road , 13 years after Sierra Club suit '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jon Karroll ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Clock Ticking On Pikes Peak Paving Project '' . KRDO News Channel 13 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ R. Scott Rappold ( 2006 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Paving Pikes Peak -- slow and spendy defines the race '' . The ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cycling to the Summit of Pikes Peak - Evelyn Spence , Bicycling , 7 May 2012 Jump up ^ 14ers.com Jump up ^ `` Boiling point of water at various elevations '' . Engineering Toolbox . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.skyrunner.com/story/pikespeako2.htm Jump up ^ http://jonathanvigh.com/weather/pikes/pikes_peak_weather.htm Jump up ^ `` Weather Statistics '' . Summitpost . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Rocky Mountain National Park : High Peaks : The Climber 's Guide , Bernard Gillett , ( Earthbound Sports ; 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 9643698 - 5 - 0 Rock and Ice Climbing Rocky Mountain National Park : The High Peaks , Richard Rossiter , ( Falcon ; 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 934641 - 66 - 8 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPikes Peakat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity The Pikes Peak Website : The planet 's most comprehensive source of information about Pikes Peak Manitou Springs : The Gateway to Pikes Peak Official Visitor 's Site Pikes Peak @ Peakbagger Pikes Peak at DMOZ The Barr Trail : A guide to hiking Pikes Peak from Manitou Springs Mountains of Colorado Book Cliffs Mount Garfield Elk Mountains Aspen Mountain Capitol Peak Castle Peak Cathedral Peak Chair Mountain Italian Mountain Maroon Bells Mount Owen Mount Sopris Pyramid Peak Snowmass Mountain Snowmass Peak Treasure Mountain Elkhead Mountains Black Mountain ( Moffat County ) Columbus Mountain Elk Mountain ( Routt County ) Hahns Peak Flat Tops Flat Top Mountain Sleepy Cat Peak Front Range Kenosha Mountains Buffalo Peak Green Mountain ( Jefferson County ) Shawnee Peak Windy Peak Mummy Range Fairchild Mountain Hagues Peak Mount Chiquita Mount McConnel Mummy Mountain Ypsilon Mountain Never Summer Mountains Braddock Peak Iron Mountain ( Jackson / Larimer Counties ) Mount Richthofen Nokhu Crags Seven Utes Mountain Static Peak Rampart Range Blodgett Peak Cheyenne Mountain Devils Head Others Argentine Peak Badger Mountain Bald Mountain Bard Peak Bear Peak ( Boulder County ) Berrian Mountain Black Mountain ( Park County ) Chief Cheley Peak Eldorado Mountain Engelmann Peak Flagstaff Mountain Grays Peak Green Mountain ( Boulder County ) Green Mountain ( Jefferson County ) Grizzly Peak ( Summit County ) Hallett Peak Horsetooth Mountain James Peak Jones Mountain Lone Eagle Peak Longs Peak Lookout Mountain McCurdy Mountain Mount Alice Mount Audubon Mount Bailey Mount Bancroft Mount Bierstadt Mount Edwards Mount Evans Mount Guyot Mount Ida Mount Julian Mount Meeker Mount Morrison Mount Parnassus Mount Rosa Mount Silverheels Mount Sniktau Mount Zion North Arapaho Peak North Table Mountain Parry Peak Petit Grepon Pikes Peak Ptarmigan Peak South Table Mountain Specimen Mountain Taylor Peak ( Grand County ) Thirtynine Mile Mountain Torreys Peak Twin Sisters Peaks Waugh Mountain Williams Peak Gore Range Jacque Peak Meridian Peak Mount Powell Grand Mesa Crater Peak North Mamm Peak Laramie Mountains Greyrock Mountain South Bald Mountain Medicine Bow Mountains Clark Peak Mosquito Range Arkansas Hills Clinton Peak Dyer Mountain Horseshoe Mountain Mount Bross Mount Buckskin Mount Democrat Mount Lincoln Mount Sherman Pacific Peak West Buffalo Peak Park Range Mount Werner Mount Zirkel Rabbit Ears Range Elk Mountain ( Grand County ) Parkview Mountain Raton Mesa Fishers Peak San Juan Mountains La Garita Mountains San Luis Peak Stewart Peak La Plata Mountains Hesperus Mountain Lavender Peak Needle Mountains Arrow Peak Jagged Mountain Jupiter Mountain Mount Eolus Pigeon Peak Sunlight Peak Turret Peak Twilight Peak Vestal Peak Windom Peak Sneffels Range Dallas Peak Gilpin Peak Mount Sneffels Teakettle Mountain Others Bennett Peak Cimmaron Range Conejos Peak Dolores Peak El Diente Peak Elliott Mountain Gladstone Peak Graham Peak Half Peak Handies Peak HD Mountains Horse Mountain La Garita Caldera Little Cone Lizard Head Lone Cone Matterhorn Peak Menefee Peak Middle Peak Mount Oso Mount Wilson Niagara Peak Red Mountain ( Ouray County ) Redcloud Peak Rio Grande Pyramid Sharkstooth Peak South River Peak Sultan Mountain Summit Peak Sunshine Peak Tower Mountain Uncompahgre Peak Vermilion Peak Wetterhorn Peak Wilson Peak Sangre de Cristo Mountains Sangre de Cristo Range Blanca Peak Bushnell Peak California Peak Challenger Point Columbia Point Crestone Needle Crestone Peak Ellingwood Point Humboldt Peak Iron Mountain ( Costilla / Huerfano Counties ) Kit Carson Peak Little Bear Peak Methodist Mountain Mount Adams Mount Herard Mount Lindsey Mount Mestas Mount Zwischen Rito Alto Peak Tijeras Peak Wet Mountains Greenhorn Mountain Lead Mountain ( Custer County ) Others Culebra Peak Red Mountain ( Costilla County ) Sawatch Range Collegiate Peaks Emerald Peak Garfield Peak Grizzly Peak ( Chaffee / Pitkin Counties ) Henry Mountain Huron Peak Ice Mountain La Plata Peak Missouri Mountain Mount Belford Mount Blaurock Mount Columbia Mount Harvard Mount Hope Mount Oxford Mount Yale Peak 13,762 Winfield Peak Others Antora Peak Bill Williams Peak Carbonate Mountain Casco Peak Castle Peak Cronin Peak French Mountain Mount Antero Mount Elbert Mount of the Holy Cross Mount Jackson Mount Massive Mount Oklahoma Mount Ouray Mount Shavano Ouray Peak Park Cone Red Table Mountain Tabeguache Peak Tomichi Dome Spanish Peaks East Spanish Peak Huerfano Butte West Spanish Peak Tenmile Range Crystal Peak Fletcher Mountain Peak 10 Quandary Peak Uinta Mountains Tanks Peak Zenobia Peak West Elk Mountains Carbon Peak Crested Butte East Beckwith Mountain Gothic Mountain Marcellina Mountain Mount Emmons Mount Guero Mount Gunnison Mount Lamborn Needle Rock West Elk Peak Whetstone Mountain Others Bear Mountain Blair Mountain Cannibal Plateau Chalk Mountains Cochetopa Hills Dawson Butte Diamond Peak Flirtation Peak Granite Peak Grand Hogback Grannys Nipple Horsefly Peak Lead Mountain ( Grand County ) Mount Neva Powell Peak Storm King Mountain Terrible Mountain Ute Mountain The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 55 highest major summits of Colorado Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson Mount Princeton Mount Yale Maroon Peak Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain North Arapaho Peak Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Conejos Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Colorado Fourteeners Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Torreys Peak Quandary Peak Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson Mount Shavano Mount Princeton Mount Belford Crestone Needle Mount Yale Mount Bross Kit Carson Mountain Maroon Peak Tabeguache Peak Mount Oxford Mount Sneffels Mount Democrat Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Snowmass Mountain Windom Peak Mount Eolus Challenger Point Mount Columbia Missouri Mountain Humboldt Peak Mount Bierstadt Sunlight Peak Handies Peak Culebra Peak Ellingwood Point Mount Lindsey Little Bear Peak Mount Sherman Redcloud Peak Pyramid Peak 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Colorado Mountains of El Paso County , Colorado Pike National Forest Fourteeners of Colorado North American 4000 m summits National Historic Landmarks in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places Tourist attractions in El Paso County , Colorado Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latina मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 22 : 36 . 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what's the elevation of pikes peak colorado
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"Pikes Peak is the highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, in North America. The ultra-prominent 14,115-foot (4,302.31 m) fourteener is located in Pike National Forest, 12.0 miles (19.3 km) west by south (bearing 263°) of downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. The mountain is named in honor of American explorer Zebulon Pike, who was unable to reach the summit. The summit is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude.[2][3]"
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"14,115-foot (4,302.31 m)"
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Eyam
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Eyam - wikipedia Eyam Jump to : navigation , search Eyam Eyam parish church Eyam Eyam shown within Derbyshire Population 926 ( 2001 ) OS grid reference SK220764 District Derbyshire Dales Shire county Derbyshire Region East Midlands Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town HOPE VALLEY Postcode district S32 Dialling code 01433 Police Derbyshire Fire Derbyshire Ambulance East Midlands EU Parliament East Midlands UK Parliament Derbyshire Dales List of places UK England Derbyshire 53 ° 17 ′ 02 '' N 1 ° 40 ′ 16 '' W / 53.284 ° N 1.671 ° W / 53.284 ; - 1.671 Coordinates : 53 ° 17 ′ 02 '' N 1 ° 40 ′ 16 '' W / 53.284 ° N 1.671 ° W / 53.284 ; - 1.671 Eyam ( / ˈiːm / ) is an English village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district that lies within the Peak District National Park . The population of the civil parish at the 2001 Census was 926 increasing to 969 at the 2011 Census . The village is noted for an outbreak of bubonic plague which occurred there in 1665 , in which the villagers chose to isolate themselves rather than let the infection spread . The present village was founded and named by Anglo - Saxons , although lead had been mined in the area by the Romans . Formerly industrial , its economy now relies on the tourist trade and it is promoted as ' the plague village ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1665 plague outbreak 2 Places of interest 3 Cultural representations 3.1 Paintings 3.2 Literature 3.2. 1 Poems 3.2. 2 Novels 3.3 Theatre 3.4 Music 3.4. 1 Operas 3.4. 2 Musicals 3.4. 3 Songs 4 Science 5 Notable residents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Lead mining seems to have had a continuous history in the Eyam district since at least the Roman era and there is evidence of habitation from earlier . Stone circles and earth barrows on the moors above the present village have largely been destroyed , although some remain and more are recorded . The most notable site is the Wet Withens stone circle on Eyam Moor . Coins bearing the names of many emperors provide evidence of Roman lead - mining locally . However , the village 's name derives from Old English and is first recorded in the Domesday Book as Aium . It is a dative form of the noun ēg ( an island ) and probably refers to a patch of cultivable land amidst the moors , or else to the settlement 's situation between two brooks . The Anglo - Saxon cross In the churchyard is an Anglo - Saxon cross in Mercian style dated to the 8th century , moved there from its original location beside a moorland cart track . Grade I listed and a Scheduled Ancient Monument , it is covered in complex carvings and is almost complete , but for a missing section of the shaft . The present parish church of St. Lawrence dates from the 14th century , but evidence of an earlier church there can be found in the Saxon font , a Norman window at the west end of the north aisle , and Norman pillars that are thought to rest on Saxon foundations . There have been alterations since the Middle Ages , including a large sun dial dated 1775 mounted on a wall outside . Some of the Rectors at the church have had contentious histories , none less so than the fanatically Royalist Sherland Adams who , it was accused , `` gave tythe of lead ore to the King against the Parliament '' , and as a consequence was removed from the living and imprisoned . The lead mining tithe was due to the rectors by ancient custom . They received one penny for every ' dish ' of ore and twopence farthing for every load of hillock - stuff . Owing to the working of a newly discovered rich vein during the 18th century , the Eyam living was a valuable one . Mining continued into the 19th century , after which better sources were discovered and a change - over was made to the working and treatment of fluorspar as a slagging agent in smelting . The last to close was the Ladywash Mine , which was operative between 1948 -- 79 . Within a 3 miles radius of the village there are 439 known mines , ( some running beneath the village itself ) , that are drained by 49 drainage levels ( ' soughs ' ) . According to the 1841 Census for Eyam , there were 954 inhabitants living in the parish , chiefly employed in agriculture , lead mining , and cotton and silk weaving . By the 1881 Census , most men either worked as lead miners or in the manufacture of boots and shoes , a trade that only ended in the 1960s . The transition from industrial village to tourist based economy is underlined by Roger Ridgeway 's statement that , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` a hundred horses and carts would have been seen taking fluorspar to Grindleford and Hassop stations . Today , up to a dozen coach loads of visiting children arrive each day in the village . '' 1665 plague outbreak ( edit ) The history of the plague in the village began in 1665 when a flea - infested bundle of cloth arrived from London for the local tailor . Within a week his assistant George Vicars was dead and more began dying in the household soon after . As the disease spread , the villagers turned for leadership to their rector , the Reverend William Mompesson , and the Puritan Minister Thomas Stanley . These introduced a number of precautions to slow the spread of the illness from May 1666 . They included the arrangement that families were to bury their own dead and relocation of church services to the natural amphitheatre of Cucklett Delph , allowing villagers to separate themselves and so reducing the risk of infection . Perhaps the best - known decision was to quarantine the entire village to prevent further spread of the disease . The plague ran its course over 14 months and one account states that it killed at least 260 villagers , with only 83 surviving out of a population of 350 . This figure has been challenged on a number of occasions with alternative figures of 430 survivors from a population of around 800 being given . The church in Eyam has a record of 273 individuals who were victims of the plague . Survival among those affected appeared random , as many who remained alive had had close contact with those who died but never caught the disease . For example , Elizabeth Hancock was uninfected despite burying six children and her husband in eight days ( the graves are known as the Riley graves after the farm where they lived ) . The unofficial village gravedigger , Marshall Howe , also survived despite handling many infected bodies . Plague Sunday has been celebrated in the village since the plague 's bicentenary in 1866 and now takes place in Cucklett Delph on the last Sunday in August . Originally it was held in mid-August but now coincides with the much older Wakes Week and the well dressing ceremonies . Places of interest ( edit ) The Boundary Stone Today Eyam has various plague - related places of interest . One is the Coolstone in which money , usually soaked in vinegar , which was believed to kill the infection , was placed in exchange for food and medicine . It is just one of several ' plague stones ' that served to make the boundary that should not be crossed by either inhabitant or outsider . Another site is the isolated enclosure of the Riley graves mentioned above , which is now under the guardianship of the National Trust . A reminder of the village 's industrial past remains in the name of its only pub , the Miner 's Arms . Built in 1630 , before the plague , it was originally called The Kings Arms . Opposite the church is the Mechanics ' Institute , originally established in 1824 , although the present building with its handsome pillared portico dates from 1859 and was enlarged in 1894 . At one time it held a library paid for by subscription , which then contained 766 volumes . The premises now double as the village club . Up the main street is the Jacobean - styled Eyam Hall , built just after the plague . It was leased and managed by the National Trust for five years until December 2017 but is now run by the owners ( the Wright Family ) . The green opposite has an ancient set of village stocks reputedly used to punish the locals for minor crimes . Catherine Mompesson 's tabletop grave is in the churchyard and has a wreath laid on it every Plague Sunday . This is in remembrance of her constancy in staying by her husband , rather than moving away with the rest of her family , and dying in the very last days of the plague . The church 's burial register also records `` Anna the traveller , who according to her own account , was 136 years of age '' and was interred on 30 December 1663 . A more recent arrival there is the cricketer Harry Bagshaw , who played for Derbyshire and then acted as a respected umpire after retiring . At the apex of his headstone is a hand with a finger pointing upwards . Underneath the lettering a set of stumps is carved , with the bails flying off and a bat which has just hit the wicket . Respect for its heritage has not always been a priority in Eyam . In his Peak Scenery ( 1824 ) , Ebenezer Rhodes charges that by the start of the 19th century many former gravestones of plague victims had been pulled up to floor houses and barns and that ploughing was allowed to encroach on the Riley Graves ( pp. 34 -- 5 ) ; that the lime trees planted on either side of Mrs Mompesson 's grave had been cut down for timber ( 39 -- 40 ) ; that the missing piece from the shaft of the Saxon Cross had been broken up for domestic use ( p. 44 ) ; and that in general the profit of the living was put before respect for the dead ( 46 -- 7 ) . Cultural representations ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paintings ( edit ) Eyam Museum was opened in 1994 and , besides its focus on the plague , includes exhibits on the village 's local history in general . Among the art exhibits there are painted copies from different eras of a print ( taken from a drawing by Francis Chantrey ) in Ebenezer Rhodes ' Peak Scenery ( 1818 ) . These depict the sweep of the road by the ' plague cottages ' where the first victims died , with the church tower beyond . The local amateur John Platt painted in naive style and is represented by depictions of the Riley Graves ( 1871 ) and the old windmill ( 1874 ) . Since the area is scenically beautiful , it has attracted many artists and the village appeared in the work of Sheffield artist George Cunningham ( 1924 -- 1996 ) , while the specialist in interiors from the same city , Tim Rose , has painted several watercolours inside Eyam Hall . Other watercolourists who have painted landscape views include George Hammond Steel ( 1900 -- 1960 ) and Freida Marrion Scott ( d. 2012 ) . Eyam also has a resident artist in Hazel Money , who specialises in small scale acrylic paintings and lino prints of the village and surrounding area . The most distinctive of the Sheffield artists to paint Eyam was Harry Epworth Allen , since he subordinated the picturesque so as to interpret his subject as a living community within a worked landscape . His `` Road above Eyam '' ( 1936 ) , now in the Laing Art Gallery , shows a road travelled by working people above the village . His `` Burning Limestone '' in Newport Museum and Art Gallery acknowledges the two centuries and more of industrialisation by which the local inhabitants earned their living among harsh conditions . Anna Seward , a pioneer of Romanticism , could not hide from herself the fact that the wild natural rocks she admired were daily being blasted for utilitarian purposes and the `` perpetual consumption of the ever burning lime kilns '' , while the view was hidden behind the smoke from the smelting works . She takes up the subject again as she explores her memory of the scene in a poem addressed to the future mill - owner William Newton : Her faithful traces to my sight restore The long , long tracts of Tideswell 's naked Moor ; Stretch 'd on vast hills , that far and near prevail , Bleak , stony , bare , monotonous , and pale . Wide o'er the waste , in noon - tide 's sultry rays , The frequent lime - kiln darts her umber 'd blaze ; Her suffocating smoke incessant breathes , And shrouds the sun in black convolving wreathes ; And here , with pallid ashes heap 'd around , Oft sinks the mine , and blots the dreary ground . In vain warm Spring demands her robe of green , No sheltering hedge - rows vivify the scene ; But from the Moor the rude stone walls disjoin , With angle sharp , and long unvaried line , The cheerless field , -- where slowly - wandering feed The lonely cow , and melancholy steed . The ruthless realism of inhabitant and observer conjoined here is expressed not only by the 18th century poet and the 20th century painter , but by the village of Eyam in its struggle for survival . Literature ( edit ) The village green and Church Street `` The village of Eyam , '' its historian begins his account , `` has been long characterized throughout the Peak of Derbyshire , as the birthplace of genius -- the seat of the Muses -- the Athens of the Peak '' . During the 18th century the place was notable for having no less than four poets associated with it . Reverend Peter Cunningham , curate there between 1775 -- 1790 , published two sermons during that time as well as several poems of a political nature . In addition , William Woods ' account speaks of `` numberless stones in the burial place that contain the offerings of his muse '' . The Rector for whom Cunningham deputised much of the time , Thomas Seward , published infrequently , but at least one poem written during his tenure at Eyam deals with personal matters . His `` Ode on a Lady 's Illness after the Death of her Child '' , dated 14 April 1748 , concerns the death in infancy of his daughter Jenny . Seward also encouraged one of his surviving daughters , Anna Seward , to write poetry , but only after she moved with her father to Lichfield . Following a visit to her birthplace in 1788 , she wrote a poem about it filled with nostalgia for the past . She celebrated this lost domain of happiness once more in `` Epistle to Mr. Newton , the Derbyshire Minstrel , on receiving his description in verse of an autumnal scene near Eyam , September 1791 '' . No copy of the poem by William Newton now exists . The author was a labouring class protégé from nearby , originally discovered by Cunningham and introduced to Miss Seward in 1783 . The poet Richard Furness belongs to the early 19th century and was known as ' the Poet of Eyam ' after his birthplace , but the bulk of his poetry too was written after he had left the district . Among the several references to the village there are his `` Lines written in sight of the rectory '' , which praises both Anna Seward and her father . William Wood , the author of The History and Antiquities of Eyam was a village resident . At the head of his first chapter there is an excerpt from a poem that links the place with the story of the plague . Simply initialled W.W. , the inference to be drawn is that it had earlier appeared in Wood 's collection , The genius of the Peak and other poems ( 1837 ) . Later the novelist Robert Murray Gilchrist came to live in the area . The village of Milton that figures in some of his fiction is in fact based upon Eyam . His The Peakland Faggot ( 1897 ) consists of short stories , each focusing on a particular character in the village . This was followed by two other series , Nicholas and Mary and Other Milton Folk ( 1899 ) and Natives of Milton ( 1902 ) . Eyam was also featured under its own name in Joseph Hatton 's novel , The Dagger and the Cross ( 1897 ) . Set in the former Bradshaw Hall in the year before the plague arrives , it includes local characters who had key roles during the spread of the disease , such as George Vicars and William and Catherine Mompesson . Poems ( edit ) The Village of Eyam : a poem in four parts by John Holland , Macclesfield , 1821 The Desolation of Eyam by William and Mary Howitt , London , 1827 The Tale of Eyam , a story of the plague in Derbyshire , and other poems by an OLD BLUE , London , 1888 . Because of its subject , the poem was reviewed in The British Medical Journal for 30 November 1889 , where its poetic diction is taken literally : ' The author speaks of the pestilence and its hellborn brood ; and again of firebolts from heaven 's reeking nostrils . Such phraseology aptly exemplifies the mental attitude of men who lived in the infancy of modern science , when in the plague they saw the angry stroke of offended Deity , and recognised the ' scourge ' of God in what we know to be only the scourge of filth . ' `` A Moral Ballad of the Plague of Eyam '' by Francis McNamara ( 1884 -- 1946 ) . This was published as an Irish broadside in 1910 . Novels ( edit ) God and the Wedding Dress by Marjorie Bowen , Hutchinson , 1938 A Parcel of Patterns by Jill Paton Walsh , a novel for young adults , Puffin Books , 1983 Children of Winter by Berlie Doherty , a fantasy novel for children , Methuen , 1985 ; adapted for television 1994 The Naming of William Rutherford by Linda Kempton , a fantasy novel for children , published by Heinemann , 1992 Year of Wonders by Geraldine Brooks , published by Fourth Estate , 2001 Black Death by M.I. McAllister , children 's fiction , Oxford University Press , 2003 Kiss of Death by Malcolm Rose , a thriller for young adults , published by Usborne Publishing , 2006 TSI : The Gabon Virus by Paul McCusker and Walt Larimore , M.D. , Christian suspense fiction , published by Howard Books ( USA ) , 2009 Eyam : Plague Village by David Paul , Amberley Publishing , 2012 Theatre ( edit ) Isolation at Eyam ; a play in one act for women by Joyce Dennys , published by French , 1954 The Roses of Eyam by Don Taylor ; first performed 1970 , broadcast on TV in 1973 ; published by Heinemann , 1976 a different drum by Bridget Foreman ; first performed 1997 by the Riding Lights Theatre Company ; revived 2013 . The plague story interspersed with other stories of self - sacrifice . Ring Around the Rosie by Anne Hanley ; staged reading by Fairbanks Shakespeare Theatre ( Alaska ) , 2004 Plague at Eyam , a script for young adults published by the Association of Science Education , 2010 Music ( edit ) Operas ( edit ) Plague upon Eyam an opera in three acts by John D. Drummond , librettist Patrick Little ; University of Otago Press ( New Zealand ) , 1984 ; Songs recorded on Mr Polly at the Potwell Inn , Sirius CD SP004 , 2000 Ring of White Roses , a one - act light opera by Les Emmans , librettist Pat Mugridge , 1984 ; published Plays & Musicals , 2004 The Plague of Eyam by Ivor Hodgson , 2010 ; overture performed on BBC radio , March 2010 Musicals ( edit ) Eyam : A Musical , music by Andrew Peggie , book and lyrics by Stephen Clark ; pioneered as a group production in 1990 , CD Joseph Weinberger , 1995 ; London production at the Bridewell Theatre , 1998 A Ring of Roses , Darren Vallier , Dress Circle Records ( STG1 ) 1996 ; first performed at the Savoy Theatre , 1997 ; Jasper Publishing 2004 The Ring of Stones premiered in Manchester in 1999 and since then has been revived and performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2011 . Songs ( edit ) `` Roses of Eyam '' , originally composed by John Trevor ( Beau ) in 1975 ; added to Roy Bailey 's repertoire and recorded by him in 1985 on his Hard Times album and reissued on his album Past Masters , Fuse Records , 1998 ; Beau himself released the song officially for the first time as a bonus track on the 2007 UK reissue of the original Beau disc ( Cherry Red ) , and on the 2008 Japanese release of the same album ( Airmail Recordings ) . `` We All Fall Down '' , written by Leeds - based band iLiKETRAiNS and featured on their album Elegies to Lessons Learnt , 2007 Science ( edit ) The village lends its name to the evolutionary `` Eyam Hypothesis '' whereby infected individuals exhibit sickness behaviour because of kin selection of reduced infectivity . Notable residents ( edit ) Anna Seward , ' the Swan of Lichfield ' , ( 1747 -- 1809 ) Richard Furness , ' the Poet of Eyam ' ( 1791 -- 1857 ) Robert Eden , 3rd Baron Auckland Rector of Eyam between 1823 and 1825 . Afterwards 3rd Lord Auckland ; Bishop of Sodor and Man 1847 -- 1854 , then Bishop of Bath and Wells , 1854 -- 1869 Egbert Hacking , Rector of Eyam between 1884 and 1886 , later Archdeacon of Newark See also ( edit ) Derby plague of 1665 , Great Plague of London ( also in 1665 ) References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Parish Headcounts : Eyam CP '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eyam in brief '' . eyamvillage.org . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil parish population 2011 '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Living with the plague '' . Local Legends . BBC . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Stones Circles Jump up ^ Roger Ridgeway , Eyam village site Jump up ^ Kenneth Cameron , English Place Names , London 1996 , p. 172 Jump up ^ `` Eyam '' . Key to English Place - names . English Place Name Society at the University of Nottingham . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Probably referring to its situation between Hollow Brook and Jumber Brook Jump up ^ `` Eyam Saxon cross '' . Images of England . English Heritage . Retrieved 17 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Neville T. Sharpe , Crosses of the Peak District ( Landmark Collectors Library , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Doug Nash , Eyam village site Jump up ^ Eyam Village site , `` Mining and Industry '' ^ Jump up to : `` Mystery of the Black Death '' . Secrets of the Dead . PBS . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Clifford ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ List of plague victims Archived 11 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Patrick Wallis , A Dreadful Heritage : Interpreting Epidemic Disease at Eyam , 1666 -- 2000 , pp. 28 -- 31 Jump up ^ White 's History , Gazetteer & Directory of the County of Derby , for 1857 Jump up ^ Wishful Thinking Archived 24 August 2007 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Jacques , Alan . `` Harry the Umpire ( Harry Bagshaw , 1859 -- 1927 ) '' . UK & Ireland Genealogy . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ BBC Your Paintings Jump up ^ BBC Your Paintings Jump up ^ BBC Your Paintings Jump up ^ Invaluable.co Jump up ^ Portraits of Houses.com Jump up ^ Sworder.co Jump up ^ Serendipity Antiques Archived 1 September 2014 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Artist 's website Jump up ^ BBC Your Painting Jump up ^ BBC Your Paintings Jump up ^ Sylvia Bowerbank , Speaking for Nature : Women and Ecologies of Early Modern England , Johns Hopkins University 2004 , p. 167 Jump up ^ `` Verses written by Miss Anna Seward in the Blank Leaves of her own Poems , presented by her to William Newton '' , Gentleman 's Magazine , March 1785 , pp. 213 -- 4 Jump up ^ The History and Antiquities of Eyam , 1842 , Wishful Thinking Jump up ^ It was not published until a decade later in the London Chronicle Jump up ^ Poetical Works , vol. 3 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ The Poetical Works vol. 3 , pp. 22 -- 4 Jump up ^ Poetical Works , London 1858 Jump up ^ William Woods , The History and Antiquities of Eyam , London 1842 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Terry Goble , The Literary Way Archived 5 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Available online at Read Any Book Jump up ^ The original edition is on Google Books Jump up ^ BMJ site Jump up ^ Villanova University Jump up ^ The opening chapters are on Google Books Jump up ^ Details on Google Books Jump up ^ Preview on Google Books Jump up ^ Review from The York Press Jump up ^ Preview script at Plays and Musicals Jump up ^ Guide to Musical Theatre Jump up ^ Tracks and photos at the show 's website Jump up ^ Trevor Midgley ; the words are quoted at Mudcat Sources Clifford , John G. ( 1989 ) . Eyam Plague , 1665 -- 1666 . Eyam : J.G. Clifford . OCLC 57354126 . Documents on the Eyam Village site External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eyam . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Eyam . Eyam Plague Village website Guide to Eyam Village Photographs and Information on the Plague Village of Eyam Eyam Hall National Trust site Eyam at derbyshireuk.net Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eyam&oldid=839004215 '' Categories : Villages in Derbyshire Towns and villages of the Peak District Derbyshire Dales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with trivia sections from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Cebuano Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how did the plague spread from london to eyam
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"The history of the plague in the village began in 1665 when a flea-infested bundle of cloth arrived from London for the local tailor.[13] Within a week his assistant George Vicars was dead and more began dying in the household soon after.[14] As the disease spread, the villagers turned for leadership to their rector, the Reverend William Mompesson, and the Puritan Minister Thomas Stanley. These introduced a number of precautions to slow the spread of the illness from May 1666. They included the arrangement that families were to bury their own dead and relocation of church services to the natural amphitheatre of Cucklett Delph, allowing villagers to separate themselves and so reducing the risk of infection. Perhaps the best-known decision was to quarantine the entire village to prevent further spread of the disease."
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"a flea-infested bundle of cloth arrived from London for the local tailor"
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Languages of Afghanistan
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Languages of Afghanistan - wikipedia Languages of Afghanistan Languages of Afghanistan Ethnolinguist groups of Afghanistan Official languages Dari and Pashto Regional languages Pashto , Dari , Uzbek , Turkmen , Balochi , Pashayi Sign languages Afghan Sign Language Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages -- Pashto and Dari -- are both official and most widely spoken . Dari is the official name of the Persian language in Afghanistan . It is often referred to as the Afghan Persian . Both Pashto and Persian are Indo - European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family . Other regional languages , such as Uzbek , Turkmen , Balochi , Pashayi and Nuristani are spoken by minority groups across the country . Minor languages may include Hindi - Urdu , Punjabi , Ashkunu , Kamkata - viri , Vasi - vari , Tregami and Kalasha - ala , Pamiri ( Shughni , Munji , Ishkashimi and Wakhi ) , Brahui , Qizilbash , Aimaq , and Pashai and Kyrgyz . Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages , with around 200 different dialects . Contents 1 Language policy 2 Naming policy 3 Overview 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Language Policy ( edit ) Dari is the most spoken language of Afghanistan 's official languages and acts as a lingua franca for the country . In 1980 , other regional languages were granted official status in the regions where they are the language of the majority . Article 16 of the 2004 Afghan Constitution states that Uzbek , Turkmen , Balochi , Pashayi , Nuristani and Pamiri are -- in addition to Pashto and Dari -- the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them . The practical modalities for implementation of this provision shall be specified by law . '' Naming Policy ( edit ) Dari is a term long recommended by Afghan authorities to designate the Persian dialects spoken in Afghanistan , in contrast to the dialects spoken in neighboring Iran . Although still widely known as `` Farsi '' ( `` Persian '' ) to its native speakers , the name was officially changed to Dari in 1964 . Dari must not be confused with the dialect of Kabul , which is the dominant Persian dialect in Afghanistan . Apart from a few basics of vocabulary , however ( and more Indo - Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso - Arabic script ) , there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran . The term Dari is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan -- in general the dialect of Kabul -- but is best restricted to formal spoken registers ( poetry , speeches , newscasts , and other broadcast announcements ) . Overview ( edit ) Languages of Afghanistan Dari ( Afghanistan Persian ) 50 % Pashto 35 % Uzbek and Turkmen 11 % 30 others including Balochi and Pashai 4 % Dari functions as the nation 's lingua franca and is the native tongue of various Afghan ethnic groups including the Tajiks , Hazaras , and Aimak . Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns , the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan . Due to Afghanistan 's multi-ethnic character , language variety as well as bilingualism and multilingualism are common phenomena . Afghan school textbooks written in both Pashto and Dari The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades . Estimates suggest the following primary languages : According to a 2006 opinion poll survey involving 6,226 randomly selected Afghan citizens by the Asia Foundation , Dari was the first language of 49 % , with an additional 37 % stating the ability to speak Dari as a second language ; 42 % were able to read Dari . Second , Pashto was the first language of 40 % of the polled people , while an additional 28 % spoke it as a second language ; 33 % were able to read Pashto . Uzbek was the first language of 9 % and a second language for 6 % . Turkmen was the first language of 2 % and a second language for 3 % . English was spoken by 8 % and Urdu by 7 % . A later study found that Dari was , by a wide margin , the most widely spoken language in urban Afghanistan , with as many as 93 % of Afghans claiming to speak it , but only 75 % of rural Afghans claiming the same . A sizeable population in Afghanistan , especially in Kabul , can also speak and understand Hindi - Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films and songs in the region . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What Languages are Spoken in Afghanistan ? '' . 2004 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state . Uzbek , Turkmen , Baluchi , Pashai , Nuristani and Pamiri are -- in addition to Pashto and Dari -- the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them Jump up ^ `` Documentation for ISO 639 identifier : prs '' . Sil.org. 18 January 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Afghanistan '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hakala , Walter N. ( 2012 ) . `` Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan 's Cultures '' ( PDF ) . National Geographic . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . In the 1980s and ' 90s , at least three million Afghans -- mostly Pashtun -- fled to Pakistan , where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi - and Urdu - language media , especially Bollywood films and songs , and beng educated in Urdu - language schools , both of which contributed to the decline of Dari , even among urban Pashtuns . ^ Jump up to : Krishnamurthy , Rajeshwari ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Kabul Diary : Discovering the Indian connection '' . Gateway House : Indian Council on Global Relations . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Most Afghans in Kabul understand and / or speak Hindi , thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country . Jump up ^ Wahab , Shaista ; Youngerman , Barry ( 2007 ) . A Brief History of Afghanistan . Infobase Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 9781438108193 . Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Dari and Pashto . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Harald Haarmann : Sprachen - Almanach -- Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt . Campus - Verl. , Frankfurt / Main 2002 , ISBN 3 - 593 - 36572 - 3 , S. 273 -- 274 ; Afghanistan Jump up ^ `` AFGHANISTAN v. Languages '' . Ch . M. Kieffer . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . A. Official languages . Paṧtō ( 1 ) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans ... Persian ( 2 ) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan . The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population , it is split into numerous dialects . Jump up ^ Ch . M. Kieffer , `` AFGHANISTAN v. Languages '' , Encyclopaedia Iranica , Online Edition , originally from 1982 . ^ Jump up to : R. Farhadi and J.R. Perry , Kaboli , Encyclopaedia Iranica , Online Edition , originally in Vol . XV , Fasc. 3 , pp. 276 -- 280 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Asia : : AFGHANISTAN '' . CIA The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Languages of Afghanistan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic groups '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Pashtun : Estimated to be in excess of 45 % of the population , the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan . Jump up ^ `` Textbooks , Afghan Ministry of Education '' . Jump up ^ O'toole , Pam ( October 6 , 2004 ) . `` Afghan poll 's ethnic battleground '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan in 2006 - A survey of the Afghan people '' ( PDF ) . Kabul , Afghanistan : The Asia Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Uruzgan , representing 1.1 percent of the population of Afghanistan , and Zabul , representing 1.2 percent , were excluded from the sampling plan due to extreme security conditions during the fieldwork period of the survey . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan in 2013 - A survey of the Afghan people '' ( PDF ) . Kabul , Afghanistan : The Asia Foundation . 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors : The Changing Politics of Language Choice External links ( edit ) Distribution of languages map from Columbia University Linguistic map of Afghanistan Languages of Afghanistan Official languages Dari Pashto Regional languages Balochi Kyrgyz Nuristani Pashayi Tajiki Turkmen Uzbek Minority languages Ashkunu Brahui Kamkata - viri Khowar Kyrgyz Pamiri Ishkashimi Munji Shughni Yidgha Tregami Waigali Wakhi Vasi - vari Sign languages Afghan Sign Language Languages of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Afghanistan&oldid=852783850 '' Categories : Languages of Afghanistan Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Norsk پښتو Русский Simple English 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 10 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the most common language spoken in afghanistan
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[
"Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Dari – are both official and most widely spoken.[1] Dari is the official name of the Persian language in Afghanistan. It is often referred to as the Afghan Persian.[2][3] Both Pashto and Persian are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. Other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani are spoken by minority groups across the country.\n",
"Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Dari – are both official and most widely spoken.[1] Dari is the official name of the Persian language in Afghanistan. It is often referred to as the Afghan Persian.[2][3] Both Pashto and Persian are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. Other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani are spoken by minority groups across the country.\n"
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"Pashto",
"Dari"
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Subduction
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Subduction - wikipedia Subduction A geological process at convergent tectonic plate boundaries where one plate moves under the other Diagram of the geological process of subduction Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle . Regions where this process occurs are known as subduction zones . Rates of subduction are typically in centimeters per year , with the average rate of convergence being approximately two to eight centimeters per year along most plate boundaries . Plates include both oceanic crust and continental crust . Stable subduction zones involve the oceanic lithosphere of one plate sliding beneath the continental or oceanic lithosphere of another plate due to the higher density of the oceanic lithosphere . That is , the subducted lithosphere is always oceanic while the overriding lithosphere may or may not be oceanic . Subduction zones are sites that usually have a high rate of volcanism and earthquakes . Furthermore , subduction zones develop belts of deformation and metamorphism in the subducting crust , whose exhumation is part of orogeny and also leads to mountain building in addition to collisional thickening . Contents 1 General description 2 Theory on origin 2.1 Initiation 2.2 Modern - style subduction 3 Effects 3.1 Metamorphism 3.2 Volcanic activity 3.3 Earthquakes and tsunamis 3.4 Orogeny 4 Subduction angle 5 Importance 6 See also 7 References 8 External links General description ( edit ) Subduction zones are sites of gravitational sinking of Earth 's lithosphere ( the crust plus the top non-convecting portion of the upper mantle ) . Subduction zones exist at convergent plate boundaries where one plate of oceanic lithosphere converges with another plate . The descending slab , the subducting plate , is over-ridden by the leading edge of the other plate . The slab sinks at an angle of approximately twenty - five to forty - five degrees to Earth 's surface . This sinking is driven by the temperature difference between the subducting oceanic lithosphere and the surrounding mantle asthenosphere , as the colder oceanic lithosphere has , on average , a greater density . At a depth of greater than 60 kilometers , the basalt of the oceanic crust is converted to a metamorphic rock called eclogite . At that point , the density of the oceanic crust increases and provides additional negative buoyancy ( downwards force ) . It is at subduction zones that Earth 's lithosphere , oceanic crust and continental crust , sedimentary layers and some trapped water are recycled into the deep mantle . Earth is so far the only planet where subduction is known to occur . Subduction is the driving force behind plate tectonics , and without it , plate tectonics could not occur . Oceanic subduction zones dive down into the mantle beneath 55,000 kilometers of convergent plate margins ( Lallemand , 1999 ) , almost equal to the cumulative 60,000 kilometers of mid-ocean ridges . Subduction zones burrow deeply , but are imperfectly camouflaged , and geophysics and geochemistry can be used to study them . Not surprisingly , the shallowest portions of subduction zones are known best . Subduction zones are strongly asymmetric for the first several hundred kilometers of their descent . They start to go down at oceanic trenches . Their descents are marked by inclined zones of earthquakes that dip away from the trench beneath the volcanoes and extend down to the 660 - kilometer discontinuity . Subduction zones are defined by the inclined array of earthquakes known as the Wadati -- Benioff zone after the two scientists who first identified this distinctive aspect . Subduction zone earthquakes occur at greater depths ( up to 600 km ) than elsewhere on Earth ( typically less than 20 km depth ) ; such deep earthquakes may be driven by deep phase transformations , thermal runaway , or dehydration embrittlement . The subducting basalt and sediment are normally rich in hydrous minerals and clays . Additionally , large quantities of water are introduced into cracks and fractures created as the subducting slab bends downward . During the transition from basalt to eclogite , these hydrous materials break down , producing copious quantities of water , which at such great pressure and temperature exists as a supercritical fluid . The supercritical water , which is hot and more buoyant than the surrounding rock , rises into the overlying mantle where it lowers the pressure in ( and thus the melting temperature of ) the mantle rock to the point of actual melting , generating magma . The magmas , in turn , rise ( and become labeled diapirs ) because they are less dense than the rocks of the mantle . The mantle - derived magmas ( which are basaltic in composition ) can continue to rise , ultimately to Earth 's surface , resulting in a volcanic eruption . The chemical composition of the erupting lava depends upon the degree to which the mantle - derived basalt interacts with ( melts ) Earth 's crust and / or undergoes fractional crystallization . Above subduction zones , volcanoes exist in long chains called volcanic arcs . Volcanoes that exist along arcs tend to produce dangerous eruptions because they are rich in water ( from the slab and sediments ) and tend to be extremely explosive . Krakatoa , Nevado del Ruiz , and Mount Vesuvius are all examples of arc volcanoes . Arcs are also known to be associated with precious metals such as gold , silver and copper believed to be carried by water and concentrated in and around their host volcanoes in rock called `` ore '' . Theory on origin ( edit ) See also : Archean subduction Initiation ( edit ) Although the process of subduction as it occurs today is fairly well understood , its origin remains a matter of discussion and continuing study . Subduction initiation can occur spontaneously if denser oceanic lithosphere is able to founder and sink beneath adjacent oceanic or continental lithosphere ; alternatively , existing plate motions can induce new subduction zones by forcing oceanic lithosphere to rupture and sink into the asthenosphere . Both models can eventually yield self - sustaining subduction zones , as oceanic crust is metamorphosed at great depth and becomes denser than the surrounding mantle rocks . Results from numerical models generally favor induced subduction initiation for most modern subduction zones , which is supported by geologic studies , but other analogue modeling shows the possibility of spontaneous subduction from inherent density differences between two plates at passive margins , and observations from the Izu - Bonin - Mariana subduction system are compatible with spontaneous subduction nucleation . Furthermore , subduction is likely to have spontaneously initiated at some point in Earth 's history , as induced subduction nucleation requires existing plate motions , though an unorthodox proposal by A. Yin suggests that meteorite impacts may have contributed to subduction initiation on early Earth . Geophysicist Don L. Anderson has hypothesized that plate tectonics could not happen without the calcium carbonate laid down by bioforms at the edges of subduction zones . The massive weight of these sediments could be softening the underlying rocks , making them pliable enough to plunge . Modern - style subduction ( edit ) Modern - style subduction is characterized by low geothermal gradients and the associated formation of high - pressure low temperature rocks such as eclogite and blueschist . Likewise , rock assemblages called ophiolites , associated to modern - style subduction , also indicate such conditions . Eclogite xenoliths found in the North China Craton provide evidence that modern - style subduction occurred at least as early as 1.8 Ga ago in the Paleoproterozoic Era . Nevertheless , the eclogite itself was produced by oceanic subdcution during the assembly of supercontinents at about 1.9 - 2.0 Ga . Absence of pre-Neoproterozoic blueschist is now thought not to reflect a different type of subduction but more magnesium - rich compositions of Earth 's oceanic crust during that period . These more magnesium - rich rocks metamorphose into greenschist at conditions when modern oceanic crust rocks metamorphose into blueschist . The ancient magnesium - rich rocks means that Earth 's mantle was once hotter , but not that subduction conditions were hotter . Both lines of evidence refutes previous conceptions of modern - style subduction having been initiated in the Neoproterozoic Era 1.0 Ga ago . Effects ( edit ) Metamorphism ( edit ) Main article : Subduction zone metamorphism Volcanic activity ( edit ) Main article : Volcanic arc Oceanic plates are subducted creating oceanic trenches . Volcanoes that occur above subduction zones , such as Mount St. Helens , Mount Etna and Mount Fuji , lie at approximately one hundred kilometers from the trench in arcuate chains , hence the term volcanic arc . Two kinds of arcs are generally observed on Earth : island arcs that form on oceanic lithosphere ( for example , the Mariana and the Tonga island arcs ) , and continental arcs such as the Cascade Volcanic Arc , that form along the coast of continents . Island arcs are produced by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath another oceanic lithosphere ( ocean - ocean subduction ) while continental arcs formed during subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continental lithosphere ( ocean - continent subduction ) . An example of a volcanic arc having both island and continental arc sections is found behind the Aleutian Trench subduction zone in Alaska . The arc magmatism occurs one hundred to two hundred kilometers from the trench and approximately one hundred kilometers above the subducting slab . This depth of arc magma generation is the consequence of the interaction between hydrous fluids , released from the subducting slab , and the arc mantle wedge that is hot enough to melt with the addition of water . It has also been suggested that the mixing of fluids from a subducted tectonic plate and melted sediment is already occurring at the top of the slab before any mixing with the mantle takes place . Arcs produce about 25 % of the total volume of magma produced each year on Earth ( approximately thirty to thirty - five cubic kilometers ) , much less than the volume produced at mid-ocean ridges , and they contribute to the formation of new continental crust . Arc volcanism has the greatest impact on humans , because many arc volcanoes lie above sea level and erupt violently . Aerosols injected into the stratosphere during violent eruptions can cause rapid cooling of Earth 's climate and affect air travel . Earthquakes and tsunamis ( edit ) Main article : Megathrust earthquake The strains caused by plate convergence in subduction zones cause at least three different types of earthquakes . Earthquakes mainly propagate in the cold subducting slab and define the Wadati -- Benioff zone . Seismicity shows that the slab can be tracked down to the upper mantle / lower mantle boundary ( approximately six hundred kilometer depth ) . Nine of the ten largest earthquakes of the last 100 years were subduction zone events , which included the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake , which , at M 9.5 , was the largest earthquake ever recorded ; the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami ; and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The subduction of cold oceanic crust into the mantle depresses the local geothermal gradient and causes a larger portion of Earth to deform in a more brittle fashion than it would in a normal geothermal gradient setting . Because earthquakes can occur only when a rock is deforming in a brittle fashion , subduction zones can cause large earthquakes . If such a quake causes rapid deformation of the sea floor , there is potential for tsunamis , such as the earthquake caused by subduction of the Indo - Australian Plate under the Euro - Asian Plate on December 26 , 2004 that devastated the areas around the Indian Ocean . Small tremors which cause small , nondamaging tsunamis , also occur frequently . A study published in 2016 suggested a new parameter to determine a subduction zone 's ability to generate mega-earthquakes . By examining subduction zone geometry and comparing the degree of curvature of the subducting plates in great historical earthquakes such as the 2004 Sumatra - Andaman and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , it was determined that the magnitude of earthquakes in subduction zones is inversely proportional to the degree of the fault 's curvature , meaning that `` the flatter the contact between the two plates , the more likely it is that mega-earthquakes will occur . '' Outer rise earthquakes occur when normal faults oceanward of the subduction zone are activated by flexure of the plate as it bends into the subduction zone . The 2009 Samoa earthquake is an example of this type of event . Displacement of the sea floor caused by this event generated a six - meter tsunami in nearby Samoa . Anomalously deep events are a characteristic of subduction zones , which produce the deepest quakes on the planet . Earthquakes are generally restricted to the shallow , brittle parts of the crust , generally at depths of less than twenty kilometers . However , in subduction zones , quakes occur at depths as great as seven hundred kilometers . These quakes define inclined zones of seismicity known as Wadati -- Benioff zones which trace the descending lithosphere . Seismic tomography has helped detect subducted lithosphere , slabs , deep in the mantle where there are no earthquakes . About one hundred slabs have been described in terms of depth and their timing and location of subduction . Some subducted slabs seem to have difficulty penetrating the major discontinuity in the mantle , marking the boundary between the upper mantle and lower mantle , that lies at a depth of about 670 kilometers . Other subducted oceanic plates can penetrate all the way to the core - mantle boundary . The great seismic discontinuities in the mantle , at 410 and 670 kilometer depth , are disrupted by the descent of cold slabs in deep subduction zones . Orogeny ( edit ) Main article : Orogeny This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2010 ) Orogeny is the process of mountain building . Subducting plates can lead to orogeny by bringing oceanic islands , oceanic plateaus , and sediments to convergent margins . The material often does not subduct with the rest of the plate but instead is accreted ( scraped off ) to the continent resulting in exotic terranes . The collision of this oceanic material causes crustal thickening and mountain - building . The accreted material is often referred to as an accretionary wedge , or prism . These accretionary wedges can be identified by ophiolites ( uplifted ocean crust consisting of sediments , pillow basalts , sheeted dykes , gabbro , and peridotite ) . Subduction may also cause orogeny without bringing in oceanic material that collides with the overriding continent . When the subducting plate subducts at a shallow angle underneath a continent ( something called `` flat - slab subduction '' ) , the subducting plate may have enough traction on the bottom of the continental plate to cause the upper plate to contract leading to folding , faulting , crustal thickening and mountain building . This flat - slab subduction process is thought to be one of the main causes of mountain building and deformation in South America . The processes described above allow subduction to continue while mountain building happens progressively , which is in contrast to continent - continent collision orogeny , which often leads to the termination of subduction . Subduction angle ( edit ) Subduction typically occurs at a moderately steep angle right at the point of the convergent plate boundary . However , anomalous shallower angles of subduction are known to exist as well some that are extremely steep . Flat - slab subduction ( subducting angle less than 30 ° ) occurs when subducting lithosphere , called a slab , subducts nearly horizontally . The relatively flat slab can extend for hundreds of kilometers . That is abnormal , as the dense slab typically sinks at a much steeper angle directly at the subduction zone . Because subduction of slabs to depth is necessary to drive subduction zone volcanism ( through the destabilization and dewatering of minerals and the resultant flux melting of the mantle wedge ) , flat - slab subduction can be invoked to explain volcanic gaps . Flat - slab subduction is ongoing beneath part of the Andes causing segmentation of the Andean Volcanic Belt into four zones . The flat - slab subduction in northern Peru and Norte Chico region of Chile is believed to be the result of the subduction of two buoyant aseismic ridges , the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernández Ridge respectively . Around Taitao Peninsula flat - slab subduction is attributed to the subduction of the Chile Rise , a spreading ridge . The Laramide Orogeny in the Rocky Mountains of United States is attributed to flat - slab subduction . Then , a broad volcanic gap appeared at the southwestern margin of North America , and deformation occurred much farther inland ; it was during this time that the basement - cored mountain ranges of Colorado , Utah , Wyoming , South Dakota , and New Mexico came into being . The most massive subduction zone earthquakes , so - called `` megaquakes '' , have been found to occur in flat - slab subduction zones . Steep - angle subduction ( subducting angle greater than 70 ° ) occurs in subduction zones where Earth 's oceanic crust and lithosphere are old and thick and have , therefore , lost buoyancy . The steepest dipping subduction zone lies in the Mariana Trench , which is also where the oceanic crust , of Jurassic age , is the oldest on Earth exempting ophiolites . Steep - angle subduction is , in contrast to flat - slab subduction , associated with back - arc extension of crust making volcanic arcs and fragments of continental crust wander away from continents over geological times leaving behind a marginal sea . Importance ( edit ) Subduction zones are important for several reasons : Subduction Zone Physics : Sinking of the oceanic lithosphere ( sediments , crust , mantle ) , by contrast of density between the cold and old lithosphere and the hot asthenospheric mantle wedge , is the strongest force ( but not the only one ) needed to drive plate motion and is the dominant mode of mantle convection . Subduction Zone Chemistry : The subducted sediments and crust dehydrate and release water - rich ( aqueous ) fluids into the overlying mantle , causing mantle melting and fractionation of elements between surface and deep mantle reservoirs , producing island arcs and continental crust . Subduction zones drag down subducted oceanic sediments , oceanic crust , and mantle lithosphere that interact with the hot asthenospheric mantle from the over-riding plate to produce calc - alkaline series melts , ore deposits , and continental crust . Subduction zones pose significant threats to lives , property , economic vitality , cultural and natural resources , as well as quality of life . The tremendous magnitudes of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions can also have knock - on effects with global impact . Subduction zones have also been considered as possible disposal sites for nuclear waste in which the action of subduction itself would carry the material into the planetary mantle , safely away from any possible influence on humanity or the surface environment . However , that method of disposal is currently banned by international agreement . Furthermore , plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes , making the effects on using any specific site for disposal unpredictable and possibly adverse to the safety of longterm disposal . See also ( edit ) Back - arc basin -- Submarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones Divergent double subduction -- Two parallel subduction zones with different directions are developed on the same oceanic plate List of tectonic plate interactions -- Definitions and examples of the interactions between the relatively mobile sections of the lithosphere Obduction -- The overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary Oceanic trench -- Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor Paired metamorphic belts -- Sets of parallel linear rock units that display contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages Slab window -- A gap that forms in a subducted oceanic plate when a mid-ocean ridge meets with a subduction zone and the ridge is subducted References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defant , M.J. ( 1998 ) . Voyage of Discovery : From the Big Bang to the Ice Age . Mancorp . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 931541 - 61 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martínez - López , M.R. , Mendoza , C. , ( 2016 ) . `` Acoplamiento sismogénico en la zona de subducción de Michoacán - Colima - Jalisco , México '' ( PDF ) . Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana ( in Spanish ) . 68 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 214 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Zheng , YF ; Chen , YX ( 2016 ) . `` Continental versus oceanic subduction zones '' . National Science Review . 3 : 495 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Frolich , C. ( 1989 ) . `` The Nature of Deep Focus Earthquakes '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 17 : 227 -- 254 . Bibcode : 1989AREPS ... 17 ... 227F . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 17.050189. 001303 . Jump up ^ Hacker , B. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Subduction factory 2 . Are intermediate - depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 ( B1 ) : 2030 . Bibcode : 2003JGRB ... 108.2030 H . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JB001129 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Fujie , Gou ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Systematic changes in the incoming plate structure at the Kuril trench '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 40 ( 1 ) : 88 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2013GeoRL ... 40 ... 88F . doi : 10.1029 / 2012GL054340 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Stern , R.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Subduction initiation : spontaneous and induced '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 226 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 275 -- 292 . Bibcode : 2004E&PSL. 226 ... 275S . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2004.08. 007 . Jump up ^ Hall , C.E. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Catastrophic initiation of subduction following forced convergence across fracture zones '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 212 : 15 -- 30 . Bibcode : 2003E&PSL. 212 ... 15H . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 03 ) 00242 - 5 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gurnis , M. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolving force balance during incipient subduction '' . Geochemistry , Geophysics , Geosystems. 5 ( 7 ) : Q07001 . Bibcode : 2004GGG ... 5.7001 G . doi : 10.1029 / 2003GC000681 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Keenan , Timothy E. ; Encarnación , John ; Buchwaldt , Robert ; Fernandez , Dan ; Mattinson , James ; Rasoazanamparany , Christine ; Luetkemeyer , P. Benjamin ( 2016 ) . `` Rapid conversion of an oceanic spreading center to a subduction zone inferred from high - precision geochronology '' . PNAS. 113 ( 47 ) : E7359 -- E7366 . Bibcode : 2016PNAS ... 113E7359K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1609999113 . PMC 5127376 . PMID 27821756 . Jump up ^ House , M.A. ; Gurnis , M. ; Kamp , P.J.J. ; Sutherland , R. ( September 2002 ) . `` Uplift in the Fiordland Region , New Zealand : Implications for Incipient Subduction '' . Science . 297 ( 5589 ) : 2038 -- 2041 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 297.2038 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1075328 . PMID 12242439 . Jump up ^ Mart , Y. , Aharonov , E. , Mulugeta , G. , Ryan , W.B.F. , Tentler , T. , Goren , L. ( 2005 ) . `` Analog modeling of the initiation of subduction '' . Geophys . J. Int. 160 ( 3 ) : 1081 -- 1091 . Bibcode : 2005GeoJI. 160.1081 M . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2005.02544. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goren , L. , E. Aharonov , G. Mulugeta , H.A. Koyi , and Y . Mart ( 2008 ) . `` Ductile Deformation of Passive Margins : A New Mechanism for Subduction Initiation '' . J. Geophys . Res. 113 : B08411 . Bibcode : 2008JGRB ... 11308411G . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JB004179 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Stern , R.J. ; Bloomer , S.H. ( 1992 ) . `` Subduction zone infancy : examples from the Eocene Izu - Bonin - Mariana and Jurassic California arcs '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 104 ( 12 ) : 1621 -- 1636 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1992 ) 104 < 1621 : SZIEFT > 2.3.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Arculus , R.J. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` A record of spontaneous subduction initiation in the Izu -- Bonin -- Mariana arc '' . Nature Geoscience. 8 ( 9 ) : 728 -- 733 . Bibcode : 2015NatGe ... 8 ... 728A . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2515 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Yin , A. ( 2012 ) . `` An episodic slab - rollback model for the origin of the Tharsis rise on Mars : Implications for initiation of local plate subduction and final unification of a kinematically linked global plate - tectonic network on Earth '' . Lithosphere. 4 ( 6 ) : 553 -- 593 . Bibcode : 2012Lsphe ... 4 ... 553Y . doi : 10.1130 / L195. 1 . Jump up ^ Harding , Stephan ( 2006 ) . Animated Earth Science , Intuition and Gaia . Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933392 - 29 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Xu , Cheng ; Kynický , Jindřich ; Song , Wenlei ; Tao , Renbiao ; Lü , Zeng ; Li , Yunxiu ; Yang , Yueheng ; Miroslav , Pohanka ; Galiova , Michaela V. ; Zhang , Lifei ; Fei , Yingwei ( 2018 ) . `` Cold deep subduction recorded by remnants of a Paleoproterozoic carbonated slab '' . Nature Communications . 9 ( 1 ) : 2790 . doi : 10.1038 / s41467 - 018 - 05140 - 5 . PMC 6050299 . PMID 30018373 . Jump up ^ Stern , Robert J. ( 2005 ) . `` Evidence from ophiolites , blueschists , and ultrahigh - pressure metamorphic terranes that the modern episode of subduction tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time '' . Geology. 33 ( 7 ) : 557 -- 560 . Bibcode : 2005Geo ... 33 ... 557S . doi : 10.1130 / G21365. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Palin , Richard M. ; White , Richard W. ( 2016 ) . `` Emergence of blueschists on Earth linked to secular changes in oceanic crust composition '' . Nature Geoscience. 9 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Volcanic arcs form by deep melting of rock mixtures : Study changes our understanding of processes inside subduction zones '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bletery , Quentin ; Thomas , Amanda M. ; Rempel , Alan W. ; Karlstrom , Leif ; Sladen , Anthony ; Barros , Louis De ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Mega-earthquakes rupture flat megathrusts '' . Science . 354 ( 6315 ) : 1027 -- 1031 . Bibcode : 2016Sci ... 354.1027 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. aag0482 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 27885027 . Jump up ^ `` Subduction zone geometry : Mega-earthquake risk indicator '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos , D. , M. Torné & M. Fernàndez ( 2000 ) . `` Slab pull effects from a flexural analysis of the Tonga and Kermadec Trenches ( Pacific Plate ) '' . Geophys . J. Int. 141 ( 2 ) : 479 -- 485 . Bibcode : 2000GeoJI. 141 ... 479G . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246x. 2000.00096. x . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Atlas of the Underworld Van der Meer , D.G. , van Hinsbergen , D.J.J. , and Spakman , W. , 2017 , Atlas of the Underworld : slab remnants in the mantle , their sinking history , and a new outlook on lower mantle viscosity , Tectonophysics '' . www.atlas-of-the-underworld.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Matthews , John A. , ed. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Environmental Change . 1 . Los Angeles : SAGE Reference . Jump up ^ Zheng , YF ; Chen , RX ; Xu , Z ; Zhang , SB ( 2016 ) . `` The transport of water in subduction zones '' . Science China : Earth Sciences . 59 : 651 -- 682 . Jump up ^ W.P. Schellart ; D.R. Stegman ; R.J. Farrington ; J. Freeman & L. Moresi ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` Cenozoic Tectonics of Western North America Controlled by Evolving Width of Farallon Slab '' . Science . 329 ( 5989 ) : 316 -- 319 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 316S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1190366 . PMID 20647465 . Jump up ^ Bletery , Quentin ; Thomas , Amanda M. ; Rempel , Alan W. ; Karlstrom , Leif ; Sladen , Anthony ; De Barros , Louis ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Fault curvature may control where big quakes occur , Eurekalert 24 - NOV - 2016 '' . Science . 354 ( 6315 ) : 1027 -- 1031 . Bibcode : 2016Sci ... 354.1027 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. aag0482 . PMID 27885027 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lallemand , Serge ; Heuret , Arnauld ; Boutelier , David ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` On the relationships between slab dip , back - arc stress , upper plate absolute motion , and crustal nature in subduction zones '' ( PDF ) . Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 6 ( 9 ) : Q09006 . Bibcode : 2005GGG ... 609006L . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GC000917 . Jump up ^ `` USGS publishes a new blueprint that can help make subduction zone areas more resilient '' . www.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hafemeister , David W. ( 2007 ) . Physics of societal issues : calculations on national security , environment , and energy . Berlin : Springer Science & Business Media . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95560 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kingsley , Marvin G. ; Rogers , Kenneth H. ( 2007 ) . Calculated risks : highly radioactive waste and homeland security . Aldershot , Hants , England : Ashgate . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7133 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dumping and Loss overview '' . Oceans in the Nuclear Age . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Storage and Disposal Options . World Nuclear Organization ( date unknown ) '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Lallemand , S ( 1999 ) . La Subduction Oceanique ( in French ) . Newark , New Jersey : Gordon and Breach . Stern , R.J. ( 1998 ) . `` A Subduction Primer for Instructors of Introductory Geology Courses and Authors of Introductory Geology Textbooks '' . J. Geoscience Education . 46 ( 3 ) : 221 -- 228 . Bibcode : 1998JGeEd ... 46 ... 221S . doi : 10.5408 / 1089 - 9995 - 46.3. 221 . Stern , R.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Subduction zones '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 40 ( 4 ) : 1012 . Bibcode : 2002RvGeo ... 40.1012 S . doi : 10.1029 / 2001RG000108 . Tatsumi , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` The Subduction Factory : How it operates on Earth '' . GSA Today . 15 ( 7 ) : 4 -- 10 . doi : 10.1130 / 1052 - 5173 ( 2005 ) 015 ( 4 : TSFHIO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Zheng , YF ; Chen , YX ( 2016 ) . `` Continental versus oceanic subduction zones '' . National Science Review . 3 : 495 -- 519 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subduction . The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Subduction Look up subduction in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Animation of a subduction zone . From the Seafloor to the Volcano 's Top Video about the work of the Collaborative Research Center ( SFB ) 574 Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones in Chile by GEOMAR I Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel . Plate Tectonics Basics 1 - Creation and Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere , University of Texas at Dallas ( ~ 9 minutes long ) . 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the process of forcing ocean crust into the mantle is called
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"Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle. Regions where this process occurs are known as subduction zones. Rates of subduction are typically in centimeters per year, with the average rate of convergence being approximately two to eight centimeters per year along most plate boundaries.[1]\n"
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Abscess
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Abscess - wikipedia Abscess Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the medical condition . For the death metal band , see Abscess ( band ) . Abscess Five - day - old abscess . The black spot is a clogged hair follicle . Specialty General surgery , infectious disease Symptoms Redness , pain , swelling Usual onset Rapid Causes Bacteria ( often MRSA ) Risk factors Intravenous drug use Diagnostic method Ultrasound , CT scan Similar conditions Cellulitis , sebaceous cyst , necrotising fasciitis Treatment Cutting it open Frequency ~ 1 % per year ( United States ) ( edit on Wikidata ) An abscess ( Latin : abscessus ) is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body . Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness , pain , warmth , and swelling . The swelling may feel fluid - filled when pressed . The area of redness often extends beyond the swelling . Carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often involve hair follicles , with carbuncles being larger . They are usually caused by a bacterial infection . Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection . In the United States and many other areas of the world the most common bacteria present is methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Rarely , parasites can cause abscesses ; this is more common in the developing world . Diagnosis of a skin abscess is usually made based on what it looks like , and is confirmed by cutting it open . Ultrasound imaging may be useful in cases in which the diagnosis is not clear . In abscesses around the anus , computer tomography ( CT ) may be important to look for deeper infection . Standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abscesses is cutting it open and drainage . There does not appear to be any benefit from also using antibiotics for this type of abscess in most people who are otherwise healthy . A small amount of evidence supports not packing the cavity that remains with gauze after drainage . Closing this cavity right after draining it rather than leaving it open may speed healing without increasing the risk of the abscess returning . Sucking out the pus with a needle is often not sufficient . Skin abscesses are common , and have become more common in recent years . Risk factors include intravenous drug use with rates reported as high as 65 % in this population . In 2005 in the United States , 3.2 million people went to the emergency department for an abscess . In Australia around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 with the condition . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Perianal abscess 2.2 Incisional abscess 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 4.2 IV drug use 4.3 Differential 5 Treatment 5.1 Incision and drainage 5.2 Antibiotics 5.3 Packing 5.4 Loop drainage 5.5 Primary closure 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 Society and culture 8.1 Etymology 9 Other types 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) An abscess Abscesses may occur in any kind of solid tissue but most frequently on skin surface ( where they may be superficial pustules ( boils ) or deep skin abscesses ) , in the lungs , brain , teeth , kidneys , and tonsils . Major complications are spreading of the abscess material to adjacent or remote tissues , and extensive regional tissue death ( gangrene ) . The main symptoms and signs of a skin abscess are redness , heat , swelling , pain , and loss of function . There may also be high temperature ( fever ) and chills . An internal abscess is more difficult to identify , but signs include pain in the affected area , a high temperature , and generally feeling unwell . Internal abscesses rarely heal themselves , so prompt medical attention is indicated if such an abscess is suspected . An abscess could potentially be fatal ( although this is rare ) if it compresses vital structures such as the trachea in the context of a deep neck abscess . If superficial , abscesses may be fluctuant when palpated . This is a wave - like motion that is caused by movement of the pus inside the abscess . Causes ( edit ) Risk factors for abscess formation include intravenous drug use . Another possible risk factor is a prior history of disc herniation or other spinal abnormality , though this has not been proven . Abscesses are caused by bacterial infection , parasites , or foreign substances . Bacterial infection is the most common cause . Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection . In the United States and many other areas of the world the most common bacteria present is methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Among spinal subdural abscesses , methicillin - sensitive Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism involved . Rarely parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world . Specific parasites known to do this include dracunculiasis and myiasis . Perianal abscess ( edit ) See also : Anorectal abscess Surgery of the anal fistula to drain an abscess treats the fistula and reduces likelihood of its recurrence and the need for repeated surgery . There is no evidence that fecal incontinence is a consequence of this surgery for abscess drainage . Perianal abscesses can be seen in patients with for example inflammatory bowel disease ( such as Crohn 's disease ) or diabetes . Often the abscess will start as an internal wound caused by ulceration , hard stool or penetrative objects with insufficient lubrication . This wound typically becomes infected as a result of the normal presence of feces in the rectal area , and then develops into an abscess . This often presents itself as a lump of tissue near the anus which grows larger and more painful with time . Like other abscesses , perianal abscesses may require prompt medical treatment , such as an incision and debridement or lancing . Incisional abscess ( edit ) An incisional abscess is one that develops as a complication secondary to a surgical incision . It presents as redness and warmth at the margins of the incision with purulent drainage from it . If the diagnosis is uncertain , the wound should be aspirated with a needle , with aspiration of pus confirming the diagnosis and availing for Gram stain and bacterial culture . Pathophysiology ( edit ) An abscess is a defensive reaction of the tissue to prevent the spread of infectious materials to other parts of the body . The organisms or foreign materials kill the local cells , resulting in the release of cytokines . The cytokines trigger an inflammatory response , which draws large numbers of white blood cells to the area and increases the regional blood flow . The final structure of the abscess is an abscess wall , or capsule , that is formed by the adjacent healthy cells in an attempt to keep the pus from infecting neighboring structures . However , such encapsulation tends to prevent immune cells from attacking bacteria in the pus , or from reaching the causative organism or foreign object . A diagram of an abscess Pyemic abscesses of kidney Diagnosis ( edit ) Play media Ultrasound showing an abscess of the skin Ultrasound image of breast abscess , appearing as a mushroom - shaped dark ( hypoechoic ) area An abscess is a localized collection of pus ( purulent inflammatory tissue ) caused by suppuration buried in a tissue , an organ , or a confined space , lined by pyogenic membrane . Ultrasound imaging in the emergency department can help in diagnosis . Classification ( edit ) Abscesses may be classified as either skin abscesses or internal abscesses . Skin abscesses are common ; internal abscesses tend to be harder to diagnose , and more serious . Skin abscesses are also called cutaneous or subcutaneous abscesses . Iv drug use ( edit ) For those with a history of intravenous drug use , an X-ray is recommended before treatment to verify that no needle fragments are present . In this population if there is also a fever present infectious endocarditis should be considered . Differential ( edit ) Abscesses should be differentiated from empyemas , which are accumulations of pus in a preexisting rather than a newly formed anatomical cavity . Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include : cellulitis , a sebaceous cyst and necrotising fasciitis . Cellulitis typically also has an erythematous reaction , but does not confer any purulent drainage . Treatment ( edit ) The standard treatment for an uncomplicated skin or soft tissue abscess is opening and draining . There does not appear to be any benefit from also using antibiotics in most cases . A small amount of evidence did not find benefit from packing the abscess with gauze . Incision and drainage ( edit ) See also : Incision and drainage Abscess five days after incision and drainage Abscess following curettage The abscess should be inspected to identify if foreign objects are a cause , which may require their removal . If foreign objects are not the cause , incising and draining the abscess is standard treatment . In critical areas where surgery presents a high risk , it may be delayed or used as a last resort . The drainage of a lung abscess may be performed by positioning the patient in a way that enables the contents to be discharged via the respiratory tract . Warm compresses and elevation of the limb may be beneficial for a skin abscess . Antibiotics ( edit ) Most people who have an uncomplicated skin abscess should not use antibiotics . Antibiotics in addition to standard incision and drainage is recommended in persons with severe abscesses , many sites of infection , rapid disease progression , the presence of cellulitis , symptoms indicating bacterial illness throughout the body , or a health condition causing immunosuppression . People who are very young or very old may also need antibiotics . If the abscess does not heal only with incision and drainage , or if the abscess is in a place that is difficult to drain such as the face , hands , or genitals , then antibiotics may be indicated . In those cases of abscess which do require antibiotic treatment , Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a common cause and an anti-staphylococcus antibiotic such as flucloxacillin or dicloxacillin is used . The Infectious Diseases Society of America advises that the draining of an abscess is not enough to address community - acquired methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , and in those cases , traditional antibiotics may be ineffective . Alternative antibiotics effective against community - acquired MRSA often include clindamycin , doxycycline , minocycline , and trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole . The American College of Emergency Physicians advises that typical cases of abscess from MRSA get no benefit from having antibiotic treatment in addition to the standard treatment . If the condition is thought to be cellulitis rather than abscess , consideration should be given to possibility of strep species as cause that are still sensitive to traditional anti-staphylococcus agents such as dicloxacillin or cephalexin in patients able to tolerate penicillin . Antibiotic therapy alone without surgical drainage of the abscess is seldom effective due to antibiotics often being unable to get into the abscess and their ineffectiveness at low pH levels . Culturing the wound is not needed if standard follow - up care can be provided after the incision and drainage . Performing a wound culture is unnecessary because it rarely gives information which can be used to guide treatment . Packing ( edit ) In North America , after drainage , an abscess cavity is often packed , perhaps with cloth , in an attempt to protect the healing wound . However , evidence from emergency medicine literature reports that packing wounds after draining causes pain to the person and does not decrease the rate of recurrence , bring more rapid healing , or lead to fewer physician visits . Loop drainage ( edit ) More recently , several North American hospitals have opted for less - invasive loop drainage over standard drainage and wound packing . In one study of 143 pediatric outcomes , a failure rate of 1.4 % was reported in the loop group versus 10.5 % in the packing group ( P <. 030 ) , while a separate study reported a 5.5 % failure rate among loop patients . Primary closure ( edit ) Closing an abscess immediately after draining it appears to speed healing without increasing the risk of recurrence . This may not apply to anorectal abscesses . While they heal faster , there may be a higher rate of recurrence than those left open . Prognosis ( edit ) Even without treatment they rarely result in death as they will naturally break through the skin . Epidemiology ( edit ) Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years . Risk factors include intravenous drug use with rates reported as high as 65 % in this population . In 2005 in the United States 3.2 million people went to the emergency department for an abscess . In Australia around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 for the disease . Society and culture ( edit ) The Latin medical aphorism `` ubi pus , ibi evacua '' expresses `` where there is pus , there evacuate it '' and is classical advice in the culture of Western medicine . Needle exchange programmes often administer or provide referrals for abscess treatment to injection drug users as part of a harm reduction public health strategy . Etymology ( edit ) An abscess is so called because there is an abscessus ( a going away or departure ) of portions of the animal tissue from each other to make room for the suppurated matter lodged between them . The word carbuncle is believed to have originated from the Latin : carbunculus , originally a small coal ; diminutive of carbon - , carbo : charcoal or ember , but also a carbuncle stone , `` precious stones of a red or fiery colour '' , usually garnets . Other types ( edit ) The following types of abscess are listed in the medical dictionary : acute abscess alveolar abscess amebic abscess apical abscess apical periodontal abscess appendiceal abscess Bartholin abscess Bezold abscess bicameral abscess bone abscess Brain abscess Brodie abscess bursal abscess caseous abscess caseous lymphadenitis cheesy abscess cholangitic abscess chronic abscess collar stud abscess cold abscess crypt abscesses dental abscess diffuse abscess Douglas abscess dry abscess Dubois abscesses embolic abscess fecal abscess follicular abscess gas abscess gingival abscess gravitation abscess gummatous abscess Hidradenitis suppurativa hematogenous abscess hot abscess hypostatic abscess ischiorectal abscess lateral alveolar abscess lateral periodontal abscess mastoid abscess metastatic abscess migrating abscess miliary abscess Munro abscess orbital abscess otitic abscess palatal abscess pancreatic abscess parafrenal abscess parametric abscess paranephric abscess parapharyngeal abscess parotid Pautrier pelvic perforating periapical periappendiceal periarticular pericemental pericoronal abscess perinephric periodontal abscess perirectal peritonsillar abscess periureteral abscess periurethral abscess phlegmonous abscess Pott abscess premammary abscess ( including subareolar abscess ) psoas abscess pulp abscess pyemic abscess radicular abscess residual abscess retrobulbar abscess retrocecal abscess retropharyngeal abscess ring abscess root abscess satellite abscess septicemic abscess stellate abscess stercoral abscess sterile abscess stitch abscess subdiaphragmatic abscess subepidermal abscess subhepatic abscess subperiosteal abscess subphrenic abscess subungual abscess sudoriferous abscess suture abscess thymic abscesses Tornwaldt abscess tropical abscess tubo - ovarian abscess verminous abscess wandering abscess worm abscess References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Singer , Adam J. ; Talan , David A. ( Mar 13 , 2014 ) . `` Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus '' ( PDF ) . The New England Journal of Medicine . 370 ( 11 ) : 1039 -- 47 . PMID 24620867 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1212788 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Langrod , Pedro Ruiz , Eric C. Strain , John G. ( 2007 ) . The substance abuse handbook . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 373 . ISBN 9780781760454 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Marx , John A. Marx ( 2014 ) . `` Skin and Soft Tissue Infections '' . Rosen 's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier / Saunders . pp. Chapter 137 . ISBN 1455706051 . ^ Jump up to : American College of Emergency Physicians , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American College of Emergency Physicians , archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 , retrieved January 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Taira , BR ; Singer , AJ ; Thode HC , Jr ; Lee , CC ( Mar 2009 ) . `` National epidemiology of cutaneous abscesses : 1996 to 2005 . '' . The American journal of emergency medicine . 27 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 92 . PMID 19328372 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajem. 2008.02. 027 . ^ Jump up to : Elston , Dirk M. ( 2009 ) . Infectious Diseases of the Skin . London : Manson Pub . p. 12 . ISBN 9781840765144 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marx , John A. Marx ( 2014 ) . `` Dermatologic Presentations '' . Rosen 's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier / Saunders . pp. Chapter 120 . ISBN 1455706051 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Carol Turkington , Jeffrey S. Dover ; medical illustrations , Birck ( 2007 ) . The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Facts on File . p. 1 . ISBN 9780816075096 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fahimi , J ; Singh , A ; Frazee , BW ( July 2015 ) . `` The role of adjunctive antibiotics in the treatment of skin and soft tissue abscesses : a systematic review and meta - analysis . '' . CJEM. 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- 32 . PMID 26013989 . doi : 10.1017 / cem. 2014.52 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Adam J. ; Thode , Henry C. , Jr ; Chale , Stuart ; Taira , Breena R. ; Lee , Christopher ( May 2011 ) . `` Primary closure of cutaneous abscesses : a systematic review '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Emergency Medicine . 29 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 66 . PMID 20825801 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajem. 2009.10. 004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Vaska , VL ; Nimmo , GR ; Jones , M ; Grimwood , K ; Paterson , DL ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Increases in Australian cutaneous abscess hospitalisations : 1999 - 2008 . '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 31 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 96 . PMID 21553298 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 011 - 1281 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : United Kingdom National Health Service ' Abscess ' Archived 2014 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Churchill Livingstone medical dictionary . ( 16th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. 2008 . ISBN 9780080982458 . ^ Jump up to : Khalil , PN ; Huber - Wagner , S ; Altheim , S ; Bürklein , D ; Siebeck , M ; Hallfeldt , K ; Mutschler , W ; Kanz , GG ( Sep 22 , 2008 ) . `` Diagnostic and treatment options for skin and soft tissue abscesses in injecting drug users with consideration of the natural history and concomitant risk factors . '' . European Journal of Medical Research . 13 ( 9 ) : 415 -- 24 . PMID 18948233 . ^ Jump up to : Kraeutler , MJ ; Bozzay , JD ; Walker , MP ; John , K ( Oct 24 , 2014 ) . `` Spinal subdural abscess following epidural steroid injection . '' . J Neurosurg Spine. 22 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 3 . PMID 25343407 . doi : 10.3171 / 2014.9. SPINE14159 . ^ Jump up to : Malik , Ali Irqam ; Nelson , Richard L ; Tou , Samson ; Malik , Ali Irqam ( 2010 ) . `` Incision and drainage of perianal abscess with or without treatment of anal fistula '' . Reviews . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006827. pub2 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Patrick ( 2009 ) . `` Diagnosis and Management of Postoperative Infection '' . The Global Library of Women 's Medicine . ISSN 1756 - 2228 . doi : 10.3843 / GLOWM. 10032 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` UOTW # 66 - Ultrasound of the Week '' . Ultrasound of the Week . 7 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Robins / 8th / 68 Jump up ^ Barbic , D ; Chenkin , J ; Cho , DD ; Jelic , T ; Scheuermeyer , FX ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` In patients presenting to the emergency department with skin and soft tissue infections what is the diagnostic accuracy of point - of - care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of abscess compared to the current standard of care ? A systematic review and meta - analysis . '' . BMJ open . 7 ( 1 ) : e013688 . PMID 28073795 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2016 - 013688 . Jump up ^ Medline Plus ' Abscess ' Archived 2016 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Green , James ; Saj Wajed ( 2000 ) . Surgery : Facts and Figures . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 900151 - 96 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bergstrom , KG ( Jan 2014 ) . `` News , views , and reviews . Less may be more for MRSA : the latest on antibiotics , the utility of packing an abscess , and decolonization strategies . '' . Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD. 13 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 92 . PMID 24385125 . Jump up ^ Ladde JG , Baker S , Rodgers CN , Papa L ( 2015 ) . `` The LOOP technique : a novel incision and drainage technique in the treatment of skin abscesses in a pediatric ED '' . The American Journal of Emergency Medicine . 33 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 76 . PMID 25435407 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajem. 2014.10. 014 . Jump up ^ Tsoraides SS , Pearl RH , Stanfill AB , Wallace LJ , Vegunta RK ( 2010 ) . `` Incision and loop drainage : a minimally invasive technique for subcutaneous abscess management in children '' . Journal of Pediatric Surgery . 45 ( 3 ) : 606 -- 09 . PMID 20223328 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpedsurg. 2009.06. 013 . Jump up ^ Kronborg O , Olsen H ( 1984 ) . `` Incision and drainage v. incision , curettage and suture under antibiotic cover in anorectal abscess . A randomized study with 4 - year follow - up '' . Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. 150 ( 8 ) : 689 -- 92 . PMID 6397949 . Jump up ^ Tomolillo , CM ; Crothers , LJ ; Aberson , CL ( 2007 ) . `` The damage done : a study of injection drug use , injection related abscesses and needle exchange regulation . '' . Substance Use & Misuse. 42 ( 10 ) : 1603 -- 11 . PMID 17918030 . doi : 10.1080 / 10826080701204763 . Jump up ^ Fink , DS ; Lindsay , SP ; Slymen , DJ ; Kral , AH ; Bluthenthal , RN ( May 2013 ) . `` Abscess and self - treatment among injection drug users at four California syringe exchanges and their surrounding communities . '' . Substance Use & Misuse. 48 ( 7 ) : 523 -- 31 . PMC 4334130 . PMID 23581506 . doi : 10.3109 / 10826084.2013. 787094 . Jump up ^ Collier 's New Encyclopedia , ' Abscess ' . Jump up ^ OED , `` Carbuncle '' : 1 ) stone , 3 ) medical Jump up ^ `` Abscess '' . Medical Dictionary -- Dictionary of Medicine and Human Biology . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Look up abscess in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abscesses . MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Abscess MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Skin Abscess `` Abscess '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Abscess '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Classification V T D ICD - 10 : L02 ICD - 9 - CM : 682.9 , 324.1 MeSH : D000038 External resources MedlinePlus : 001353 Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Bacterial skin disease ( L00 -- L08 , 680 -- 686 ) Gram + ve Firmicutes Staphylococcus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Impetigo Toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus Impetigo Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection Streptococcal intertrigo Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection Erysipelas / Chronic recurrent erysipelas Scarlet fever Corynebacterium Erythrasma Listeriosis Clostridium Gas gangrene Dermatitis gangrenosa Mycoplasma Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Actinobacteria Mycobacterium - related : Aquarium granuloma Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer Erythema induratum Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy Lichen scrofulosorum Lupus vulgaris Miliary tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium - intracellulare complex infection Mycobacterium haemophilum infection Mycobacterium kansasii infection Papulonecrotic tuberculid Primary inoculation tuberculosis Rapid growing mycobacterium infection Scrofuloderma Tuberculosis cutis orificialis Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Tuberculous cellulitis Tuberculous gumma Tuberculoid leprosy Cutaneous actinomycosis Nocardiosis Cutaneous diphtheria infection Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Group JK corynebacterium sepsis Gram - ve Proteobacteria α : Endemic typhus Epidemic typhus Scrub typhus North Asian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Flying squirrel typhus Trench fever Bacillary angiomatosis African tick bite fever American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Flea - borne spotted fever Japanese spotted fever Mediterranean spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Verruga peruana Brill -- Zinsser disease Brucellosis Cat - scratch disease Oroya fever Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection β : Gonococcemia / Gonorrhea / Primary gonococcal dermatitis Melioidosis Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection Meningococcemia Glanders Chromobacteriosis infection γ : Pasteurellosis Tularemia Vibrio vulnificus Rhinoscleroma Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis Pseudomonal pyoderma / Pseudomonas hot - foot syndrome / Hot tub folliculitis / Ecthyma gangrenosum / Green nail syndrome Q fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Plague Granuloma inguinale Chancroid Aeromonas infection ε : Helicobacter cellulitis Other Syphilid Syphilis Chancre Yaws Pinta Bejel Chlamydia infection Leptospirosis Rat - bite fever Lyme disease Lymphogranuloma venereum Unspecified pathogen Abscess Periapical abscess Boil / furuncle Hospital furunculosis Carbuncle Cellulitis Paronychia / Pyogenic paronychia Perianal cellulitis Acute lymphadenitis Pilonidal cyst Pyoderma Folliculitis Superficial pustular folliculitis Sycosis vulgaris Pimple Ecthyma Pitted keratolysis Trichomycosis axillaris Necrotizing fascitis Gangrene Chronic undermining burrowing ulcers Fournier gangrene Elephantiasis nostras Blistering distal dactylitis Botryomycosis Malakoplakia Gram - negative folliculitis Gram - negative toe web infection Pyomyositis Blastomycosis - like pyoderma Bullous impetigo Chronic lymphangitis Recurrent toxin - mediated perineal erythema Tick - borne lymphadenopathy Tropical ulcer NDL : 00568732 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abscess&oldid=807811384 '' Categories : General surgery Animal bacterial diseases Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 07 : 04 . 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what does an abscess look like on skin
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"The main symptoms and signs of a skin abscess are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There may also be high temperature (fever) and chills.[12]",
"The main symptoms and signs of a skin abscess are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There may also be high temperature (fever) and chills.[12]"
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The Greatest Showman
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The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman Jump to : navigation , search The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Chernin Entertainment Seed Productions Laurence Mark Productions TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $432.6 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and has grossed $432 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . It was , however , acclaimed by audiences . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman . For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) . In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus '' . Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) . Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who insult Wheeler 's lowly status , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local pub , where his troupe find him there and explain that their own mothers were ashamed of them , and how unimpressed they are with him for giving up on them too , thinking that maybe he is a fraud , which causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ) . Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest . Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon . Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , The Huge Man . Timothy Hughes as Strong Man Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - skinned Man Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , The Tattooed Man . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew , The Dog Boy . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , The `` Siamese Twins '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , The Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , The Juggler Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs . `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 465,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 197,000 physical copies , 107,000 downloads and 35 % streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live ! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film was released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14 . These versions include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2018 , The Greatest Showman has grossed $174 million in the United States and Canada , and $258.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $432.6 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the fourth - and fifth - highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film should turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million . The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film to never top the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 207 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . '' Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann , Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Pending Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Pending Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Pending See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . 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Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji , Greatest Showman , Pitch Perfect to Challenge the Star Wars Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . 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The Dallas Morning News -- GuideLive . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Jackie K ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Is Movie Magic '' . HuffPost . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review -- An undemanding spectacle for all the family '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review : `` pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Sheila ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Douglas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack '' . CLTure . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman film review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Carl ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses '' . Pasadena Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero , and cons the audience in the process '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Movies for Grownups . AARP . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ; Caranicas , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver , Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens , Greatest Showman , Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland Film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. Tripp Lavinia Warren Minnie Warren Wild Men of Borneo Zip the Pinhead Related articles James `` Grizzly '' Adams Barnum ( musical ) Barnum 's American Museum Barnum 's Aquarial Gardens Barnum Museum Bridgeport half dollar William C. Coup The Herald of Freedom Iranistan The Mighty Barnum Moses Kimball `` There 's a sucker born every minute '' The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Showman&oldid=843566689 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s musical films American films American biographical films American musical drama films 20th Century Fox films Biographical films about businesspeople Circus films Directorial debut films Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films scored by John Debney Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Films produced by Peter Chernin Films produced by Laurence Mark Screenplays by Bill Condon Cultural depictions of P.T. Barnum Cultural depictions of Jenny Lind Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on film Musical films based on actual events Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the screenplay for the greatest showman
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[
"\n\nThe Greatest Showman\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMichael Gracey\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nLaurence Mark\nPeter Chernin\nJenno Topping\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nJenny Bicks\nBill Condon\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nJenny Bicks\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nHugh Jackman\nZac Efron\nMichelle Williams\nRebecca Ferguson\nZendaya\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nJoseph Trapanese\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSeamus McGarvey\n\n\nEdited by\n\n\n\nTom Cross\nRobert Duffy\nJoe Hutshing\nMichael McCusker\nJon Poll\nSpencer Susser\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nChernin Entertainment\nSeed Productions\nLaurence Mark Productions\nTSG Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n20th Century Fox\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) (RMS Queen Mary 2)\nDecember 20, 2017 (2017-12-20) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n105 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$84 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$432.6 million[3]\n\n",
"\n\nThe Greatest Showman\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMichael Gracey\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nLaurence Mark\nPeter Chernin\nJenno Topping\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nJenny Bicks\nBill Condon\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nJenny Bicks\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nHugh Jackman\nZac Efron\nMichelle Williams\nRebecca Ferguson\nZendaya\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nJoseph Trapanese\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSeamus McGarvey\n\n\nEdited by\n\n\n\nTom Cross\nRobert Duffy\nJoe Hutshing\nMichael McCusker\nJon Poll\nSpencer Susser\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nChernin Entertainment\nSeed Productions\nLaurence Mark Productions\nTSG Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n20th Century Fox\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) (RMS Queen Mary 2)\nDecember 20, 2017 (2017-12-20) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n105 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$84 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$432.6 million[3]\n\n"
] |
[
"Jenny Bicks",
"Bill Condon"
] |
5404885551238902439
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Zombies (2018 film)
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Zombies ( 2018 film ) - Wikipedia Zombies ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zombies Genre Musical Dance Based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light & Joseph Raso Written by David Light & Joseph Raso Directed by Paul Hoen Starring Milo Manheim Meg Donnelly Composer ( s ) George S. Clinton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Effie Brown Paul Hoen Producer ( s ) Mary Pantelidis Cinematography Robert Drinkmann Editor ( s ) Lisa Jane Robison Production company ( s ) Princessa Productions , LTD Release Original network Disney Channel Original release February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) External links Production website Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( February 2018 ) Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook , an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain - eating zombies . Those that were n't affected constructed a wall which separates the zombie territory , called Zombietown , from the rest of Seabrook . The government later created bracelets for zombies , called Z - Bands , that deliver soothing electromagnetic pulses to keep zombies from craving brains . In the present day , zombie students from Zombietown transfer to the human high school , Seabrook High , where suburban life is filled with uniformity , traditions and pep rallies . When Zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison meet and fall in love , chaos ensues , and the two must lead their groups to coexistence with each other . Cast ( edit ) Milo Manheim as Zed , a zombie who wishes to be on the football team . Meg Donnelly as Addison , a teenage cheerleader who wears a blonde wig to cover her naturally white hair . Trevor Tordjman as Bucky , Addison 's cousin who leads the Seabrook High School 's cheerleading team . Kylee Russell as Eliza , a zombie that is friends with Zed . Carla Jeffery as Bree , a girl and aspiring cheerleader who Addison befriends . Kingston Foster as Zoey , Zed 's little sister who desires to have an actual dog since zombies are forbidden to have pets . James Godfrey as Bonzo , a zombie who is friends with Zed and mostly speaks zombie language that has to be translated by Zed and / or Eliza . Naomi Snieckus as Ms. Lee Jonathan Langdon as Coach Paul Hopkins as Dale , the father of Addison who oversees the Zombie Patrol . Marie Ward as Missy , the mother of Addison who is the Mayor of Seabrook . Tony Nappo as Zevon , Zed and Zoey 's father . Emilia McCarthy as Lacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Mickeey Nguyen as Tracey , a male cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Jasmine Renee Thomas as Stacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Release ( edit ) The film premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) During its premiere in the 8 : 00 PM time slot , Zombies attracted a total of 2.57 million viewers with a 0.46 rating for people aged 18 -- 49 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Production Begins on Disney Channel 's Zombies for 2018 Premiere '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Has Begun on Disney 's Zombies , a Music - and Dance - Filled Movie , Set for 2018 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . May 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Disney Sets Premiere Date for Zombies Original Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Zombies on IMDb Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Films directed by Paul Hoen The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) The Mistle - Tones ( 2012 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) This article related to an American TV movie is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombies_(2018_film)&oldid=826774775 '' Categories : 2010s teen films 2018 television films American films American television films English - language films Cheerleading films Disney Channel Original Movie films Films directed by Paul Hoen Zombie films American television film stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 23 : 03 . About Wikipedia
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when is the disney zombie movie coming out
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[
"Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly."
] |
[
"February 16, 2018"
] |
4733336370156793182
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Qui-Gon Jinn
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Qui - Gon Jinn - wikipedia Qui - Gon Jinn Jump to : navigation , search Qui - Gon Jinn Star Wars character Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn in The Phantom Menace First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Last appearance The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Liam Neeson Voiced by Liam Neeson ( Episode II and The Clone Wars ) James Warwick ( The Phantom Menace ( video game ) , Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Obi - Wan and Galactic Battlegrounds ) Fred Tatasciore ( Clone Wars ) Tom Kane ( The Yoda Chronicles and Droid Tales ) Information Gender Male Occupation Jedi Master Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Homeworld Coruscant Star Wars portal Qui - Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by Liam Neeson as the main protagonist of the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Depiction 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) 1.1. 2 Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) 1.2 Television 1.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) 1.3 Legends 1.3. 1 Television 1.3. 1.1 Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) 1.3. 2 Novels 1.3. 3 In comic books 1.4 In video games 2 Behind the scenes 3 References 4 External links Depiction ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Qui - Gon is one of the main characters in the first episode of the prequel trilogy , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . He is a Jedi Master and mentor of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Unlike other , more conservative Jedi , he values living in the moment as the best way to embrace the Force . Jinn is not a member of the Jedi Council , despite being among the wisest and most powerful of the Jedi . The Phantom Menace opens with Qui - Gon and his apprentice , called a padawan , Obi - Wan sent to the planet Naboo to resolve a political conflict involving the Trade Federation , a corrupt business conglomerate that has blockaded the planet for political leverage . On arrival they are attacked by their host . The Jedi retreat to the planet and rescue its besieged Queen , Padmé Amidala . Their attempt to run the blockade and make way for the galactic capital of Coruscant succeeds , but the queen 's ship is damaged and is forced to land on the backwater planet of Tatooine for repairs . While searching for replacement parts on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a slave boy , Anakin Skywalker , who is extraordinarily strong in the Force ; a test of his blood reveals that his midi - chlorian count -- a measure of Force potential -- is the highest ever detected . Qui - Gon is even more intrigued when Anakin 's mother , Shmi , tells him that the boy had no father . Realising Anakin might be the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi lore destined to bring balance to the Force , Qui - Gon bets Anakin 's freedom and the spaceship parts on a pod race , which Anakin wins . The entourage leave Tatooine , but not before Qui - Gon is attacked by an unknown Sith Lord , whom he fights off . Upon returning to Coruscant , Jinn asks the Jedi Council to allow Anakin to be trained as a Jedi . Master Yoda senses fear in the boy , and the Council refuses his request . Undaunted , Qui - Gon vows that he himself will train Anakin when Obi - Wan becomes a Jedi Knight . The two Jedi , R2 - D2 and Amidala return to Naboo to liberate the planet . There , the trio are confronted by the Sith Lord from earlier , who reveals himself as Darth Maul . After an arduous lightsaber duel , Maul mortally wounds Jinn , but is subsequently defeated by Obi Wan . Before dying , Qui - Gon makes Obi - Wan promise he will train Anakin . Neeson was nominated for a 2000 Saturn Award Best Actor for his portrayal of Qui - Gon Jinn . Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) ( edit ) In Attack of the Clones , Yoda hears Qui - Gon 's voice cry out to Anakin through the Force as Anakin slaughters a tribe of Tusken Raiders . Obi - Wan discovers that Qui - Gon 's old master , Count Dooku , has become a Sith Lord ; and Dooku mentions Qui - Gon as he interrogates a captured Obi - Wan , expressing grief over his former apprentice 's death and arguing that Qui - Gon would have followed him in leaving the Republic had he survived . In Revenge of the Sith , Yoda reveals to Obi - Wan that Qui - Gon has returned from the `` netherworld of the Force '' in order to teach both of them how to retain one 's consciousness after death . In a deleted scene , Yoda mentally hears his voice before the arriving of senator Bail Organa . In the novelization , Yoda finally admits that Qui - Gon was indeed a great Jedi Master . Television ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Clone Wars , the character is mentioned several times throughout the series . Qui - Gon appears in two episodes of the third season . On the mysterious planet Mortis , he informs Obi - Wan in the episode `` Overlords '' and later Anakin in the episode `` Ghosts of Mortis '' about the three beings who believe , like Qui - Gon , that Anakin is the Chosen One : the Father ( the Unifying Force manifestation ) , the Daughter ( the light side incarnation ) and the Son ( the dark side embodiment ) . Later in the sixth - season episode `` Voices , '' Yoda is contacted by the disembodied voice of Qui - Gon . Despite his presence on Mortis , Qui - Gon is revealed to have not been able to manifest a semi-physical form . Following his deceased friend 's instructions , Yoda goes on a quest across the galaxy in order to learn the secrets of becoming one with the Force as well . During one of the tests of the Force Priestesses , an illusion of Qui - Gon appears along with Jedi Master Count Dooku and Obi - Wan . It is only after Yoda passes his test that he is allowed to learn Qui - Gon 's technique to retain one 's consciousness after death . In Star Wars Rebels while he does not appear nor he is mentioned , Obi - Wan finally avenges his death in the episode Twin Suns where Kenobi and Darth Maul have their final duel . Obi - Wan uses Qui - Gon 's favored form of lightsaber combat to bait Maul into overextending himself , allowing him to easily slay him . Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . Television ( edit ) Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : Clone Wars , Qui - Gon makes a cameo appearance in `` Chapter 21 '' . During Yoda 's Force dream , Qui - Gon tells Anakin to enter the mysterious cave on Dagobah where the boy will see a vision of his future . Later when Obi - Wan reprimands Anakin for being late for his secret Knighthood ceremony , Anakin replies `` as far as your wisdom goes , you 're no Qui - Gon Jinn ! '' . Though this saddens Obi - Wan , Anakin quickly apologizes , to which Obi - Wan responds that he too misses Qui - Gon , often looking to his memory for guidance and that Obi - Wan has done his best to pass his teaching onto Anakin . Novels ( edit ) Qui - Gon 's life years prior to The Phantom Menace is mainly detailed in the Jedi Apprentice book series . In The Rising Force ( set 12 years before The Phantom Menace ) , Yoda encourages Qui - Gon to take a new Padawan learner , following the failure of his previous apprentice Xanatos , who turned to the dark side of the Force years before . Qui - Gon observes a small lightsaber tournament among a group of the Temple 's older students , which includes 12 - year - old Obi - Wan . He takes notice of Obi - Wan 's skills , but also of the boy 's uncontrolled anger and refuses to train him . Shortly following the tournament , the Jedi Knight leaves for a mission to the planet Bandomeer . On the transport ship , Qui - Gon is reunited with Obi - Wan , who is also being sent to Bandomeer to begin life as an agricultural labourer . During the voyage , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan help defend a group of Arcona from the criminal organization Offworld Corporation . After putting an end to the tense situation , the two arrive on Bandomeer , where Qui - Gon receives a letter signed by his former apprentice Xanatos . In The Dark Rival , it is revealed that the whole ordeal has been organized by Xanatos , now the leader of Offworld . Qui - Gon sends Obi - Wan off to his Agri - Corps duties , while he plans to meet with Xanatos to find an agreement between Offworld and Bandomeer . However , Xanatos plans to sabotage their meeting and kill Qui - Gon . The Jedi Master duels with his former apprentice , and he and Obi - Wan end Offworld 's business on Bandomeer . Xanatos escapes , however . During the encounter with Xanatos , Qui - Gon discovers Obi - Wan 's true potential and accepts the boy as his new Padawan . As a gift for Obi - Wan 's 13th birthday , Qui - Gon gives his apprentice a special rock he found from the River of Light on his homeworld . In The Captive Temple , Xanatos attacks the Jedi Temple and nearly assassinates Yoda , but Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan thwart his plans , and in The Day of Reckoning , when they chase Xanatos back to his homeworld Telos , the fallen Jedi refuses to surrender and commits suicide . Qui - Gon is thus able to bring closure to a painful chapter of his life . In Legacy of the Jedi , set during both Qui - Gon 's Padawan and Knight years , Qui - Gon and his master Dooku are sent to accompany Senator Blix Annon on a diplomatic assignment . However , space pirates infiltrate their ship and their leader turns out to be rogue Jedi Lorian Nod , a former friend of Dooku 's . The two battle and Dooku lets his anger get the best of him , but Qui - Gon prevents his master from violating the Jedi Code by committing cold - blooded murder . Years after their first encounter , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan encounter Nod and once again the fallen Jedi is incarcerated for his crimes . In Secrets of the Jedi ( set seven years before The Phantom Menace ) , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan are paired with Jedi Master Adi Gallia and her Padawan Siri Tachi . The mission , which results in Qui - Gon and Adi being separated from Obi - Wan and Siri , leads to the discovery of romantic feelings between the two Jedi Padawans . Qui - Gon detects these emotions and warns Obi - Wan of his own example with Tahl , a female Jedi whose murder nearly pushed Qui - Gon over the edge to the dark side . In Cloak of Deception ( set a year before The Phantom Menace ) , both Jedi fight against a terrorist organization called the Nebula Front , who are secretly following Darth Sidious ' orders . At the Trade Federation conference on Eriadu , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan successfully defend Chancellor Valorum , but do not prevent the deaths of the rest of the Trade Federation Directorate , allowing the Neimoidians to take control of the Federation . In comic books ( edit ) Aside from the graphic novelization of The Phantom Menace , Qui - Gon appears infrequently in Star Wars - related comic books . His most extensive appearance thus far is in the `` Stark Hyperspace War '' plotline in Star Wars : Republic . In this story arc , which takes place during the same year Qui - Gon takes Obi - Wan as his apprentice , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan fight in the titular conflict along with other Jedi such as Plo Koon and Quinlan Vos , and Qui - Gon ends up saving Nute Gunray , the future Trade Federation viceroy . In video games ( edit ) Qui - Gon has also appeared in several Star Wars video games : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , Star Wars : Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Obi - Wan , the Lego Star Wars games and as a character skin ( via purchased download content ) in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed . A version of Qui - Gon as a bird ( known as Quail - Gon ) is available as a playable character in Angry Birds Star Wars II . Behind the scenes ( edit ) As revealed in The Art of Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , director George Lucas conceived the character of Qui - Gon Jinn during pre-production of the film . This is shown by concept art where Obi - Wan Kenobi is shown alone in the Trade Federation flagship and while meeting Jar Jar Binks . Even when Qui - Gon was conceived , Lucas toyed with making him the younger Jedi , as shown in concept art depicting Obi - Wan as an old man . Lucas originally envisioned an American actor for the role of Qui - Gon , but ultimately cast Northern Irish actor Liam Neeson because he considered Neeson to have great skills and presence , describing him as a `` master actor , who the other actors will look up to , who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands . '' Initially , Lucas had planned for Qui - Gon to have long white hair , but that idea was scrapped and Qui - Gon is depicted as having long brown hair in the film . During the early development of Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , Lucas wrote a scene featuring a ghostly Qui - Gon speaking with Yoda about Anakin . Liam Neeson was set to reprise his role , because he hinted his possible appearance in the film . However , the scene was finally deleted from the film and Neeson was never recorded , although the scene was retained in the film 's novelization . The character 's name is derived from the Chinese word qigong ( 气功 or 氣功 ) , a system of coordinated body movement , breathing , and meditation used for health , spirituality , and martial arts training that allows access to higher realms of awareness , and balance of life energy , similar to Tai chi . This is paired with the Arabic word Jinn , meaning `` genie '' or `` tutelary spirit . '' The name translates almost literally as `` Guardian Spirit of the Living Force . '' `` Jinn '' could also refer to the Chinese word for power , jin ( 勁 ) , and the martial arts concept of fa jin , which is the explosive release of internal strength or power . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films : Awards for 2000 '' . IMDb. 2016 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars season 3 , episodes 15 & 17 Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars season 6 , episode 11 Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Clone Wars episodes 20 - 21 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Rising Force Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Dark Rival Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Captive Temple Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Day of Reckoning Jump up ^ Star Wars : Legacy of the Force Jump up ^ Star Wars : Secrets of the Jedi Jump up ^ Star Wars : Cloak of Deception Jump up ^ Star Wars : Republic - The Stark Hyperspace War Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I Production Notes : The Actors and Characters - Part I '' . StarWars.com. 1999 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041023023458/http://www.starwars.com/episode-i/bts/production/f19990501/indexp4.html . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( 2005 - 01 - 10 ) . `` USATODAY.com - Movie - star night in Palm Springs '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Christian Blauvelt ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Liam Neeson to voice Qui - Gon Jinn in ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO -- '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Paul F. ( Sep 3 , 2013 ) . The Star Wars Heresies : Interpreting the Themes , Symbols and Philosophies of Episodes I , II and III . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7181 - 2 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Voigt , John ( 5 Jan 2016 ) . `` Qi as Entertainment : The Force in Star Wars '' . Qi Encyclopedia . Qi Journal . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 Star Wars Episode I Who 's Who : A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace , hardcover , 1999 . Ryder Windham , ISBN 0 - 7624 - 0519 - 8 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook , 1st edition , 2000 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1793 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qui - Gon Jinn . Qui - Gon Jinn in the StarWars.com Databank Qui - Gon Jinn on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Qui - Gon Jinn on IMDb Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Legends Mara Jade Kyle Katarn KOTOR characters HK - 47 Kreia Revan Starkiller Jacen Solo Organizations Force - users Jedi Sith Military Battle droid Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker family Solo family Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Species Canon Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiees Legends Yuuzhan Vong Other Droid Mandalorian Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Characters Qui - Gon Jinn Obi - Wan Kenobi Darth Maul Padmé Amidala Anakin Skywalker Palpatine / Darth Sidious Mace Windu Yoda Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO R2 - D2 Jabba the Hutt Watto Battle droid Tusken Raiders Planets Coruscant Naboo Tatooine Vehicles Flare - S Swoop / Sith Speeder / STAP Flash Speeder / X-34 Landspeeder Sandcrawler Tie - in media Soundtrack Novelization Behind the Magic `` The Saga Begins '' Games Episode I ( video game ) Episode I : Racer Jedi Power Battles Battle for Naboo Obi - Wan 's Adventures Racer Arcade Episode I pinball Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) George Lucas & Dave Filoni Characters Anakin Skywalker Obi - Wan Kenobi Ahsoka Tano Captain Rex Yoda Clone troopers Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cad Bane Darth Bane Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Chewbacca Count Dooku Boba Fett Saw Gerrera General Grievous Jabba the Hutt Qui - Gon Jinn Darth Maul Bail Organa Palpatine R2 - D2 Grand Moff Tarkin Asajj Ventress Mace Windu Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Planets Coruscant Naboo Tatooine Geonosis Dagobah Trandosha Umbara Shili Mandalore Mustafar Dathomir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qui-Gon_Jinn&oldid=799864080 '' Categories : Star Wars characters Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional ghosts Fictional telekinetics Fantasy television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 08 : 10 . 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"Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Liam Neeson as the main protagonist of the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace."
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The Big Bang Theory (season 3)
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The Big Bang Theory ( season 3 ) - wikipedia The Big Bang Theory ( season 3 ) The Big Bang Theory ( season 3 ) Third season DVD cover art Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network CBS Original release September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of The Big Bang Theory episodes The third season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 21 , 2009 to May 24 , 2010 with 23 episodes . It received higher ratings than the previous two seasons with over 15 million viewers . Season three started three months after the end of season two when the guys left for the North Pole . The third season saw the first appearances of future main cast members Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski in `` The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary '' and Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler in the season finale `` The Lunar Excitation '' . Christine Baranski submitted the episode `` The Maternal Congruence '' for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards . Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode `` The Pants Alternative '' . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest cast 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Penny throws herself at Leonard after he returns from three months at the North Pole , and they begin a relationship that lasts most of the season . Penny and Sheldon start a quirky friendship ( though she can still annoy him ) . Wil Wheaton begins appearing as Sheldon 's arch - enemy . Howard begins to date Bernadette Rostenkowski . At the end of the season , Sheldon meets Amy Farrah Fowler . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Special guest cast ( edit ) Katee Sackhoff as herself Ira Flatow as himself Stan Lee as himself Recurring cast ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Carol Ann Susi as Mrs. Wolowitz John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke Wil Wheaton as Himself Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Alice Amter as Mrs. Koothrappali Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson Guest cast ( edit ) Lewis Black as Professor Crawley Molly Morgan as Bethany Sarah Buehler as Sarah Andy Mackenzie as Skeeter Elizabeth Bogush as Dr. Catherine Millstone Oliver Muirhead as Professor Laughlin Zachary Abel as Todd Jason Mesches as Denny Danica McKellar as Abby Jen Drohan as Martha Julio Oscar Mechoso as Officer Hackett Yeardley Smith as Sandy Kevin Brief as Glenn Steve Paymer as Judge Kirby Marcus Folmar as Guard Frank Maharajh as Venkatesh Koothrappali Judy Greer as Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton Ally Maki as Joyce Kim Steven Yeun as Sebastian Ajgie Kirkland as Louie / Louise Lauri Johnson as Mrs. Gunderson Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation '' Mark Cendrowski Steven Molaro September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 3X5551 12.96 When the men return home from their expedition at the Magnetic North Pole , Penny reveals her feelings for Leonard and kisses him when he visits her . Both are interrupted when Sheldon is humiliated on learning that Leonard , Howard and Raj tampered with one of his experiments , and retreats to his mother 's home in Galveston , Texas . When Leonard arrives in Texas , it is Mary who convinces Sheldon to forgive him by disagreeing with his views on evolution . Leonard and Penny then finally have sex , but concede that things are now weird between them . Title reference : The electric can opener used by the men to fake the results of Sheldon 's experiment while at the Magnetic North Pole . 42 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Mark Cendrowski Jim Reynolds September 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) 3X5552 13.27 Leonard and Penny vacillate between friendship and a romantic relationship , struggling to resolve the awkwardness . In an attempt to feel comfortable and talk about a solution , they end up getting drunk in her apartment and throwing up all night . Sheldon and Howard stake their most valuable comic books on a bet over the species of a cricket they hear , enlisting a depressed entomologist to settle the bet . After Sheldon loses the bet , he meets Penny and after talking to her about Leonard , assures her that she and Leonard can always go back to being friends . After she explains this to Leonard , the two agree to do so , but they find that neither wants to and have sex again . Title reference : Sheldon tries to guess the species of a cricket he names after Jiminy Cricket . 43 `` The Gothowitz Deviation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Richard Rosenstock Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari October 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) 3X5553 12.52 Penny 's bed in her apartment breaks , forcing her to sleep at Leonard and Sheldon 's apartment for a few days . Sheldon tries to condition Penny , rewarding with chocolate what he considers to be `` correct '' behavior . Howard and Raj pretend to be goths to try to meet girls at a goth club , but chicken out when the girls persuade them to get tattoos . Title reference : Howard and Raj go to a Goth club . 44 `` The Pirate Solution '' Mark Cendrowski Steve Holland October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) 3X5554 13.07 Raj 's research on trans - Neptunian objects comes to a dead end and he faces deportation to India unless he gets a new job . Sheldon offers Raj a chance to work for him . Raj accepts but disagreements ensue . Eventually , Sheldon apologises to Raj , conceding that his theory is correct but refusing to give up on his own . Howard tries to hang out with Leonard and Penny , but intrudes into their relationship . Title reference : Sheldon 's comment about Raj either emigrating to another country , returning to India , or `` wandering the high seas as a stateless pirate . '' 45 5 `` The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro October 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) 3X5556 13.47 Howard reminds Leonard of their girlfriend pact : one of the two men ( Leonard ) who has a girlfriend ( Penny ) must have her set the other man ( Howard ) up on a date with her friend . After prodding by Leonard , a reluctant Penny sets Howard with her friend Bernadette , though they find they have little in common . However , the two bond over their respective relationships with their mothers . Sheldon enters a collectible card game tournament , with Raj as his partner , to compete against his rival Wil Wheaton . Note : This episode marks the first appearance of future regular cast member Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski and also marks the first cameo appearance of Wil Wheaton on the show . Title reference : Penny 's description of Howard 's outward behavior . Also Howard losing his virginity in a Corolla . 46 6 `` The Cornhusker Vortex '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Richard Rosenstock November 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) 3X5555 12.73 Leonard attempts to fit in with Penny 's football - loving friends , despite initially knowing nothing about the game . However , it is Sheldon who surprises him with a large amount of football knowledge ( forced on him by his father in his childhood ) , which Leonard later brings to Penny 's football party . When Leonard refuses to fly kites with Sheldon , upsetting him as he never got to experience a normal childhood , Penny feels bad and allows Leonard to go , especially after pointing out how he is boring everyone at the party . Howard upsets Raj by repeatedly abandoning him during activities to pursue women . Title reference : The football team Penny and her friends watch . 47 7 `` The Guitarist Amplification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds November 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) 3X5557 12.79 When Penny announces that her guitarist friend , who she dated twice , is going to sleep on her couch for the next few days , Leonard is upset that she did n't ask him first . Sheldon is upset by reminders of his quarrelling parents as Leonard and Penny fight , Raj argues with his parents and Howard argues with his mother . Title reference : Penny 's guitarist friend . 48 8 `` The Adhesive Duck Deficiency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari November 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) 3X5558 13.23 Sheldon , despite never having driven a car before , is forced to drive Penny to the hospital after she slips in the shower . Leonard , Raj and Howard go on a camping trip to watch the Leonid meteor shower , but all succumb to the effects of `` magic '' cookies given to them by Deadhead campers nearby , causing them to blurt out weird secrets including Howard losing his virginity to his second cousin . Title reference : Sheldon telling Penny that he has sticky non-slip duck shaped appliqués in his bath tub and that they would have prevented Penny 's accident . 49 9 `` The Vengeance Formulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland November 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 23 ) 3X5559 14.13 After three successful dates , Howard reflects on the future of his relationship with Bernadette . He surprises her with a last - minute proposal , which she declines as it is much too soon for either of them . However , he wins her over by performing a cheesy love song , which she finds as romantic . A prank fight between Sheldon and Kripke begins when the latter severely embarrasses the former on National Public Radio 's talk show Science Friday by filling Sheldon 's office with helium , giving him a high - pitched voice . Title reference : Sheldon 's revenge against Kripke . 50 10 `` The Gorilla Experiment '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Richard Rosenstock & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari December 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 07 ) 3X5560 14.38 Howard becomes jealous of Leonard after Bernadette shows an interest in his work , causing friction in the relationship of all three . Penny becomes jealous over not being able to talk to Leonard about his job , and asks Sheldon to teach her about physics . Title reference : Sheldon 's view that teaching physics to Penny is equivalent in challenge to teaching sign language to Koko the gorilla . 51 11 `` The Maternal Congruence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Richard Rosenstock & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch December 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) 3X5562 15.58 At Christmas , Leonard 's mother visits , much to Leonard 's horror and Sheldon 's delight . Penny is upset to learn that Leonard has not told her about his mother 's visit , nor his mother about their relationship , while Leonard learns that Sheldon appears to know more about his parents ' lives than he does . Title reference : Leonard 's mother visiting him again . 52 12 `` The Psychic Vortex '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 3X5561 15.82 Penny is upset when Leonard derides her for taking advice from a psychic . Awkward situations ensue as Sheldon and Raj date two women they met at a university mixer , Raj having bribed Sheldon to be his wingman . Title reference : Penny 's belief in psychics . 53 13 `` The Bozeman Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 3X5563 14.99 Sheldon fears for his safety after his and Leonard 's apartment is burgled , and takes various measures to try to increase his security . Title reference : Sheldon moves to Bozeman , Montana after his and Leonard 's apartment is robbed . 54 14 `` The Einstein Approximation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 3X5565 15.51 After becoming obsessed with a physics problem , Sheldon decides to take a menial job , comparing himself to Albert Einstein , who conceived his theory of relativity while working at the Swiss patent office . Meanwhile , Raj feels left out when Leonard , Penny , Howard and Bernadette go on a double - date at a roller skating rink . Title reference : Sheldon 's attempt at solving his problem by working in a menial job , comparing it to Albert Einstein 's discoveries made while working in Switzerland in the Patent Office . 55 15 `` The Large Hadron Collision '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Richard Rosenstock & Maria Ferrari February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 3X5564 16.26 Sheldon feels betrayed when Leonard decides to take Penny , not Sheldon , with him to a conference in Switzerland , where they will also have the chance to visit the Large Hadron Collider . After failing to convince Leonard to change his mind , Sheldon tries to convince Penny to drop out , which leads Leonard to terminate his friendship with Sheldon . However , when Penny has caught the flu , Leonard changes his mind and allows Sheldon to go , only to find out he is sick as well , causing him to take Raj . It is later revealed that Sheldon caught it from Penny when he hugged her . Title reference : The dispute between Leonard and Sheldon over who gets to be Leonard 's guest for the trip to the Large Hadron Collider . 56 16 `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 3X5566 15.73 Sheldon tries to meet Stan Lee at a comic book signing , but is stymied by having to appear in court for running a red light while taking Penny to the hospital , and enlists Penny to help him win the judge 's favor . Title reference : Stan Lee 's comic book signing event . Excelsior being a catchphrase of his . 57 17 `` The Precious Fragmentation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Richard Rosenstock March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 3X5567 16.32 Sheldon , Raj , Leonard and Howard acquire a collectible casting of the One Ring , which turns out to be a prop from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Fights and deceptions ensue as the four try various means to prevent the others from possessing it , as Penny observes in disbelief . Title reference : The guys ' fight over the One Ring . 58 18 `` The Pants Alternative '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 3X5568 13.42 The characters try to help Sheldon overcome his fear of public speaking in time for him to accept a science award . He is still nervous until Penny gets him drunk , causing him to spiral on a meltdown on stage which quickly goes viral . Title reference : Sheldon takes off his pants during his acceptance speech for the award whilst drunk . 59 19 `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Nicole Lorre & Jessica Ambrosetti Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari April 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) 3X5569 13.39 Leonard and Penny reflect on their relationship after Penny does not reciprocate when Leonard tells her he loves her . At a bowling match with Stuart and others , including Sheldon 's rival Wil Wheaton , the two question their future together , but Wheaton may also be interfering . Title reference : Wil Wheaton 's return as a guest star on the show . 60 20 `` The Spaghetti Catalyst '' Anthony Rich Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro May 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 03 ) 3X5570 11.63 Sheldon tries to maintain his friendships with Leonard and Penny , now that they have broken up , as they consider whether they can still be friends with each other . Title reference : Sheldon 's spaghetti dinner with Penny and how it influences Penny and Leonard 's friendship . 61 21 `` The Plimpton Stimulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari May 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 10 ) 3X5571 13.73 Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton , a cosmological physicist from Princeton University , accepts Sheldon 's invitation to stay over at the apartment during her visit to Caltech . However , she instead takes an immediate interest in Leonard , and the two end up sleeping together , inciting jealousy from Penny . However , it quickly becomes clear that Leonard and Elizabeth both have very different ideas about the nature of their relationship , when she sleeps with Raj and tries to convince Leonard and Howard ( who has just broken up with Bernadette ) to engage in a foursome with them . Title reference : Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton visits and `` stimulates '' Leonard and Raj . 62 22 `` The Staircase Implementation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari May 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) 3X5572 15.02 Taking shelter in Penny 's apartment after an argument with Sheldon , Leonard tells Penny how he and Sheldon met in 2003 . He describes the trials he underwent in order to become Sheldon 's roommate , which reveal many aspects of the latter 's character , and in the process reveals how their building 's elevator came to be out of order . Title reference : Because Leonard 's rocket fuel explodes inside the elevator and destroys it , the stairway becomes indispensable . 63 23 `` The Lunar Excitation '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 3X5573 14.78 Penny introduces her new boyfriend Zack to the other characters as they set up an experiment to bounce a laser off the moon using the laser reflector left by Apollo 11 , but grows disappointed with him as she watches him interact with the group . She later breaks up with him and drunken rants at Leonard for ruining her ability to tolerate idiots before proceeding to engage in sex with him , leading Leonard to hypothesize that he too can initiate drunken sex , which he tests throughout the episode . Meanwhile , Raj and Howard create a profile for Sheldon on a dating website without his knowledge , which to their surprise matches him with a woman named Amy Farrah Fowler . The two force Sheldon to meet Amy , and are surprised when Sheldon and Amy have a lot in common , ranging from sock aversion to their overbearing mothers . Title reference : The guys bouncing a laser off the reflector left on the moon by the crew of Apollo 11 . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation '' September 21 , 2009 4.7 / 11 12.96 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' September 28 , 2009 5.3 / 13 13.27 `` The Gothowitz Deviation '' October 5 , 2009 4.5 / 10 12.52 `` The Pirate Solution '' October 12 , 2009 5.0 / 12 13.07 5 `` The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary '' October 19 , 2009 5.3 / 13 13.47 6 `` The Cornhusker Vortex '' November 2 , 2009 4.7 / 11 12.73 7 `` The Guitarist Amplification '' November 9 , 2009 4.7 / 11 12.79 8 `` The Adhesive Duck Deficiency '' November 16 , 2009 5.0 / 12 13.23 9 `` The Vengeance Formulation '' November 23 , 2009 5.2 / 13 14.13 10 `` The Gorilla Experiment '' December 7 , 2009 5.6 / 13 14.38 11 `` The Maternal Congruence '' December 14 , 2009 5.6 / 14 15.58 12 `` The Psychic Vortex '' January 11 , 2010 5.7 / 14 15.82 13 `` The Bozeman Reaction '' January 18 , 2010 5.2 / 12 14.99 14 `` The Einstein Approximation '' February 1 , 2010 5.4 / 13 15.51 15 `` The Large Hadron Collision '' February 8 , 2010 6.0 / 14 16.26 16 `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' March 1 , 2010 5.9 / 14 15.73 17 `` The Precious Fragmentation '' March 8 , 2010 5.9 / 15 16.32 18 `` The Pants Alternative '' March 22 , 2010 5.2 / 13 13.42 19 `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' April 12 , 2010 5.1 / 13 13.39 20 `` The Spaghetti Catalyst '' May 3 , 2010 4.6 / 12 11.63 21 `` The Plimpton Stimulation '' May 10 , 2010 5.3 / 13 13.73 22 `` The Staircase Implementation '' May 17 , 2010 5.5 / 14 15.02 23 `` The Lunar Excitation '' May 24 , 2010 5.2 / 13 14.78 Reception ( edit ) The third season received favorable reviews . Maureen Ryan of Chicago Tribune wrote that `` Big Bang Theory , which is in its third season , is doing many things very right '' , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote `` the Penny / Sheldon interaction was gold , as always '' , and Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly , who wrote that `` what lifts The Big Bang Theory into frequent excellence is its one constant from the start : the brilliantly nuanced performance of Jim Parsons '' . The American Film Institute ranked season three one of the ten best television seasons of 2009 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Night for CBS 's Comedy Power Hour '' . CBS . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Monday broadcast final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` Big Bang Theory 's BANG even louder in final numbers , rises to 5.3 w / adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' builds on its lead - in for third straight week `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Wins Monday in Key Demos '' . CBS . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Biggest Bang Yet ! '' . CBS . October 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' How I Met Your Mother '' Delivers Largest Audience Since Its Season Premiere `` . CBS . November 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS First in Viewers for the Sixth Time in Seven Weeks '' . CBS . November 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Places First on Monday in Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 25 - 54 '' . CBS . November 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Comedies Lead CBS to Win in Key Demos '' . CBS . November 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Finals : Big Bang Theory drops a tick ; Castle drops two ticks '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viewers embrace CBS Monday '' . CBS . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Finals Plus Chuck Quarter Hour Detail '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : CBS Wins ; How I Met Your Mother hits season highs ; Life Unexpected Premieres Solidly '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS sweeps Monday in viewers and Key demographics '' . CBS . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS 's Monday Comedy Block grows opposite `` The Bachelor '' final and Olympic - Promoted NBC `` . CBS . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Editor 's Note : With final Monday ratings in , The Big Bang Theory has now reached a new series high in viewers ( 16.32 m ) and was the night 's top program in adults 18 - 49 ( 5.9 / 15 ) , up a tenth from this morning . -- `` Two and a Half Men '' Soars to Its Best Adult 18 - 49 Rating in Three Years `` . CBS . March 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Finals : Dancing , 2.5 Men , Big Bang Adjusted Up ; Castle , CSI : Miami , 24 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : '' House , '' `` Big Bang '' Adjusted Up ; `` Romantically Challenged , '' `` Castle '' Adjusted Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' Makes Monday 's Loudest Noise in Adults 18 - 34 , Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 25 - 54 `` . CBS . May 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Just In ... From CBS Entertainment ... `` The Big Bang Theory '' Tops Monday in Key Demos `` . CBS . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Wins the Final Monday of the Season in Key Demos '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Having Big fun on a hit comedy : A chat with Big Bang Theory 's Johnny Galecki '' . Chicago Tribune . tronc . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Big Bang Theory , `` The Gorilla Experiment '' : Howard 's girlfriend Bernadette `` . The Star - Ledger . Advance Publications . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2009 '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . General references `` The Big Bang Theory Season 3 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 3 at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( jellyfish ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_3)&oldid=854123607 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Română Русский Sicilianu 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 03 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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when do amy and bernadette come into the big bang theory
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"The third season saw the first appearances of future main cast members Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski in \"The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary\" and Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler in the season finale \"The Lunar Excitation\". Christine Baranski submitted the episode \"The Maternal Congruence\" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode \"The Pants Alternative\".\n"
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"third season"
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Dork Diaries
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Dork Diaries - wikipedia Dork Diaries Jump to : navigation , search Dork Diaries ( series ) logo Author Rachel Renee Russell Country United States Language English Genre Realistic fiction Publisher Aladdin Paperbacks Publication date June 2009 - present Media type Print ( Hardcover ) Dork Diaries is a humorous children 's book series written and illustrated by Rachel Renée Russell . The series , written in a diary format , uses drawings , doodles , and comic strips to chronicle the daily life of its 14 - year - old protagonist , Nikki Maxwell , in and outside of middle school . Rachel Renee Russell said that this series was inspired by her own middle school experiences as well as those of her two daughters , Erin and Nikki . Her older daughter , Erin , helps with writing and her younger daughter , Nikki , helps with illustrations . Dork Diaries is published by Aladdin Paperbacks . Over 5 million copies of the Dork Diaries books are in print in the United States , and publishing rights have been sold in 32 countries with translation into 28 different languages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 1.1 Book 1 1.2 Book 2 1.3 Book 3 1.4 Book 3 1 / 2 1.5 Book 4 1.6 Book 5 1.7 Book 6 1.8 Book 6 1 / 2 1.9 Book 7 1.10 Book 8 1.11 Book 9 1.12 Book 10 1.13 Book 11 2 Characters 3 Awards and honors 4 Audio books 5 Movie 6 References 7 External links Books There are currently eleven books in the series . Book 1 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Fabulous Life ( Release date : June 2 , 2009 ) Fourteen - year - old Nikki Maxwell is not happy when her father arranges a scholarship for her to attend a private middle school called Westchester Country Day as part of the contract for his bug extermination services . Nikki does not fit in with the wealthy , designer clad students and spends most of her time alone writing in her diary . To make matters worse , she has a locker right next to the school 's most popular girl , MacKenzie Hollister . MacKenzie labels Nikki as a `` Dork '' and goes out of her way to make Nikki 's life miserable . It appears the new school may work out when Nikki befriends two other dorky but loyal girls , Chloe and Zoey . She even meets a really cute boy named Brandon . But , things take a turn for the worse when Nikki enters the school art show and discovers her main competition is her enemy , MacKenzie , who will stop at nothing to win . Book 2 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Popular Party Girl ( Release date : June 8 , 2010 ) Book cover for Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Popular Party Girl Nikki Maxwell is hoping her crush , Brandon Roberts , will ask her to the Halloween dance . But she is heartbroken when she overhears her nemesis , MacKenzie Hollister , bragging that she and Brandon are going to the dance together . Having nothing better to do on the night of the dance , Nikki reluctantly agrees to serve on the dance clean - up committee with her best friends , Chloe and Zoey , as well as help out at a ballet class Halloween party for her little sister , Brianna . Nikki is shocked when Brandon asks her to the dance and realizes that MacKenzie was lying . However , in spite of her prior commitments , Nikki agrees to go with him and ends up spending the evening juggling three events at the same time . Book 3 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Talented Pop Star ( Release date : June 7 , 2011 ) Book cover for Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Talented Pop Star Nikki Maxwell knows her reputation will be destroyed if anyone at school finds out her Dad works as the school 's exterminator in exchange for her academic scholarship . So when it looks like her secret might be leaked , Nikki is willing to go to any lengths to protect the truth . When she took her sister to a pizza joint , she performed on stage with her sister , she has been caught on film by Mackenzie who is BTW the only one who knows about Nikki 's dad . MacKenzie said if she says something bad to her she would show everyone the video . The timing seems perfect when a major talent competition is announced with a school scholarship offered as the top prize . Nikki did n't even notice it until she got a tuition bill so she decides to make a band . She is so excited when Violet , Theo , Marcus , and Nikki 's crush Brandon wants to be her bandmates . She was crushed when her BFFs went to MacKenzie 's side for the talent show . She is determined to win the prize to pay her bill . Book 3 1 / 2 Dork Diaries : How to Dork Your Diary ( Release date : October 8 , 2011 ) Book cover for Dork Diaries : How to Dork Your Diary Nikki Maxwell has been writing in a diary since the start of the school year , and she usually takes it everywhere she goes -- so she ca n't believe it when one morning she ca n't find her diary ! The hunt is on , and while she looks , pursuing various theories about where it could be , Nikki ca n't help putting together a list of important diary - keeping lessons to remember in case of missing diary emergencies like this one . How to Dork Your Diary is full of tips from Nikki on fun things to write about in your diary , with space for readers to write and draw their own entries . Meanwhile , Nikki 's friends Chloe and Zoey , her little sister Brianna , her crush Brandon , and mean girl Mackenzie are all a part of the story as Nikki searches everywhere for that diary . Book 4 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not so Graceful Ice Princess ( Release date : June 5 , 2012 ) Book cover for Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Graceful Ice Princess Nikki Maxwell finds out that her crush , Brandon , volunteers at a local animal shelter that is in danger of closing . Nikki wants to try to save the animal shelter , especially after discovering a shocking secret about Brandon . Nikki , along with friends Chloe and Zoey , enter an ice skating competition to raise money for the shelter . Of course , Mackenzie tries to interfere so that she can be the one to save the day instead . If Nikki does n't want Mackenzie to get the best of her , she 'll have to come up with a creative plan . Book 5 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not So Smart Miss Know - It - All ( Release date : October 2 , 2012 ) Book cover for Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Smart Miss Know - It - All Nikki Maxwell 's rival , Mackenzie , starts writing a gossip column , so Nikki takes a sudden interest in journalism and joins the school newspaper staff . Nikki just wants to keep tabs on Mackenzie and keep her from spreading some juicy gossip involving Nikki 's crush , Brandon . Soon , however , Nikki 's new role as an advice columnist makes her inbox overflow with pleas for advice . Luckily , Miss Know - It - All gets guidance of her own from her best friends , Chloe and Zoey . Book 6 Dork Diaries : Tales from a Not - So - Happy Heartbreaker ( Release date : June 4 , 2013 ) It 's the biggest dance of the year and Nikki Maxwell is hoping her crush , Brandon , wants to be her date . But time is running out . What if he does n't want to go with her ? Or worse -- what if he ends up going with Mackenzie ? ! ! Book 6 1 / 2 Dork Diaries : OMG ! All About Me Diary Book 7 Dork Diaries : Tales from a Not - So - Glam TV Star ( Release date : June 3 , 2014 ) When Trevor Chase , the host of `` 15 Minutes of Fame '' tells Nikki she 's getting her own reality show , she can hardly believe it ! But with Mackenzie out for revenge , will her friendship with Brandon end ? Throw in ka - ray - zee karate instructors , an `` Actually , I 'm Not Really Sure Yet '' listening party , and an unexpected first kiss ( ? ! ! ) , and you have the life of a NOT - SO - Glam TV Star ! Book 8 Dork Diaries 8 : Tales from a Not - So - Happily Ever After Book 9 Dork Diaries 9 : Tales from a Not - So - Dorky Drama Queen Book 10 Dork Diaries 10 : Tales from a Not - So - Perfect Pet Sitter Book 11 Dork Diaries 11 : Tales from a Not - So - Friendly Frenemy Characters Nikki J. Maxwell The main character of the series and a new student at Westchester Country Day . Because Nikki feels completely out of place among all of the wealthy , designer clad students , she spends most of her time alone writing in her diary . She depises her locker neighbor ( and enemy ) , MacKenzie Hollister . She 's the most unpopular girl at her school ( only slightly above the gym shower slime ) . Her secret is that she only attends the school because her dad arranged a scholarship as part of his contract as the bug exterminator . The stores she shops at are discount department ones such as Target . She has a crush on Brandon Roberts . Her art skills are well above average and won WCD 's art competition with the help of her friends in the first book . She is extremely bad at math . Nikki has a 6 - year - old sister named Brianna . She is best friends with Chloe and Zoey and goes to art camp every summer . She has brown hair that is usually in pigtails and is left - handed . Nikki Maxwell , main character in the Dork Diaries series . MacKenzie Hollister The most popular girl at Westchester Country Day and the leader of the CCP ( Cute , Cool & Popular ) Clique . She has a locker next to Nikki 's . MacKenzie always wears top designer outfits , carries expensive bags , and wears a lot of lip gloss . She , too , has a crush on Brandon Roberts and tries to flirt with him by twirling her hair whenever possible . MacKenzie does not like Nikki and calls her a dork . She talks behind Nikki 's back and tries to wreck her life with the help of her friend , Jessica . She has blonde hair , blue eyes , and an annoying little sister named Amanda . Mackenzie is wealthy , spoiled , and self - centered . She entered the avant - garde art competition and lost . She always tries to flirt with Brandon . Chloe Christina Garcia Nikki 's best friend . Chloe is an avid reader and loves young adult romances . She is a self - proclaimed expert on guys and dating and works in the library with Nikki and Zoey . She is described as somewhat prissy and socially outcast . Her parents own a software company . She is the fifth most unpopular girl at Westchester Country Day . Zoeysha `` Zoey '' Ebony Franklin Zoey is Nikki 's best friend . She is super smart and also an avid reader , loves self - help books , and is a self - proclaimed expert in psychology . Zoey works in the school library with Nikki and Chloe . Her mother is an attorney and her father is a record executive . Her parents are divorced . Zoey 's the third most unpopular girl in the school . Brandon Roberts Nikki 's and MacKenzie 's crush . He is not as impressed by MacKenzie as everybody else - it was an obvious note that he has feelings for Nikki more . In the second book , he asks her to the dance ( see above ) . In the books , he is described `` super cute '' with wavy hair and blue eyes . He is shy around Nikki . Brandon is a photographer for Westchester Middle School 's newspaper , and the Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not So Talented Pop Star , it is revealed Brandon plays the drums and joins Nikki 's band , `` Dorkalicious '' . His parents died sometime before the series and he lives with his grandparents who work in Fuzzy Friends . He loves working there and being with the pets . Brianna Lynn Maxwell Nikki 's bratty little 6 - year - old sister . Brianna is afraid of the tooth fairy because Nikki told her the tooth fairy collects children 's teeth to make dentures for old people . She has a friend named Miss Penelope ( which is her own hand with a face drawn on it with an ink pen ) . She thinks Brandon has cooties . Jessica Hunter The second highest - ranking CCPs at WCD and MacKenzie 's best friend . She also dislikes Nikki and is more than super mean to her . Jessica has blonde hair and loves the color pink . Her last name ( Hunter ) was revealed in Dork Diaries 3 1 / 2 : How to Dork Your Diary Violet Baker The most popular girl out of the most unpopular people . When she signs up to run for chairperson of WCD 's Halloween dance , she loses to MacKenzie Hollister and signs up for clean - up committee instead . When MacKenzie quits , Violet becomes head of the entertainment committee . She has a huge iTunes collection and is in a wheelchair . She appears in the second and third book . In Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not So Talented Pop Star , it is revealed Violet plays piano . Theodore L. Swagmire III One of the unpopular boys in WCD and one of Nikki 's friends . He has a big crush on Mackenzie . He was later really happy to hear the bit of news that MacKenzie 's date was the lead singer of the band , ( as he was the lead singer ) especially when he wanted to ask MacKenzie but was sure she would reject him . He is known for being the school nerd , and in Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not So Talented Pop Star , it is revealed he plays guitar . He hopes to one day go to Hogwarts . Marcy Nikki meets Marcy through her post as Miss - Know - It - All . Marcy sends an anonymous letter to Miss Know - It - All , saying that she 's new , being bullied by some other girls , and ca n't find friends . Nikki tells her to hang in there , and keeps a look out for the new girl . She soon finds it 's Marcy , and invites her to Brandon 's birthday party , where Marcy has a great time . Marcy is MacKenzie 's assistant fashion director for the newspaper , but is bullied by MacKenzie , and is deemed to be unfashionable by the latter . Awards and honors As of August 2012 , the Dork Diaries series has spent 43 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list in the Children 's Series category . Book 1 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Fabulous Life has been on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 42 weeks and the USA Today Best Sellers list for 7 weeks . It was awarded the 2010 Children 's Choice Book of the Year Award for the 5th / 6th grade division . On February 10 , 2011 , it was nominated as Book of the Year by the Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice Awards . Book 2 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Popular Party Girl has been on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 42 weeks and the USA Today Best Sellers list for 12 weeks . Books 1 and 2 appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list simultaneously for 17 weeks , with the former peaking at # 4 and the latter at # 2 . Book 3 Dork Diaries : Tales From a Not - So - Talented Pop Star has been on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 28 weeks and the USA Today Best Sellers list for 28 weeks . Book 3 1 / 2 Dork Diaries : How To Dork Your Diary has been on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 14 weeks . Audio books Audio books for Books 1 and 2 were released on September 28 , 2010 . Movie Summit Entertainment has acquired the movie rights to the series . Karen Rosenfelt is in negotiations to produce . References Children 's literature portal Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Dork Diaries : About '' Archived May 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dork Diaries : News '' Archived May 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Summary Guide of Dork Diaries : Tales from a NOT - SO - Fabulous Life '' . Teachers Pay Teachers . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Books : Dork Diaries 4 '' . Publisher website . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Books : Dork Diaries 5 '' . Publisher 's website . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sehgal , Parul . `` Best Sellers August 12 , 2012 '' . Best seller list . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ihsan . `` '' The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' on `` . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best - Selling Books Database on USA Today '' . Content.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Choice Book Awards Announced '' Archived December 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . Nick.com. 2012 - 02 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Cowles , Gregory . `` '' The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' on `` . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dork Diaries Audiobooks on '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Dork Diaries ' Becomes a Movie with ' Twilight ' Producer . '' Variety Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana . `` Summits nabs rights to ' Dork Diaries ' book series . '' Entertainment Weekly . Mar. 25 , 2014 External links Official website Dorkdiariesblog.com , Nikki Maxwell 's blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dork_Diaries&oldid=802100377 '' Categories : 2009 books American young adult novels 2010 books Fictional diaries Novels set in schools Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 00 : 43 . About Wikipedia
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what is the second dork diaries book called
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"Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not-So-Popular Party Girl\n(Release date: June 8, 2010)"
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"Tales From a Not-So-Popular Party Girl"
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Democratic Party (United States)
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Democratic Party ( United States ) - Wikipedia Democratic Party ( United States ) `` Democrat Party ( United States ) '' redirects here . For the implied slur in that appellation , see Democrat Party ( epithet ) . political party in the United States Democratic Party Chairperson Tom Perez ( MD ) Secretary Jason Rae ( WI ) Deputy Chair Keith Ellison ( MN ) Senate leader Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( NY ) House leader Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( CA ) Chair of Governors Association Jay Inslee ( WA ) Founded January 8 , 1828 ; 190 years ago ( 1828 - 01 - 08 ) Preceded by Democratic - Republican Party Headquarters 430 South Capitol St. SE , Washington , D.C. , 20003 Student wing College Democrats of America Youth wing Young Democrats of America Women 's wing National Federation of Democratic Women Overseas wing Democrats Abroad LGBT wing Stonewall Democrats Membership ( 2017 ) 44,706,349 Ideology Majority : Modern liberalism Social liberalism Factions : Centrism Conservatism Democratic socialism Left - wing populism Progressivism Social democracy International affiliation Progressive Alliance Colors Blue Seats in the Senate 47 / 100 Seats in the House 193 / 435 Governorships 16 / 50 State Upper House Seats 806 / 1,972 State Lower House Seats 2,331 / 5,411 Territorial Governorships 2 / 6 Territorial Upper Chamber Seats 31 / 97 Territorial Lower Chamber Seats 0 / 91 Website democrats.org Politics of United States Political parties Elections This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic - Republican Party , the modern - day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . The Democrats ' dominant worldview was once social conservatism and economic liberalism while populism was its leading characteristic in the rural South . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third - party candidate in the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party , leading to a switch of political platforms between the Democratic and Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson being elected as the first fiscally progressive Democrat . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has also promoted a social liberal platform , supporting social justice . Today , the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of centrists and progressives , with a small minority of conservative Democrats . The party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy . These interventions , such as the introduction of social programs , support for labor unions , affordable college tuitions , moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity , consumer protection and environmental protection form the core of the party 's economic policy . The party has united with smaller liberal regional parties throughout the country , such as the Farmer -- Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative - populist anti-business wings . The New Deal Coalition of 1932 -- 1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction -- many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal of the 1930s , the pro-business wing withered outside the South . After the racial turmoil of the 1960s , most Southern whites and many Northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level . The once - powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s . Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States , such as Jewish Americans , Hispanic Americans , Arabic Americans and African Americans , tend to support the Democratic Party much more than they support the rival Republican Party . 15 Democrats have served as President under 16 administrations : the first was 7th President Andrew Jackson , who served from 1829 to 1837 ; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 ; and thus is counted twice ( as the 22nd and 24th President ) . The most recent was the 44th President Barack Obama , who held the office from 2009 to 2017 . Currently , the Democrats are the opposition party , due to having the minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate , as well as having the minority of governorships and state legislatures ( full control of 13 / 50 , split control of five others ) . However , they do have `` trifectas '' ( the executive branch and both chambers of the legislative branch ) in eight states and the mayoralty of numerous major American cities , such as Boston , Chicago , Los Angeles , New York City , San Francisco , Seattle , and Washington , D.C. In the Supreme Court , four of the nine seats are filled by justices appointed by Democratic presidents . Contents 1 History 1.1 1828 -- 1860 1.2 1860 -- 1900 1.3 1900 -- 1930 1.4 1930 -- 1960 1.5 1960 -- 1980 1.6 1980 -- 2000 1.7 2001 -- present 2 Name and symbols 3 Current structure and composition 3.1 National committee 3.2 State parties 3.3 Major party groups 4 Ideology 4.1 Centrists 4.2 Conservatives 4.3 Liberals 4.4 Progressives 5 Political positions 5.1 Economic issues 5.1. 1 Fiscal policy 5.1. 2 Minimum wage 5.1. 3 Health care 5.1. 4 Education 5.1. 5 Environment 5.1. 6 Renewable energy and fossil fuels 5.1. 7 Trade agreements 5.2 Social issues 5.2. 1 Equal opportunity 5.2. 2 Voting rights 5.2. 3 Abortion and reproductive rights 5.2. 4 Immigration 5.2. 5 LGBT rights 5.2. 6 Civil Rights -- United States Citizens in Puerto Rico 5.3 Legal issues 5.3. 1 Gun control 5.3. 2 Death penalty 5.3. 3 Torture 5.3. 4 USA PATRIOT Act 5.3. 5 Right to privacy 5.4 Foreign policy issues 5.4. 1 Iraq War 5.4. 2 Iran sanctions 5.4. 3 Invasion of Afghanistan 5.4. 4 Israel 6 Voter base 6.1 Professionals 6.2 Academia 6.3 Youth 6.4 Women 6.5 Relation to marital status and parenthood 6.6 LGBTQ Americans 6.7 Labor 6.8 Working class 6.9 Secular Americans 6.10 African Americans 6.11 Hispanic and Latino Americans 6.12 Native Americans 6.13 Jewish Americans 6.14 Arab and Muslim Americans 6.15 Asian Americans 7 Democratic Presidents 8 Supreme Court Justices appointed by Democratic presidents 9 Recent electoral history 9.1 In presidential elections : 1828 -- present 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Organizations 14.2 Platforms , charter and bylaws History Main article : History of the United States Democratic Party Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States Democratic Party officials often trace its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic - Republican Party , founded by Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and other influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792 . That party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans . Organizationally , the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s with the election of Andrew Jackson . Since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896 , the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues . They have been more liberal on civil rights issues since 1948 . On foreign policy , both parties changed position several times . 1828 -- 1860 The Democratic Party evolved from the Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic - Republican Party organized by Jefferson and Madison in opposition to the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams . The party favored republicanism ; a weak federal government ; states ' rights ; agrarian interests ( especially Southern planters ) ; strict adherence to the Constitution ; and it opposed a national bank , close ties to Great Britain and business and banking interests . The Democratic - Republican Party came to power in the election of 1800 . After the War of 1812 , the Federalists virtually disappeared and the only national political party left was the Democratic - Republicans . The era of one - party rule in the United States , known as the Era of Good Feelings , lasted from 1816 until the early 1830s , when the Whig Party became a national political group to rival the Democratic - Republicans . However , the Democratic - Republican Party still had its own internal factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the modern Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ( ... ) and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small yet decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . In 1854 , angry with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the Republican Party . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics . ( ... ) Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual -- the artisan and the ordinary farmer -- by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . 1860 -- 1900 Andrew Johnson , 17th President of the United States ( 1865 -- 1869 ) The Democrats split over the choice of a successor to President James Buchanan along Northern and Southern lines as factions of the party provided two separate candidacies for President in the election of 1860 , in which the Republican Party gained ascendancy . The radical pro-slavery Fire - Eaters led a walkout at both the April Democratic convention in Charleston 's Institute Hall and the June convention in Baltimore when the national party would not adopt a resolution supporting the extension of slavery into territories even if the voters of those territories did not want it . These Southern Democrats nominated the pro-slavery incumbent Vice President , John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky , for President and General Joseph Lane , former Governor of Oregon , for Vice President . The Northern Democrats nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for President and former Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson for Vice President while some Southern Democrats joined the Constitutional Union Party , backing its nominees ( who had both been prominent Whig leaders ) , John Bell of Tennessee for President and the politician , statesman and educator Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President . This fracturing of the Democrats led to a Republican victory and Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States . As the American Civil War broke out , Northern Democrats were divided into War Democrats and Peace Democrats . The Confederate States of America , whose political leadership , mindful of the welter prevalent in antebellum American politics and with a pressing need for unity , largely viewed political parties as inimical to good governance and consequently the Confederacy had none or at least none with the wide organization inherent to other American parties . Most War Democrats rallied to Republican President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans ' National Union Party in the election of 1864 , which featured Andrew Johnson on the Republican ticket even though he was a Democrat from the South . Johnson replaced Lincoln in 1865 , but he stayed independent of both parties . The Democrats benefited from white Southerners ' resentment of Reconstruction after the war and consequent hostility to the Republican Party . After Redeemers ended Reconstruction in the 1870s and following the often extremely violent disenfranchisement of African Americans led by such white supremacist Democratic politicians as Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina in the 1880s and 1890s , the South , voting Democratic , became known as the `` Solid South '' . Though Republicans won all but two presidential elections , the Democrats remained competitive . The party was dominated by pro-business Bourbon Democrats led by Samuel J. Tilden and Grover Cleveland , who represented mercantile , banking and railroad interests ; opposed imperialism and overseas expansion ; fought for the gold standard ; opposed bimetallism ; and crusaded against corruption , high taxes and tariffs . Cleveland was elected to non-consecutive presidential terms in 1884 and 1892 . 1900 -- 1930 Leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on 14 June 1913 : Secretary of State William J. Bryan , Josephus Daniels , President Woodrow Wilson , Breckinridge Long , William Phillips , and Franklin D. Roosevelt Agrarian Democrats demanding free silver overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency ( a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908 ) . Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests , but he lost to Republican William McKinley . The Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected Woodrow Wilson as President in 1912 ( when the Republicans split ) and 1916 . Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the issues of tariffs , money and antitrust , which had dominated politics for 40 years , with new progressive laws . He failed to pass the Versailles Treaty ( which involved joining the League of Nations ) . The weak party was deeply divided by issues such as the KKK and prohibition in the 1920s . However it did organize new ethnic voters in Northern cities . 1930 -- 1960 Franklin D. Roosevelt , 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) The Great Depression in 1929 that occurred under Republican President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government as the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994 and won most presidential elections until 1968 . Franklin D. Roosevelt , elected to the presidency in 1932 , came forth with government programs called the New Deal . New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business ( especially finance and banking ) and the promotion of labor unions as well as federal spending to aid to the unemployed , help distressed farmers and undertake large - scale public works projects . It marked the start of the American welfare state . The opponents , who stressed opposition to unions , support for business and low taxes , started calling themselves `` conservatives '' . Until the 1980s , the Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided by the Mason -- Dixon line : liberal Democrats in the North and culturally conservative voters in the South , who though benefitting from many of the New Deal public works projects opposed increasing civil rights initiatives advocated by Northeastern liberals . The polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died . Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan conservative coalition in an alliance with most of the Midwestern Republicans . The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt , which has strongly influenced American liberalism , shaped much of the party 's economic agenda after 1932 . From the 1930s to the mid-1960s , the liberal New Deal coalition usually controlled the presidency while the conservative coalition usually controlled Congress . Issues facing parties and the United States after World War II included the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement . Republicans attracted conservatives and white Southerners from the Democratic coalition with their use of the Southern strategy and resistance to New Deal and Great Society liberalism . African Americans had traditionally supported the Republican Party because of its anti-slavery civil rights policies . However they began supporting Democrats following the ascent of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration , the New Deal , the integration of the military and embrace of proposed civil rights legislation by President Harry Truman in 1947 -- 1948 and the postwar Civil Rights movement . The Democratic Party 's main base of support shifted to the Northeast , marking a dramatic reversal of history . 1960 -- 1980 John F. Kennedy , 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) The election of President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts in 1960 was a partial reflection of this shift . In the campaign , Kennedy attracted a new generation of younger voters . In his agenda dubbed the New Frontier , Kennedy introduced a host of social programs and public works projects , along with enhanced support of the space program , proposing a manned spacecraft trip to the moon by the end of the decade . He pushed for civil rights initiatives and proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , but with his assassination in November 1963 was not able to see its passage . Kennedy 's successor Lyndon B. Johnson was able to persuade the largely conservative Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and with a more progressive Congress in 1965 passed much of the Great Society , which consisted of an array of social programs designed to help the poor . Kennedy and Johnson 's advocacy of civil rights further solidified black support for the Democrats , but had the effect of alienating Southern whites who would eventually gravitate towards the Republican party , particularly after the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980 . The United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War in the 1960s was another divisive issue that further fractured the fault lines of the Democrats ' coalition . After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 , President Johnson committed a large contingency of combat troops to Vietnam , but the escalation failed to drive the Viet Cong from South Vietnam , resulting in an increasing quagmire , which by 1968 had become the subject of widespread anti-war protests in the United States and elsewhere . With increasing casualties and nightly news reports bringing home troubling images from Vietnam , the costly military engagement became increasingly unpopular , alienating many of the kinds of young voters that the Democrats had attracted the early 1960s . The protests that year along with assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Democratic presidential candidate Senator Robert F. Kennedy ( younger brother of John F. Kennedy ) climaxed in turbulence at the hotly contested Democratic National Convention that summer in Chicago ( which amongst the ensuing turmoil inside and outside of the convention hall nominated Vice President Hubert Humphrey ) in a series of events that proved to mark a significant turning point in the decline of the Democratic party 's broad coalition . Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon was able to capitalize on the Democrat 's confusion that year and won the 1968 election to become the 37th president and would win again in 1972 against Democratic nominee George McGovern , who like Robert F. Kennedy reached out to the younger anti-war and counterculture voters , but unlike Kennedy was not able to appeal to the party 's more traditional white working class constituencies . During Nixon 's second term , his presidency was rocked by the Watergate scandal , which forced him to resign in 1974 , being succeeded by vice president Gerald Ford , who served a brief tenure . Watergate offered the Democrats an opportunity to recoup and their nominee Jimmy Carter won the 1976 presidential election . With the initial support of evangelical Christian voters in the South , Carter was temporarily able to reunite the disparate factions within the party , but inflation and the Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979 -- 1980 took their toll , resulting in a landslide victory for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan in 1980 , which shifted the tectonic plates of the political landscape in favor of the Republicans for years to come . 1980 -- 2000 Bill Clinton , 42nd President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan , the Democrats searched for ways to respond yet were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates , such as former Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale , who lost to Reagan in the 1984 presidential election . Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of Gary Hart , who had challenged Mondale in the 1984 primaries running on a theme of `` New Ideas '' ; and in the subsequent 1988 primaries became the de facto front - runner and virtual `` shoe - in '' for the Democratic presidential nomination before his campaign was ended by a sex scandal . The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders , who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy . Arkansas governor Bill Clinton was one such figure , who was elected President in 1992 as the Democratic nominee . He labeled himself and governed as a `` New Democrat '' . The party adopted a centrist economic yet socially progressive agenda , with the voter base after Reagan having shifted considerably to the right . In an effort to appeal to both liberals and fiscal conservatives , Democrats began to advocate for a balanced budget and market economy tempered by government intervention ( mixed economy ) , along with a continued emphasis on social justice and affirmative action . The economic policy adopted by the Democratic Party , including the former Clinton administration , has been referred to as `` Third Way '' . The Democrats lost control of Congress in the election of 1994 to the Republican Party . Re-elected in 1996 , Clinton was the first Democratic President since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to two terms . 2001 -- present Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States ( 2009 -- 2017 ) In the wake of the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks and with growing concern over global warming , some of the party 's key issues in the early 21st century have included the methods of how to combat terrorism while preserving human rights , homeland security , expanding access to health care , labor rights , environmentalism and the preservation of liberal government programs . Following twelve years of Republican congressional rule , the Democrats regained majority control of both the House and the Senate in the 2006 elections . Barack Obama won the Democratic Party 's nomination and was elected as the first African American president in 2008 . The Democrats gained control of both chambers of Congress in the wake of the 2007 economic recession . The Democratic Party under the Obama presidency moved forward reforms including an Economic Stimulus package , the Dodd - Frank financial reform act and the Affordable Care Act . In the 2010 elections , the Democratic Party lost control of the House and lost its majority in state legislatures and state governorships . In the 2012 elections , President Obama was re-elected , but the party kept its minority in the House of Representatives and in 2014 the party lost control of the Senate for the first time since 2006 . After the 2016 election of Donald Trump , the Democratic Party transitioned into the role of an opposition party and currently hold neither the presidency nor a majority in the House or Senate . According to a Pew Research poll , the Democratic Party has become more socially liberal and secular compared to how it was in 1987 . Based on a poll conducted in 2014 , Gallup found that 30 % of Americans identified as Democrats , 23 % as Republicans and 45 % as independents . In the same poll , a survey of registered voters stated that 47 % identified as Democrats or leaned towards the party -- the same poll found that 40 % of registered voters identified as Republicans or leaned towards the Republican party . In 2018 , Democratic congressional candidate Tom Malinowski described the party : We 're now the party of fiscal responsibility in America . We did n't just add $2 trillion to the national debt for that tax cut that Warren Buffett did n't want ... We 're the party of law enforcement in America ; we do n't vilify the Federal Bureau of Investigation every single day . We 're the party of family values . We do n't ... take kids from their parents at the border . We 're the party of patriotism in America that wants to defend this country against our foreign adversaries . -- Tom Malinowski in July 2018 Name and symbols `` A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion '' by Thomas Nast , Harper 's Weekly , January 19 , 1870 The donkey party logo is still a well - known symbol for the Democratic Party despite not being the official logo of the party The Democratic donkey party logo in a modernized `` kicking donkey '' form The Democratic - Republican Party splintered in 1824 into the short - lived National Republican Party and the Jacksonian movement which in 1828 became the Democratic Party . Under the Jacksonian era , the term `` The Democracy '' was in use by the party , but the name `` Democratic Party '' was eventually settled upon and became the official name in 1844 . Members of the party are called `` Democrats '' or `` Dems '' . The term `` Democrat Party '' has also been in local use , but has usually been used by opponents since 1952 as a disparaging term . The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey , or jackass . Andrew Jackson 's enemies twisted his name to `` jackass '' as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal . However , the Democrats liked the common - man implications and picked it up too , therefore the image persisted and evolved . Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of Thomas Nast from 1870 in Harper 's Weekly . Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats and the elephant to represent the Republicans . In the early 20th century , the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana , Kentucky , Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster , as opposed to the Republican eagle . This symbol still appears on Oklahoma , Kentucky , Indiana , and West Virginia ballots . The rooster was adopted as the official symbol of the national Democratic Party . In New York , the Democratic ballot symbol is a five - pointed star . Although both major political parties ( and many minor ones ) use the traditional American colors of red , white and blue in their marketing and representations , since election night 2000 blue has become the identifying color for the Democratic Party while red has become the identifying color for the Republican Party . That night , for the first time all major broadcast television networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map : blue states for Al Gore ( Democratic nominee ) and red states for George W. Bush ( Republican nominee ) . Since then , the color blue has been widely used by the media to represent the party . This is contrary to common practice outside of the United States where blue is the traditional color of the right and red the color of the left . For example , in Canada red represents the Liberals while blue represents the Conservatives . In the United Kingdom , red denotes the Labour Party and blue symbolizes the Conservative Party . Blue has also been used both by party supporters for promotional efforts -- ActBlue , BuyBlue and BlueFund as examples -- and by the party itself in 2006 both for its `` Red to Blue Program '' , created to support Democratic candidates running against Republican incumbents in the midterm elections that year and on its official website . In September 2010 , the Democratic Party unveiled its new logo , which featured a blue D inside a blue circle . It was the party 's first official logo as the donkey logo had only been semi-official . Jefferson - Jackson Day is the annual fundraising event ( dinner ) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States . It is named after Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson , whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders . The song `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' is the unofficial song of the Democratic Party . It was used prominently when Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated for president at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and remains a sentimental favorite for Democrats today . For example , Paul Shaffer played the theme on the Late Show with David Letterman after the Democrats won Congress in 2006 . `` Do n't Stop '' by Fleetwood Mac was adopted by Bill Clinton 's presidential campaign in 1992 and has endured as a popular Democratic song . The emotionally similar song `` Beautiful Day '' by the band U2 has also become a favorite theme song for Democratic candidates . John Kerry used the song during his 2004 presidential campaign and several Democratic Congressional candidates used it as a celebratory tune in 2006 . The 2016 campaign of Democratic Party presidential candidate Bernie Sanders used the hopeful Simon & Garfunkel song `` America '' for one of its campaign advertisements , with the complete permission of the still - active duo of popular American musicians . As a traditional anthem for its presidential nominating convention , Aaron Copland 's `` Fanfare for the Common Man '' is traditionally performed at the beginning of the Democratic National Convention . Current Structure and composition National Committee The Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) is responsible for promoting Democratic campaign activities . While the DNC is responsible for overseeing the process of writing the Democratic Platform , the DNC is more focused on campaign and organizational strategy than public policy . In presidential elections , it supervises the Democratic National Convention . The national convention is subject to the charter of the party and the ultimate authority within the Democratic Party when it is in session , with the DNC running the party 's organization at other times . The DNC is chaired by former Labor Secretary Tom Perez . State parties Main article : List of state parties of the Democratic Party ( United States ) Each state also has a state committee , made up of elected committee members as well as ex officio committee members ( usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies ) , which in turn elects a chair . County , town , city and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level . State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction , oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or caucuses and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law . Rarely do they have much funding , but in 2005 DNC Chairman Dean began a program ( called the `` 50 State Strategy '' ) of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and pay for full - time professional staffers . Major Party groups The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ( DCCC ) assists party candidates in House races and its current chairman ( selected by the party caucus ) is Representative Ben Ray Lujan of New Mexico . Similarly , the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee ( DSCC ) , headed by Senator Chris Van Hollen of Maryland , raises large sums for Senate races . The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee ( DLCC ) , chaired by Mike Gronstal of Iowa , is a smaller organization with much less funding that focuses on state legislative races . The DNC sponsors the College Democrats of America ( CDA ) , a student - outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new generation of Democratic activists . Democrats Abroad is the organization for Americans living outside the United States and they work to advance the goals of the party and encourage Americans living abroad to support the Democrats . The Young Democrats of America ( YDA ) is a youth - led organization that attempts to draw in and mobilize young people for Democratic candidates but operates outside of the DNC . The Democratic Governors Association ( DGA ) , chaired by Governor Jay Inslee of Washington , is an organization supporting the candidacies of Democratic gubernatorial nominees and incumbents . Likewise , the mayors of the largest cities and urban centers convene as the National Conference of Democratic Mayors . Ideology Further information : Factions in the Democratic Party ( United States ) § Ideological wings Upon foundation , the Democratic Party supported agrarianism and the Jacksonian democracy movement of President Andrew Jackson , representing farmers and rural interests and traditional Jeffersonian democrats . Since the 1890s , the party has favored liberal positions ( the term `` liberal '' in this sense describes modern liberalism , rather than classical liberalism or economic liberalism ) . In recent exit polls , the Democratic Party has had broad appeal across all socio - ethno - economic demographics . Historically , the party has represented farmers , laborers , labor unions and religious and ethnic minorities as it has opposed unregulated business and finance and favored progressive income taxes . In foreign policy , internationalism ( including interventionism ) was a dominant theme from 1913 to the mid-1960s . In the 1930s , the party began advocating welfare spending programs targeted at the poor . The party had a fiscally conservative , pro-business wing , typified by Grover Cleveland and Al Smith ; and a Southern conservative wing that shrank after President Lyndon B. Johnson supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The major influences for liberalism were labor unions ( which peaked in the 1936 -- 1952 era ) and the African American wing , which has steadily grown since the 1960s . Since the 1970s , environmentalism has been a major new component . The Democratic Party , once dominant in the Southeastern United States , is now strongest in the Northeast ( Mid-Atlantic and New England ) , Great Lakes region and the West Coast ( including Hawaii ) . The Democrats are also very strong in major cities ( regardless of region ) . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue that `` the Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s '' . According to historian Walter Scheidel , both major political parties shifted towards promoting free market capitalism in the 1970s , with Republicans moving further to the political right than Democrats to the political left . He contends Democrats played a significant role in the financial deregulation of the 1990s and have pushed social welfare issues to the periphery while increasingly focusing on issues pertaining to identity politics . Centrists Centrist Democrats , or New Democrats , are an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H.W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . They are an economically liberal and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years starting in the late 1980s after the United States populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition . The New Democrat Coalition is a pro-business , pro-growth and fiscally conservative congressional coalition . Compared to other Democratic factions , they are mostly more supportive of the use of military force , including the war in Iraq , are more supportive of free trade and are more willing to reduce government welfare as indicated by their support for welfare reform and tax cuts . One of the most influential centrist groups was the Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) , a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party . The DLC hailed President Bill Clinton as proof of the viability of `` Third Way '' politicians and a DLC success story . The DLC disbanded in 2011 and much of the former DLC is now represented in the think tank Third Way . While not representing a majority of the Democratic Party electorate , a decent amount of Democratic elected officials have self - declared as being centrists . Some of these Democrats are former President Bill Clinton , former Vice President Al Gore , Senator Mark Warner , former Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell , former senator Jim Webb , Vice President Joe Biden , congresswoman Ann Kirkpatrick and former congressman Dave McCurdy . The New Democrat Network supports socially moderate , fiscally conservative Democratic politicians and operates the congressional New Democrat Coalition in the House and Senate . Congressman Ron Kind is the chairperson of the coalition and former Senator and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton was a member while in Congress . Before he became President , Senator Barack Obama was self - described as a New Democrat . Conservatives A Conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views , or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party . While such members of the Democratic Party can be found throughout the nation , actual elected officials are disproportionately found within the Southern states and to a lesser extent within rural regions of the United States generally , more commonly in the West . Historically , Southern Democrats were generally much more ideologically conservative than conservative Democrats are now . Many conservative Southern Democrats defected to the Republican Party , beginning with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the general leftward shift of the party . Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , Billy Tauzin of Louisiana , Kent Hance and Ralph Hall of Texas and Richard Shelby of Alabama are examples of this . The influx of conservative Democrats into the Republican Party is often cited as a reason for the Republican Party 's shift further to the right during the late 20th century as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South . Into the 1980s , the Democratic Party had a conservative element , mostly from the South and Border regions . Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base . They were sometimes humorously called `` Yellow dog Democrats '' , or `` boll weevils '' and `` Dixiecrats '' . In the House , they form the Blue Dog Coalition , a caucus of fiscal conservatives and social conservatives and moderates , primarily Southerners , willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership . They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past , giving its forty plus members some ability to change legislation . There was a split vote among many conservative Southern Democrats in the 1970s and 1980s . Some supported local and statewide conservative Democrats while simultaneously voting for Republican presidential candidates . Liberals See also : Modern liberalism in the United States Eleanor Roosevelt at the 1956 Democratic National Convention in Chicago Social liberals ( modern liberals ) and progressives constitute the majority of the Democratic voter base . Liberals thereby form the largest united demographic within the Democratic base . According to the 2012 exit poll results , liberals constituted 25 % of the electorate , and 86 % of American liberals favored the candidate of the Democratic Party . White - collar college - educated professionals were mostly Republican until the 1950s , but they now compose a vital component of the Democratic Party . A large majority of liberals favor universal health care , with many supporting a single - payer system . A majority also favor diplomacy over military action , stem cell research , the legalization of same - sex marriage , stricter gun control and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of abortion rights . Immigration and cultural diversity is deemed positive as liberals favor cultural pluralism , a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture . They tend to be divided on free trade agreements and organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . Most liberals oppose increased military spending and the mixing of church and state . This ideological group differs from the traditional organized labor base . According to the Pew Research Center , a plurality of 41 % resided in mass affluent households and 49 % were college graduates , the highest figure of any typographical group . It was also the fastest growing typological group between the late 1990s and early 2000s . Liberals include most of academia and large portions of the professional class . Progressives Progressives are a left - leaning , pro-labor union faction in the party who have long supported a strong regulation of business , social - welfare programs and workers ' rights . Many progressive Democrats are descendants of the New Left of Democratic presidential candidate Senator George McGovern of South Dakota whereas others were involved in the 2016 presidential candidacy of Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders . In 2014 , progressive Senator Elizabeth Warren set out an `` Eleven Commandments of Progressivism '' , being tougher regulation on corporations , affordable education , scientific investment and environmentalism , network neutrality , increased wages , equal pay , collective bargaining rights , defending social safety - net programs , marriage equality , immigration reform and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare . Additionally , progressives strongly oppose political corruption and therefore seek to advance electoral reform including campaign finance reform and voting rights . Today , many progressives have made a fight against economic inequality their top priority . Progressives are generally considered to be synonymous with liberals , though the two groups differ on a variety of issues . The Congressional Progressive Caucus is a caucus of progressive Democrats and is the single largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives . Its current chairs are Mark Pocan of Wisconsin and Raúl Grijalva of Arizona . Its members have included Representatives Dennis Kucinich of Ohio , John Conyers of Michigan , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Lewis of Georgia , Barbara Lee of California and the late Senator Paul Wellstone of Minnesota . Senators Sherrod Brown of Ohio , Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin , Mazie Hirono of Hawaii and Ed Markey of Massachusetts were all members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives . Today , no Democratic Senators belong to the Progressive Caucus , but independent Senator Bernie Sanders is a member . Political positions Main article : Political positions of the Democratic Party Economic policy Expand social security and safety net programs . Increase top capital gains tax and dividend tax rates to above 28 % . Across the board tax - cuts for the low and middle class and small businesses . Change tax rules to not encourage shipping jobs overseas . Increase federal minimum wage . Modernize and expand access to public education and provide universal preschool education . Support for universal health care . Greater investment in infrastructure development . Increase investments in scientific and technological research and development . Expand the use of renewable energy and diminish the use of fossil fuels . Implement a carbon tax . Uphold labor protections and the right to unionize . Reform the student loan system and allow for refinancing student loans . Mandate equal pay for equal work regardless of gender , race , or ethnicity . Social policy Uphold network neutrality . Implement campaign finance reform and electoral reform . Uphold voting rights and easy access to voting . Support fror same - sex marriage and civil unions . Allow legal access to abortions and women 's reproductive health care . Reform the immigration system and allow for a pathway to citizenship . Support for gun background checks and stricter gun control regulations . Improve privacy laws and curtail government surveillance . Opposition to the use of torture . Recognize and defend Internet freedom worldwide . Economic issues Equal economic opportunity , a base social safety net provided by the welfare state and strong labor unions have historically been at the heart of Democratic economic policy . The welfare state supports a progressive tax system , higher minimum wages , social security , universal health care , public education and public housing . They also support infrastructure development and government - sponsored employment programs in an effort to achieve economic development and job creation while stimulating private sector job creation . Additionally , since the 1990s the party has at times supported centrist economic reforms , which cut the size of government and reduced market regulations . The party has continuously rejected laissez - faire economics as well as market socialism , instead favoring Keynesian economics within a capitalist market - based system . Fiscal policy Democrats support a more progressive tax structure to provide more services and reduce economic inequality by making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay the highest amount in taxes . Democrats support more government spending on social services while spending less on the military . They oppose the cutting of social services , such as Social Security , Medicare , Medicaid and various other welfare programs , believing it to be harmful to efficiency and social justice . Democrats believe the benefits of social services in monetary and non-monetary terms are a more productive labor force and cultured population and believe that the benefits of this are greater than any benefits that could be derived from lower taxes , especially on top earners , or cuts to social services . Furthermore , Democrats see social services as essential towards providing positive freedom , i.e. freedom derived from economic opportunity . The Democratic - led House of Representatives reinstated the PAYGO ( pay - as - you - go ) budget rule at the start of the 110th Congress . Minimum wage See also : United States minimum wage The Democratic Party favors raising the minimum wage . They call for a $10.10 / hour national minimum wage and think the minimum wage should be adjusted regularly . The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 was an early component of the Democrats ' agenda during the 110th Congress . In 2006 , the Democrats supported six state ballot initiatives to increase the minimum wage and all six initiatives passed . In May 2017 , Senate Democrats introduced the Raise the Wage Act which would raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2024 and marks a leftward turn in Democratic economic policies . Health care President Barack Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law at the White House on March 23 , 2010 Democrats call for `` affordable and quality health care '' and many advocate an expansion of government intervention in this area . Democrats favor national health insurance or universal health care in a variety of forms to address the rising costs of modern health insurance . Some Democrats , such as Representatives John Conyers and John Dingell , have called for a single - payer program of Medicare for All . The Progressive Democrats of America , a group operating inside the Democratic Party , has made single - payer universal health care one of their primary policy goals . The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , signed into law by President Obama on March 23 , 2010 , has been one of the most significant pushes for universal health care to become a reality . By April 2014 , more than 10 million Americans had enrolled in health care coverage since the launch of the Affordable Care Act . Education Democrats favor improving public education by raising school standards and reforming the head start program . They also support universal preschool and expanding access to primary education , including through charter schools . They call for slashes in student loan debt and support reforms to force down tuition fees . Other proposed reforms have included nationwide universal preschool education , tuition - free college and reform of standardized testing . Democrats have the long - term aim of having low - cost , publicly funded college education with low tuition fees ( like in much of Europe and Canada ) , which should be available to every eligible American student . Alternatively , they encourage expanding access to post-secondary education by increasing state funding for student financial aid such as Pell Grants and college tuition tax deductions . Environment Main article : Environmental policy of the United States Democrats believe that the government should protect the environment and have a history of environmentalism . In more recent years , this stance has had as its emphasis alternative energy generation as the basis for an improved economy , greater national security and general environmental benefits . The Democratic Party also favors expansion of conservation lands and encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and economy as it `` believe ( s ) that communities , environmental interests , and the government should work together to protect resources while ensuring the vitality of local economies . Once Americans were led to believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment . They now know this is a false choice '' . The most important environmental concern of the Democratic Party is climate change . Democrats , most notably former Vice President Al Gore , have pressed for stern regulation of greenhouse gases . On October 15 , 2007 , he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to build greater knowledge about man - made climate change and laying the foundations for the measures needed to counteract these changes asserting that `` the climate crisis is not a political issue , it is a moral and spiritual challenge to all of humanity '' . Renewable energy and fossil fuels Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development , including wind and solar power farms , in an effort to reduce carbon pollution . The party 's platform calls for an `` all of the above '' energy policy including clean energy , natural gas and domestic oil , with the desire of becoming energy independent . The party has supported higher taxes on oil companies and increased regulations on coal power plants , favoring a policy of reducing long - term reliance on fossil fuels . Additionally , the party supports stricter fuel emissions standards to prevent air pollution . Trade agreements Many Democrats support fair trade policies when it comes to the issue of international trade agreements and some in the party have started supporting free trade in recent decades . In the 1990s , the Clinton administration and a number of prominent Democrats pushed through a number of agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . Since then , the party 's shift away from free trade became evident in the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) vote , with 15 House Democrats voting for the agreement and 187 voting against . Social issues Shirley Chisholm was the first major party African American candidate to run nationwide primary campaigns The modern Democratic party emphasizes egalitarianism and social equality through liberalism . They support voting rights and minority rights , including LGBT rights , multiculturalism and religious secularism . A longstanding social policy is upholding civil rights , which affect ethnic and racial minorities and includes voting rights , equal opportunity and racial equality . The party championed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which for the first time outlawed segregation . Democrats made civil rights and anti-racism a core party philosophy . Carmines and Stimson say that `` the Democratic Party appropriated racial liberalism and assumed federal responsibility for ending racial discrimination '' . Ideological social elements in the party include cultural liberalism , civil libertarianism and feminism . Other Democratic social policies are internationalism , open immigration , electoral reform and women 's reproductive rights . Equal opportunity The Democratic Party supports equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of sex , age , race , ethnicity , sexual orientation , gender identity , religion , creed , or national origin . Many Democrats support affirmative action programs to further this goal . Democrats also strongly support the Americans with Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability . As such , the Democrats pushed as well the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 , a legal expansion that became law . Voting rights The party is very supportive of improving voting rights as well as election accuracy and accessibility . They support ending voter ID laws and increasing voting time , including making election day a holiday . They support reforming the electoral system to eliminate gerrymandering as well as passing comprehensive campaign finance reform . They supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and as a party have often been pioneers for democracy in the United States . Abortion and reproductive rights See also : Abortion law in the United States The Democratic Party believe that all women should have access to birth control and support public funding of contraception for poor women . In its national platforms from 1992 to 2004 , the Democratic Party has called for abortion to be `` safe , legal and rare '' -- namely , keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception and incentives for adoption . The wording changed in the 2008 platform . When Congress voted on the Partial - Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003 , Congressional Democrats were split , with a minority ( including former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid ) supporting the ban and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation . The Democratic Party opposes attempts to reverse the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade , which declared abortion covered by the constitutionally protected individual right to privacy under the Ninth Amendment ; and Planned Parenthood v. Casey , which lays out the legal framework in which government action alleged to violate that right is assessed by courts . As a matter of the right to privacy and of gender equality , many Democrats believe all women should have the ability to choose to abort without governmental interference . They believe that each woman , conferring with her conscience , has the right to choose for herself whether abortion is morally correct . Former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid identified himself as `` pro-life '' while President Barack Obama and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi self - identify as `` pro-choice '' . Groups such as Democrats for Life of America represent the pro-life faction of the party while groups such as EMILY 's List represent the pro-choice faction . A Newsweek poll from October 2006 found that 25 % of Democrats were pro-life while a 69 % majority was pro-choice . Immigration See also : Immigration to the United States and Illegal immigration to the United States President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Immigration Act of 1965 as Vice President Hubert Humphrey , Senators Edward M. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy and others look on Many Democratic politicians have called for systematic reform of the immigration system such that residents that have come into the United States illegally have a pathway to legal citizenship . President Obama remarked in November 2013 that he felt it was `` long past time to fix our broken immigration system '' , particularly to allow `` incredibly bright young people '' that came over as students to become full citizens . The Public Religion Research Institute found in a late 2013 study that 73 % of Democrats supported the pathway concept , compared to 63 % of Americans as a whole . In 2013 , Democrats in the Senate passed S. 744 , which would reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the United States and improve the lives of all immigrants currently living in the United States . LGBT rights The Democratic Party is supportive of LGBT rights . Most support for same - sex marriage in the United States has come from Democrats , although some favor civil unions instead or oppose same - sex marriage . Support for same - sex marriage has increased in the past decade according to ABC News . An April 2009 ABC News / Washington Post public opinion poll put support among Democrats at 62 % whereas a June 2008 Newsweek poll found that 42 % of Democrats support same - sex marriage while 23 % support civil unions or domestic partnership laws and 28 % oppose any legal recognition at all . A broad majority of Democrats have supported other LGBT - related laws such as extending hate crime statutes , legally preventing discrimination against LGBT people in the workforce and repealing Do n't ask , do n't tell . A 2006 Pew Research Center poll of Democrats found that 55 % supported gays adopting children with 40 % opposed while 70 % support gays in the military , with only 23 % opposed . Gallup polling from May 2009 stated that 82 % of Democrats support open enlistment . The 2004 Democratic National Platform stated that marriage should be defined at the state level and it repudiated the Federal Marriage Amendment . While not stating support of same - sex marriage , the 2008 platform called for repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act , which banned federal recognition of same - sex marriage and removed the need for interstate recognition , supported antidiscrimination laws and the extension of hate crime laws to LGBT people and opposed the Do n't ask , do n't tell military policy . The 2012 platform included support for same - sex marriage and for the repeal of DOMA . On May 9 , 2012 , Barack Obama became the first sitting President to say he supports same - sex marriage . Previously , he had opposed restrictions on same - sex marriage such as the Defense of Marriage Act , which he promised to repeal , California 's Prop 8 , and a constitutional amendment to ban same - sex marriage ( which he opposed saying that `` decisions about marriage should be left to the states as they always have been '' ) , but also stated that he personally believed marriage to be between a man and a woman and that he favored civil unions that would `` give same - sex couples equal legal rights and privileges as married couples '' . Earlier , when running for the Illinois Senate in 1996 he said that he `` unequivocally support ( ed ) gay marriage '' and `` favor ( ed ) legalizing same - sex marriages , and would fight efforts to prohibit such marriages '' . Senator John Kerry , Democratic presidential candidate in 2004 , did not support same - sex marriage . Former presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter and former Vice Presidents Joe Biden , Al Gore and Walter Mondale also support gay marriage . Civil rights -- United States citizens in Puerto Rico The 2016 Democratic Party platform declares : `` We are committed to addressing the extraordinary challenges faced by our fellow citizens in Puerto Rico . Many stem from the fundamental question of Puerto Rico 's political status . Democrats believe that the people of Puerto Rico should determine their ultimate political status from permanent options that do not conflict with the Constitution , laws , and policies of the United States . Democrats are committed to promoting economic opportunity and good - paying jobs for the hardworking people of Puerto Rico . We also believe that Puerto Ricans must be treated equally by Medicare , Medicaid , and other programs that benefit families . Puerto Ricans should be able to vote for the people who make their laws , just as they should be treated equally . All American citizens , no matter where they reside , should have the right to vote for the President of the United States . Finally , we believe that federal officials must respect Puerto Rico 's local self - government as laws are implemented and Puerto Rico 's budget and debt are restructured so that it can get on a path towards stability and prosperity '' . Legal issues Gun control With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide , the Democratic Party has introduced various gun control measures , most notably the Gun Control Act of 1968 , the Brady Bill of 1993 and Crime Control Act of 1994 . However , some Democrats , especially rural , Southern , and Western Democrats , favor fewer restrictions on firearm possession and warned the party was defeated in the 2000 presidential election in rural areas because of the issue . In the national platform for 2008 , the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plan calling for renewal of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban . Death penalty The Democratic Party supports the death penalty far less than the Republican Party . Though most Democrats in Congress have never seriously moved to overturn the rarely used federal death penalty , both Russ Feingold and Dennis Kucinich have introduced such bills with little success . Democrats have led efforts to overturn state death penalty laws , particularly in New Jersey and in New Mexico . They have also sought to prevent the reinstatement of the death penalty in those states which prohibit it , including Massachusetts and New York . During the Clinton administration , Democrats led the expansion of the federal death penalty . These efforts resulted in the passage of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , signed into law by President Clinton , which heavily limited appeals in death penalty cases . In 1992 , 1993 and 1995 , Democratic Texas Congressman Henry González unsuccessfully introduced the Death Penalty Abolition Amendment which prohibited the use of capital punishment in the United States . Democratic Missouri Congressman William Lacy Clay , Sr. cosponsored the amendment in 1993 . During his Illinois Senate career , former President Barack Obama successfully introduced legislation intended to reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions in capital cases , requiring videotaping of confessions . When campaigning for the presidency , Obama stated that he supports the limited use of the death penalty , including for people who have been convicted of raping a minor under the age of 12 , having opposed the Supreme Court 's ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana that the death penalty was unconstitutional in child rape cases . Obama has stated that he thinks the `` death penalty does little to deter crime '' and that it is used too frequently and too inconsistently . In June 2016 , the Democratic Platform Drafting Committee unanimously adopted an amendment to abolish the death penalty , marking the first time the party had done so in its history . Torture Many Democrats are opposed to the use of torture against individuals apprehended and held prisoner by the United States military and hold that categorizing such prisoners as unlawful combatants does not release the United States from its obligations under the Geneva Conventions . Democrats contend that torture is inhumane , decreases the United States ' moral standing in the world and produces questionable results . Democrats largely spoke out against waterboarding . Torture became a very divisive issue in the party after Barack Obama was elected President . Many centrist Democrats and members of the party 's leadership supported the use of torture while the liberal wings continued to be steadfastly opposed to it . Usa Patriot Act Many Democrats are opposed to the Patriot Act , but when the law was passed most Democrats were supportive of it and all but two Democrats in the Senate voted for the original Patriot Act legislation in 2001 . The lone nay vote was from Russ Feingold of Wisconsin as Mary Landrieu of Louisiana did not vote . In the House , the Democrats voted for the Act by 145 yea and 62 nay . Democrats split on the renewal in 2006 . In the Senate , Democrats voted 34 for the 2006 renewal and 9 against . In the House , Democrats voted 66 voted for the renewal , and 124 against . Right to privacy The Democratic Party believes that individuals should have a right to privacy . For example , many Democrats have opposed the NSA warrantless surveillance of American citizens . Some Democratic officeholders have championed consumer protection laws that limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations . Most Democrats oppose sodomy laws and believe that government should not regulate consensual noncommercial sexual conduct among adults as a matter of personal privacy . Foreign policy issues The foreign policy of the voters of the two major parties has largely overlapped since the 1990s . A Gallup poll in early 2013 showed broad agreement on the top issues , albeit with some divergence regarding human rights and international cooperation through agencies such as the United Nations . In June 2014 , the Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans which foreign policy they preferred : A ) The United States is doing too much in other countries around the world , and it is time to do less around the world and focus more on our own problems here at home . B) The United States must continue to push forward to promote democracy and freedom in other countries around the world because these efforts make our own country more secure . Democrats chose A over B by 65 % to 32 % ; Republicans chose A over B by 56 % to 39 % ; and independents chose A over B by 67 % to 29 % . Iraq War See also : Iraq War In 2002 , Congressional Democrats were divided on the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq : 147 voted against it ( 21 in the Senate and 126 in the House ) and 110 voted for it ( 29 in the Senate and 81 in the House ) . Since then , many prominent Democrats , such as former Senator John Edwards , have expressed regret about this decision and have called it a mistake while others , such as Senator Hillary Clinton , have criticized the conduct of the war yet not repudiated their initial vote for it ( though Clinton later went on to repudiate her stance during the 2008 primaries ) . Referring to Iraq , Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared in April 2007 the war to be `` lost '' while other Democrats ( especially during the 2004 presidential election cycle ) accused the President of lying to the public about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq . Among lawmakers , Democrats are the most vocal opponents of Operation Iraqi Freedom and campaigned on a platform of withdrawal ahead of the 2006 midterm elections . A March 2003 CBS News poll taken a few days before the invasion of Iraq found that 34 % of Democrats nationwide would support it without United Nations backing , 51 % would support it only with its backing and 14 % would not support it at all . The Los Angeles Times stated in early April 2003 that 70 % of Democrats supported the decision to invade while 27 % opposed it . The Pew Research Center stated in August 2007 that opposition increased from 37 % during the initial invasion to 74 % . In April 2008 , a CBS News poll found that about 90 % of Democrats disapprove of the Bush administration 's conduct and want to end the war within the next year . Democrats in the House of Representatives near - unanimously supported a non-binding resolution disapproving of President Bush 's decision to send additional troops into Iraq in 2007 . Congressional Democrats overwhelmingly supported military funding legislation that included a provision that set `` a timeline for the withdrawal of all US combat troops from Iraq '' by March 31 , 2008 , but also would leave combat forces in Iraq for purposes such as targeted counter-terrorism operations . After a veto from the President and a failed attempt in Congress to override the veto , the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 was passed by Congress and signed by the President after the timetable was dropped . Criticism of the Iraq War subsided after the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 led to a dramatic decrease in Iraqi violence . The Democratic - controlled 110th Congress continued to fund efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan . Presidential candidate Barack Obama advocated a withdrawal of combat troops within Iraq by late 2010 with a residual force of peacekeeping troops left in place . He stated that both the speed of withdrawal and the number of troops left over would be `` entirely conditions - based '' . On February 27 , 2009 , President Obama announced : `` As a candidate for president , I made clear my support for a timeline of 16 months to carry out this drawdown , while pledging to consult closely with our military commanders upon taking office to ensure that we preserve the gains we 've made and protect our troops ( ... ) Those consultations are now complete , and I have chosen a timeline that will remove our combat brigades over the next 18 months '' . Around 50,000 non-combat - related forces would remain . Obama 's plan drew wide bipartisan support , including that of defeated Republican presidential candidate Senator John McCain . Iran sanctions See also : United States sanctions against Iran The Democratic Party has been critical of the Iran 's nuclear weapon program and supported economic sanctions against the Iranian government . In 2013 , the Democratic - led administration worked to reach a diplomatic agreement with the government of Iran to halt the Iranian nuclear weapon program in exchange for international economic sanction relief . As of 2014 , negotiations had been successful and the party called for more cooperation with Iran in the future . In 2015 , the Obama administration agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , which provides sanction relief in exchange for international oversight of the Iranian nuclear program . Invasion of Afghanistan See also : Afghanistan -- United States relations and International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan Democrats in the House of Representatives and in the Senate near - unanimously voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists against `` those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States '' in Afghanistan in 2001 , supporting the NATO coalition invasion of the nation . Most elected Democrats continue to support the Afghanistan conflict and some , such as a Democratic National Committee spokesperson , have voiced concerns that the Iraq War shifted too many resources away from the presence in Afghanistan . Since 2006 , Democratic candidate Barack Obama has called for a `` surge '' of troops into Afghanistan . As president , Obama sent a `` surge '' force of additional troops to Afghanistan . Troop levels were 94,000 in December 2011 and kept falling , with a target of 68,000 by fall 2012 . Obama planned to bring all the troops home by 2014 . Support for the war among the American people has diminished over time and many Democrats have changed their opinion and now oppose a continuation of the conflict . In July 2008 , Gallup found that 41 % of Democrats called the invasion a `` mistake '' while a 55 % majority disagreed . In contrast , Republicans were more supportive of the war . The survey described Democrats as evenly divided about whether or not more troops should be sent -- 56 % support it if it would mean removing troops from Iraq and only 47 % support it otherwise . A CNN survey in August 2009 stated that a majority of Democrats now oppose the war . CNN polling director Keating Holland said : `` Nearly two thirds of Republicans support the war in Afghanistan . Three quarters of Democrats oppose the war '' . An August 2009 Washington Post poll found similar results and the paper stated that Obama 's policies would anger his closest supporters . Israel See also : Israel -- United States relations The Democratic Party has both recently and historically supported Israel . Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said in 2009 : `` When it comes to Israel , Republicans and Democrats speak with one voice '' . A 2008 Gallup poll found that 64 % say that they have a favorable image of Israel while only 16 % say that they have a favorable image of the Palestinian Authority . Within the party , the majority view is held by the Democratic leadership although some members such as John Conyers Jr. , George Miller , Nick Rahall , Dave Obey , Pete Stark , Dennis Kucinich and Jim McDermott as well as former President Jimmy Carter are less or not supportive of Israel . The party leadership refers to the few Democrats unsympathetic to Israel as a `` fringe '' . The 2008 Democratic Party platform acknowledges a `` special relationship with Israel , grounded in shared interests and shared values , and a clear , strong , fundamental commitment to the security of Israel , our strongest ally in the region and its only established democracy '' . It also included : It is in the best interests of all parties , including the United States , that we take an active role to help secure a lasting settlement of the Israeli - Palestinian conflict with a democratic , viable Palestinian state dedicated to living in peace and security side by side with the Jewish State of Israel . To do so , we must help Israel identify and strengthen those partners who are truly committed to peace while isolating those who seek conflict and instability , and stand with Israel against those who seek its destruction . The United States and its Quartet partners should continue to isolate Hamas until it renounces terrorism , recognizes Israel 's right to exist , and abides by past agreements . Sustained American leadership for peace and security will require patient efforts and the personal commitment of the President of the United States . The creation of a Palestinian state through final status negotiations , together with an international compensation mechanism , should resolve the issue of Palestinian refugees by allowing them to settle there , rather than in Israel . All understand that it is unrealistic to expect the outcome of final status negotiations to be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949 . Jerusalem is and will remain the capital of Israel . The parties have agreed that Jerusalem is a matter for final status negotiations . It should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths . A January 2009 Pew Research Center study found that when asked `` which side do you sympathize with more '' , 42 % of Democrats and 33 % of liberals ( a plurality in both groups ) sympathize most with the Israelis . Around half of all political moderates or independents sided with Israel . Recent years have brought more discussion of the party 's stance on Israel as polls reported declining support for Israel among the party faithful . Gallup suggested that the decline in support might be due to tensions between Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Barack Obama . The rise of the progressive Bernie Sanders - aligned faction of the party , which tends to trend more pro-Palestine , is also likely responsible for the decline in support for Israel . A 2016 Pew Research poll found that that while Clinton supporters sympathized more with Israel than Palestinians by a 20 point margin , Sanders supporters sympathized more with Palestinians than with Israel by a 6 point margin . In June 2016 , DNC members voted against an amendment to the party platform proposed by Sanders supporter James Zogby calling for an `` end to occupation and illegal settlements '' . In August 2018 , Rashida Tlaib , who supports a one - state solution , and Ilhan Omar , who has referred to Israel as an `` apartheid regime '' won Democratic primaries in Michigan and Minnesota . Voter base Further information : Factions in the Democratic Party ( United States ) § Voter base Self - identified Democrats ( blue ) versus self - identified Republicans ( red ) ( January -- June 2010 data ) Professionals Professionals , those who have a college education and those whose work revolves around the conceptualization of ideas have supported the Democratic Party by a slight majority since 2000 . Between 1988 and 2000 , professionals favored Democrats by a 12 - percentage point margin . While the professional class was once a stronghold of the Republican Party , it has become increasingly split between the two parties , leaning in favor of the Democratic Party . The increasing support for Democratic candidates among professionals may be traced to the prevalence of social liberal values among this group : Professionals , who are , roughly speaking , college - educated producers of services and ideas , used to be the most staunchly Republican of all occupational groups ( ... ) now chiefly working for large corporations and bureaucracies rather than on their own , and heavily influenced by the environmental , civil - rights , and feminist movements -- began to vote Democratic . In the four elections from 1988 to 2000 , they backed Democrats by an average of 52 percent to 40 percent . -- John B. Judis and Ruy Teixeira , The American Prospect , June 19 , 2007 A study on the political attitudes of medical students , for example , found that `` U.S. medical students are considerably more likely to be liberal than conservative and are more likely to be liberal than are other young U.S. adults . Future U.S. physicians may be more receptive to liberal messages than current ones , and their political orientation may profoundly affect their health system attitudes '' . Similar results are found for professors , who are more strongly inclined towards liberalism and the Democratic Party than other occupational groups . The Democratic Party also has strong support among scientists , with 55 % identifying as Democrats , 32 % as independents and 6 % as Republicans and 52 % identifying as liberal , 35 % as moderate and 9 % as conservative . Academia See also : Higher education in the United States Academics , intellectuals and the highly educated overall constitute an important part of the Democratic voter base . Academia in particular tends to be progressive . In a 2005 survey , nearly 72 % of full - time faculty members identified as liberal while 15 % identified as conservative . The social sciences and humanities were the most liberal disciplines while business was the most conservative . Male professors at more advanced stages of their careers as well as those at elite institutions , tend to be the most liberal . Another survey by UCLA conducted in 2001 / 2002 found 47.6 % of scholars identifying as liberal , 34.3 % as moderate and 18 % as conservative . Percentages of professors who identified as liberal ranged from 49 % in business to over 80 % in political science and the humanities . Social scientists , such as Brett O'Bannon of DePauw University , have claimed that the `` liberal '' opinions of professors seem to have little if any , effect on the political orientation of students . Those with graduate education have become increasingly Democratic beginning in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 elections . Intellectualism , the tendency to constantly reexamine issues , or in the words of Edwards Shields , the `` penetration beyond the screen of immediate concrete experience '' , has also been named as an explanation why academia is strongly democratic and liberal . In the past , a self - identified Republican was more likely to have a 4 - year college degree , but according to some recent surveys similar percentages of Republicans and Democrats are likely to have 4 - year college degrees and Democrats are more likely to hold post-graduate degrees . An analysis of 2008 through 2012 survey data from the General Social Survey , the National Election Studies and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press led to a slightly different assessment of the overall educational status of self - identified Democrats and Republicans : On average , self - identified Republicans have more years of education ( 4 to 8 months each , depending on the survey ) and are probably more likely to hold , at the least , a 4 - year college degree . ( One major survey indicates that they are more likely , while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant . ) It also appears that Republicans continue to out - test Democrats in surveys that assess political knowledge and / or current events . With respect to post-graduate studies , the educational advantage is shifting towards self - identified Democrats . They are now more likely to hold post-graduate college degrees . ( One major survey indicates that they are more likely , while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant . ) Youth Studies have shown that younger voters tend to vote mostly for Democratic candidates in recent years . Despite supporting Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush , the young have voted in favor of the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since Bill Clinton in 1992 and are more likely to identify as liberals than the general population . In the 2004 presidential election , Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry received 54 % of the vote from voters of the age group 18 -- 29 while Republican George W. Bush received 45 % of the vote from the same age group . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats received 60 % of the vote from the same age group . Polls suggest that younger voters tend to be more liberal than the general population and have more liberal views than the public on same - sex marriage and universal healthcare , helping Barack Obama carry 66 % of their votes in 2008 . The Young Democrats of America are an affiliated organization of members of the party younger than 36 that advocates for youth issues and works for youth voter turnout . Women Jerry Brown at a campaign rally in Sacramento , California two days before the election Although the gender gap has varied over many years , women of all ages are more likely than men to identify as Democrats . Recent polls have indicated that 41 % of women identify as Democrats while only 25 % of women identify as Republicans and 26 % as independents whereas 32 % of men identify as Democrats , 28 % as Republicans and 34 % as independents . Among ethnic minorities , women also are more likely than males to identify as Democrats . Also , American women that identified as single , living with a domestic partner , divorced , separated , or widowed are more likely than men in these categories to vote Democratic , in contrast to married Americans which split about equally between Democrat and Republican . Women in these categories are significantly more likely than males in these categories to vote Democratic . The National Federation of Democratic Women is an affiliated organization meant to advocate for women 's issues . The Woman 's National Democratic Club works to promote the Democratic party . National women 's organizations that support Democratic candidates are Emily 's List , which aims to help elect pro-choice Democratic female candidates to office and often but not always the National Organization for Women . Relation to marital status and Parenthood Americans that identify as single , living with a domestic partner , divorced , separated , or widowed are more likely to vote Democratic in contrast to married Americans which split about equally between Democrat and Republican . GSS surveys of more than 11,000 Democrats and Republicans conducted between 1996 and 2006 came to the result that the differences in fertility rates are not statistically significant between these parties , with the average Democrat having 1.94 children and the average Republican having 1.91 children . However , there is a significant difference in fertility rates between the two related groups liberals and conservatives , with liberals reproducing at a much lower rate than conservatives . Lgbtq Americans `` Gay Rights are Human Rights '' , a quote by Democratic Secretary of State and Senator from New York Hillary Clinton LGBT votes for Democratic presidential candidates Year Candidate Vote Bill Clinton 71 % 2000 Al Gore 70 % John Kerry 77 % 2008 Barack Obama 70 % 2012 Barack Obama 76 % 2016 Hillary Clinton 78 % According to national media exit polling , LGBT Americans typically vote Democratic in national elections within the 70 -- 77 % range . In heavily gay precincts in large cities across the nation , the average was higher , ranging from 85 -- 94 % . This trend has continued since 1996 when Bill Clinton won 71 % of the LGBT vote compared to Bob Dole 's 16 % and 13 % for others . In 2000 , Al Gore won 70 % to George W. Bush 's 25 % with 5 % for others , in 2004 John Kerry won 77 % to George W. Bush 's 23 % , in 2008 Barack Obama won 70 % to John McCain 's 27 % with 3 % to others and in 2012 Barack Obama won 76 % to Mitt Romney 's 22 % with 2 % to others . Patrick Egan , a professor of politics at New York University specializing in LGBT voting patterns , calls this a `` remarkable continuity '' , saying that `` about three - fourths vote Democratic and one - fourth Republican from year to year '' . Notable LGBT Democrats include current Senator Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin and current Representatives Jared Polis of Colorado and David Cicilline of Rhode Island . The late activist and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk was a Democrat as is former Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts . The National Stonewall Democrats is an LGBT advocacy group associated with the Democratic Party . The LGBT Equality Caucus is a congressional caucus of 97 Democrats and 3 Republicans that work and advocate for LGBT rights within the House of Representatives . Labor Higher percentuals of household who belongs to unions are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans Since the 1930s , a critical component of the Democratic Party coalition has been organized labor . Labor unions supply a great deal of the money , grass roots political organization and voting base of support for the party . Democrats are far more likely to be represented by unions , although union membership has declined , in general , during the last few decades . This trend is depicted in the following graph from the book Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality . It is based on surveys conducted by the National Election Studies ( NES ) . The historic decline in union membership over the past half - century has been accompanied by a growing disparity between public sector and private sector union membership percentages . The three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition today are the AFL - CIO and Change to Win labor federations as well as the National Education Association , a large , unaffiliated teachers ' union . Both the AFL - CIO and Change to Win have identified their top legislative priority for 2007 as passage of the Employee Free Choice Act . Other important issues for labor unions include supporting industrial policy ( including protectionism ) that sustains unionized manufacturing jobs , raising the minimum wage and promoting broad social programs such as Social Security and universal health care . Working class Further information : Social class in the United States While the American working class has lost much of its political strength with the decline of labor unions , it remains a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues as an essential part of the Democratic base . Today , roughly a third of the American public is estimated to be working class with around 52 % being either members of the working or lower classes . Yet as those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to vote , the working and lower classes are underrepresented in the electorate . The working class is largely distinguished by highly routinized and closely supervised work . It consists mainly of clerical and blue - collar workers . Even though most in the working class are able to afford an adequate standard of living , high economic insecurity and possible personal benefit from an extended social safety net make the majority of working class person left - of - center on economic issues . However , most working class Democrats differ from most liberals in their more socially conservative views . Working class Democrats tend to be more religious and likely to belong to an ethnic minority . Socially conservative and disadvantaged Democrats are among the least educated and lowest earning ideological demographics . In 2005 , only 15 % had a college degree , compared to 27 % at the national average and 49 % of liberals , respectively . Together , socially conservative and the financially disadvantaged comprised roughly 54 % of the Democratic base . The continued importance of the working class votes manifests itself in recent CNN exit polls , which shows that the majority of those with low incomes and little education vote for the Democratic Party . However , since at least 1980 there has been a noticeable decline in support for the Democratic Party among white working - class voters . In the 2008 presidential election , Barack Obama carried 40 % of white voters without college degrees to John McCain carrying 58 % . In the 2010 midterms , Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives only carried 33 % of the white working class vote compared to 63 % for the Republican candidates . In the 2012 presidential election , Barack Obama carried 36 % of white working class voters to Mitt Romney carrying 61 % . In the 2014 midterms , Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives carried 34 % of the white working class vote compared to 64 % for the Republican candidates . In the 2016 presidential election , Hillary Clinton only carried 28 % of white working class voters to Donald Trump carrying 67 % . Secular Americans Main article : Irreligion in the United States The Democratic Party receives support from secular organizations such as the Secular Coalition for America and many agnostic and atheist Americans . Exit polls from the 2008 election showed that voters with a religious affiliation of `` none '' accounted for the 12 % of the electorate and overwhelmingly voted for Obama by a 75 -- 25 % margin . In his inaugural address , Obama acknowledged atheists by saying that the United States is not just `` Christians and Muslims , Jews and Hindus but non-believers as well '' . In the 2012 election cycle , Obama has moderate to high rankings with the Secular Coalition for America whereas the majority of the Republican candidates have ratings in the low - to - failing range . Although a diverse group themselve , atheists and secular people may include individuals who are fiscally conservative . In this case , fiscally conservative atheists and secularists will come together due to their opposition to the religiously bound social policies of the Christian right . There is still a social stigma relating to atheism in the nation and polls show that a majority of the American people would be more comfortable voting for a Muslim or gay candidate than an atheist . African Americans Bill Clinton at a Democratic `` Get out the vote '' rally in Los Angeles From the end of the Civil War , African Americans primarily favored the Republican Party due to its overwhelming political and more tangible efforts in achieving the abolition of slavery , particularly through President Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation . The South had long been a Democratic stronghold , favoring a state 's right to legal slavery . In addition , the ranks of the fledgling Ku Klux Klan were composed almost entirely of white Democrats who were angry over the poor treatment they had received at the hands of northerners and who were also bent on reversing the policies of Reconstruction . However , African Americans began drifting to the Democratic Party when Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president . Support for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s by Democratic Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson helped give the Democrats even larger support among the African American community , which consistently vote between 85 - 95 % Democratic . Prominent modern - day African American Democratic politicians include Jim Clyburn , Elijah Cummings , Maxine Waters , John Lewis , Barbara Lee , Charles Rangel , John Conyers , Senator Cory Booker and former President Barack Obama , who managed to net over 95 % of the African American vote in the 2008 election . Despite being unaffiliated , the NAACP often participates in organizing and voter turnout drives and advocates for progressive causes , especially those that affect people of color . Within the House of Representatives , the Congressional Black Caucus , consisting of 44 black Democrats , serves to represent the interests of African Americans and advocate on issues that affect them . Hispanic and Latino Americans The Hispanic population , particularly the large Mexican American population in the Southwest and the large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in the Northeast , have been strong supporters of the Democratic Party . In the 1996 presidential election , Democratic President Bill Clinton received 72 % of the Hispanic vote . In following years , the Republican Party gained increasing support from the Hispanic community , especially among Hispanic Protestants and Pentecostals . With his much more liberal views on immigration , President Bush was the first Republican president to gain 40 % of the Hispanic vote in the 2004 presidential election . Yet the Republican Party 's support among Hispanics eroded in the 2006 midterm elections , dropping from 44 % to 30 % , with the Democrats gaining in the Hispanic vote from 55 % in 2004 to 69 % in 2006 . Democrats increased their share of the Hispanic vote in the 2008 presidential election , with Barack Obama receiving 67 % . According to exit polls by Edison Research , Obama increased his support again in 2012 , winning 71 % of Hispanic voters . Cuban Americans still tend to vote Republican , though there has been a noticeable change starting with the 2008 elections . During the 2008 elections , Barack Obama received 47 % of the Cuban American vote in Florida . According to Bendixen 's exit polls , 84 % of Miami - Dade Cuban American voters 65 or older backed McCain , while 55 % of those 29 or younger backed Obama , showing that the younger Cuban American generation has become more liberal . Throughout the decade of the 2000s , 60 % or more of Hispanic Roman Catholics who were registered to vote identified as either Democratic or leaning towards the Party . Unaffiliated Hispanic advocacy groups that often support progressive candidates and causes include the National Council of La Raza and the League of United Latin American Citizens . In the House of Representatives , the Democratic caucus of Hispanic Americans is the Congressional Hispanic Caucus . Native Americans Carl Venne , Crow Indian Tribal Chairman , shows support for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama in 2008 The Democratic Party also has strong support among the Native American population , particularly in Arizona , New Mexico , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington , Alaska , Idaho , Minnesota , Wisconsin , Oklahoma and North Carolina . Though now a small percentage of the population ( virtually non-existent in some regions ) , most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African - Americans . Modern - day Democratic Native American politicians include former Congressman Brad Carson of Oklahoma and Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott of Alaska as well as Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation and Governor Bill Anoatubby of the Chickasaw Nation . Jewish Americans See also : National Jewish Democratic Council Democratic President Barack Obama at a Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations Jewish American communities tend to be a stronghold for the Democratic Party , with more than 70 % of Jewish voters having cast their ballots for the Democrats in the 2004 and 2006 elections . Al Gore received 79 % of the Jewish votes in 2000 and Barack Obama won about 77 % of the Jewish vote in 2008 . Support tends to vary among specific sectarian groups . For example , only 13 % of Orthodox Jews supported Barack Obama in 2008 while around 60 % of Conservative Jews and Reform Jews did so . A 2010 poll by the Pew Research Center found that 60 % of self - described Jews identified as Democratic or leaning towards the party , compared to 33 % with those feelings towards Republicans . Jews as an important Democratic constituency are especially politically active and influential in large cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Boston and Chicago and play critical roles in large cities within presidential swing states , such as Philadelphia , Miami and Las Vegas . Many prominent national Democrats in recent decades have been Jewish , including Chuck Schumer , Carl Levin , Abraham Ribicoff , Ben Cardin , Henry Waxman , Martin Frost , Joseph Lieberman , Bernie Sanders , Dianne Feinstein , Barney Frank , Barbara Boxer , Paul Wellstone , Rahm Emanuel , Russ Feingold , Herb Kohl and Howard Metzenbaum . Arab and Muslim Americans Arab Americans and Muslim Americans have leaned Democratic since the Iraq War . Zogby found in June 2007 that 39 % of Arab Americans identify as Democrats , 26 % as Republicans and 28 % as independents . Arab Americans , who are in general socially conservative yet with more diverse economic views , historically voted Republican until recent years , having supported George W. Bush over Al Gore in 2000 . A 2012 poll found that 68 % of Muslim Americans surveyed support Barack Obama . Asian Americans The Democratic Party also has considerable support in the small yet growing Asian American population . The Asian American population had been a stronghold of the Republican Party until the 1992 presidential election in which George H.W. Bush won 55 % of the Asian American vote , compared to Bill Clinton winning 31 % and Ross Perot winning 15 % of the Asian vote . Originally , the vast majority of Asian Americans consisted of strongly anti-communist , pro-democracy Vietnamese refugees , Chinese Americans , Taiwanese Americans , Korean Americans and socially conservative Filipinos who fled Ferdinand Marcos in the 1960s through the 1980s and the general Republican Party 's socially conservative , fervently anti-communist position strongly resonated with this original demographic . The Democratic party made gains among the Asian American population starting in 1996 and in 2006 , won 62 % of the Asian American vote . Exit polls after the 2008 presidential election indicated that Democratic candidate , Barack Obama won 62 % of the Asian American vote nationwide . In the 2012 presidential election , 73 % of the Asian American electorate voted for Obama 's re-election . Barack Obama has the support of 85 % of Indian Americans , 68 % of Chinese Americans and 57 % of Filipino Americans . The Asian American community 's increasing number of young voters has also helped to erode traditionally reliably Republican voting blocs such as Vietnamese and Filipino Americans , leading to an increase in support for Democrats . Prominent Asian American Democrats include Senators Tammy Duckworth , Daniel Inouye , Daniel Akaka and Mazie Hirono , former Governor and Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke and Representatives Mike Honda , Judy Chu , Doris Matsui and Norman Mineta . Democratic presidents As of 2018 , there have been a total of 15 Democratic Party Presidents . # Name Portrait State Presidency start date Presidency end date 7 Andrew Jackson Tennessee March 4 , 1829 March 4 , 1837 8 Martin Van Buren New York March 4 , 1837 March 4 , 1841 11 James K. Polk Tennessee March 4 , 1845 March 4 , 1849 14 Franklin Pierce New Hampshire March 4 , 1853 March 4 , 1857 15 James Buchanan Pennsylvania March 4 , 1857 March 4 , 1861 17 Andrew Johnson Tennessee April 15 , 1865 March 4 , 1869 22 Grover Cleveland New York March 4 , 1885 March 4 , 1889 24 March 4 , 1893 March 4 , 1897 28 Woodrow Wilson New Jersey March 4 , 1913 March 4 , 1921 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt New York March 4 , 1933 April 12 , 1945 33 Harry S. Truman Missouri April 12 , 1945 January 20 , 1953 35 John F. Kennedy Massachusetts January 20 , 1961 November 22 , 1963 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Texas November 22 , 1963 January 20 , 1969 39 Jimmy Carter Georgia January 20 , 1977 January 20 , 1981 42 Bill Clinton Arkansas January 20 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 44 Barack Obama Illinois January 20 , 2009 January 20 , 2017 Supreme Court justices appointed by Democratic presidents In the Supreme Court , as of July 2018 , four of the nine seats are filled by justices appointed by Democratic presidents . Recent electoral history This article may overuse or misuse color , making it hard to understand for color - blind users . Please remove or fix instances of distracting or hard - to - read colors or remove colored links that may impede user ability to distinguish links from regular text , or color links for purely aesthetic reasons . See the guides to editing for accessibility at contrast and colors . ( January 2018 ) House of Representatives President Senate Election year No. of seats won + / -- No. of seats won + / -- Election year 1950 235 / 435 28 Harry S. Truman 49 / 96 5 1950 1952 213 / 435 22 Dwight D. Eisenhower 47 / 96 1952 1954 232 / 435 19 49 / 96 1954 1956 234 / 435 49 / 96 0 1956 1958 283 / 435 49 64 / 98 15 1958 1960 262 / 435 21 John F. Kennedy 64 / 100 1960 1962 258 / 435 66 / 100 1962 1964 295 / 435 37 Lyndon B. Johnson 68 / 100 1964 1966 248 / 435 47 64 / 100 1966 1968 243 / 435 5 Richard Nixon 57 / 100 5 1968 1970 255 / 435 12 54 / 100 1970 1972 242 / 435 13 56 / 100 1972 291 / 435 49 Gerald Ford 60 / 100 1976 292 / 435 Jimmy Carter 61 / 100 0 1976 1978 277 / 435 15 58 / 100 1978 1980 243 / 435 34 Ronald Reagan 46 / 100 12 1980 1982 269 / 435 26 46 / 100 1982 1984 253 / 435 16 47 / 100 1984 1986 258 / 435 5 55 / 100 8 1986 1988 260 / 435 George H.W. Bush 55 / 100 1988 1990 267 / 435 7 56 / 100 1990 1992 258 / 435 9 Bill Clinton 57 / 100 0 1992 1994 204 / 435 54 48 / 100 8 1994 206 / 435 45 / 100 1998 211 / 435 5 45 / 100 0 1998 2000 212 / 435 George W. Bush 50 / 100 2000 2002 204 / 435 7 49 / 100 2002 202 / 435 45 / 100 2006 233 / 435 31 51 / 100 6 2006 2008 257 / 435 21 Barack Obama 59 / 100 8 2008 193 / 435 63 53 / 100 6 2012 201 / 435 8 55 / 100 2012 2014 188 / 435 13 46 / 100 9 2014 2016 194 / 435 6 Donald Trump 48 / 100 2016 In presidential elections : 1828 -- present Election Candidates Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1828 Andrew Jackson 642,553 56.0 178 / 261 178 Democratic victory 1832 Andrew Jackson 701,780 54.2 219 / 286 41 Democratic victory 1836 Martin Van Buren 764,176 50.83 170 / 294 49 Democratic victory 1840 Martin Van Buren 1,128,854 46.8 60 / 294 110 Whig victory 1844 James K. Polk 1,339,494 49.5 170 / 275 110 Democratic victory 1848 Lewis Cass 1,223,460 42.5 127 / 290 43 Whig victory 1852 Franklin Pierce 1,607,510 50.8 254 / 296 127 Democratic victory 1856 James Buchanan 1,836,072 45.3 174 / 296 80 Democratic victory 1860 Stephen A. Douglas 1,380,202 29.5 12 / 303 162 Republican victory 1864 George B. McClellan 1,812,807 45.0 21 / 233 9 Republican victory 1868 Horatio Seymour 2,706,829 47.3 80 / 294 59 Republican victory 1872 Horace Greeley ( Liberal Republican ) 2,834,761 43.8 69 / 352 11 Republican victory ; supported Liberal Republican candidate 1876 Samuel J. Tilden 4,288,546 50.9 184 / 369 115 Republican victory 1880 Winfield Scott Hancock 4,444,260 48.25 155 / 369 29 Republican victory 1884 Grover Cleveland 4,914,482 48.9 219 / 401 64 Democratic victory 1888 Grover Cleveland 5,534,488 48.6 168 / 401 51 Republican victory 1892 Grover Cleveland 5,556,918 46.0 277 / 444 109 Democratic victory 1896 William Jennings Bryan 6,509,052 46.70 176 / 447 101 Republican victory 1900 William Jennings Bryan 6,370,932 45.5 155 / 447 21 Republican victory 1904 Alton B. Parker 5,083,880 37.6 140 / 476 15 Republican victory 1908 William Jennings Bryan 6,408,984 43.0 162 / 483 22 Republican victory 1912 Woodrow Wilson 6,296,284 41.8 435 / 531 273 Democratic victory 1916 Woodrow Wilson 9,126,868 49.2 277 / 531 158 Democratic victory 1920 James M. Cox 9,139,661 34.2 127 / 531 150 Republican victory 1924 John W. Davis 8,386,242 28.8 136 / 531 9 Republican victory 1928 Al Smith 15,015,464 40.8 87 / 531 49 Republican victory 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 22,821,277 57.4 472 / 531 385 Democratic victory 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 27,747,636 60.8 523 / 531 51 Democratic victory 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 27,313,945 54.7 449 / 531 74 Democratic victory 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 25,612,916 53.4 432 / 531 17 Democratic victory 1948 Harry S. Truman 24,179,347 49.6 303 / 531 129 Democratic victory 1952 Adlai Stevenson 27,375,090 44.3 89 / 531 214 Republican victory 1956 Adlai Stevenson 26,028,028 42.0 73 / 531 16 Republican victory 1960 John F. Kennedy 34,220,984 49.72 303 / 537 230 Democratic victory 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 43,127,041 61.1 486 / 538 183 Democratic victory 1968 Hubert Humphrey 31,271,839 42.7 191 / 538 295 Republican victory 1972 George McGovern 29,173,222 37.5 17 / 538 174 Republican victory 1976 Jimmy Carter 40,831,881 50.1 297 / 538 280 Democratic victory 1980 Jimmy Carter 35,480,115 41.0 49 / 538 248 Republican victory 1984 Walter Mondale 37,577,352 40.6 13 / 538 36 Republican victory 1988 Michael Dukakis 41,809,074 45.6 111 / 538 98 Republican victory 1992 Bill Clinton 44,909,806 43.0 370 / 538 259 Democratic victory Bill Clinton 47,401,185 49.2 379 / 538 9 Democratic victory 2000 Al Gore 50,999,897 48.4 266 / 538 113 Republican victory John Kerry 59,028,444 48.3 251 / 538 15 Republican victory 2008 Barack Obama 69,498,516 52.9 365 / 538 114 Democratic victory 2012 Barack Obama 65,915,795 51.1 332 / 538 33 Democratic victory 2016 Hillary Clinton 65,844,610 48.0 227 / 538 105 Republican victory See also Liberalism portal Politics portal United States portal Democratic Party ( United States ) organizations List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets Political party strength in U.S. states Politics of the United States Notes Jump up ^ Although Tilden won a majority of the popular vote , Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College . Jump up ^ Although Cleveland won a majority of the popular vote , Republican Benjamin Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College . Jump up ^ Although Gore won a majority of the popular vote , Republican George W. Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College . Jump up ^ Although Clinton won a majority of the popular vote , Republican Donald Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College . References Jump up ^ Donald B. Cole ( 1970 ) . Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire . Harvard University Press . p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` August 2017 Ballot Access News Print Edition '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , N. Scott ( 2009 ) . Imposing values : an essay on liberalism and regulation . Florence : Oxford University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50112 - 1 . Modern liberalism occupies the left - of - center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States . Jump up ^ `` President Obama , the Democratic Party , and Socialism : A Political Science Perspective '' . The Huffington Post . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Starr . `` Center - Left Liberalism '' . Princeton University . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hale , John ( 1995 ) . The Making of the New Democrats . New York : Political Science Quarterly . p. 229 . Second , insofar as Democrats in Congress are roughly split into liberal and centrist wings . ^ Jump up to : Dewan , Shaila ; Kornblut , Anne E. ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` In Key House Races , Democrats Run to the Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delk , Josh ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Clinton : Being a capitalist ' probably ' hurt me with Dem voters '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debebedetti , Gabriel ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Poll : Majority of Democrats say socialism has ' positive impact ' '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats more divided on socialism '' , YouGov , January 28 , 2016 , retrieved May 4 , 2018 Jump up ^ Marcin , Tim ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Want a Socialist to Lead Their Party More Than a Capitalist '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Zachary A ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` More liberal , populist movement emerging in Democratic Party ahead of 2016 elections '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etzioni , Amitai ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Left 's Unpopular Populism '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Waleed ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` America in Populist Times : An Interview With Chantal Mouffe '' . The Nation . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ball , Molly . `` The Battle Within the Democratic Party '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raza , Syed Ali ( 2012 ) , Social Democratic System , Global Peace Trust , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` The Democratic Party , founded in 1828 , is the world 's oldest political party '' states Kenneth Janda ; Jeffrey M. Berry ; Jerry Goldman ( 2010 ) . The Challenge of Democracy : American Government in Global Politics . Cengage Learning . p. 276 . ISBN 9780495906186 . Jump up ^ Grigsby , Ellen ( 2008 ) . Analyzing Politics : An Introduction to Political Science . Florence : Cengage Learning . pp. 106 -- 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50112 - 1 . In the United States , the Democratic Party represents itself as the liberal alternative to the Republicans , but its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism -- modern liberalism . ^ Jump up to : Larry E. Sullivan . The SAGE glossary of the social and behavioral sciences ( 2009 ) p 291 , `` This liberalism favors a generous welfare state and a greater measure of social and economic equality . Liberty thus exists when all citizens have access to basic necessities such as education , healthcare , and economic opportunities . '' Jump up ^ Levy , Jonah ( 2006 ) . The State after Statism : New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization . Florence : Harvard University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50112 - 1 . In the corporate governance area , the center - left repositioned itself to press for reform . The Democratic Party in the United States used the postbubble scandals and the collapse of share prices to attack the Republican Party ... Corporate governance reform fit surprisingly well within the contours of the center - left ideology . The Democratic Party and the SPD have both been committed to the development of the regulatory state as a counterweight to managerial authority , corporate power , and market failure . Jump up ^ `` A Mixed Economy : The Role of the Market '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prendergast , William B. ( 1999 ) . The Catholic Voter in American Politics . The Passing of the Democratic Monolith . Washington , D.C. : Georgetown University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87840 - 724 - 8 . Jump up ^ Marlin , George J. ( 2004 ) . The American Catholic Voter. 200 Years of Political Impact . South Bend , Indiana : St. Augustine . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58731 - 029 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Corbett et al. Politics and Religion in the United States ( 2nd ed. 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` State government trifectas '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . 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Archive.org . August 26 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2002 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Obama : ' I am a New Democrat ' '' . Politico.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia ( 2010 ) vol 1 Page 136 Jump up ^ `` President Exit Polls - Election 2012 - NYTimes.com '' . Elections.nytimes.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Judis , John B. ( July 11 , 2003 ) . `` The trouble with Howard Dean '' . Salon . Salon.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pew Research Center . ( May 10 , 2005 ) . Beyond Red vs. Blue , p. 1 of 8 '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Howard ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot , Study Finds '' . The Washington Post . Washingtonpost.com . 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( 1982 ) . `` Racial Issues and The Structure of Mass Belief Systems '' . Journal of Politics . 44 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 20 . JSTOR 2130281 . Jump up ^ Talmadge Anderson ; James Benjamin Stewart ( 2007 ) . Introduction to African American Studies : Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications . Black Classic Press . p. 205 . ISBN 9781580730396 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Stonecash ( 2010 ) . New Directions in American Political Parties . Routledge . p. 131 . ISBN 9781135282059 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Democrats.org . Jump up ^ Deborah White . `` Liberalism 101 : Democratic Party Agenda on Electoral Reform '' . About . Jump up ^ `` House Votes on 2003 - 530 '' . Ontheissues.org . October 2 , 2003 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abortion '' . Pollingreport.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frumin , Aliyah ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Obama : ' Long past time ' for immigration reform '' . MSNBC.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Obama Backs Death Penalty for Child Rapists '' . Newser , June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Candidates on the Death Penalty '' . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Platform Drafting Meeting Concludes '' . DNCC . June 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Walsh . `` Obama and Democrats ' Torture Problem '' . US News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` Senate roll call on passage of the PATRIOT Act '' . Senate.gov. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashtari , Shadee ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's The Medieval - Sounding Sodomy Law That Helped Ken Cuccinelli Lose In Virginia '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Republicans , Democrats Agree on Top Foreign Policy Goals '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Democrats fail to override Bush on war funding '' . International Herald Tribune . May 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Obama says conditions to dictate final Iraq force . Reuters . July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Top Republicans embrace Iraq plan . The Politico . February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Accord Reached With Iran to Halt Nuclear Program '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Democratic donors urge Congress : Back off Iran sanctions '' . Haaretz.com . February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi , Schumer Express Support for Troop Surge in Afghanistan '' CNS News . August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Democrats say McCain forgot Afghanistan '' . Boston Globe . July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Archived August 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` John McCain & Barack Obama urge Afghanistan surge '' . New York Daily News . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. plans major shift to advisory role in Afghanistan , '' Los Angeles Times , December 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Most Americans oppose Afghanistan war : poll . The Australian . August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghan War Edges Out Iraq as Most Important for U.S. '' by Frank Newport . Gallup . July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Public Opinion in U.S. Turns Against Afghan War . By Jennifer Agiesta and Jon Cohen . Washington Post . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Americans ' Most and Least Favored Nations . By Lydia Saad . Gallup . March 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Left could push pro-Israel voters to GOP . By Jennifer Rubin . Politico . July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glazov , Jamie ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Dershowitz vs. Melanie Phillips '' . FrontPage Magazine . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Renewing America 's Promise : Democratic Party Platform , 2008 '' . Democrats.org . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ideological Gaps Over Israel on Both Sides of Atlantic '' . PewGlobal.org . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kendall Breitman ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Gallup poll : Democrats losing sympathy for Israel '' . POLITICO . Jump up ^ `` Clinton , Sanders supporters differ sharply on U.S. global role '' . Pew Research Center . 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats Reject Platform Proposal Calling for ' End to Occupation and Illegal Settlements ' '' . Haaretz. 2016 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan candidate backs 1 - state solution , slashing military aid to Israel '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ilhan Omar , who once called Israel an ' apartheid regime , ' wins congressional primary in Minnesota Jewish Telegraphic Agency '' . www.jta.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Judis , J.B. ; Teixeira , R. ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Back to the Future '' . The American Prospect . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frank , E. , Carrera , J. & Dharamsi , S. ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Political Self - characterization of U.S. Medical Students '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 22 ( 4 ) : 514 -- 517 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 007 - 0108 - 5 . PMC 1829428 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Public Praises Science ; Scientists Fault Public , Media Section 4 : Scientists , Politics and Religion '' . Jump up ^ `` Shea , C. ( October 12 , 2003 ) . What liberal academia ? The Boston Globe '' . The Boston Globe . December 10 , 2003 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O'Bannon , B.R. ( August 27 , 2003 ) . In Defense of the ' Liberal ' Professor . Indianapolis Star '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` George , D.L. & Medler , J.F. ( 1996 ) . College Faculty as an Inconsequential Agent of Political Socialization . Department of Political Science , Cal Poly State University , San Louis Obispo '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exit Polls - Election Results 2008 '' . The New York Times . November 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shields , E ( 1958 ) . `` The Intellectuals and the Powers : Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 1 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Lipset , S.M. ; Ladd , E.C. ( 1972 ) . `` The Politics of American Sociologists '' . American Journal of Sociology. 78 ( 67 ) : 67 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Politics of Going to College '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Educational differences between Democrats and Republicans '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nagourney , A. ( June 27 , 2007 ) . Young Americans are leaning left , new poll finds . The New York Times '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women More Likely to Be Democrats , Regardless of Age '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fried , Joseph . ( 2008 ) . Democrats and Republicans -- rhetoric and reality : comparing the voters in statistics and anecdote . New York : Algora Pub . p. 16 . 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About.com Religion & Spirituality . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Brooks . `` Blacks and the Democratic Party '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ku Klux Klan - History '' . Anti-Defamation League . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teixeira , Ruy ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Digging into the 2008 Exit Polls '' . Taking Note . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` With Hispanic support for Obama waning , could Latino vote be up for grabs in 2012 ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Latino vote key to Obama 's re-election '' . CNN . November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cave , Damien ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Overtures Find Support Among Cuban - Americans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Woods , Casey ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Presidential and Congressional Candidate Cuba Watch : Analysis of Cuban American vote '' . Candidatecubawatch.blogspot.com . Retrieved on July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Growing Number of Americans Say Obama is a Muslim : Religion , Politics and the President ( 5 Sections ) '' . Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . People-press.org . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying Attention to the Native American Vote '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dems woo Native American vote . Politico . May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama wins 77 percent of Jewish vote , exit polls show '' . Haaretz Daily . November 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Survey . American Jewish Committee September 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arab - American Voters Say Iraq Top Issue in 2008 Campaign . By Mohamed Elshinnawi . Voice of America . July 23 , 2007 , Archived March 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mideast , Civil Liberties Concern Arab - Americans Archived August 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... By James Q. Lynch . The Gazette ( Cedar Rapids - Iowa City ) . Reprinted by the Arab - American Institute . July 19 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` American Muslims supported Obama : poll '' . Business Standard . October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dissecting the 2008 Electorate : Most Diverse in U.S. History Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Pew Research Center . April 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Presidential Race - 2012 Election Center - President : Full Results - Exit Polls '' . CNN . November 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 85 % Indian - Americans support Obama for second term : Survey '' . The Times Of India . May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court Bios - Supreme Court.gov Jump up ^ Vice President Dick Cheney provided tie - breaking vote , giving Republicans a majority ^ Jump up to : Includes two independents caucusing with the Democrats . Further reading Baker , Jean H. Affairs of party : The political culture of northern Democrats in the mid-nineteenth century ( Fordham UP , 1998 ) . Bass Jr , Harold F. Historical dictionary of United States political parties ( Scarecrow Press , 2009 ) . Black , Merle ( 2004 ) . `` The transformation of the southern Democratic Party '' . Journal of Politics . 66 ( 4 ) : 1001 -- 1017 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2508.2004. 00287. x . Burner , David . The Politics of Provincialism : The Democratic Party in Transition , 1918 -- 1932 ( Knopf , 1968 ) . Congressional Quarterly . National Party Conventions , 1831 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) . Craig , Douglas . `` Newton D. Baker and the Democratic Malaise , 1920 -- 1937 . '' Australasian Journal of American Studies ( 2006 ) : 49 - 64 . in JSTOR Dowe , Pearl K. Ford , et al. Remaking the Democratic Party : Lyndon B. Johnson as a Native - Son Presidential Candidate ( University of Michigan Press , 2016 ) . Feller , David . `` Politics and Society : Toward a Jacksonian Synthesis '' Journal of the Early Republic 10 # 2 ( 1990 ) , pp. 135 -- 161 in JSTOR Frymer , Paul . Black and blue : African Americans , the labor movement , and the decline of the Democratic party ( Princeton UP , 2008 ) . Gerring , John . `` A chapter in the history of American party ideology : The nineteenth - century Democratic Party ( 1828 -- 1892 ) . '' Polity 26.4 ( 1994 ) : 729 - 768 . online Landis , Michael Todd . Northern Men with Southern Loyalties : The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis . ( Cornell University Press , 2014 ) . Lawrence , David G . The collapse of the democratic presidential majority : Realignment , dealignment , and electoral change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton . ( Westview Press , 1997 ) . McGuire , John Thomas ( 2014 ) . `` Beginning an ' Extraordinary Opportunity ' : Eleanor Roosevelt , Molly Dewson , and the expansion of women 's boundaries in the Democratic Party , 1924 -- 1934 '' . Women 's History Review . 23 ( 6 ) : 922 -- 937 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612025.2014. 906841 . Maisel , L. Sandy , and Jeffrey M. Berry , eds . The Oxford handbook of American political parties and interest groups ( Oxford UP , 2010 ) . Neal , Steven . Happy Days are Here Again : The 1932 Democratic Convention , the Emergence of FDR -- and how America was Changed Forever ( Harper Collins , 2010 ) . Remini , Robert V. Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party ( Columbia UP , 1961 ) . Savage , Sean J. Roosevelt : The Party Leader , 1932 -- 1945 ( U Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Savage , Sean J. JFK , LBJ , and the Democratic Party ( SUNY Press , 2012 ) . Savage , Sean J. Truman and the Democratic Party ( U Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Woods , Randall B. Prisoners of Hope : Lyndon B. Johnson , the Great Society , and the Limits of Liberalism ( Basic Books , 2016 ) . External links Find more aboutDemocratic Party ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Organizations Democrats.org -- official website of the Democratic National Committee Democratic Senate Caucus Democratic House Caucus Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Attorneys General Association National Conference of Democratic Mayors National Federation of Democratic Women College Democrats of America Young Democrats of America Democrats Abroad Progressive Democrats of America Democrats.com -- `` Aggressive Progressive '' Democrats , not to be confused with the official Democratic Party site Democrats.org Platforms , charter and Bylaws `` 2016 National Platform '' ( PDF ) . HTML version . `` 2012 National Platform '' ( PDF ) . HTML version . `` 2008 National Platform '' ( PDF ) . ( 434 KB ) HTML version . `` 2004 National Platform '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( 111 KB ) HTML version . `` Charter and Bylaws of the Democratic Party of the United States '' ( PDF ) as amended through August 28 , 2015 . Previous `` Charter & Bylaws '' ( PDF ) ( 1.63 MB ) as amended through December 3 , 2005 . Democratic Party at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) . 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url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Use American English from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with colour accessibility problems Articles prone to spam from March 2017 Articles with Curlie links Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the leader of the us democrats
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[
"Democratic Party\nChairperson\nTom Perez (MD)Secretary\nJason Rae (WI)Deputy Chair\nKeith Ellison (MN)Senate leader\nMinority LeaderChuck Schumer (NY)House leader\nMinority LeaderNancy Pelosi (CA)Chair of Governors Association\nJay Inslee (WA)Founded\nJanuary 8, 1828; 190 years ago (1828-01-08)[1]Preceded by\nDemocratic-Republican PartyHeadquarters\n430 South Capitol St. SE,Washington, D.C., 20003Student wing\nCollege Democrats of AmericaYouth wing\nYoung Democrats of AmericaWomen's wing\nNational Federation of Democratic WomenOverseas wing\nDemocrats AbroadLGBT wing\nStonewall DemocratsMembership (2017)\n44,706,349[2]Ideology\nMajority: • Modern liberalism[3][4] • Social liberalism[5]Factions: • Centrism[6][7] • Conservatism[7] • Democratic socialism[8][9][10][11] • Left-wing populism[12][13][14] • Progressivism[15] • Social democracy[16]International affiliation\nProgressive AllianceColors\n BlueSeats in the Senate\n47 / 100Seats in the House\n193 / 435Governorships\n16 / 50State Upper House Seats\n806 / 1,972State Lower House Seats\n2,331 / 5,411Territorial Governorships\n2 / 6Territorial Upper Chamber Seats\n31 / 97Territorial Lower Chamber Seats\n0 / 91Website\ndemocrats.org\nPolitics of United StatesPolitical partiesElections"
] |
[
"Tom Perez"
] |
4063319409674295371
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Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14)
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Keeping up with the Kardashians ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Keeping up with the Kardashians ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . Keeping Up With The Kardashians ( season 14 ) Starring Kris Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Rob Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Country of origin United States Release Original network E ! Original release October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- ( ) List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes The upcoming fourteenth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians , will premiere on October 1 , 2017 on E ! cable network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 14 ( 2017 ) 4 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Kris Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Recurring cast ( edit ) Rob Kardashian Scott Disick Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On August 3 , 2017 It was announced the show 's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24 , 2017 following the show 's season 14 premiere . On September 19 , 2017 E ! introduced a new promo for the new season , in which the girls recreated the opening credits from the first season . This season has a new open sequence , which has not changed since Season 11 . This season will also have a Christmas themed episode . Episodes ( edit ) Season 14 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) Spin Off 0 `` 10th Anniversary Special '' September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.26 Ryan Seacrest sits down with Kris , Kim , Khloe , Kourtney , Kendall and Kylie to reflect back on the most monumental events in their lives . 196 `` Cleveland Show '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.44 Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé 's private life in Cleveland . Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project . The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news . 197 `` MILFs Gone Wild '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.40 Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday . Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet . 198 `` Cheers To That '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.26 Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico . Khloé 's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother - daughter bonding . Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life . 199 `` Clothes Quarters '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) TBD Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall . Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé 's wardrobe . 200 `` Catch Me If You Cannes '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) TBD Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney 's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest . Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant . The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood . 201 6 `` Fan - Friction '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) TBD Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan . The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes . Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change . 202 7 TBA November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) TBD Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line . Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude . Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan 's upcoming move to LA . 202 7 `` Beauty Queen . '' November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) TBD Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line . Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude . Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan 's upcoming move to LA . 203 8 `` Close To Home '' November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) TBD - - `` A Very Kardashian Christmas '' November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) TBD 204 9 `` Dog Tired '' December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) TBD Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection . Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo . Kim ca n't handle her rambunctious new puppy . 205 10 TBA December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) TBD 206 11 TBA December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watch Kim , Khloe & Family Throw Shade in Keeping Up With the Kardashians 10 Year Anniversary Special First Look ! on Kardashians '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fiercer Than Ever ! Watch Kim Kardashian and Fam Recreate the Keeping Up Season One Opening Credits 10 Years Later '' . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Themed Episode '' . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale steady ( but also down ) , NCLS on top again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians_(season_14)&oldid=810028069 '' Categories : Keeping Up with the Kardashians Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 23 : 43 . About Wikipedia
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when does season 14 of keeping up with the kardashians
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[
"The upcoming fourteenth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, will premiere on October 1, 2017 on E! cable network."
] |
[
"October 1, 2017"
] |
-1850001472310971183
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The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)
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The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Vaughan , Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Handmaid 's Tale is an American dystopian drama web television series created by Bruce Miller , based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , for which production began in late 2016 . The plot features a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein a totalitarian society subjects fertile women , called `` Handmaids '' , into child - bearing servitude . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on April 25 , 2018 . The Handmaid 's Tale has received widespread critical acclaim and its first season won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , becoming the first series on a streaming service to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss . In May 2018 , Hulu announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast and release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos , the totalitarian , theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along with a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of the Biblical account of Bilhah . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Women are divided into a small range of social categories , each one signified by a plain dress in a specific color : Handmaids wear red , Marthas ( who are housekeepers and cooks , named after the biblical figure ) wear green , and Wives ( who are expected to run their households ) wear blue and turquoise . Econowives , the lower - class women who still have minimal agency , are a sort of mixture of all these categories , and they wear gray ( a departure from the book in which Econowives wear clothing striped with the aforementioned colors ) . Women prisoners are called Unwomen and are worked to death clearing toxic waste in the Colonies . Another class of women , Aunts ( who train and oversee the Handmaids ) , wear brown . Additionally , the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master ( `` Of Fred '' ) like all Handmaids , was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity in the `` time before '' , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Handmaid 's Tale characters Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband , Luke , and daughter , Hannah . Due to her fertility , she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist . She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen / Ofsteven , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems , and the two become friends . Ofglen had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead , and most university professors are sent to labour camps , but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid , due to her fertility . She is later captured and cruelly punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren / Ofdaniel , a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , Janine 's right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam , whom they name `` Angela '' , but Janine insists the baby 's name is `` Charlotte '' . Janine is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . She was temporarily assigned to the Colonies until a bombing at the new Rachel and Leah Center . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their sexual reeducation and duties . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Lucas `` Luke '' Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . Because he and June began their relationship before his divorce from his first wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society . June is considered an adulteress and their daughter , Hannah , is considered illegitimate . Initially , June believes he has been killed , but it is later revealed Luke managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira / Ruby , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . Tattiawna Jones as Lillie Fuller / Ofglen No. 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes . She initially follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma / Ofrobert , another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira , and Janine . She is frank and chatty , and often trades gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Dolores / Ofsamuel , a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Bahia Watson as Brianna / Oferic , another local Handmaid who is friends with June . Jordana Blake as Hannah Bankole , June and Luke 's daughter . She is later renamed Agnes . Erin Way as Erin , a young , apparently mute , woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape to Canada . Sydney Sweeney as Eden Spencer ( season 2 ) , a pious and obedient girl who was Nick 's wife . Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence ( season 2 ) , the founder of the Colonies . Greg Bryk as Commander Ray Cushing ( season 2 ) Rohan Mead as Isaac ( season 2 ) , a Guardian assigned to the Waterford home . Julie Dretzin as Eleanor Lawrence ( season 2 ) , Joseph 's wife . Guest ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Beth ( season 1 ) , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Marisa Tomei as Mrs. O'Conner ( season 2 ) , a Commander 's wife who is sent to the colonies as punishment for having sex with another man . Cherry Jones as Holly Maddox ( season 2 ) , June 's mother , an outspoken feminist . Clea DuVall as Sylvia ( season 2 ) , Emily 's wife . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as Omar ( season 2 ) a man who helps June attempt to escape . John Carroll Lynch as Dan ( season 2 ) , Emily 's boss at the university where she worked . Kelly Jenrette as Annie ( season 2 ) , Luke 's ex-wife . Rebecca Rittenhouse as Odette ( season 2 ) , a Doctor and Moira 's fiancée . Sam Jaeger as Mark Tuello ( season 2 ) , a mysterious stranger who Serena encounters in Canada . Oprah Winfrey ( uncredited ) as Newsreader ( season 2 ) on a car radio . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 10 April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A family is pursued by a group of armed men . The woman is caught , and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance . She is now known as Offred , the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . While walking with another Handmaid , Ofglen , they pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being a Catholic priest . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , and Offred notices Moira , a woman she knew in college . Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod , later her right eye is removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during `` the Ceremony '' as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid . Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son , and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house . Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping , and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , they see St. Paul Catholic Church , their local church , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed . When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information , she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government , but Offred declines to join . Commander Waterford 's driver , Nick , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden , and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous . Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren ( Janine ) 's child , named Angela by the Puttnams , but Charlotte by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June ( Offred ) remembers the birth of her and Luke 's daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested . Warily , Offred goes to the Commander 's office , but he just wants to play Scrabble , to her relief . The next day , when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office were fired , and the government froze women 's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby , and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional . Back home , Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this , Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible , which would have earned her a much more serious beating , but Serena intervenes , believing that Offred is pregnant . When Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant , Serena angrily locks her in her room . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' . The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence , but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) , to her grief and anger , undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Banished to her room , Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase , Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum , scratched discreetly into the wall . When Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying on the closet floor , Offred tells her that she fainted . Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile , as is common . He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid . Later , June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth , and Moira takes Elizabeth 's outfit . June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston , which has safe houses . Moira manages to catch the train without June , who lets Moira know it 's okay . June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped . Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred , but later that night , they have another game of Scrabble . She asks him about the Latin phrase , and he tells her it means , Do n't let the bastards grind you down . When she inquires about the previous Offred , he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , the Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday . Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza . She hits a guard , and is caught and put into a black van . Offred returns to Nick 's coach house alone , and they have passionate sex . 6 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander 's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience , but she lies , saying that she is happy . Offred visits the Commander 's office later , but there is tension . She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him , but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward . The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead 's success . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but in response , the Mexican ambassador explains her own country 's dire situation . However , the ambassador 's assistant quietly claims June 's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke . A flashback details Serena and Fred 's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband 's . Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place . However , after the takeover , she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create . A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash . 7 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) A flashback chronicles Luke 's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards , but he escapes when the ambulance crashes , and he takes some medical supplies . He reaches a small abandoned town and , after passing out from his wounds , is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada . These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid , a homosexual man , and a daughter of a US Army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they board a boat , Gileadan guards open fire , killing several members of the group , but Luke and Erin , the escaped Handmaid , survive . A further flashback shows Luke , June , and their daughter Hannah before they were separated . June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada . Later , a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged , but the hunter helps them cross the border . Three years later , in the present , Luke and Erin live safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . While in the main administrative office , Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel , where prostitutes ( known as `` Jezebels '' ) work . Offred spots Moira working in the club , and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught . Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife , and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel . However , Offred is worried about Ofwarren / Ofdaniel 's mental state . During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside , tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday , and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , Waterford presents Moira , as he believes they have a sexual attraction . Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package , but she refuses , seemingly resigned to her fate . The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte , while Gileadan guards , the Putnams , the Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by . Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her . Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child , and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below . Later , while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital , Commander Putnam is led away by guards . When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam , she reminds Serena of the first Offred 's fate , causing Serena to doubt her husband 's loyalty . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebel 's . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , then jubilantly drives off in his car . 10 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) A flashback shows June 's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center . After Serena discovers Fred 's trips to Jezebel 's , she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test . It is positive . Serena then angrily accuses her husband , telling him the child is not his . Upon learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives , but Offred is kept in the car , and unable to attract her daughter 's attention . Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial advocating leniency , but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible , and ultimately Putnam 's left arm is amputated at the elbow . The package from Jezebel 's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine / Ofdaniel . The Handmaids hesitate , and Ofglen No. 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal . Offred , then the other Handmaids , drop their stones . One of the guards threatens to kill Offred , but Aunt Lydia saves her , although assuring the handmaids that there will be consequences . Not long afterward , a black van comes for Offred . Nick urges her to trust him and go with them . Offred 's transfer is unusual , as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening . As Offred leaves , she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date 11 `` June '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) Offred and other handmaids are taken to Fenway Park , where they are made to believe they will be hanged , but it turns out to be a ruse to frighten them . During another punishment , Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy . When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her , she is shown a pregnant handmaid , Ofwyatt , chained in a prison room due to her attempt to kill herself by drinking drain cleaner . Offred agrees to eat , and during her meal Aunt Lydia , who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience , but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted , brings the other handmaids into the room . One by one they are burned with a gas flame . Later , Offred is at a pregnancy check - up , where she is visited by Fred and Serena , but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots , which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital . The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay , where she meets Nick , while Fred authorizes a highly resourced search for her . He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit , and to cut her hair . After stripping off her handmaid 's dress , she burns it before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear . In flashbacks throughout the episode , Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school ; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school 's fever policy , as well as about June and Luke 's fitness as parents . Later , they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked . 12 `` Unwomen '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) June has been transported to the former headquarters of The Boston Globe , another safe place arranged by Mayday . Emily has been taken to the Colonies , where disobedient and lower - class infertile women ( `` unwomen '' ) are forced to dig on highly toxic land . Many of the unwomen are becoming sick , and Emily is doing what she can to help them . A commander 's wife arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the unwomen : Emily befriends her and finds that she was taken to the colonies for committing a `` sin of the flesh . '' Emily gives her tablets that turn out to be poison , which leads to her death . Emily blames her for `` holding a woman down while her husband rapes her '' . The unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for this death . Janine arrives at the Colonies , where she is briefly greeted by Emily . Nick visits June and she gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her . Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay , and they have sex . In a flashback , after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House , Emily is told by her boss , Professor Dan , that she will not be teaching the following semester at the university , giving her a lower profile to avoid attracting criticism for her sexual orientation . Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the university with the word `` faggot '' spray painted underneath him . While Emily , along with her wife Sylvia and son Oliver , attempt to emigrate to Canada , she is unable to leave the country because their same - sex marriage is no longer recognized , and it becomes known that she is the biological mother of Oliver . June makes a memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper 's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it . 13 `` Baggage '' Kari Skogland Dorothy Fortenberry May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) Having spent two months at The Boston Globe offices , June has found evidence in their archives of the early emergence of the Gilead movement . Nick visits occasionally . She is abruptly moved to a place where she meets Omar , who tells her he is bringing her to another safe house near an airstrip to fly to Canada . He receives a message that the safe house has been compromised , and tries to leave without her , but she stands in front of his van to make him take her . He takes her to his apartment , where she meets his wife , Heather , and their son , Adam . Left alone when his family goes to church , June finds a hidden Qur'an and prayer rug under the bedsprings ; Omar and his family do not return . She dons Heather 's Econowife outfit and gets out of the apartment , blending in with other Econowives . After a train ride , June runs into the woods . She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to the airstrip that Omar had told her of ; however , the plane is intercepted before take - off , the pilot is executed , and June and another fugitive are apprehended by the Guardians . Meanwhile , Moira , now living with Luke and Erin ( who is no longer mute ) in Canada , gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown , traumatized by what he did as a Guardian . In a flashback , June as a child is taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother , Holly . When she grew up , Holly was disappointed at June 's career choices and plan to marry Luke , hoping that she would have been an activist . Moira and June learned during their training at the Red Center that Holly had been declared an Unwoman and was sent to the Colonies to be worked to death . 14 `` Other Women '' Kari Skogland Yahlin Chang May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) June is taken back and chained in a room where Aunt Lydia explains that she must choose between this imprisonment , followed by execution after the birth of her child , or return as a handmaid to the Waterfords . She chooses the latter and is under close supervision from Lydia . The Waterfords , who still employ Nick , publicly treat Offred 's disappearance as a kidnapping , but privately Serena is furious and grabs Offred by the throat . Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved . A baby shower is held for Serena , incorporating prayer and a ritual binding of Offred to Serena . Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen 's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren ( Janine ) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent . Aunt Lydia takes Offred out to show her what is presumed to be Omar 's hanging corpse . She tells June that Omar 's wife , Heather , is now a handmaid and that their child , Adam , was given away to another family . Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault , and Offred accepts the blame . Aunt Lydia encourages June to distinguish between Offred 's identity and June 's , saying June is to blame not Offred . In a flashback , June sees Luke 's first wife Annie , who tells her that they made wedding vows before God , but Luke rejects her attempts to come between him and June . A few years later , Annie sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child , Hannah . Offred has collapsed emotionally under the knowledge of Omar 's family 's fate . June prays that Hannah forget her . Ignoring Nick the following day , Offred appears to be conforming to the expectations of a handmaid . 15 5 `` Seeds '' Mike Barker Kira Snyder May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Offred is very subdued , and starts to burn the letters she had been keeping for Mayday . She notices vaginal bleeding , which continues and gets worse but does not inform anyone , although Rita notices her unsteadiness . Nick notices Offred 's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it . Mrs. Waterford becomes alarmed at Nick 's interest in Offred and informs Commander Waterford , who arranges for him to be married at a Prayvaganza where loyal Guardians are issued a wife as a reward for their work . Nick 's new bride , Eden , moves into his room . Nick later finds Offred unconscious and drenched in the bushes outside the Waterfords ' house and she is taken to the hospital . Offred , still pregnant , promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead . Meanwhile , in the Colonies , Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead , and helps to arrange a small wedding for a dying worker , officiated by another Unwoman who is a rabbi . Emily , who has begun to lose her teeth , argues with her for attempting to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak . When the newlywed Unwoman dies , the rabbi officiates at the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses . 16 6 `` First Blood '' Mike Barker Eric Tuchman May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) Advised by a doctor that a harmonious household would be good for the child , Serena shows increased care for Offred , giving her the sitting room as a bedroom and inviting some handmaids to have brunch with her . When Serena shows Offred the nursery for the baby , Offred asks to see Hannah , upon which Serena moves her back to her previous room , and sets about humiliating her . Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a `` gender traitor '' due to his reluctance to have sex with her , so Offred warns him and he has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion , but only after he tells Offred that he loves her . Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah , and wants to have sex with her , but Offred refuses . At the opening of the Rachel and Leah Center , a construction and ceremony overseen by Waterford , Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned , and that Offred be protected , to which he agrees . Ofglen runs toward the stage , and detonates a bomb : only Handmaids are seen to have escaped . Flashbacks show Serena being verbally attacked while promoting her book A Woman 's Place , and being shot by a protester , and Fred 's punishment of those he believes to have been involved . 17 7 `` After '' Kari Skogland Lynn Renee Maxcy May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 31 handmaids and 26 commanders , and an unspecified number of civilians , have been killed in Ofglen 's attack on the Rachel and Leah Center , including Commander Pryce , while others , such as Commander Waterford , were seriously injured . Following the attack , Commander Cushing takes Commander Pryce 's role , instituting an increased number of checkpoints and having numerous people summarily executed . He questions Offred , asking who aided her when she tried to flee the country . Offred responds that she was kidnapped , an answer that Commander Cushing does not believe . Mrs. Waterford is alarmed at the possibility of her household being targeted , and is angry at his heavy - handed response to the bombing . She forges orders from her husband to have Commander Cushing arrested for treason and apostasy . Because so many handmaids were killed , some fertile women are taken back from the Colonies and are made to serve as handmaids once again , including Janine and Emily . Both reunite with Offred in the grocery store , with Janine happily telling her that it was God 's plan that she be rescued . Offred , who had been sad to discover that none of the handmaids had known Ofglen 's name , tells her real name , June , to Emily and another handmaid and following this , several of the handmaids whisper their real names to one another , which Eden overhears . Later , Mrs. Waterford enlists Offred 's help in illicitly performing the Commander 's work for him while he is in the hospital . At the refugee center , Moira looks through records to try to confirm whether her fiancée , Odette , has died . Through flashbacks Moira is revealed to have been a surrogate for a couple before the war . She met Odette , an obstetrician , during this process . In the present , Moira eventually finds photographs showing Odette was killed . 18 8 `` Women 's Work '' Kari Skogland Nina Fiore & John Herrera June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) June has been helping Serena to complete Fred 's work for some months while he is too ill from his bomb injuries to do so himself , but as soon as he returns home he excludes Serena from his office . Serena tells June that the Putnams ' child , Angela , ( called Charlotte by Janine , who is her biological mother ) is sick . June advocates for Janine to be able to see the baby , and Serena agrees to ask about it for the baby 's sake . Naomi Putnam dislikes the idea , but she is overruled by her husband , Warren . Serena petitions Fred to allow the sick child to be seen by a Martha who , prior to the Sons of Jacob coup , was one of the nation 's top neonatologists . Fred denies the request , saying that whatever happens to the child must now be left to God 's will . A dismayed Serena forges Fred 's signature to a written order that transfers the Martha to the hospital for a day . Aunt Lydia tells June that she will hold her personally responsible if anything goes wrong with Janine 's visit to the hospital . The neonatologist can find no physical explanation for the child 's deterioration and can recommend no further treatment . She advises them to unplug the baby from all of the machines and help her to feel safe and warm . When Fred discovers that Serena forged his signature on an order to temporarily transfer the physician / Martha , he beats Serena with his belt as June is forced to watch . Serena later tearfully rejects June 's offer of sympathy . Meanwhile , Eden is working hard to please Nick , but after she rearranges his garret and uncovers the bundle of handmaids ' letters he recovered from June , he becomes angry , demanding that she never touch his belongings . The episode ends in the hospital with Janine , partly undressed , singing `` I Only Want to Be with You '' to her child and bouncing her as her baby gurgles happily . This is the first episode in this series that does not have scenes from before the formation of Gilead . 19 9 `` Smart Power '' Jeremy Podeswa Dorothy Fortenberry June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) Fred and Serena travel to Canada on a diplomatic mission accompanied by Nick , while a Guardian , Isaac , is to be left responsible for the household . Much to Offred 's distress , Serena tells her that she will be transferred as soon as the baby is born . In Toronto , Serena is reminded of the time before Gilead , and the Waterfords are ambivalently greeted by Canadian officials . Later , Serena is approached by Mark Tuello , who works for the remnant of the US government in Hawaii , and offers to help her defect from Gilead , but Serena declines . At the Waterford 's residence , June tells Rita that when Hannah was baptized , she and Luke chose godparents for her and wishes for Rita to be the godparent of her expected child as soon as it is born . Rita states that she will try her best , though the government of Gilead has prohibited baptisms and severely restricts Marthas . June makes a similar request to Aunt Lydia , prompting her to reveal she was previously godparent to her sister 's baby , who died in infancy . At a protest , Luke confronts Commander Waterford . Afterwards , Nick finds Luke and tells him June is pregnant by Waterford , but safe , and gives him the bundle of letters from women enslaved in Gilead . Luke , Moira , and Erin make the letters public , causing an outcry that prompts the Canadians to cancel the rest of the summit . Moira holds a sign up to the Waterfords ' car that says `` My name is Moira '' and Fred recognises her from Jezebel 's . Serena burns the Hawaiian matches Mark left her . Meanwhile , Nick gives June news of Luke and Moira , and tells her that the letters were instrumental in getting the talks curtailed . June reveals that Moira is Hannah 's godmother and is happy that she escaped to Canada . Nick tells June that he loves her , and tries to kiss her , but she does not allow him to . 20 10 `` The Last Ceremony '' Jeremy Podeswa Yahlin Chang June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) The commander to whom Emily is newly assigned as handmaid collapses and dies during the Ceremony . June suffers contractions while shopping , forcing her home and to endure a `` birthing ceremony '' as everyone awaits the birth of the child . However , it turns out to be a false alarm and everyone is dismissed . Following the false alarm , June pleads to Fred to be positioned closer to her daughter Hannah after the eventual birth . After Fred denies this request , June implies that the child she is carrying is not his and that he will never have a biological child of his own . Later , Fred rapes June with Serena holding her down , under the guise of inducing the labor . Eden finds herself attracted to Isaac , a guard , and meets with him late at night . They kiss , but she breaks off once she sees Nick watching . She begs his forgiveness , which he readily gives with a detachment that infuriates her . She accuses Nick of liking Offred . Fred then arranges Nick to take June to an empty and remote house for a short visit with Hannah , who is now named Agnes . After they are once again separated , Guardians take Nick captive , and June is left behind , having hidden in the house . 21 11 `` Holly '' Daina Reid Bruce Miller & Kira Snyder June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) After Nick is taken away from the house , June finds a car in the garage and car keys and is able to start the car , but she returns to the house and gets a man 's coat . Flashbacks throughout the episode show her first pregnancy , and Hannah 's birth and childhood . Fred and Serena arrive at the house in a panic , looking for Offred . They are arguing with each other , with Serena telling Fred she gave up everything for him and the cause , and only ever wanted a child . June finds a gun , and prepares to shoot them , but desists . They are unable to find Offred and decide to leave , feeling both angry and concerned . After she 's certain they 're gone , June , having contractions , gets back into the car , but can not get it out of the garage , which is frozen shut . June is exhausted and in pain , and lays down in front of the fire , finally going into labor and passing out . When she wakes , she 's covered in blood , but the baby still has n't come . She crawls outside and discharges the gun to attract attention , then she ends up delivering the baby by herself . She whispers that her name is Holly , after her mother . Light comes in through the windows , indicating that a car has arrived at the house . 22 12 `` Postpartum '' Daina Reid Eric Tuchman July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) Some weeks after the birth , the baby , now named Nichole , is cared for by Serena , while Offred is providing milk through a breast pump . She is unable to pump enough milk and is brought to see her baby in order to induce lactation . Offred requests to nurse her herself , but Fred rejects the idea . Given that Offred 's lactation increases during the meeting , Aunt Lydia convinces Fred to allow Offred back in the house for the baby 's health . Serena becomes enraged and demands that Offred stay away from the baby . Nick , who is back in the Waterford household and presented as having been key to the rescue of Offred and the baby , suggests lightheartedly that he , Offred and the baby should flee , and Fred attempts to renew the illicit elements of their relationship . Emily is reassigned to a new household as a handmaid after being rejected by four couples . Commander Lawrence , the `` architect of Gilead 's economy '' , seems suspicious . His wife , Eleanor , reveals to Emily that Lawrence was the creator of the Colonies . Lawrence interrogates Emily , revealing that he knows much about her past . Meanwhile , Eden and Isaac elope but are soon caught . Eden and Nick admit their faults and ask forgiveness of each other . Eden and Isaac are brought to a diving board above a swimming pool with chains and weights attached to each of them . Both refuse to ask for forgiveness , and Eden instead begins to recite a biblical paean to love . Both are pushed off the diving board and die by drowning in front of a crowd . Distraught by the events , Serena and Offred get to an understanding and Serena allows Offred to nurse the baby herself . 23 13 `` The Word '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) It is revealed that Eden 's father was the one who turned Eden and Isaac in , leading to their execution . While searching through Eden 's belongings , June discovers a Bible that Eden read from and annotated , despite it being illegal for women and girls to read in Gilead . June argues with Serena about her daughter 's future in Gilead , stating that baby Nichole ( Holly ) wo n't be able to know God unless she is eventually able to read his word . Serena and a number of wives propose an amendment to the council that girls be taught to read the Bible and Serena reads from the Bible to make her point , resulting in one of her fingers being cut off . Emily reluctantly prepares for her first ceremony with Lawrence , but he dismisses Emily without going through with it . The next day , Emily is visited by Aunt Lydia and , as she is leaving , Emily brutally attacks Lydia by stabbing her in the back with a kitchen knife . Emily continues to kick Aunt Lydia down the stairs , leaving her gasping for breath . Lawrence 's Martha , Cora , finds Aunt Lydia and throws Emily into a room and locks the door . Fred suggests to June that he could arrange for her to remain as his handmaid , and when she rejects the proposal , he suggests that future meetings with Hannah could be arranged . As a fire consumes a house across the street , Rita tells June that she and her daughter , Holly , have this chance to get out and need to leave immediately . Fred tries to arrange their capture , but is prevented by Nick , who threatens him with a gun . Serena catches her mid-escape , but after a tearful goodbye to the baby , allows June to take the baby and flee , assisted by several Marthas . June is reunited with Emily , who is dropped off at the escape van by Lawrence , who says he is getting himself `` in deep shit '' when asked why he 's allowing them to leave . At the last second , June decides to stay behind and gives the baby to Emily . She tells Emily to call her Nichole , and to tell her she loves her . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book . She also played a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer , and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , Oakville , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes would cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season consists of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel returned as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show , stating , `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo ; the first two episodes premiered on April 30 , 2017 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , on Channel 4 . In Ireland , the series premiered on February 5 , 2018 on RTÉ2 , with a showing of the first two episodes . RTÉ also became the first broadcaster in Europe to debut Season 2 following its broadcast in the US and Canada . In the Brazil , the series premiered on March 7 , 2018 , on Paramount Channel . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand , on July 6 , 2017 . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 95 % ( 107 reviews ) 92 ( 41 reviews ) 92 % ( 73 reviews ) 86 ( 28 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 95 % based on 107 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society during the Presidency of Donald Trump . A comparison has also been made to the Salafi / Wahabbi extremism of ISIL , under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis . Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 91 % based on 74 reviews , with an average rating of 8.31 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant , The Handmaid 's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters , making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . However , the second season of the show received criticism for being excessive in its depictions of violence with critics questioning whether it was merely `` torture porn '' and going too far . The Atlantic 's Sophie Gilbert wrote : `` There came a point during the first episode where , for me , it became too much . '' Lisa Miller of The Cut wrote : `` I have pressed mute and fast forward so often this season , I am forced to wonder : ' Why am I watching this ' ? It all feels so gratuitous , like a beating that never ends . '' And The Daily Telegraph 's Rebecca Reid admitted she had an anxiety attack watching an episode of the show . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Season 1 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Ilene Chaiken , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Frank Siracusa , John Weber , Kira Snyder , Elisabeth Moss , Joseph Boccia , and Leila Gerstein Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` Night '' ) Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Samira Wiley ( for `` Night '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Kate Dennis ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Late '' ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , and Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , and Sophie Neudorfer ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` Birth Day '' ) Nominated Peabody Award Entertainment , children 's and youth honoree The Handmaid 's Tale Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won Television Critics Association Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won 2018 American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Contemporary Single - Camera Television Series Julie Berghoff ( for `` Offred '' , `` Birth Day '' , `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' ) Won Andrew Stearn ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Casting Society of America Television Pilot and First Season -- Drama Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott , Robin D. Cook , and Jonathan Oliveira Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour John J. Thomson , Lou Solakofski , Joe Morrow , and Don White ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Television Series Ane Crabtree Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Ann Dowd Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television John Musikka and Geoffrey Smither Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Satellite Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Ann Dowd Won Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski , and Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Adapted TV Screenplay Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Ilene Chaiken , Nina Fiore , Dorothy Fortenberry , Leila Gerstein , John Herrera , Lynn Maxcy , Bruce Miller , Kira Snyder , Wendy Straker Hauser , and Eric Tuchman Won New Series Won BAFTA Television Awards Best International Programme The Handmaid 's Tale Won Season 2 2018 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Pending Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` The Last Ceremony '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Joseph Fiennes ( for `` First Blood '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Ann Dowd ( for `` June '' ) Pending Yvonne Strahovski ( for `` Women 's Work '' ) Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Kari Skogland ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` June '' ) Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Kelly Jenrette ( for `` Other Women '' ) Pending Cherry Jones ( for `` Baggage '' ) Pending Samira Wiley ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott and Robin D. Cook Pending Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Fantasy / Sci - Fi Costumes Ane Crabtree and Natalie Bronfman ( for `` Seeds '' ) Pending Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Burton LeBlanc , Talia Reingold and Erika Caceres ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark White , Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Caroline Gee ( for `` June '' ) Pending Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Rob Hepburn ( for `` Seeds '' , `` First Blood '' , `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Joe Morrow , Lou Solakofski , and Sylvain Arseneault ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Stephen Lebed , Brendan Taylor , Kelly Knauff , Kelly Weisz , Kevin McGeagh , Anderson Leo Bovell , Winston Lee , Xi Luo , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` June '' ) Pending See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Why Offred 's Latest Heartbreak Is the Most Devastating Yet '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . In its third installment , however , the drama digs even deeper into the emotional toll Gilead has taken on everyone -- both those left in what was once the United States and those who 've made it out . The lives and dreams that each character lost to this totalitarian regime have been laid out in excruciating detail before -- but this week , the show lays those losses bare with more subtlety than perhaps any other episode ... ( In richer households , handmaids do the childbearing , Wives raise the children , and Marthas do the housework . Econowives , in contrast , `` have to do everything ; if they can . '' ) Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Here 's the first trailer for season 2 ( and a premiere date ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy for a Streaming Service '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood 's focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale season 1 , episode 7 : `` The Other Side '' takes us out of Gilead to check in on a familiar face `` . Vox . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 Taps Sydney Sweeney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Bradley Whitford Joins Hulu Drama Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Marisa Tomei To Guest on Hulu 's ' Dystopian ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Nabbed Oprah Winfrey '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary -- A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me '' , Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence '' , she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaou , Elena ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Handmaids Tale Season 2 Episode 2 Recap Unwomen '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glynn , Amy ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' Unwomen '' Features The Handmaid 's Tale 's First , Terrifying Glimpse of the Colonies `` . Paste . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . `` Unwomen '' alternates between the Colonies , where `` unwomen '' ( lesbians , defiant Handmaids , the infertile of low economic status , sex workers , collaborators against the republic -- you know , `` undesirables '' ) are sent to perform brutal manual labor ... ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` 9 Major Moments From ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 ' Smart Power ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Offred does n't have many cards left to play , and seems to be drifting toward breaking the vow she made to her child at the end of this season 's fifth episode , accepting that she will inevitably lose this baby . She 's looking for someone to do what she ca n't . In a moment alone with Rita , Offred asks her to act as a godparent , telling her , `` I want my baby to know kindness . I need her to have someone kind in her life . '' Rita says she 'll do what she can , but she 's just plain scared . It is n't enough . Nobody but June is going to put this baby first . Jump up ^ Goodman , Lex ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 Recap '' . PureWow . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . This news brings back the fire in Offred 's belly and she muses , `` Moira is Hannah 's godmother . She got out . It was impossible , and she did it . Jump up ^ Berman , Judy ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 12 : Ball and Chain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Season 2 , Episode 13 Recap : 19 Startling Moments in ' The Word ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Demolder , Kate ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` One of 2017 's most popular shows is coming to RTÉ on Monday night '' . JOE . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ first to air The Handmaid 's Tale series 2 in Europe '' . RTÉ. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premiada no Globo de Ouro , ' Handmaid 's tale ' estreia no Brasil pelo Paramount em março '' . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale -- Blessed Be The Fruit ! Official ' Season 1 ' Press Release : Date , Extras , Final Box Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Geraghty , Jim ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' What Fans of The Handmaid 's Tale Prefer To Ignore '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Lowry , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Lunacy '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Wilhelm , Heather ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Making sense of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' hysteria '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Given , Casey ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' is profiting off anti-Trump hysteria '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Tim ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` What The Handmaid 's Tale can tell us about Islamic extremism '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hate crimes , honour killings and FGM : how The Handmaid 's Tale captures our age of fear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' and the Suffering of Women '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lisa . `` The Relentless Torture of The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Cut . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebecca ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Why I 'm turning off the Handmaid 's Tale and its needless torture porn '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment , Children 's & Youth Winners Named '' . The Peabody Awards . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Blyth , Antonia ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' & ' I , Tonya ' Take Top Film Prizes at ACE Eddie Awards -- Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Matt Grobar , Denise ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : ' Lady Bird , ' ' Three Billboards ' Among Casting Society Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Big Little Lies , Sterling K. Brown and More TV Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , Handmaid 's Tale and Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Are TV 's Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 : The Complete Winners List , from `` The Shape of Water '' to `` Coco '' and `` Jane '' `` . Indiewire . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards : This Is Us , Big Little Lies , Veep , The Crown Among 2018 Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Lost City of Z , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Among USC Scripter Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . 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when does handmaid's tale episode 4 come out
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"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byTeleplay byOriginal release date11\"Offred\"Reed MoranoBruce MillerApril 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)\nA family is pursued by a group of armed men. The woman is caught, and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance. She is now known as Offred, the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford. While walking with another Handmaid, Ofglen, they pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay, working in an abortion clinic, and being a Catholic priest.[17] In a flashback, various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia, and Offred notices Moira, a woman she knew in college. Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod, later her right eye is removed as punishment. In the present, Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during \"the Ceremony\" as she lies in the lap of his wife, Serena Joy. The next day, the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid. Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead. On the way home, Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son, and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house. Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter.\n22\"Birth Day\"Reed MoranoBruce MillerApril 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)\nOffred and Ofglen go shopping, and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other. While they are walking, they see St. Paul Catholic Church, their local church, being destroyed by the new régime.[18][17] Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to \"erase\" the fact that it ever existed. When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information, she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government, but Offred declines to join.[19] Commander Waterford's driver, Nick, tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night, which is forbidden, and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous. Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren (Janine)'s child, named Angela by the Puttnams, but Charlotte by Ofwarren. In flashbacks, June (Offred) remembers the birth of her and Luke's daughter, Hannah. At that time healthy births were already rare, and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested. Warily, Offred goes to the Commander's office, but he just wants to play Scrabble, to her relief. The next day, when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night, a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen.\n33\"Late\"Reed MoranoBruce MillerApril 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)\nIn flashbacks, the rise of Gilead is detailed. June and all the other women at her office were fired, and the government froze women's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property. In the present, Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby, and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional. Back home, Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen. Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this, Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod. Before she can leave the room, Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible, which would have earned her a much more serious beating, but Serena intervenes, believing that Offred is pregnant. When Offred later tells Serena that she's not pregnant, Serena angrily locks her in her room. In a flashback, June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives. In the present, Ofglen and the Martha she's in a relationship with are charged with \"gender treachery\". The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence, but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches, sobbing and horrified. Later, Ofglen (now referred to by her \"old\" name, Emily), to her grief and anger, undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia.\n44\"Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum\"Mike BarkerLeila GersteinMay 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)\nBanished to her room, Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase, Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum, scratched discreetly into the wall. When Rita, the Commander's housekeeper, finds Offred lying on the closet floor, Offred tells her that she fainted. Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check-up. During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile, as is common. He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines. In flashbacks, Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid. Later, June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth, and Moira takes Elizabeth's outfit. June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston, which has safe houses. Moira manages to catch the train without June, who lets Moira know it's okay. June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped. Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred, but later that night, they have another game of Scrabble. She asks him about the Latin phrase, and he tells her it means, Don't let the bastards grind you down. When she inquires about the previous Offred, he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable. He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement.\n55\"Faithful\"Mike BarkerDorothy FortenberryMay 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)\nSerena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile. Later that day, Serena leads Offred up to Nick's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached sex. Flashbacks detail Luke and June's first meeting and courtship. At the grocery store, Offred talks to the original Ofglen, now called Ofsteven, but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be. During a Ceremony night, the Commander touches Offred's thigh, which she later tells him never to do again. In their ensuing conversation, the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world, they knew that \"better never means better for everyone.\" Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye. At an open-air market, Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday. Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza. She hits a guard, and is caught and put into a black van. Offred returns to Nick's coach house alone, and they have passionate sex.\n66\"A Woman's Place\"Floria SigismondiWendy Straker HauserMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)\nMexican trade delegates visit the Commander's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement. The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience, but she lies, saying that she is happy. Offred visits the Commander's office later, but there is tension. She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him, but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward. The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead's success. Offred's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women. The next day, as the delegates are leaving, Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead. She pleads for their help, but in response, the Mexican ambassador explains her own country's dire situation. However, the ambassador's assistant quietly claims June's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke. A flashback details Serena and Fred's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband's. Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs, titled A Woman's Place. However, after the takeover, she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create. A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash.\n77\"The Other Side\"Floria SigismondiLynn Renee MaxcyMay 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)\nA flashback chronicles Luke's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter. Luke is shot by Gileadan guards, but he escapes when the ambulance crashes, and he takes some medical supplies. He reaches a small abandoned town and, after passing out from his wounds, is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada. These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun, a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid, a homosexual man, and a daughter of a US Army soldier.[20] Initially reluctant, Luke joins them after one of the survivors, Zoe, shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting.[21][22] As they board a boat, Gileadan guards open fire, killing several members of the group, but Luke and Erin, the escaped Handmaid, survive. A further flashback shows Luke, June, and their daughter Hannah before they were separated. June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford, a man who knew June's mother. He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada. Later, a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged, but the hunter helps them cross the border. Three years later, in the present, Luke and Erin live safely in \"Little America\", based in Toronto, Ontario. While in the main administrative office, Luke receives the letter from June, which reads \"I love you so much. Save Hannah.\"\n88\"Jezebels\"Kate DennisKira SnyderMay 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)\nCommander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night. Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel, where prostitutes (known as \"Jezebels\") work. Offred spots Moira working in the club, and they briefly reunite. Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel's Marthas. Offred goes to see Moira again, and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught.[23][24] Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels.[24] Moira tells Offred, \"Forget about escaping. This is Gilead. No one gets out.\" Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive. Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids. There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred, with Serena pointedly saying to her husband, \"What did you think was going to happen?\" In the present, after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home, he ends his relationship with Offred, which upsets and angers her. Offred receives a gift from Serena, a music box. The episode closes with Offred etching \"You are not alone\" into the closet wall.\n99\"The Bridge\"Kate DennisEric TuchmanJune 7, 2017 (2017-06-07)\nOfwarren's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife, and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel. However, Offred is worried about Ofwarren/Ofdaniel's mental state. During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander, Ofdaniel forcefully stops it. At the market, Alma pulls Offred aside, tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday, and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel's. Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel's again that night. After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room, Waterford presents Moira, as he believes they have a sexual attraction. Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package, but she refuses, seemingly resigned to her fate. The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte, while Gileadan guards, the Putnams, the Waterfords, and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by. Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her. Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child, and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below. Later, while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital, Commander Putnam is led away by guards. When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam, she reminds Serena of the first Offred's fate, causing Serena to doubt her husband's loyalty. At the market, Offred is given a package by the butcher, sent by Moira from Jezebel's. At the brothel, Moira kills a client and takes his clothes, then jubilantly drives off in his car.\n1010\"Night\"Kari SkoglandBruce MillerJune 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)\nA flashback shows June's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center. After Serena discovers Fred's trips to Jezebel's, she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test. It is positive. Serena then angrily accuses her husband, telling him the child is not his. Upon learning the news, Nick shares a brief, tender moment with Offred. Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives, but Offred is kept in the car, and unable to attract her daughter's attention. Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe. Fred participates in Commander Putnam's trial advocating leniency, but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible, and ultimately Putnam's left arm is amputated at the elbow. The package from Jezebel's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover. Later, an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine/Ofdaniel. The Handmaids hesitate, and Ofglen No. 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal. Offred, then the other Handmaids, drop their stones. One of the guards threatens to kill Offred, but Aunt Lydia saves her, although assuring the handmaids that there will be consequences. Not long afterward, a black van comes for Offred. Nick urges her to trust him and go with them. Offred's transfer is unusual, as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening. As Offred leaves, she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters. In a side story, Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke."
] |
[
"May 3, 2017"
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7852191391966508043
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Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
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Food Safety and Standards Authority of India - wikipedia Food Safety and Standards Authority of India Food Safety and Standards Authority of India FSSAI Agency overview Formed August 2011 Jurisdiction India Headquarters New Delhi Agency executives Ashish Bahuguna , Chairperson Pawan Kumar Agarwal , Chief Executive Officer Parent agency Ministry of Health & Family Welfare , Government of India Website www.fssai.gov.in Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ( FSSAI ) is an autonomous body established under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare , Government of India . The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act , 2006 which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India . FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety . The FSSAI is headed by a non-executive Chairperson , appointed by the Central Government , either holding or has held the position of not below the rank of Secretary to the Government of India . Ashish Bahuguna is the current Chairperson for FSSAI and Pawan Kumar Agarwal is the current Chief Executive Officer for FSSAI . The FSSAI has its headquarters at New Delhi . The authority also has 6 regional offices located in Delhi , Guwahati , Mumbai , Kolkata , Cochin , and Chennai. 14 referral laboratories notified by FSSAI , 72 State / UT laboratories located throughout India and 112 laboratories are NABL accredited private laboratories notified by FSSAI . Contents 1 History 2 Location 3 Regulatory framework 4 Departments 5 Research and quality assurance 5.1 Research 5.2 Quality Assurance 6 Standards 7 Consumer outreach 8 Applicable FSSAI License 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) FSSAI was established by Former Union Health Minister Dr Anbumani Ramadoss , Government of India on 5 September 2008 under Food Safety and Standards Act , 2006 . The FSSAI consists of a chairperson & 22 members . The FSSAI is responsible for setting standards for food so that there is one body to deal with and no confusion in the minds of consumers , traders , manufacturers , and investors . Ministry of Health & Family Welfare , Government of India is the Administrative Ministry of Food Safety and Standards Authority of India . The following are the statutory powers that the FSS Act , 2006 gives to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ( FSSAI ) . Framing of regulations to lay down food safety standards Laying down guidelines for accreditation of laboratories for food testing Providing scientific advice and technical support to the Central Government Contributing to the development of international technical standards in food Collecting and collating data regarding food consumption , contamination , emerging risks etc . Disseminating information and promoting awareness about food safety and nutrition in India Location ( edit ) FSSAI is located in 5 regions Northern Region -- With head office at New Delhi Eastern Region North Eastern Region Western region Southern Region Regulatory framework ( edit ) The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India is a statutory body under Food Safety and Standards Act , 2006 . The Food Safety and Standards Act ( FSS ) , 2006 is the primary law for regulation of food products . This act also sets up the formulation and enforcement of food safety standards in India . The FSSAI appoints food safety authorities on the state level . The FSSAI functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . The main aim of FSSAI is to Lay down science - based standards for articles of food To regulate manufacture , storage , distribution , sale and import of food To facilitate food safety The FSS Act is a bucket for all the older laws , rules and regulations for food safety . The FSS Act took 7 older acts into one umbrella . Prevention of Food Adulteration Act , 1954 Fruit Products Order , 1955 Meat Food Products Order , 1973 Vegetable Oil Products ( Control ) Order , 1947 Edible Oils Packaging ( Regulation ) Order 1988 Solvent Extracted Oil , De - Oiled Meal and Edible Flour ( Control ) Order , 1967 Milk and Milk Products Order , 1992 . Departments ( edit ) Import Division International Co-operation Regulatory Compliance Division ( RCD ) Food Safety Management System ( FSMS ) Division Risk Assessment and R&D division ( RARD ) Information Education Communication ( IEC ) Division Regulation and Codex Division Quality Assurance / lab Division HR Division Standards Division Research and quality assurance ( edit ) Research ( edit ) FSSAI has set certain guidelines for food safety research . The Research and Development division is responsible for research with the following objectives : Generate new knowledge that would help in continuously updating and upgrading food safety standards which are compatible with international organizations Carry out evidence based studies for improving or building policies . Quality assurance ( edit ) FSSAI has been mandated to perform various functions related to quality and standards of food . These functions in addition to others include `` Laying down procedure and guidelines for notification of the accredited laboratories as per ISO17025 . '' The FSSAI notified laboratories that are classified as : FSSAI notified NABL accredited labs - 112 State Labs - 72 Referral Labs - 14 Standards ( edit ) Standards framed by FSSAI are prescribed under Food Safety and Standards ( Food Product Standards and Food Additives ) Regulation , 2011 , Food Safety and Standards ( Packaging and Labelling ) Regulation , 2011 and Food Safety and Standards ( Contaminants , Toxins , and Residues ) Regulations , 2011 . The FSSAI has prescribed standards for following food products : Dairy products and analogues Fats , oils and fat emulsions Fruits and vegetable products Cereal and cereal products Meat and meat products Fish and fish products Sweets & confectionery Sweetening agents including honey Salt , spices , condiments and related products Beverages , ( other than dairy and fruits & vegetables based ) Other food product and ingredients Proprietary food Irradiation of food The development of standards is a dynamic process based on the latest developments in food science , food consumption pattern , new food products and additives , changes in the processing technology leading to changed specifications , advancements in food analytical methods , and identification of new risks or other regulatory options . Formulation of standards of any article of food under the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 , involves several stages . After consideration by the Food Authority , the draft standard is published ( Draft notified ) , for inviting stakeholder comments . Since India is a signatory to the WTO - SPS Committee , Draft Standard is also notified in WTO . Thereafter , taking into account the comments received from the stakeholders , the Standard is finalized and notified in Gazette of India , and implemented . Consumer outreach ( edit ) Consumers can connect to FSSAI through various channels or call Toll free Number 1800112100 . Recently an online platform called ' Food Safety Voice ' has been launched which helps consumers to register their complaints and feedbacks about food safety issues related to adulterated food , unsafe food , substandard food , labeling defects in food and misleading claims & advertisements related to various food products . A GAMA portal for concerns regarding misleading claims and advertisements too is operated . Applicable FSSAI License ( edit ) FSSAI issues three types of license based on nature of food business and turnover : Registration : For Turnover less than ₹ 12 Lakh State License : For Turnover between ₹ 12 Lakh to ₹ 20 Crore Central License : For Turnover above ₹ 20 Crore Other criteria like the location of the business , number of retail stores etc. is needed while evaluating the nature of license applicable . See also ( edit ) National Institute of Nutrition , Hyderabad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Enforcement of FSS Act '' ( PDF ) . FSSAI . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Authority of FSSAI '' . FSSAI . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former Union Health Minister '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ( FSSAI ) '' . Food Safety and Standards Authority of India , Government of India . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Section 5 ( 3 ) of the Food Safety and Standards Act , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Laboratories '' . FSSAI . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Referral Laboratories '' ( PDF ) . FSSAI . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Laboratories '' . FSSAI . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ 's on FSSA 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Food Safety and Standards Authority of India , Government of India . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI calls for EoI for nomination of a scientific committee and panels '' . FnBnews.com. 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI to formulate new policies for food safety '' . IndiaToday. 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drug & Food Division ( FSSAI / CDSCO ) '' . Ministry of Health & Family Welfare . Jump up ^ `` Food safety in India - Regulatory framework and challenges '' ( PDF ) . swaniti.in . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI Head Office '' . FSSAI . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Law and Justice '' ( PDF ) . FSSAI . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI to formulate new policies for food safety '' . India Today . 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act , 1954 '' . India Kanoon . Jump up ^ `` Fruit Products Order , I 955 '' ( PDF ) . Consumer Advice. 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meat Food Products Order , 1973 '' . agmarknet.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` The Vegetable Oil Products ( Regulation ) Order -- 1998 '' . Crirec. 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Edible Oils Packaging ( Regulation ) Order , 1998 '' . Crirec. 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milk and Milk Product Order 1992 '' . Department of Animal Husbandry , Dairying & Fisheries . Jump up ^ `` Addresses and contact details of NABL accredited food testing laboratories for analysis of food sample taken under FSS Regulation - for 1 Year '' ( PDF ) . fssai.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI Notified NABL Accredited Food Testing Laboratories '' . Food Safety Helpline . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Food Safety and Standard Authority of India - Order '' ( PDF ) . Food Safety Helpline . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawan Kumar Agarwal appointed CEO , FSSAI '' . Business Standard . 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI appoints new members for scientific panels '' . Nuffoods Spectrum . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grievances Against Misleading Advertisements '' . gama.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` FSSAI Registration online in india - Enterslice '' . enterslice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Food Safety and Standards Act , 2006 For Complaints Licensing queries FSSAI Facebook FSSAI Twitter GAMA Portal Renewal of FSSAI License Fssai License FSSAI Registration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Safety_and_Standards_Authority_of_India&oldid=851598357 '' Categories : Food safety organizations Government agencies of India Consumer protection in India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Food and drink in India Food processing industry in India Hidden categories : Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 11 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the food safety and standards authority of india (fssai) is under the charge of
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[
"The FSSAI is headed by a non-executive Chairperson, appointed by the Central Government, either holding or has held the position of not below the rank of Secretary to the Government of India.[5] Ashish Bahuguna is the current Chairperson for FSSAI and Pawan Kumar Agarwal is the current Chief Executive Officer for FSSAI.[4]\n"
] |
[
"Ashish Bahuguna"
] |
-5633170475871936807
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The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)
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The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released October 12 , 1993 October 24 , 2006 ( Reissue ) Genre Soundtrack Length 61 : 09 33 : 26 ( disc 2 ) 39 : 13 ( disc 2 Best Buy edition ) Label Walt Disney , Geffen Producer Danny Elfman The Nightmare Before Christmas chronology The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1993 ) Nightmare Revisited ( 2008 ) Nightmare Revisited 2008 Danny Elfman chronology Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Batman Returns 1992 The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas1993 Black Beauty ( 1994 ) Black Beauty 1994 Re-release cover 2006 Reissue Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the 1993 soundtrack to the film of the same name . Composed by Danny Elfman , the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score . The album peaked at # 98 on the US Billboard 200 . For the film 's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3 - D , a special edition of the soundtrack was released , a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film 's songs by Fall Out Boy , Panic ! at the Disco , Marilyn Manson , Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge . Four original demo tracks ( six on the Best Buy exclusive ) by Elfman were also included . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 2006 reissue bonus disc 2 Personnel 2.1 Featured Singers 3 Cast 3.1 Additional album personnel 3.2 Bonus Content 4 Foreign Language Versions 5 References Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Danny Elfman . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture ( score ) '' 1 : 48 2 . `` Opening '' Patrick Stewart 0 : 57 3 . `` This Is Halloween '' The Citizens of Halloween Town 3 : 16 4 . `` Jack 's Lament '' Danny Elfman 3 : 14 5 . `` Doctor Finklestein / In the Forest ( score ) '' 2 : 36 6 . `` What 's This ? '' Danny Elfman 2 : 59 7 . `` Town Meeting Song '' Danny Elfman , Halloween Cast 2 : 56 8 . `` Jack and Sally Montage ( score ) '' 5 : 17 9 . `` Jack 's Obsession '' Danny Elfman , Halloween Cast 2 : 46 10 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' Paul Reubens , Catherine O'Hara , Danny Elfman 3 : 02 11 . `` Making Christmas '' Danny Elfman , The Citizens of Halloween Town 3 : 57 12 . `` Nabbed ( score ) '' 3 : 04 13 . `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' Ken Page , Ed Ivory 3 : 17 14 . `` Sally 's Song '' Catherine O'Hara 1 : 47 15 . `` Christmas Eve Montage ( score ) '' 4 : 43 16 . `` Poor Jack '' Danny Elfman 2 : 31 17 . `` To the Rescue ( score ) '' 3 : 38 18 . `` Finale / Reprise '' Danny Elfman , Catherine O'Hara , The Citizens of Halloween Town 2 : 44 19 . `` Closing '' Patrick Stewart 1 : 26 20 . `` End Title ( score ) '' 5 : 05 On some versions of the CD , `` End Title '' is two tracks ( 20 and 21 ) with lengths of 1 : 10 and 3 : 55 respectively . In this case , track 21 is considered a `` hidden track '' but features the same music as the 20 - track release , which keeps `` End Title '' as one track . 2006 reissue bonus disc ( edit ) All tracks written by Danny Elfman . No . Title Contributing artist Length 1 . `` This Is Halloween '' Marilyn Manson 3 : 22 2 . `` Sally 's Song '' Fiona Apple 3 : 20 3 . `` What 's This ? '' Fall Out Boy 3 : 00 4 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' She Wants Revenge 5 : 09 5 . `` This Is Halloween '' Panic ! at the Disco 3 : 36 6 . `` Making Christmas '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 5 : 34 7 . `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 15 8 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 2 : 51 9 . `` This Is Halloween '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 19 ( show ) Best Buy exclusive bonus tracks No . Title Contributing artist Length 10 . `` Town Meeting Song '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 2 : 47 11 . `` What 's This ? '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 00 The `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' and `` This Is Halloween '' demos are reversed in the track listing on the backside of the album cover and in the album booklet . Personnel ( edit ) Featured Singers ( edit ) Jack Danny Elfman Sally Catherine O'Hara Mayor Glenn Shadix Oogie Boogie Ken Page Lock Paul Reubens Shock Catherine O'Hara Barrel Danny Elfman Santa Ed Ivory Cast ( edit ) Sherwood Ball Debi Durst Randy Crenshaw Kerry Katz Susan McBride Bobbi Page Greg Proops Carmen Twillie Glenn Walters Additional album personnel ( edit ) Album Produced by Danny Elfman Associate Album Producers : Bob Badami and Richard Kraft Musical Director : Steve Bartek Songs Orchestrated by Steve Bartek Score Orchestrated by Mark McKenzie Additional Orchestrations and Music Preparation by Marc Mann Songs Conducted by Chris Boardman Score Conducted by J.A.C. Redford Vocals Recorded by Bill Jackson Songs Recorded by Bobby Fernandez and Shawn Murphy Score Recorded by Shawn Murphy Songs and Score Mixed by Shawn Murphy Assistant Engineers : Sharone Rice , Bill Easystone , Mike Piersante , and Andy Bass Digital Editing and Mastering by Dave Collins Music Editor : Bob Badami Assistant Music Editor : Letitia Rogers Vocal Contractor : Bobbi Page Contractor : Patti Zimmitti Copyist : Joel Franklin Demo Assistant : Megan Cavallari Original Album Art Direction by Gary Adler Bonus Content ( edit ) 1 . `` This Is Halloween '' Produced and Mixed by Marilyn Manson and Tim Skold 2 . `` Sally 's Song '' Produced by Mike Elizondo Mixed by Adam Hawkins Engineered by Adam Hawkins @ Phantom Studio , Westlake Village , CA Assistant Engineer : Erin J. Funk - Dublan Keyboards : Zac Rae Upright Bass : Mike Elizondo Drums : Charley Drayton Strings : The Section Quartet - Eric Gorfain , Daphne Chen , Leah Katz , Richard Dodd String Arrangement by Eric Gorfain Project Coordinator : Jolie Levine 3 . `` What 's This ? '' Produced and Mixed by Neal Avron Recorded by Neal Avron and Erich Talaba Pro Tools Engineer : Matt Green Assistant Engineer : Zeph Sowers Recorded at The Pass Studios , Los Angeles , CA Mixed at Paramount Studios , Hollywood , CA Mix Assistant : George Gumbs 4 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' Produced by KoRn 5 . `` This Is Halloween '' Produced by Panic ! At the Disco and Rob Mathes Vocals Arranged by Ryan Ross and Brendon Urie Recorded by Panic ! At the Disco at Ryan 's house Las Vegas , NV Orchestra Arranged and Conducted by Rob Mathes Recorded by Mark Mandelhaum , assisted by Alex Venguer at Legacy Recording Studio , New York , NY Concertmaster and Orchestra Contractor : Sandra Park Music Copyist : Mike and Lori Casteel Mixed by Chris Shaw at Avatar Studios , New York , NY 6 - 11 . Demos All Demo Vocals Performed by Danny Elfman Synth Demo Tracks Arranged , Orchestrated and Performed by Danny Elfman Recorded by Bill Jackson Mixed by Noah Snyder Produced by Danny Elfman and Tim Burton A&R : Dani Markman Business affairs : Jeff Lowy Mastered by Pat Sullivan at Bernie Grundman Mastering , Hollywood , CA Creative Direction : Steve Gerdes Album Design : Greg Ross for Orabor Foreign language versions ( edit ) There are several foreign - language versions of the soundtrack , each features tracks sung by vocalists in their native language as well as original score tracks by Danny Elfman . French , L'Étrange Noël de Monsieur Jack Jack - Olivier Constantin Sally - Nina Morato Oogie Boogie - Richard Darbois Santa Claus ( Père Noël ) - Henri Poirier German , Nightmare Before Christmas Jack - Alexander Goebel Sally - Nina Hagen Oogie Boogie - Ron Williams Santa Claus - Manfred Lichtenfeld Italian , Nightmare Before Christmas Jack - Renato Zero Sally - Marjorie Biondo Oogie Boogie ( Bau - Bau ) - Andrea Surdi Santa Claus ( Babbo Natale ) - Silvio Spaccesi Japanese , ナイトメアー ・ ビフォア ・ クリスマス Jack ( ジャック ) - Masachika Ichimura ( 市 村 正親 ) Sally ( サリー ) - Yuko Doi ( 土居 裕子 ) Oogie Boogie ( ブギー ) - Kobayashi Atom ( 小林 アトム ) Santa Claus ( サンタクロース ) - Tomoaki Nagae ( 永江 智明 ) Castilian Spanish , Pesadilla Antes De Navidad Jack - Tony Cruz Sally - María Caneda Oogie Boogie - Jesús Castejón Santa Claus - Julio Núñez Latin American Spanish , El extraño mundo de Jack Jack - Sergio Zaldivar Sally - Gabriela Vega Oogie Boogie - Rubén Cerda Santa Claus - José Lavat Russian , Кошмар перед Рождеством Jack ( Джек ) - Aleksej Kortnyev ( Алексей Кортнев ) Sally ( Салли ) - Tutta Larsen ( Тутта Ларсен ) Oogie Boogie ( Бугимэн ) - Nikolai Fomenko ( Николай Фоменко ) Santa Claus ( Санта - Клаус ) - Sergej Mazayev ( Сергей Мазаев ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` Charts and awards for The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , Panic , Marilyn Manson Add To New ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Soundtrack '' . MTV News . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas_(soundtrack)&oldid=808935932 '' Categories : 1993 soundtracks Danny Elfman soundtracks Albums produced by Danny Elfman Disney film soundtracks Disney animation soundtracks The Nightmare Before Christmas Walt Disney Records soundtracks English - language soundtracks Halloween albums Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 03 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings for sally in nightmare before christmas
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[
"\n\nJack\nDanny Elfman\n\n\nSally\nCatherine O'Hara\n\n\nMayor\nGlenn Shadix\n\n\nOogie Boogie\nKen Page\n\n\nLock\nPaul Reubens\n\n\nShock\nCatherine O'Hara\n\n\nBarrel\nDanny Elfman\n\n\nSanta\nEd Ivory\n\n"
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[
"Catherine O'Hara"
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3274483716020168625
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List of NFL tied games
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List of NFL tied games - wikipedia List of NFL tied games In the National Football League ( NFL ) , a tied game occurs when a regular season game ends with both teams having an equal score after one ten minute overtime period . Ties have counted as a half - win and half - loss in league standings since 1972 ; before that , ties were not counted in the standings at all . Since the National Hockey League eliminated ties by adopting the shootout following the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , the NFL is the only one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America to have tied games in regular - season play , as Major League Baseball ( in the modern era since 1900 ) and the National Basketball Association have historically played until there is a winner . NFL teams rarely play for ties . In general , tied games in the NFL are frowned upon by both teams and fans . Because tied games are rare , some players have not known they were allowed in the NFL , such as former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb , who said after a tie game against the Cincinnati Bengals that he did not know a tie was a possible result . Tie games were frequent in the NFL from its inaugural season in 1920 through 1973 , when the league did not have overtime during the regular season . During this period , the NFL had a total of 258 tied games . Only three seasons ( 1934 , 1950 , 1952 ) went without a tied game , while five seasons ( 1920 , 1923 , 1926 , 1929 , 1932 ) had at least ten ties . The most ties , 17 , occurred in the 1920 season . Ties became uncommon after a 1974 rule change added one sudden death overtime period ( 15 minutes ) to regular - season and preseason games if they were tied after regulation . Under the original overtime rules , any score by either team in overtime would win the game . The rules were modified in 2012 ; if the team that received the opening kickoff scores a field goal , the other team has an opportunity to tie or surpass that score , and if they are able to tie the score the next team to score any points wins . The overtime rules were further modified in 2017 , shortening the extra period from 15 minutes to 10 minutes for preseason and regular season games . There have been 24 tied games since the 1974 rule change ; 17 ties occurred from 1974 to 2011 under the original overtime rules , while seven ties have occurred since the overtime rules were modified in 2012 . Four seasons ( 1986 , 1997 , 2016 , 2018 ) had two ties since the introduction of overtime. The most recent tie game occurred on September 16 , 2018 , when the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers played to a 29 -- 29 tie . The Houston Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars are the only current NFL teams that have never recorded a tied game ; the New England Patriots have never recorded a tie in an NFL game , but recorded nine ties as members of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Chicago Bears have played to 42 ties ( all prior to 1974 ) , the most of any NFL team , while the Green Bay Packers have recorded the most ties since the 1974 introduction of overtime , with six . Contents 1 Tied games ( 1920 -- 1973 ) 2 Tied games ( 1974 -- 2011 ) 3 Tied games ( 2012 -- 2016 ) 4 Tied games ( 2017 -- present ) 5 Notes 6 General references 7 External links Tied games ( 1920 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) From 1920 to 1973 , there were no overtime rules during the NFL regular season . hide Season No. of ties 1920 17 1921 7 1922 9 1923 13 1924 7 1925 9 1926 14 1927 6 1928 6 1929 10 1930 7 1931 1932 10 1933 5 1934 0 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 0 1951 1952 0 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 5 1961 1962 1963 5 1964 6 1965 1966 5 1967 9 1968 1969 5 1970 9 1971 8 1972 5 1973 7 Tied games ( 1974 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) In 1974 , the NFL introduced a single sudden death overtime period for all games that were tied at the end of regulation . During these seasons , a total of 494 regular season games went to overtime , 17 ( 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 % ) of which ended in ties . Key Symbol Meaning Team ( # ) Denotes the number of times the team has tied a game since 1974 . No . Date Away team Home team Score Note ( s ) September 22 , 1974 Pittsburgh Steelers Denver Broncos 35 -- 35 First regular - season overtime game in NFL history . September 19 , 1976 Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 10 With about a minute left in overtime , Vikings quarterback Fran Tarkenton 's pass is intercepted by Rams linebacker Rick Kay at the Los Angeles 1 - yard line . The Rams then concede the tie with the ball deep in their own territory . November 26 , 1978 Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers 10 -- 10 Both teams finished the season with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . Minnesota won the NFC Central over Green Bay by virtue of a 1 -- 0 -- 1 head - to - head record . October 12 , 1980 Green Bay Packers ( 2 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14 -- 14 5 October 4 , 1981 New York Jets Miami Dolphins 28 -- 28 Jets kicker Pat Leahy missed a 48 - yard field goal as time expired in overtime . 6 December 19 , 1982 Green Bay Packers ( 3 ) Baltimore Colts 20 -- 20 Baltimore , which eventually finished its season at 0 -- 8 -- 1 , overcame a 20 -- 6 fourth - quarter deficit to force overtime . Packers ' Jan Stenerud missed wide right from 47 yards with 2 : 00 left to seal the draw . 7 October 24 , 1983 New York Giants St. Louis Cardinals 20 -- 20 Only overtime tie to date on Monday Night Football . Cardinals ' Neil O'Donoghue missed three field - goal attempts in the extra period from 45 , 20 and 42 yards , the last two in the final 66 seconds . 8 November 4 , 1984 Philadelphia Eagles Detroit Lions 23 -- 23 9 October 19 , 1986 San Francisco 49ers Atlanta Falcons 10 -- 10 10 December 7 , 1986 St. Louis Cardinals ( 2 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) 10 -- 10 2nd tie game in 1986 season . First season to have more than one tie game since overtime was started . 11 September 20 , 1987 Denver Broncos ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) 17 -- 17 Game played at Milwaukee County Stadium 12 October 2 , 1988 Kansas City Chiefs New York Jets ( 2 ) 17 -- 17 13 November 19 , 1989 Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 ) Cleveland Browns 10 -- 10 Chiefs kicker Nick Lowery , one of the most accurate kickers during the 1989 season , played poorly on the sloppy turf of Cleveland Municipal Stadium . He missed a 45 - yard field goal that would have won it for Kansas City with four seconds left in regulation . In overtime , he had a chance to win the game on a 47 - yard attempt with 3 seconds left , but missed that one as well . 14 November 16 , 1997 Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 ) Baltimore Ravens 10 -- 10 Each team had an unsuccessful field - goal attempt in the overtime ; Ravens ' Matt Stover missed wide right from 53 yards with 2 : 21 remaining , Eagles ' Chris Boniol also wide right from 40 yards on the last play of the game . 15 November 23 , 1997 New York Giants ( 2 ) Washington Redskins 7 -- 7 First overtime tie in the league 's Sunday night slot , and the only one so far in an ESPN - aired game ( and in an NFL cable package , as NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football has yet to carry a tied game ) . Redskins ' Gus Frerotte injured himself by headbutting a stadium wall while celebrating his team 's lone touchdown . 16 November 10 , 2002 Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) 34 -- 34 Atlanta mounted a 17 - point comeback to force overtime . Pittsburgh wide receiver Plaxico Burress was stopped a yard short of the end zone on the final play of overtime . 17 November 16 , 2008 Philadelphia Eagles ( 4 ) Cincinnati Bengals 13 -- 13 Bengals kicker Shayne Graham missed a 47 - yard field goal with seven seconds left in overtime . Eagles QB Donovan McNabb infamously stated at the post-game press conference that he did n't know games could end in a tie . Tied games ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) In 2012 , the league instituted a modified sudden death overtime system . A total of 83 regular season games went to overtime during these seasons , 5 ( 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6.0 % ) of which ended in a tie . No . Date Away team Home team Score Note ( s ) November 11 , 2012 St. Louis Rams ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) 24 -- 24 While this was the first tie under the modified overtime rules , it would have been a tie under the old rules as neither team scored in the extra period . The Rams had a game - winning field goal taken away because of a penalty . Both teams missed field goal attempts in the overtime period . November 24 , 2013 Minnesota Vikings ( 3 ) Green Bay Packers ( 5 ) 26 -- 26 The Packers scored 16 unanswered points in the fourth quarter to tie the game at 23 and force overtime . Both teams scored a field goal in the overtime period , resulting in a final score of 26 -- 26 . This was the first tied game in which both teams converted field goal attempts in the extra period . October 12 , 2014 Carolina Panthers Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) 37 -- 37 Both teams scored a field goal in the overtime period . Bengals kicker Mike Nugent missed a 36 - yard field goal attempt as the overtime period expired . The game was the highest - scoring tie game in NFL history since the institution of overtime October 23 , 2016 Seattle Seahawks Arizona Cardinals ( 3 ) 6 -- 6 Lowest scoring tie since introduction of overtime . Arizona kicker Chandler Catanzaro and Seattle kicker Steven Hauschka missed consecutive field goals from short distances late in overtime after having each made one earlier in the overtime period , and Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer threw a Hail Mary pass that was knocked out of the endzone at the end of the overtime period , resulting in the 6 -- 6 tie . This was the first tie since 1997 to be carried on a network other than Fox . 5 October 30 , 2016 Washington Redskins ( 2 ) Cincinnati Bengals ( 3 ) 27 -- 27 First overtime game played at Wembley Stadium in London , and the first overtime regular season tie game played outside the United States . Second time in the overtime era in which there were ties in two consecutive weeks , and first since 1997 . Neither team scored in the overtime period . Redskins kicker Dustin Hopkins missed a 34 - yard field goal in overtime which would have won the game . Tied games ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2017 , NFL shortened overtime from 15 minutes to 10 minutes for preseason and regular season games with the intent of reducing the risk of injury , despite concerns that this would lead to more ties . No . Date Away team Home team Score Note ( s ) September 9 , 2018 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2 ) 21 -- 21 Both Steelers kicker Chris Boswell and Browns kicker Zane Gonzalez missed field goals in the final two minutes of overtime . This was the first Week 1 tie since 1971 and the first tie to be televised on CBS since 1986 . This tie ended a 17 - game losing streak for the Browns that dated back to the 2016 season . September 16 , 2018 Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) Green Bay Packers ( 6 ) 29 -- 29 Packers kicker Mason Crosby made what would have been a game - winning field goal as time expired in regulation , but the Vikings called timeout before the play and Crosby missed his second attempt , sending the game to overtime . Vikings kicker Daniel Carlson missed two field goals in overtime , one as time expired . This was the fourth time since 1974 that two games in the same season finished in ties ( the latter three occurrences featuring tie games in consecutive weeks ) . Notes ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ No official standings were recorded throughout the 1920 season and teams played games against opponents outside of the league . Jump up ^ The 1982 season was reduced from 16 to 9 games because of a 57 - day players ' strike . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Dave ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Rams -- 49ers tie likely not enough to alter NFL rule '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Piascik , Andy ( 2005 ) . `` Old and New Style : Winning Percentages '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 27 ( 5 ) : 21 -- 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bryan Armen ( November 17 , 2012 ) . `` An argument in favor of tie games '' . Fan Nation . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers and Rams players fail the test when asked about overtime rules '' . Shutdown Corner . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1920 APFA Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrick ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` First NFL tie since 2008 , between Rams and 49ers : What is this , soccer ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` NFL passes new overtime rules for regular - season games '' . Shutdown Corner . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL overtime rules '' . National Football League . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeanna ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` NFL voted on rule changes for the 2017 season , and we graded each one '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Records of Current NFL Franchises '' ( PDF ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Champions '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` All recent NFL ties have happened in mid-November and other interesting facts '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rollow , Copper ( September 20 , 1976 ) . `` Viking - Ram tie all Fran 's fault '' . Chicago Tribune . § 5 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ( October 5 , 1981 ) . `` Jets and Dolphins play to a 28 -- 28 tie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade : 1981 -- 1990 '' . NFL.com Baltimore finished with zero wins , eight losses , and one tie . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christopulos , Mike ( December 20 , 1982 ) . `` Packers blow lead : Colts earn 20 -- 20 tie '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Jump up ^ Weinfuss , Josh ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Amped Up For Monday Night Football '' . Arizona Cardinals . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( October 26 , 1983 ) . `` Mistakes Hurt Giants in Tie '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lowery , Chiefs Fit to Be Tied , 10 -- 10 '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . November 20 , 1989 . p . C6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles 10 , Ravens 10 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 17 , 1997 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Schremmer , Mak ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Redskins Pro Bowler remembered for bizarre celebration '' . The Joplin Globe . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Steelers settle for tie as Vick rallies Atlanta from 17 - point deficit in fourth quarter '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles , Bengals play to NFL 's first tie in six years at 13 -- 13 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Unusual Ending : How the NFL Got a Tie Game '' . Time . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL roundup : Patriots refuse to quit , ties still happen , and the Buccaneers are ... good ? '' . Statesman Journal . Salem , OR . November 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Bengals , Panthers have highest - scoring tie game ever '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinals , Seahawks settle for historic tie after wild OT '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Redskins - Bengals London duel ends in 27 -- 27 tie '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Steven ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` 3 possible consequences of the NFL shortening overtime to 10 minutes '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Browns do n't lose , but tie Steelers in wild , sloppy affair '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Packers , Vikings settle for OT tie , 29 - 29 '' . National Football League . September 16 , 2018 . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . General references ( edit ) `` Past Standings ( 1920 -- 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Sessler , Mike ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rams - 49ers play to tie in game fueled by weirdness '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) National Football League Pro-Football-Reference.com : Years National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_tied_games&oldid=866465155 '' Categories : National Football League lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time the steelers ended in a tie
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[
"\n\nNo.\n\nDate\n\nAway team\n\nHome team\n\nScore\n\nNote(s)\n\n\n1\n\nSeptember 9, 2018\n\nPittsburgh Steelers (3)\n\nCleveland Browns (2)\n\n21–21\n\nBoth Steelers kicker Chris Boswell and Browns kicker Zane Gonzalez missed field goals in the final two minutes of overtime. This was the first Week 1 tie since 1971 and the first tie to be televised on CBS since 1986. This tie ended a 17-game losing streak for the Browns that dated back to the 2016 season. [32]\n\n\n2\n\nSeptember 16, 2018\n\nMinnesota Vikings (4)\n\nGreen Bay Packers (6)\n\n29–29\n\nPackers kicker Mason Crosby made what would have been a game-winning field goal as time expired in regulation, but the Vikings called timeout before the play and Crosby missed his second attempt, sending the game to overtime. Vikings kicker Daniel Carlson missed two field goals in overtime, one as time expired. This was the fourth time since 1974 that two games in the same season finished in ties (the latter three occurrences featuring tie games in consecutive weeks). [33]\n"
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"September 9, 2018"
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Chief Scout Executive
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Chief Scout Executive - wikipedia Chief Scout Executive Jump to : navigation , search Chief Scout Executive Owner Boy Scouts of America Created November 28 , 1911 Scouting portal The Chief Scout Executive is the top professional of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America . In most similar non-profit organizations , this is equivalent to the position of national executive director or secretary general . The current Chief Scout Executive is Michael Surbaugh . Surbaugh took office on October 1 , 2015 and succeeded Wayne Brock . This position should not be confused with the position of Chief Scout . Many National Scout associations still use this position ; however , it is always for a volunteer position , not a paid one . In the BSA , only three people ( Ernest Thompson Seton , James E. West and Elbert K. Fretwell ) have held the position of Chief Scout , which is separate and distinct from the position of CSE . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of Chief Scouts Executive 3 List of Deputy Chief Scouts Executive 4 List of Assistant Chief Scouts Executive 5 See also 6 External links and sources 7 References History ( edit ) Edgar M. Robinson was the YMCA 's first International Secretary for Boys ' Work and had written an article in the national YMCA 's magazine praising the Scouting program in use at many YMCA 's in the country . He saw the need to help William D. Boyce with the organization of the BSA , met with Boyce on May 3 , 1910 , and agreed to help Boyce organize the BSA national leadership at its June meeting . He recommended John Alexander , another YMCA executive , be appointed the managing secretary , and Alexander served in that role from June until the end of the year , when the national executive board appointed James E. West to that position , effective January 1911 . West took on the position initially for a sixth month period , settled into the role , and assumed the new position of Chief Scout Executive by agreement with the board in November 1911 . There have been 13 men who have served in the position of Chief Scout Executive during the long history of the BSA . All other professional Scouters and employees of the National Council BSA work under the direction of the Chief Scout Executive . Over the history of the BSA , the sitting Chief Scout Executive has during some periods appointed a Deputy Chief Scout Executive and / or one or more Assistant Chief Scouts Executive . In most cases , these men reported directly to the CSE , but in some cases , an assistant CSE worked under the direction of the Deputy CSE . Although the Deputy CSE has normally been considered the `` right hand '' person to the Chief Scout Executive , there is not an automatic succession to the top position , which has been filled by appointment by a committee of the national executive board on each occasion that a new Chief Scout Executive was needed . List of Chief Scouts Executive ( edit ) 1st 1911 -- 1943 James E. West ( 1876 -- 1948 ) Silver Buffalo 1926 OA DSA 1940 2nd 1943 -- 1948 Elbert K. Fretwell ( 1878 -- 1962 ) Silver Buffalo 1938 3rd 1948 -- 1960 Arthur A. Schuck ( 1895 -- 1963 ) Bronze Wolf 1960 Silver Buffalo 1950 OA DSA 1942 4th 1960 -- 1967 Joseph A. Brunton , Jr. ( 1902 -- 1988 ) Eagle Scout 1918 DESA 1969 Bronze Wolf 1967 Silver Buffalo 1973 OA DSA 1946 5th 1967 -- 1976 Alden G. Barber ( 1919 -- 2003 ) Eagle Scout 1933 DESA 1969 Bronze Wolf 1975 OA DSA 1975 6th 1976 -- 1979 Harvey L. Price ( 1914 -- 2005 ) Eagle Scout 1929 DESA 1977 OA DSA 1977 7th 1979 -- 1984 James L. Tarr ( 1919 -- 2008 ) Eagle Scout 1935 DESA 1979 Bronze Wolf 1983 OA DSA 1979 8th 1985 -- 1993 Ben H. Love ( 1930 -- 2010 ) Bronze Wolf 1990 OA DSA 1986 9th 1993 -- 2000 Jere B. Ratcliffe ( 1937 -- 2015 ) Eagle Scout 1955 DESA 1991 Bronze Wolf 1997 OA DSA 1998 10th 2000 -- 2007 Roy Williams ( 1944 -- present ) OA DSA 2000 11th 2007 -- 2012 Bob Mazzuca ( 1947 -- present ) Eagle Scout 1964 DESA 2009 OA DSA 2009 12th 2012 -- 2015 Wayne Brock ( 1948 -- present ) Eagle Scout 1965 DESA 2009 OA DSA 2009 13th 2015 -- present Michael B. Surbaugh Eagle Scout 1976 DESA 2017 List of Deputy Chief Scouts Executive ( edit ) 1st 1919 -- 1943 George J. Fisher ( 1871 -- 1960 ) 2nd 1944 Perry A. Lint ( ? -- 1944 ) 3rd 1945 -- 1960 Pliny Hunnicut Powers ( 1895 -- 1966 ) 4th 2009 -- 2012 Wayne Brock ( 1948 -- present ) 5th 2013 -- 2015 Gary Butler List of Assistant Chief Scouts Executive ( edit ) ( 1931 -- 1943 ) Arthur A. Schuck ( 1951 -- 1952 ) James P. Fitch ( 1957 -- 1962 ) Charles M. Heistand ( 1961 -- ? ) Robert L. Billington ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Marsh M. Ammerman ( 1970s ) Marshall Monroe ( 1999 -- 2006 ) David J. Ross II ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Kenneth Connelly ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Bob Mazzuca , was promoted to Chief Scout Executive ( 2006 -- 2011 ) James Terry ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Wayne Brock , was promoted to Deputy Chief Scout Executive ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Gary Butler , was promoted to Deputy Chief Scout Executive ( 2010 -- present ) Brad Farmer ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Alf Tuggle See also ( edit ) National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America External links and sources ( edit ) Jere Ratcliffe Mic - O - Say biography Alden Barber Mic - O - Say biography Ben Love Mic - O - Say note Scouting Founders Dave Ross OA Distinguished Service Award Dave Ross Mic - O - Say Note References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://scoutingnewsroom.org/press-releases/michael-surbaugh-to-serve-as-next-chief-scout-executive-for-the-boy-scouts-of-america/ ^ Jump up to : Regional Scout Executives of the Boy Scouts of America 1920 - 1968 Jump up ^ Charles M. Heistand Obituary Jump up ^ The Wonderful World of Scouting - Start of Construction at the New York World 's Fair 1964 - 1965 ( dated November 12 , 1963 ) Jump up ^ September 7 , 1968 Alpha Phi Omega National Board Meeting Minutes Jump up ^ White Stag Skill History Jump up ^ Outstanding Alumni David Ross - Class of 1967 Jump up ^ 39 Arrowmen Honored with the Distinguished Service Award Jump up ^ NOAC Distinguished Service Award Announcement Jump up ^ Chief Scout Executive Jump up ^ Assistant Chief Scout Executive - Chief Financial Officer Jump up ^ Assistant Chief Scout Executive - Chief Operating Officer Boy Scouts of America Organization Boy Scouts of America Cub Scouting Boy Scouting Varsity Scouting Venturing Sea Scouting Order of the Arrow National Eagle Scout Association Learning for Life Exploring Explorer Search and Rescue Fire Service Exploring Law Enforcement Exploring Advancement and recognition Advancement and recognition Boy Scouting and Varsity Scouting awards Ranks ( Eagle Scout First Class Scout ) Merit badge Order of the Arrow honors and awards Venturing and Sea Scouting awards Quartermaster Award Ranger Award Silver Award Distinguished service awards Outstanding Eagle Scout Award Distinguished Eagle Scout Award Silver Beaver Award Silver Antelope Award Silver Buffalo Award Silver World Award Other awards 50 - Miler Award Historic Trails Award International Activity Patch Religious emblems programs Spirit of the Eagle Award Square knot insignia William T. Hornaday Awards World Conservation Award Young American Award Leadership training and awards Introduction to Leadership Skills for Troops Introduction to Leadership Skills for Crews National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience National Youth Leadership Training National Youth Leadership Training Leadership Academy Kodiak Powder Horn Scouter 's Key Award Scouter 's Training Award Seabadge Wood Badge Philmont Leadership Challenge Youth Protection program People Chief Scout Executive National president Recipients of the Distinguished Service Award Eagle Scouts Recipients of the Silver Buffalo Award Daniel Carter Beard William D. Boyce Carroll A. Edson E. Urner Goodman William Hillcourt Ernest Thompson Seton Unknown Scout James E. West Events Camporee Klondike derby Order of the Arrow national events National Scout jamboree Operation On - Target Pinewood derby COPE Raingutter regatta Space derby Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Other Boy Scout Handbook Boy Scout Memorial Boys ' Life Scouting Alpha Phi Omega Epsilon Tau Pi History of merit badges History Scouting in popular culture Trail 's End popcorn Tribe of Mic - O - Say Uniform and insignia Issues Membership controversies Sex abuse Barnes - Wallace v. Boy Scouts of America Boy Scouts of America Equal Access Act Boy Scouts of America v. Dale Cradle of Liberty Council v. City of Philadelphia Curran v. Mount Diablo Council of the Boy Scouts of America Evans v. Berkeley Randall v. Orange County Council Scouting for All Support Our Scouts Act Welsh v. Boy Scouts of America Winkler v. Rumsfeld Wrenn v. Boy Scouts of America Yeaw v. Boy Scouts of America Regions and councils Central Region Southern Region Western Region Northeast Region Abraham Lincoln Council Alabama - Florida Council Alameda Council Alamo Area Council Allegheny Highlands Council Allohak Council Aloha Council Andrew Jackson Council Anthony Wayne Area Council Arbuckle Area Council Atlanta Area Council Baden - Powell Council Baltimore Area Council Bay Area Council Bay - Lakes Council Black Hills Area Council Black Swamp Area Council Black Warrior Council Blackhawk Area Council Blue Grass Council Blue Mountain Council Blue Ridge Council Blue Ridge Mountains Council Boston Minuteman Council Buckeye Council Buckskin Council Bucktail Council Buffalo Trace Council Buffalo Trail Council Caddo Area Council Calcasieu Area Council California Inland Empire Council Cape Cod and the Islands Council Cape Fear Council Capitol Area Council Cascade Pacific Council Catalina Council Central Florida Council Central Georgia Council Central Minnesota Council Central North Carolina Council Central Wyoming Council Chattahoochee Council Cherokee Area Council ( Oklahoma ) Cherokee Area Council ( Tennessee ) Chester County Council Chickasaw Council Chief Cornplanter Council Chief Seattle Council Chippewa Valley Council Choctaw Area Council Cimarron Council Circle Ten Council Coastal Carolina Council Colonial Virginia Council Columbia - Montour Council Connecticut Rivers Council Connecticut Yankee Council Conquistador Council Cornhusker Council Coronado Area Council Cradle of Liberty Council Crater Lake Council Crossroads of America Council Dan Beard Council Daniel Boone Council Daniel Webster Council De Soto Area Council Del - Mar - Va Council Denver Area Council East Carolina Council East Texas Area Council Erie Shores Council Evangeline Area Council Far East Council Five Rivers Council Flint River Council French Creek Council Gamehaven Council Garden State Council Gateway Area Council Coastal Georgia Council Georgia - Carolina Council Glacier 's Edge Council Golden Empire Council Golden Spread Council Grand Canyon Council Grand Columbia Council Grand Teton Council Great Alaska Council Great Rivers Council Great Salt Lake Council Great Smoky Mountain Council Great Southwest Council Great Trail Council Greater Alabama Council Greater Cleveland Council Greater Los Angeles Area Council Greater New York Councils Greater Niagara Frontier Council Greater St. Louis Area Council Greater Tampa Bay Area Council Greater Western Reserve Council Greater Yosemite Council Green Mountain Council Greenwich Council Gulf Coast Council Gulf Stream Council Hawk Mountain Council Hawkeye Area Council Heart of America Council Heart of Ohio Council Heart of Virginia Council Hoosier Trails Council Housatonic Council Hudson Valley Council Illowa Council Indian Nations Council Indian Waters Council Inland Northwest Council Iroquois Trail Council Istrouma Area Council Jayhawk Area Council Jersey Shore Council Juniata Valley Council Katahdin Area Council Knox Trail Council La Salle Council Las Vegas Area Council Last Frontier Council Laurel Highlands Council Lewis & Clark Council Lincoln Heritage Council Lincoln Trails Council Long Beach Area Council Longhorn Council Longhouse Council Longs Peak Council Los Angeles Area Council Los Padres Council Louisiana Purchase Council Marin Council Mason - Dixon Council Maui County Council Mecklenburg County Council Miami Valley Council Michigan Crossroads Council Great Lakes Field Service Council President Gerald R. Ford Field Service Council Southern Shores Field Service Council Water & Woods Field Service Council Mid-America Council Mid-Iowa Council Middle Tennessee Council Midnight Sun Council Minsi Trails Council Mississippi Valley Council Mobile Area Council Mohegan Council Monmouth Council Montana Council Moraine Trails Council Mount Baker Council Mount Diablo Silverado Council Mountaineer Area Council Muskingum Valley Council Narragansett Council Nashua Valley Council National Capital Area Council NeTseO Trails Council Nevada Area Council New Birth of Freedom Council North Florida Council Northeast Georgia Council Northeast Illinois Council Northeast Iowa Council Northeastern Pennsylvania Council Northern Lights Council Northern New Jersey Council Northern Star Council Northwest Georgia Council Northwest Texas Council Norwela Council Occoneechee Council Ohio River Valley Council Old Colony Council Old Hickory Council Old North State Council Orange County Council Ore - Ida Council Oregon Trail Council Otschodela Council Overland Trails Council Ozark Trails Council Pacific Harbors Council Pacific Skyline Council Palmetto Council Pathway to Adventure Council Patriots ' Path Council Pee Dee Area Council Pennsylvania Dutch Council Piedmont Council ( California ) Piedmont Council ( North Carolina ) Pikes Peak Council Pine Burr Area Council Pine Tree Council Pony Express Council Potawatomi Area Council Prairielands Council Puerto Rico Council Pushmataha Area Council Quapaw Area Council Quivira Council Rainbow Council Redwood Empire Council Revolutionary Trails Council Rio Grande Council Rip Van Winkle Council Rocky Mountain Council Sagamore Council Sam Houston Area Council Samoset Council San Diego - Imperial Council San Francisco Bay Area Council San Gabriel Valley Council Santa Fe Trail Council Seneca Waterways Council Sequoia Council Sequoyah Council Shenandoah Area Council Silicon Valley Monterey Bay Council Simon Kenton Council Sioux Council Snake River Council South Florida Council South Georgia Council South Plains Council South Texas Council Southeast Louisiana Council Southern Sierra Council Southwest Florida Council Stonewall Jackson Area Council Suffolk County Council Susquehanna Council Suwannee River Area Council Tecumseh Council Texas Southwest Council Texas Trails Council Theodore Roosevelt Council Three Fires Council Three Harbors Council Three Rivers Council Tidewater Council Transatlantic Council Trapper Trails Council Tukabatchee Area Council Tuscarora Council Twin Rivers Council Twin Valley Council Utah National Parks Council Ventura County Council Verdugo Hills Council Voyageurs Area Council W.D. Boyce Council Washington Crossing Council West Tennessee Area Council Westark Area Council Westchester - Putnam Council Western Colorado Council Western Los Angeles County Council Western Massachusetts Council Westmoreland - Fayette Council Winnebago Council Yankee Clipper Council Yocona Area Council Yucca Council Direct Service Locations High - adventure bases of the Boy Scouts of America Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases Florida National High Adventure Sea Base Philmont Scout Ranch The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve National Scouting Museum BSA National Headquarters in Irving , Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Scout_Executive&oldid=819158550 '' Categories : Chief Scout Executives Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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chief scout executive for the boy scouts america
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[
"The current Chief Scout Executive is Michael Surbaugh. Surbaugh took office on October 1, 2015 and succeeded Wayne Brock.[1]"
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"Wayne Brock"
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List of U.S. states and territories by area
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List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=833885391 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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what is the smallest state in the united states of america
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"\n\n\nTotal area[2]\nLand area[2]\nWater[2]\n\nState/territory\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n% land\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n% water\n\n\n\n Alaska\n7000100000000000000♠1\n665,384.04\n1,723,337\n7000100000000000000♠1\n570,640.95\n1,477,953\n7001857600000000000♠85.76%\n7000100000000000000♠1\n94,743.10\n245,384\n7001142400000000000♠14.24%\n\n\n Texas\n7000200000000000000♠2\n268,596.46\n695,662\n7000200000000000000♠2\n261,231.71\n676,587\n7001972600000000000♠97.26%\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7,364.75\n19,075\n7000274000000000000♠2.74%\n\n\n California\n7000300000000000000♠3\n163,696.32\n423,972\n7000300000000000000♠3\n155,779.22\n403,466\n7001951600000000000♠95.16%\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7,915.52\n20,501\n7000484000000000000♠4.84%\n\n\n Montana\n7000400000000000000♠4\n147,039.71\n380,831\n7000400000000000000♠4\n145,545.80\n376,962\n7001989800000000000♠98.98%\n7001260000000000000♠26\n1,493.91\n3,869\n7000102000000000000♠1.02%\n\n\n New Mexico\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,590.30\n314,917\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,298.15\n314,161\n7001997600000000000♠99.76%\n7001490000000000000♠49\n292.15\n757\n6999240000000000000♠0.24%\n\n\n Arizona\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,990.30\n295,234\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,594.08\n294,207\n7001996500000000000♠99.65%\n7001480000000000000♠48\n396.22\n1,026\n6999350000000000000♠0.35%\n\n\n Nevada\n7000700000000000000♠7\n110,571.82\n286,380\n7000700000000000000♠7\n109,781.18\n284,332\n7001992800000000000♠99.28%\n7001360000000000000♠36\n790.65\n2,048\n6999720000000000000♠0.72%\n\n\n Colorado\n7000800000000000000♠8\n104,093.67\n269,601\n7000800000000000000♠8\n103,641.89\n268,431\n7001995700000099999♠99.57%\n7001440000000000000♠44\n451.78\n1,170\n6999430000000000000♠0.43%\n\n\n Oregon\n7000900000000000000♠9\n98,378.54\n254,799\n7001100000000000000♠10\n95,988.01\n248,608\n7001975700000099999♠97.57%\n7001200000000000000♠20\n2,390.53\n6,191\n7000243000000000000♠2.43%\n\n\n Wyoming\n7001100000000000000♠10\n97,813.01\n253,335\n7000900000000000000♠9\n97,093.14\n251,470\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001370000000000000♠37\n719.87\n1,864\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n Michigan\n7001110000000000000♠11\n96,713.51\n250,487\n7001220000000000000♠22\n56,538.90\n146,435\n7001584600000000000♠58.46%\n7000200000000000000♠2\n40,174.61\n104,052\n7001415400000000000♠41.54%\n\n\n Minnesota\n7001120000000000000♠12\n86,935.83\n225,163\n7001140000000000000♠14\n79,626.74\n206,232\n7001915900000000000♠91.59%\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7,309.09\n18,930\n7000841000000000000♠8.41%\n\n\n Utah\n7001130000000000000♠13\n84,896.88\n219,882\n7001120000000000000♠12\n82,169.62\n212,818\n7001967900000000000♠96.79%\n7001170000000000000♠17\n2,727.26\n7,064\n7000321000000000000♠3.21%\n\n\n Idaho\n7001140000000000000♠14\n83,568.95\n216,443\n7001110000000000000♠11\n82,643.12\n214,045\n7001988900000000000♠98.89%\n7001330000000000000♠33\n925.83\n2,398\n7000111000000000000♠1.11%\n\n\n Kansas\n7001150000000000000♠15\n82,278.36\n213,100\n7001130000000000000♠13\n81,758.72\n211,754\n7001993700000000000♠99.37%\n7001420000000000000♠42\n519.64\n1,346\n6999630000000000000♠0.63%\n\n\n Nebraska\n7001160000000000000♠16\n77,347.81\n200,330\n7001150000000000000♠15\n76,824.17\n198,974\n7001993200000099999♠99.32%\n7001410000000000000♠41\n523.64\n1,356\n6999680000000000000♠0.68%\n\n\n South Dakota\n7001170000000000000♠17\n77,115.68\n199,729\n7001160000000000000♠16\n75,811.00\n196,350\n7001983100000000000♠98.31%\n7001290000000000000♠29\n1,304.68\n3,379\n7000169000000000000♠1.69%\n\n\n Washington\n7001180000000000000♠18\n71,297.95\n184,661\n7001200000000000000♠20\n66,455.52\n172,119\n7001932100000099999♠93.21%\n7001110000000000000♠11\n4,842.43\n12,542\n7000679000000000000♠6.79%\n\n\n North Dakota\n7001190000000000000♠19\n70,698.32\n183,108\n7001170000000000000♠17\n69,000.80\n178,711\n7001976000000000000♠97.60%\n7001240000000000000♠24\n1,697.52\n4,397\n7000240000000000000♠2.40%\n\n\n Oklahoma\n7001200000000000000♠20\n69,898.87\n181,037\n7001190000000000000♠19\n68,594.92\n177,660\n7001981300000000000♠98.13%\n7001300000000000000♠30\n1,303.95\n3,377\n7000187000000000000♠1.87%\n\n\n Missouri\n7001210000000000000♠21\n69,706.99\n180,540\n7001180000000000000♠18\n68,741.52\n178,040\n7001986100000000000♠98.61%\n7001320000000000000♠32\n965.47\n2,501\n7000138990000099999♠1.39%\n\n\n Florida\n7001220000000000000♠22\n65,757.70\n170,312\n7001260000000000000♠26\n53,624.76\n138,887\n7001815500000000000♠81.55%\n7000300000000000000♠3\n12,132.94\n31,424\n7001184500000000000♠18.45%\n\n\n Wisconsin\n7001230000000000000♠23\n65,496.38\n169,635\n7001250000000000000♠25\n54,157.80\n140,268\n7001826900000000000♠82.69%\n7000400000000000000♠4\n11,338.57\n29,367\n7001173109999900000♠17.31%\n\n\n Georgia\n7001240000000000000♠24\n59,425.15\n153,910\n7001210000000000000♠21\n57,513.49\n148,959\n7001967800000000000♠96.78%\n7001220000000000000♠22\n1,911.66\n4,951\n7000322000000000000♠3.22%\n\n\n Illinois\n7001250000000000000♠25\n57,913.55\n149,995\n7001240000000000000♠24\n55,518.93\n143,793\n7001958700000000000♠95.87%\n7001190000000000000♠19\n2,394.62\n6,202\n7000413000000000000♠4.13%\n\n\n Iowa\n7001260000000000000♠26\n56,272.81\n145,746\n7001230000000000000♠23\n55,857.13\n144,669\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001450000000000000♠45\n415.68\n1,077\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n New York\n7001270000000000000♠27\n54,554.98\n141,297\n7001300000000000000♠30\n47,126.40\n122,057\n7001863800000000000♠86.38%\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7,428.58\n19,240\n7001136200000099999♠13.62%\n\n\n North Carolina\n7001280000000000000♠28\n53,819.16\n139,391\n7001290000000000000♠29\n48,617.91\n125,920\n7001903400000000000♠90.34%\n7001100000000000000♠10\n5,201.25\n13,471\n7000966000000000000♠9.66%\n\n\n Arkansas\n7001290000000000000♠29\n53,178.55\n137,732\n7001270000000000000♠27\n52,035.48\n134,771\n7001978500000000000♠97.85%\n7001310000000000000♠31\n1,143.07\n2,961\n7000215000000000000♠2.15%\n\n\n Alabama\n7001300000000000000♠30\n52,420.07\n135,767\n7001280000000000000♠28\n50,645.33\n131,171\n7001966100000000000♠96.61%\n7001230000000000000♠23\n1,774.74\n4,597\n7000339000000000000♠3.39%\n\n\n Louisiana\n7001310000000000000♠31\n52,378.13\n135,659\n7001330000000000000♠33\n43,203.90\n111,898\n7001824800000000000♠82.48%\n7000500000000000000♠5\n9,174.23\n23,761\n7001175200000000000♠17.52%\n\n\n Mississippi\n7001320000000000000♠32\n48,431.78\n125,438\n7001310000000000000♠31\n46,923.27\n121,531\n7001968900000000000♠96.89%\n7001250000000000000♠25\n1,508.51\n3,907\n7000311000000000000♠3.11%\n\n\n Pennsylvania\n7001330000000000000♠33\n46,054.35\n119,280\n7001320000000000000♠32\n44,742.70\n115,883\n7001971500000000000♠97.15%\n7001280000000000000♠28\n1,311.64\n3,397\n7000285000000000000♠2.85%\n\n\n Ohio\n7001340000000000000♠34\n44,825.58\n116,098\n7001350000000000000♠35\n40,860.69\n105,829\n7001911500000000000♠91.15%\n7001140000000000000♠14\n3,964.89\n10,269\n7000885000000000000♠8.85%\n\n\n Virginia\n7001350000000000000♠35\n42,774.93\n110,787\n7001360000000000000♠36\n39,490.09\n102,279\n7001923200000099999♠92.32%\n7001150000000000000♠15\n3,284.84\n8,508\n7000768000000000000♠7.68%\n\n\n Tennessee\n7001360000000000000♠36\n42,144.25\n109,153\n7001340000000000000♠34\n41,234.90\n106,798\n7001978400000000000♠97.84%\n7001350000000000000♠35\n909.36\n2,355\n7000216000000000000♠2.16%\n\n\n Kentucky\n7001370000000000000♠37\n40,407.80\n104,656\n7001370000000000000♠37\n39,486.34\n102,269\n7001977200000000000♠97.72%\n7001340000000000000♠34\n921.46\n2,387\n7000227990000099999♠2.28%\n\n\n Indiana\n7001380000000000000♠38\n36,419.55\n94,326\n7001380000000000000♠38\n35,826.11\n92,789\n7001983700000000000♠98.37%\n7001390000000000000♠39\n593.44\n1,537\n7000162990000000000♠1.63%\n\n\n Maine\n7001390000000000000♠39\n35,379.74\n91,633\n7001390000000000000♠39\n30,842.92\n79,883\n7001871800000000000♠87.18%\n7001120000000000000♠12\n4,536.82\n11,750\n7001128200000000000♠12.82%\n\n\n South Carolina\n7001400000000000000♠40\n32,020.49\n82,933\n7001400000000000000♠40\n30,060.70\n77,857\n7001938800000000000♠93.88%\n7001210000000000000♠21\n1,959.79\n5,076\n7000612000000000000♠6.12%\n\n\n West Virginia\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,230.04\n62,756\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,038.21\n62,259\n7001992100000099999♠99.21%\n7001500000000000000♠50\n191.83\n497\n6999790000000000000♠0.79%\n\n\n Maryland\n7001420000000000000♠42\n12,405.93\n32,131\n7001420000000000000♠42\n9,707.24\n25,142\n7001782500000000000♠78.25%\n7001180000000000000♠18\n2,698.69\n6,990\n7001217500000000000♠21.75%\n\n\n Hawaii\n7001430000000000000♠43\n10,931.72\n28,313\n7001470000000000000♠47\n6,422.63\n16,635\n7001587500000000000♠58.75%\n7001130000000000000♠13\n4,509.09\n11,678\n7001412500000000000♠41.25%\n\n\n Massachusetts\n7001440000000000000♠44\n10,554.39\n27,336\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7,800.06\n20,202\n7001739000000000000♠73.90%\n7001160000000000000♠16\n2,754.33\n7,134\n7001261000000000000♠26.10%\n\n\n Vermont\n7001450000000000000♠45\n9,616.36\n24,906\n7001430000000000000♠43\n9,216.66\n23,871\n7001958400000000000♠95.84%\n7001460000000000000♠46\n399.71\n1,035\n7000416000000000000♠4.16%\n\n\n New Hampshire\n7001460000000000000♠46\n9,349.16\n24,214\n7001440000000000000♠44\n8,952.65\n23,187\n7001957600000000000♠95.76%\n7001470000000000000♠47\n396.51\n1,027\n7000424000000000000♠4.24%\n\n\n New Jersey\n7001470000000000000♠47\n8,722.58\n22,591\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7,354.22\n19,047\n7001843100000000000♠84.31%\n7001270000000000000♠27\n1,368.36\n3,544\n7001156900000000000♠15.69%\n\n\n Connecticut\n7001480000000000000♠48\n5,543.41\n14,357\n7001480000000000000♠48\n4,842.36\n12,542\n7001873500000000000♠87.35%\n7001380000000000000♠38\n701.06\n1,816\n7001126500000000000♠12.65%\n\n\n Delaware\n7001490000000000000♠49\n2,488.72\n6,446\n7001490000000000000♠49\n1,948.54\n5,047\n7001782900000000000♠78.29%\n7001400000000000000♠40\n540.18\n1,399\n7001217100000000000♠21.71%\n\n\n Rhode Island\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,544.89\n4,001\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,033.81\n2,678\n7001669200000000000♠66.92%\n7001430000000000000♠43\n511.07\n1,324\n7001330800000000000♠33.08%\n\n\n District of Columbia\n7002100000000000000♠\n68.34\n177\n7002100000000000000♠\n61.05\n158\n7001893300000000000♠89.33%\n7002100000000000000♠\n7.29\n19\n7001106700000000000♠10.67%\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n7002100000000000000♠\n5,324.84\n13,791\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,423.78\n8,868\n7001643000000000000♠64.30%\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,901.07\n4,924\n7001357000000000000♠35.70%\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,975.57\n5,117\n7002100000000000000♠\n182.33\n472\n7000923000000000000♠9.23%\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,793.24\n4,644\n7001907700000000000♠90.77%\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands\n7002100000000000000♠\n732.93\n1,898\n7002100000000000000♠\n134.32\n348\n7001183309999999999♠18.33%\n7002100000000000000♠\n598.61\n1,550\n7001816700000000000♠81.67%\n\n\n American Samoa\n7002100000000000000♠\n581.05\n1,505\n7002100000000000000♠\n76.46\n198\n7001131600000000000♠13.16%\n7002100000000000000♠\n504.60\n1,307\n7001868400000000000♠86.84%\n\n\n Guam\n7002100000000000000♠\n570.62\n1,478\n7002100000000000000♠\n209.80\n543\n7001367700000000000♠36.77%\n7002100000000000000♠\n360.82\n935\n7001632300000000000♠63.23%\n\n\n Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]\n7002100000000000000♠\n16.00\n41\n7002100000000000000♠\n16.00\n41\n—\n7002100000000000000♠\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n Contiguous United States\nTotal\n3,120,426.47\n8,081,867\n7002100000000000000♠\n2,954,841.42\n7,653,004\n7001946900000000000♠94.69%\n7002100000000000000♠\n165,584.6\n428,862\n7000530990000099999♠5.31%\n\n\n 50 states and D.C.\nTotal\n3,796,742.23\n9,833,517\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,531,905.43\n9,147,593\n7001930200000000000♠93.02%\n7002100000000000000♠\n264,836.79\n685,924\n7000698000000000000♠6.98%\n\n\n All U.S. territory\nTotal\n3,805,943.26\n9,857,348\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,535,948.12\n9,158,064\n7001929100000000000♠92.91%\n7002100000000000000♠\n269,995.13\n699,284\n7000709000000000000♠7.09%\n\n"
] |
[
"Rhode Island"
] |
1178127390638151516
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U Can't Touch This
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U Ca n't Touch This - wikipedia U Ca n't Touch This Jump to : navigation , search `` Hammer Time '' and `` Ca n't Touch This '' redirect here . For the reality TV show , see Hammertime . For the game show , see Ca n't Touch This ( game show ) . `` U Ca n't Touch This '' Single by MC Hammer from the album Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em B - side `` Dancin ' Machine '' Released January 13 , 1990 Format 12 '' vinyl 7 '' vinyl CD single cassette Recorded Genre Hip hop pop - rap Length 4 : 16 Label Capitol ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Stanley Burrell Rick James Alonzo Miller Producer ( s ) MC Hammer MC Hammer singles chronology `` They Put Me in the Mix '' ( 1989 ) `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ( 1990 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1990 ) `` They Put Me in the Mix '' ( 1989 ) `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ( 1990 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1990 ) Music video `` U Ca n't Touch This '' on YouTube `` U Ca n't Touch This '' is a song co-written , produced and performed by MC Hammer from his 1990 album Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em . The track is considered to be Hammer 's signature song and is his most successful single . Along with Hammer , Rick James shares songwriting credits with Alonzo Miller because the song samples the prominent opening riff of `` Super Freak '' . The song has been used or referenced in multiple television shows , films , commercials and other forms of media . It has also received numerous awards and recognitions . The song is notable as the winner of the Best R&B Song and a Best Rap Solo Performance and the first rap song to be nominated for Record of the Year at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 as well as the Best Rap Video and Best Dance Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards . It peaked at number one in the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks and on the charts in several countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Impact on album sales 3 Music video 4 Reception and legacy 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications and sales 6 Parodies 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) The song samples the prominent opening riff of the Rick James song `` Super Freak '' , which is repeated throughout the recording . The lyrics describe Hammer as having `` toured around the world , from London to the Bay '' and as being `` magic on the mic '' , which Hammer says coincides with James ' `` beat that you ca n't touch '' . Additionally , the song lyrics `` You ca n't touch this '' and `` Stop ! Hammer time ! '' became pop culture catchphrases . Hammertime was later used as the title of a reality show starring Hammer on the A&E Network in the summer of 2009 . The sample of `` Super Freak '' that forms the basis of the song led Rick James and other performers on the original record to file a lawsuit for infringement of copyright . The suit was settled out of court when Hammer agreed to credit James as a songwriter , effectively granting James millions of dollars in royalties . The song was first performed publicly on a late 1989 episode of The Arsenio Hall Show . Impact on album sales ( edit ) Because the song was not initially released as a single , listeners had to purchase the album , which as a result , went on to sell more than 18 million copies , gaining multi-platinum certifications from the RIAA , as well as in other countries . Music Video ( edit ) Directed by Rupert Wainwright , a music video was produced to promote the single , showing Hammer doing some of his signature dances , such as `` The Running Man '' and the `` Hammer Dance '' . Reception and legacy ( edit ) See also : MC Hammer discography § Accolades Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` U Ca n't Touch This '' dated 2006 - 12 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles In April 1990 `` U Ca n't Touch This '' hit the Top 40 . The song also secured a Best R&B Song and a Best Rap Solo Performance in 1991 , a new category at the time and the first rap song to be nominated for Record of the Year . The single was a major success , reaching # 1 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks and no . 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The track also performed successfully in other parts of the world , peaking at no . 1 in Australia , Netherlands , New Zealand and Sweden , and no . 3 on the UK Singles Chart . In September 1990 , the video for `` U Ca n't Touch This '' won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video and Best Dance Video and was nominated for Best Male Video , Best Editing , and Best Choreography . In 1991 , Kids Incorporated covered `` U Ca n't Touch This '' in the Season 7 episode `` Pipe Dreams '' . In 1999 , MTV 's 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made included `` U Ca n't Touch This '' at No. 71 . In October 2000 , VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Dance Songs '' included `` U Ca n't Touch This '' at No. 88 . In May 2001 , VH1 's 100 Greatest Videos included `` U Ca n't Touch This '' at No. 59 . In August 2005 , `` U Ca n't Touch This '' was certified gold . In December 2007 , VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s '' included the song at No. 16 . During 2008 , the song ranked as No. 26 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . The song is used comically in various films of the 2000s and 2010s such as Bubble Boy , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle , Kung Pow ! Enter the Fist , Shark Tale , White Chicks , Racing Stripes , Transformers : Age of Extinction and Transformers : The Last Knight , among others . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot Black Singles US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 6 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot Rap Singles US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 29 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks ) 70 Canada ( RPM Top 50 Dance Tracks ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Cash Box 39 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` It Must Have Been Love '' by Roxette Australian number - one single July 22 , 1990 -- August 19 , 1990 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Epic '' by Faith No More Preceded by `` Eagle Rock '' by Daddy Cool New Zealand number - one single July 22 , 1990 -- August 26 , 1990 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Vision of Love '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` Killer '' by Adamski and Seal Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one single August 18 , 1990 -- September 15 , 1990 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ritmo de la noche '' by Lorca Belgian VRT Top 30 Flanders number - one single August 18 , 1990 -- September 15 , 1990 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 've Been Thinking About You '' by Londonbeat Preceded by `` Sacrifice '' by Elton John Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single August 4 , 1990 -- September 22 , 1990 ( 8 weeks ) Preceded by `` Dirty Cash ( Money Talks ) '' by The Adventures of Stevie V Dutch Top 40 number - one single August 4 , 1990 -- September 1 , 1990 ( 5 weeks ) Single Top 100 number - one single August 4 , 1990 -- September 1 , 1990 ( 5 weeks ) Preceded by `` I Promised Myself '' by Nick Kamen Swedish number - one single August 29 , 1990 -- September 26 , 1990 ( 3 weeks ) Preceded by `` Tomorrow ( A Better You , Better Me ) '' by Quincy Jones featuring Tevin Campbell US Billboard Hot Black Singles number - one single June 23 , 1990 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` All I Do Is Think of You '' by Troop Preceded by `` Vogue '' by Madonna `` The Power '' by Snap ! Canadian RPM Dance number - one single June 30 , 1990 ( 1 week ) August 4 , 1990 -- August 11 , 1990 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Power '' by Snap ! `` Everybody Everybody '' by Black Box Parodies ( edit ) In 1991 , a parody entitled `` I Ca n't Watch This '' was released by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic for his album Off the Deep End , with lyrics complaining about bad TV shows overlaid on the song 's music track and featuring samples of various commercials during the breakdowns . A groove metal cover of the song was performed by the Austrian NDH band Stahlhammer , infused with death growls and heavy guitar riffs . Before the 1990 NFL season started , the Miami Dolphins parodied the song as `` U Ca n't Touch Us '' . Peter Griffin parodies this song as `` Ca n't Touch Me '' in the Family Guy episode , `` E. Peterbus Unum '' , giving examples of flaunting his diplomatic immunity , including telling MC Hammer that he can not sue for plagiarism and walking on the grass . Grup Vitamin , Turkish parody group , parodies this song as `` Dokundur '' in `` Bol Vitamin '' album in 1990 and as `` Sürtündürt '' in `` Grup Vitamin '' one in 1991 . The TV sitcom Mrs. Brown 's Boys performed `` U Ca n't Touch This '' as a dance routine at the end of the 2015 Christmas episode . The Annoying Orange parodies the song as `` Ca n't Squash This '' . The theme song for the British children comedy talk TV show Hacker Time is a parody of the song , but the lyrics ended with `` Sorted Hacker Time '' . The YouTube channel `` How It Should Have Ended '' created a parody , titled `` Not Worthy '' , featuring various clips of Thor within the Marvel Cinematic Universe . See also ( edit ) Jingle Bells / U Ca n't Touch This -- Crazy Frog cover References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pastorek , Whitney ( January 11 , 2010 ) . Entertainment Weekly http://ew.com/article/2010/01/11/flashback-mc-hammer-drops-u-cant-touch-this/ . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pemberton , Pat ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` U Ca n't Touch This '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magill , Frank N. ( 1998 ) . Chronology of Twentieth - century History : Arts and Culture . Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 1822 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 88496 - 466 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Hammertime -- A&E TV '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2009 ... Hammertime . Jump up ^ `` MC Hammer '' . Answers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rant , Screen ( March 4 , 2006 ) . `` MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This ( Live @ Arsenio Hall ) '' . Metacafe . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` MC Hammer -- Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MC Hammer - U Ca n't Touch This '' . EMI Music . YouTube . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ali , Rahsheeda . `` The 100 Greatest Songs Of the ' 90s '' . VH1 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 7958 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1272 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 3 Singles in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Vol. 7 no . 39 . September 29 , 1990 . p . VII . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MusicSeek.info -- UK , Eurochart , Billboard & Cashbox No. 1 Hits '' . MusicSeek.info . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- U Cant Touch This '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- MC Hammer - U Can t Touch This '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending JUNE 23 , 1990 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1990 '' . ARIA Charts . ARIA . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 53 , No. 6 , December 22 , 1990 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 53 , No. 6 , December 22 , 1990 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1990 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1990 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1990 '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Australian Fun Countdowns -- Accreditation Awards '' . Australian Fun Countdowns. April 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( M.C. Hammer ; ' U Ca n't Touch This ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- MC Hammer -- U Ca n't Touch This '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter U Ca n't Touch This in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- M.C. Hammer -- Can_t Touch This '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Seifert , Andy ; Wolinsky , David ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` '' Let 's Ram It ! '' and 25 years of other immortal NFL songs `` . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2010 ... The A.V. Club . External links ( edit ) `` U Ca n't Touch This '' music video on YouTube U Ca n't Touch This at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics MC Hammer Studio albums Feel My Power ( 1987 ) Let 's Get It Started ( 1988 ) Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em ( 1990 ) Too Legit to Quit ( 1991 ) The Funky Headhunter ( 1994 ) Inside Out ( 1995 ) Active Duty ( 2001 ) Full Blast ( 2004 ) Look Look Look ( 2006 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Back 2 Back Hits ( 1997 ) The Hits ( 2000 ) Singles `` Let 's Get It Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Pump It Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Turn This Mutha Out '' ( 1988 ) `` They Put Me in the Mix '' ( 1988 ) `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ( 1990 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1990 ) `` Pray '' ( 1990 ) `` Here Comes the Hammer '' ( 1990 ) `` Yo ! ! Sweetness '' ( 1991 ) `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' ( 1991 ) `` Addams Groove '' ( 1991 ) `` Do Not Pass Me By '' ( 1991 ) `` This Is the Way We Roll '' ( 1991 ) `` Pumps and a Bump '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's All Good '' ( 1993 ) `` Do n't Stop '' ( 1994 ) `` Straight to My Feet '' ( 1994 ) Related articles Discography Hammerman Hammertime The Surreal Life ( season 1 ) Capitol Death Row Records Giant Records EMI Rick James Studio albums Come Get It ! ( with Stone City Band ) Bustin ' Out of L Seven Fire It Up Garden of Love Street Songs Throwin ' Down Cold Blooded Glow The Flag Wonderful Kickin ' Urban Rapsody Deeper Still Compilations Reflections Greatest Hits Bustin ' Out : The Very Best of Rick James Ultimate Collection The Millennium Collection : The Best of Rick James Anthology Greatest Hits Gold The Millennium Collection : The Best of Rick James , Vol. 2 The Definitive Collection Songs `` You and I '' `` Mary Jane '' `` Give It to Me Baby '' `` Super Freak '' `` Dance Wit ' Me '' `` Ebony Eyes '' `` Cold Blooded '' `` Glow '' `` Loosey 's Rap '' Related I 'm Rick James ( 2007 documentary ) The Stone City Band The Mynah Birds Mary Jane Girls `` Party All the Time '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` U Ca n't Touch This '' `` Charlie Murphy 's True Hollywood Stories : Rick James '' Book : Rick James Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U_Can%27t_Touch_This&oldid=833873221 '' Categories : 1990 singles 1990 songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Capitol Records singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance MC Hammer songs Number - one dance singles in Canada Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by Rick James Songs written by MC Hammer Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 20 : 31 . 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when did you can't touch this come out
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"\n\n\"U Can't Touch This\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by MC Hammer\n\n\nfrom the album Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em\n\n\nB-side\n\"Dancin' Machine\"\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 13, 1990[1]\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\n12\" vinyl\n7\" vinyl\nCD single\ncassette\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n1989[1]\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nHip hop[2]\npop-rap[3]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n4:16\n\n\nLabel\nCapitol (US)\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nStanley Burrell\nRick James\nAlonzo Miller\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMC Hammer\n\n\nMC Hammer singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"They Put Me in the Mix\"\n(1989)\n\"U Can't Touch This\"\n(1990)\n\"Have You Seen Her\"\n(1990)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"They Put Me in the Mix\"\n(1989)\n\"U Can't Touch This\"\n(1990)\n\"Have You Seen Her\"\n(1990)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"U Can't Touch This\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n"
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"January 13, 1990"
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Christianity in the 5th century
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Christianity in the 5th century - wikipedia Christianity in the 5th century Jump to : navigation , search Spread of Christianity to AD 325 Spread of Christianity to AD 600 See also : Christianity in the 4th century and Christianity in the 6th century In the 5th century in Christianity , there were many developments which led to further fracturing of the State church of the Roman Empire . Emperor Theodosius II called two synods in Ephesus , one in 431 and one in 449 , that addressed the teachings of Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius and similar teachings . Nestorius had taught that Christ 's divine and human nature were distinct persons , and hence Mary was the mother of Christ but not the mother of God . The Council rejected Nestorius ' view causing many churches , centered on the School of Edessa , to a Nestorian break with the imperial church . Persecuted within the Roman Empire , many Nestorians fled to Persia and joined the Sassanid Church ( the future Church of the East ) thereby making it a center of Nestorianism . By the end of the 5th century , the global Christian population was estimated at 10 - 11 million . In 451 the Council of Chalcedon was held to clarify the issue further . The council ultimately stated that Christ 's divine and human nature were separate but both part of a single entity , a viewpoint rejected by many churches who called themselves miaphysites . The resulting schism created a communion of churches , including the Armenian , Syrian , and Egyptian churches , that is today known as Oriental Orthodoxy . In spite of these schisms , however , the imperial church still came to represent the majority of Christians within the Roman Empire . At the end of the 4th century the Roman Empire had effectively split into two states although its economy and the Church were still strongly tied . The two halves of the empire had always had cultural differences , in particular exemplified by the widespread use of the Greek language in the Eastern Empire and the more limited use of Greek in the West ( Greek was used in the West but Latin was displacing it as the spoken vernacular ) . By the 5th century scholars in the West had begun to abandon Greek in favor of the use of Latin . The Church in Rome , in particular , began to encourage the use of Latin in the western provinces and published Jerome 's Vulgate , the first authorized translation of the Bible in Latin . At the same time as these changes were taking place the Western Empire was beginning to decay rapidly . Germanic tribes , particularly the Goths , gradually conquered the western provinces . The Arian Germanic tribes established their own systems of churches and bishops in the western provinces but were generally tolerant of those who chose to remain loyal to the imperial church . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ecumenical Councils 1.1 First Council of Ephesus 1.2 Council of Chalcedon 2 Schism in the East 2.1 Nestorianism 2.2 Oriental Orthodoxy 3 Post-Nicene Fathers 3.1 Greek Fathers 3.2 Cappadocian Fathers 3.3 Cyril of Alexandria 3.4 John Chrysostom 3.5 Latin Fathers 3.6 Jerome 3.7 Augustine of Hippo 4 Development toward a Pentarchy 4.1 Growing tensions between East and West 4.2 Papacy 5 Monasticism 5.1 Western monastic orders 6 Spread of Christianity 6.1 Migration Period 6.2 Spread of Christianity 6.3 Ireland 6.4 Franks 6.5 Georgian Orthodox Church 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links Ecumenical councils ( edit ) The Council of Ephesus in 431 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451 led to the schism with Church of the East and the schism with the Miaphysite churches . The latter schism established what is today known as Oriental Orthodoxy . First Council of Ephesus ( edit ) In November 448 , a synod at Constantinople condemned Eutyches for unorthodoxy . An archimandrite of a large Constinapolitan monastery , Eutyches taught that Christ was not consubstantial with humanity . Theodosius II called a council to settle the Nestorian controversy . Eutyches was exonerated and returned to his monastery . Nestorius , Patriarch of Constantinople , opposed use of the term Theotokos ( Greek Η Θεοτόκος , `` God - bearer '' ) . This term had long been used by orthodox writers , and it was gaining popularity along with devotion to Mary as Mother of God . He reportedly taught that there were two separate persons in the incarnate Christ , though whether he actually taught this is disputed . Cyril of Alexandria charged that this teaching of Nestorius implied that there had been in fact two Jesus Christs ; one Christ was a man born of the virgin Mary and the other was divine and not born but also Jesus Christ . Cyril of Alexandria regarded the embodiment of God in the person of Jesus Christ to be so mystically powerful that it spread out from the body of the God - man into the rest of the race , to reconstitute human nature into a graced and deified condition of the saints ( Jesus Christ as the new Adam ) , one that promised immortality and transfiguration to believers . Nestorius , on the other hand , saw the incarnation as primarily a moral and ethical example to the faithful , to follow in the footsteps of Jesus . Cyril repeatedly stressed the simple idea that it was God who walked the streets of Nazareth ( hence Mary was Theotokos or Mother of God ) , and God who had appeared in a transfigured humanity ( see the theophany ) . Nestorius spoke of the distinct ' Jesus the Man ' and ' the divine Logos ' in ways that Cyril thought were too dichotomous , widening the ontological gap between man and God in a way that would annihilate the person ( hypostasis ) of Christ a position termed dyophysite . The council deposed Nestorius , repudiated Nestorianism , proclaiming the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos . After quoting the Nicene Creed in its original form , as at the First Council of Nicaea , without the alterations and additions made at the First Council of Constantinople , it declared it `` unlawful for any man to bring forward , or to write , or to compose a different ( ἑτέραν ) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa . '' The Second Council of Ephesus was held in 449 but was later repudiated by the Council of Chalcedon and labeled a `` robber council . '' Council of Chalcedon ( edit ) The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1 , 451 , at Chalcedon ( a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor ) . It is the fourth of the first seven Ecumenical Councils and is therefore recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches . The council repudiated Eutyches and his doctrine of monophysitism , described and delineated the `` Hypostatic Union '' and two natures of Christ , human and divine . It also adopted the Chalcedonian Creed , which describes the `` full humanity and full divinity '' of Jesus , the second person of the Holy Trinity . Schism in the East ( edit ) Nestorianism ( edit ) Detail of the Nestorian stele Nestorian churches are Eastern Christian churches that keep the faith of only the first two ecumenical councils , i.e. , the First Council of Nicaea and the First Council of Constantinople . `` Nestorian '' is an outsider 's term for a tradition that predated the influence of Nestorius . Thus , `` Assyrian Church of the East '' is a more neutral term . The Nestorian Schism was the first major schism of the Eastern Churches and was addressed with the Council of Ephesus . Oriental Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Coptic Cross Eastern Orthodoxy strives to keep the faith of the seven Ecumenical Councils . In contrast , the term `` Oriental Orthodoxy '' refers to the churches of Eastern Christian traditions that keep the faith of only the first three ecumenical councils -- the First Council of Nicaea , the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus -- and rejected the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon . It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria . In Egypt , members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also called Melkite , because they remained in communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople . Oriental Orthodox is also sometimes referred to as `` monophysites '' , `` non-Chalcedonians '' , or `` anti-Chalcedonians '' , although today the Oriental Orthodox Church denies that it is monophysite and prefers the term `` miaphysite '' to denote the `` joined '' nature of Jesus . The dogma chosen by the Oriental Orthodox was interpreted to express that Jesus Christ had two natures ( both human and divine ) that were mixed into a one single nature . This was interpreted from the Byzantine position to be an argument that greatly diminished the human reality of Christ , by also making the human will of Christ one not of freewill . Those who disagreed with the findings of the Council of Chalcedon are today known as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . This included the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Armenian Orthodox church . There was a similar split in Syria ( Patriarchate of Antioch ) into the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox Church . Post-Nicene Fathers ( edit ) Augustine Late Antique Christianity produced a great many renowned Fathers who wrote volumes of theological texts , including Augustine , Gregory Nazianzus , Cyril of Jerusalem , Ambrose of Milan , Jerome , and others . What resulted was a golden age of literary and scholarly activity . Some of these fathers , such as John Chrysostom and Athanasius , suffered exile , persecution , or martyrdom from heretical Byzantine Emperors . Many of their writings are translated into English in the compilations of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers . The Church Fathers , Early Church Fathers , or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church , particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history . The term is used of writers and teachers of the Church , not necessarily saints . Teachers particularly are also known as doctors of the Church , although Athanasius called them men of little intellect . St. Athanasius , depicted with a book , an iconographic symbol of the importance of his writings . Greek Fathers ( edit ) Those who wrote in Greek are called the Greek ( Church ) Fathers . Famous Greek Fathers include : Irenaeus of Lyons , Clement of Alexandria , the heterodox Origen , Athanasius of Alexandria , John Chrysostom , Cyril of Alexandria and the Cappadocian Fathers ( Basil of Caesarea , Gregory Nazianzus , Peter of Sebaste and Gregory of Nyssa . Cappadocian Fathers ( edit ) Main article : Cappadocian Fathers The Cappadocians promoted early Christian theology and are highly respected in both Western and Eastern churches as saints . They were a 4th - century monastic family led by Saint Macrina the Younger to provide a central place for her brothers to study and meditate , and also to provide a peaceful shelter for their mother . Abbess Macrina fostered the education and development of three men who collectively became designated the Cappadocian Fathers : Basil the Great who was the second oldest of Macrina 's brothers ( the first being the famous Christian jurist Naucratius ) and eventually became a bishop ; Gregory of Nyssa who also became a bishop of the diocese associated thereafter with his name ; and Peter of Sebaste who was the youngest of Makrina 's brothers and later became bishop of Sebaste . These scholars along with Gregory Nazianzus set out to demonstrate that Christians could hold their own in conversations with learned Greek - speaking intellectuals and that Christian faith , while it was against many of the ideas of Plato and Aristotle ( and other Greek Philosophers ) , was an almost scientific and distinctive movement with the healing of the soul of man and his union with God at its center -- one best represented by monasticism . They made major contributions to the definition of the Trinity finalized at the First Council of Constantinople in 381 and the final version of the Nicene Creed which was formulated there . Subsequent to the First Council of Nicea , Arianism did not simply disappear . The semi-Arians taught that the Son is of like substance with the Father ( homoiousios ) , as against the outright Arians who taught that the Son was unlike the Father ( heterousian ) . So the Son was held to be like the Father but not of the same essence as the Father . The Cappadocians worked to bring these semi-Arians back to the Orthodox cause . In their writings they made extensive use of the formula `` three substances ( hypostases ) in one essence ( homoousia ) , '' and thus explicitly acknowledged a distinction between the Father and the Son ( a distinction that Nicea had been accused of blurring ) but at the same time insisting on their essential unity . Cyril of Alexandria ( edit ) Cyril of Alexandria was the Bishop of Alexandria when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire . Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th , and 5th centuries . He was a central figure in the First Council of Ephesus . Cyril is counted among the Church Fathers and the Doctors of the Church , and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles `` Pillar of Faith '' and `` Seal of all the Fathers '' . John Chrysostom ( edit ) John Chrysostom , archbishop of Constantinople , is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking , his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders , the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , and his ascetic sensibilities . After his death ( or according to some sources , during his life ) he was given the Greek surname chrysostomos , meaning `` golden mouthed '' , rendered in English as Chrysostom . Chrysostom is known within Christianity chiefly as a preacher , theologian , and liturgist , particularly in the Eastern Orthodox Church . Outside the Christian tradition Chrysostom is noted for eight of his sermons which played a considerable part in the history of Christian antisemitism and were extensively misused by the Nazis in their ideological campaign against the Jews . Latin Fathers ( edit ) Those fathers who wrote in Latin are called the Latin ( Church ) Fathers . These include Tertullian ( who later in life converted to Montanism ) , Cyprian of Carthage , Gregory the Great , Augustine of Hippo , Ambrose of Milan , and Jerome . Jerome ( edit ) Saint Jerome is best known as the translator of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin . He also was a Christian apologist . Jerome 's edition of the Bible , the Vulgate , is still an important text of the Roman Catholic Church . He is recognised by the Roman Catholic Church as a Doctor of the Church . Augustine of Hippo ( edit ) Saint Augustine , Bishop of Hippo Regius , was a philosopher and theologian . Augustine is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity . Augustine was radically influenced by Platonism . He framed the concepts of original sin and just war as they are understood in the West . When Rome fell and the faith of many Christians was shaken , Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God , distinct from the material City of Man . Augustine 's work defined the start of the medieval worldview , an outlook that was later firmly established by Pope Gregory the Great . Augustine was born in present - day Algeria to a Christian mother , Saint Monica . He was educated in North Africa and resisted his mother 's pleas to become Christian . He took a concubine and became a Manichean . He later converted to Christianity , became a bishop , and opposed heresies , such as the belief that people can deserve salvation by being good . His works -- including The Confessions , which is often called the first Western autobiography -- are still read around the world . In addition he believed in Papal supremacy . Development toward a pentarchy ( edit ) Main article : Pentarchy ( Christianity ) By the 6th century , specifically under Justinian I , the ecclesiastical had evolved a hierarchical `` pentarchy '' or system of five sees ( later called patriarchates ) , with a settled order of precedence . Rome , as the ancient capital and once largest city of the empire , was given the presidency or primacy of honour within the pentarchy into which Christendom was then divided ; though Orthodox Christianity held and still holds that the patriarch of Rome is the `` first among equals '' . Constantinople was second in precedence as the new capital of the empire . The council at Chalcedon granted its archbishop jurisdiction over the three provinces mentioned by the First Council of Constantinople . The council also ratified an agreement between Antioch and Jerusalem , whereby Jerusalem held jurisdiction over three provinces , numbering it among the five great sees . Growing tensions between East and West ( edit ) The disagreements which led to the Great Schism started to become evident as early as the 4th century . Although 1054 is the date usually given for the beginning of the Great Schism , there is , in fact , no specific date on which the schism occurred . What really happened was a complex chain of events whose climax culminated with the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . The events leading to schism were not exclusively theological in nature . Cultural , political , and linguistic differences were often mixed with the theological . Unlike the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria or Armenian Apostolic Church who split in the 5th century , the eastern and western parts of the Church remained loyal to their faith and to the authority of the seven ecumenical councils . They were united , by virtue of their common faith and tradition , in `` one Church '' , since they treated dissenting churches as heretical . Some scholars have argued that the schism between East and West has very ancient roots and that sporadic schisms in the common unions took place , such as under Pope Damasus I ( 4th and 5th century ) . Papacy ( edit ) See also : Primacy of the Bishop of Rome While the origins of papal primacy concept are historically obscure , Pope Leo I expressed a doctrine that the bishop of Rome was the legal heir of Saint Peter and claimed that even other ancient patriarchs should defer to Rome . Monasticism ( edit ) Monasticism is a form of asceticism whereby one renounces worldly pursuits ( in contempu mundi ) and concentrates solely on heavenly and spiritual pursuits , especially by the virtues humility , poverty , and chastity . It began early in the Church as a family of similar traditions , modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals , and with roots in certain strands of Judaism . John the Baptist is seen as the archetypical monk , and monasticism was inspired by the organisation of the Apostolic community as recorded in Acts of the Apostles . Central figures in the development of monasticism were Basil of Caesarea in the East and Benedict of Nursia in the West , who created the famous Benedictine Rule , which became the most common rule throughout the Middle Ages . Western monastic orders ( edit ) Many distinct monastic orders developed within Roman Catholicism and Anglicanism . Benedictines , founded in 529 by Benedict at Monte Cassino , stresses manual labor in a self - subsistent monastery . Spread of Christianity ( edit ) Migration period ( edit ) The Migration Period , also called Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung ( German for `` wandering of the peoples '' ) , was a period of human migration which occurred roughly between 300 and 700 in Europe , marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages . These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so - called ' barbarian frontier ' . Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths , Vandals , Bulgars , Alans , Suebi , Frisians , and Franks , among other Germanic , Iranian and Slavic tribes . Following the Sack of Rome by invading European Goths , Rome slid into the Dark Ages which affected most parts of Western Europe and became increasingly isolated and irrelevant to the churches in the eastern and southern Mediterranean . This was a situation which suited and pleased many of the patriarchs and bishops of those churches . Spread of Christianity ( edit ) In the 4th century some Eastern Germanic tribes , notably the Goths , adopted Arianism . From the 6th century , Germanic tribes were converted ( and re-converted ) by missionaries of the Roman Catholic Church , firstly among the Franks , after Clovis I 's conversion to Catholicism in 496 . In 498 ( 497 or 499 are also possible ) he let himself be baptised in Reims . With this act , the Frankish Kingdom became Christian , although it would take until the 7th century for the population to abandon some of their pagan customs . This was typical of the Christianization of Europe . Conversion of the West and East Germanic tribes took place `` top to bottom '' , in the sense that missionaries aimed at converting Germanic nobility first , which would then impose their new faith on the general population Ireland ( edit ) The first non-Roman area to adopt monasticism was Ireland , which developed a unique form closely linked to traditional clan relations , a system that later spread to other parts of Europe , especially France . The earliest monastic settlements in Ireland emerged at the end of the 5th century . The first identifiable founder of a monastery was Saint Brigit , a saint who ranked with Saint Patrick as a major figure of the Irish church . The monastery at Kildare was a double monastery , with both men and women ruled by the Abbess , a pattern found in other monastic foundations . Commonly Irish monasteries were established by grants of land to an abbot or abbess who came from a local noble family . The monastery became the spiritual focus of the tribe or kin group . Successive abbots and abbesses were members of the founder 's family , a policy which kept the monastic lands under the jurisdiction of the family ( and corresponded to Irish legal tradition , which only allowed the transfer of land within a family ) . Ireland was a rural society of chieftains living in the countryside . There was no social place for urban leaders , such as bishops . In Irish monasteries the abbot ( or abbess ) was supreme , but in conformance to Christian tradition , bishops still had important sacramental roles to play ( in the early Church the bishops were the ones who baptized new converts to bring them into the Church ) . In Ireland , the bishop frequently was subordinate to ( or co-equal with ) the abbot and sometimes resided in the monastery under the jurisdiction of the abbot . Irish monasticism maintained the model of a monastic community while , like John Cassian , marking the contemplative life of the hermit as the highest form of monasticism . Saints ' lives frequently tell of monks ( and abbots ) departing some distance from the monastery to live in isolation from the community . Irish monastic rules specify a stern life of prayer and discipline in which prayer , poverty , and obedience are the central themes . Yet Irish monks did not fear pagan learning . Irish monks needed to learn a foreign language , Latin , which was the language of the Church . Thus they read Latin texts , both spiritual and secular , with an enthusiasm that their contemporaries on the continent lacked . By the end of the 7th century , Irish monastic schools were attracting students from England and from Europe . Franks ( edit ) The Franks and their ruling Merovingian dynasty that had migrated to Gaul from the 3rd century had remained pagan at first . On Christmas 498 , however , Clovis I following his victory at the Battle of Tolbiac converted to the orthodox faith of the Roman Church and let himself be baptised at Rheims . The details of this event have been passed down by Gregory of Tours . Clovis I ' wife Clotilde was Roman Catholic and had an important role in the conversion of her husband . Long before his baptism , Clovis had allowed his sons to be baptised . However , the decisive reason for Clovis to adopt the Christian belief was the spiritual battle aid he received from Christ . In the Battle of Tolbiac he came in such difficulties that he prayed to Christ for victory . Clovis was victorious , and afterwards he had himself instructed in the Christian faith by Saint Remigius . That a commander - in - chief would attribute his victory to the Christian God is a recurring motive since the Constantinian shift . Although the New Testament nowhere mentions that divine battle aid could be gained from Christ , the Christian cross was known as a trophy to bestow victory since Constantine I and the Battle of the Milvian Bridge . However , that a pagan like Clovis , could ask Christ for help also shows the adaptability of the Germanic polytheism . In the Germanic tradition , if Odin failed , one absolutely could try it with Christ for once . The Christian sense of religious exclusiveness , as obvious from the First Commandment , was unknown to the pagans . As a result , pagans could be pragmatic and almost utilitarian in their religious decisions . A good example for this are several Thor 's Hammer with engraved crosses , worn as an amulet , that archaeologists have found in Scandinavia . Another exemplary event happened during Ansgar 's second stay in Birka : A pagan priest demanded from the locals that they not participate in the cult of the foreign Christian God . If they did not have enough gods yet , they should elevate one of their deceased kings , Erik , to be a god . The baptism of Clovis I also highlights the sacred role of the Germanic king . A Germanic king held the highest religious office for his people . He was seen as of divine descent , was the leader of the religious cult and was responsible for the fertility of the land and military victory . Accordingly , the conversion of their leader had a strong impact on his people . If he considered it appropriate to adopt the Christian belief , this also was a good idea for them . Thus early Germanic Christianity was presented as an alternative to native Germanic paganism and elements were syncretized , for example parallels between Woden and Christ . An illustration of these tendencies is the Anglo - Saxon poem Dream of the Rood , where Jesus is cast in the heroic model of a Germanic warrior , who faces his death unflinchingly and even eagerly . The Cross , speaking as if it were a member of Christ 's band of retainers , accepts its fate as it watches its Creator die , and then explains that Christ 's death was not a defeat but a victory . This is in direct correspondence to the Germanic pagan ideals of fealty to one 's lord . Georgian Orthodox Church ( edit ) The Georgian Orthodox Church became independent in 466 when the Patriarchate of Antioch elevated the Bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of `` Catholicos of Kartli '' . Timeline ( edit ) 5th century Timeline ( show ) 398 - 404 John Chrysostom Patriarch of Constantinople , see also List of Patriarchs of Constantinople , ( Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers ) 396 - 430 Augustine , bishop of Hippo , considered the founder of formalized Christian theology ( Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers ) 406 Armenian Bible , translated by Saint Mesrob , standard Armenian Orthodox Bible 410 , 24 August : Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths . 412 - 444 Cyril , bishop of Alexandria , coined Hypostatic union 410 - New Testament translated into Armenian 418 - 419 Antipope Eulalius rival to Pope Boniface I 420 St. Jerome , Vulgate translations , Latin scholar , cited expanded ending in Mark after Mark 16 : 8 , Pericope of the Adultress addition to John ( John 7 : 53 - 8 : 11 ) ( Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers ) 423 - 457 Theodoret , bishop of Cyrrhus , noted Tatian 's Diatesseron in heavy use , wrote a Church History support of Hypostatic Union , approved Council of Chalcedon but rejected canons in 453 420 - An Arabian Bedouin tribe under sheikh Peter - Aspebet is converted 425 - The first bishops are ordained for Herat ( Afghanistan ) and Samarkand ( Uzbekistan ) 431 Council of Ephesus , 3rd ecumenical , repudiated Nestorianism , decreed Mary the Mother of God , forbid any changes to Nicene Creed of 381 , rejected by Assyrian Church of the East 432 St Patrick begins mission in Ireland . Almost the entire nation is Christian by the time of his death in a conversion that is both incredibly successful and largely bloodless . 432 - Patrick goes to Ireland as missionary 449 Second Council of Ephesus , Monophysite : Jesus was divine but not human 450 - First Christians reported in Liechtenstein 450 ? Codex Alexandrinus ( A ) : Alexandrian text - type ; Codex Bezae ( D ) : Greek / Latin Gospels + Acts ; Codex Washingtonianus ( W ) : Greek Gospels ; both of Western text - type 450 ? std . Aramaic Targums , Old Testament in Aramaic 450 ? Socrates Scholasticus Church History of 305 - 438 ; Sozomen Church History of 323 - 425 440 - 461 Pope Leo the Great , sometimes considered the first pope , stopped Attila the Hun at Rome , issued Tome in 451 Council of Chalcedon , 4th ecumenical , declared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union : both human and divine in one , Chalcedonian Creed , rejected by Oriental Orthodoxy 455 : Sack of Rome by the Vandals . The spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by Titus are allegedly among the treasures taken to Carthage . 456 ? Eutyches of Constantinople , Monophysite 465 ? Prosper of Aquitaine 476 , September 4 Emperor Romulus Augustus is deposed in Rome , marked by many as the fall of the Western Roman Empire 484 - 519 Acacian Schism , over Henoticon divides Eastern ( Greek ) and Western ( Latin ) churches 491 Armenian Orthodox split from East ( Greek ) and West ( Latin ) churches 495 May13 Vicar of Christ decreed a title of Bishop of Rome by Pope Gelasius I 496 Clovis I , King of the Franks , baptized 496 - Conversion of Clovis I , king of Franks in Gaul , along with 3,000 warriors 499 - Persian king Kavadh I , fleeing his country , meets a group of Christian missionaries going to Central Asia to preach to the Turks 498 - 499,501 - 506 Antipope Laurentius , rival of Pope Symmachus , Laurentian schism 500 ? Incense introduced in Christian church service , first plans of Vatican 500 - First Christians reported in North Yemen ; Nairam becomes Christian center See also ( edit ) Christianity portal History portal Ancient Rome portal Middle Ages portal Bible portal Rise of Christianity during the Fall of Rome History of Christianity History of the Roman Catholic Church History of the Eastern Orthodox Church History of Christian theology History of Oriental Orthodoxy Church Fathers List of Church Fathers Christian monasticism Patristics Development of the New Testament canon Christianization History of Calvinist - Arminian debate List of events in early Christianity Timeline of Christianity # Era of the Seven Ecumenical Councils Timeline of Christian missions # Era of the Seven Ecumenical Councils Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church Chronological list of saints in the 5th century Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ( 1857 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Bussell ( 1910 ) , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Latourette ( 1975 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2010 ) , p. 604 . Amory ( ) , pp. 259 -- 262 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latrocinium . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ `` Eutyches '' and `` Archimandrite . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ `` Monophysitism . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Nestorius . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Nestorius and Nestorianism Jump up ^ canon 7 Jump up ^ Lossky , Vladimir . The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Lossky theology is the most widely accepted and or followed of all modern Orthodox theologians ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Athanasius , On the Incarnation 47 Jump up ^ Pope Vigilius , Constitution of Pope Vigilius , 553 Jump up ^ `` St John Chrysostom '' in the Catholic Encyclopedia , available online ; retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur , The Changing Face of Antisemitism : From Ancient Times To The Present Day , ( Oxford University Press : 2006 ) , p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530429 - 2 . 48 Jump up ^ Yohanan ( Hans ) Lewy , `` John Chrysostom '' in Encyclopedia Judaica ( CD - ROM Edition Version 1.0 ) , Ed . Cecil Roth ( Keter Publishing House : 1997 ) . ISBN 965 - 07 - 0665 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 , article Platonism ^ Jump up to : Durant , Will . Caesar and Christ . New York : Simon and Schuster . 1972 Jump up ^ Letter 43 Chapter 9 Jump up ^ Fourth Ecumenical Council , Decree on the Jurisdiction of Jerusalem and Antioch Jump up ^ Bishop Kallistos ( Ware ) ( 1963 ) , The Orthodox Church ( Penguin Books , London , ISBN 0 - 14 - 020592 - 6 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Cleenewerck , Laurent His Broken Body : Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches . Washington , DC : EUC Press ( 2008 ) pp. 145 - 155 Jump up ^ Precise dates given may vary ; often cited is 410 , the sack of Rome by Alaric I and 751 , the accession of Pippin the Short and the establishment of the Carolingian Dynasty . Jump up ^ Aristeides Papadakis The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy , SVS Press , NY , 1994 p. 14 Jump up ^ Padberg , Lutz v. ( 1998 ) , p. 45 - 48 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Padberg , Lutz v. ( 1998 ) , p. 59 Jump up ^ 497 or 499 are also possible ; Padberg 1998 : 53 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 , 47 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 , 48 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 , 87 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 , 52 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 : 48 > Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 : 48 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 : 128 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 : 121 Jump up ^ Padberg 1998 , 29 ; Padberg notes , that this is probably disputed research , but can be affirmed for the northern Germanic area Jump up ^ Neill , p. 48 Jump up ^ Neill , p. 49 Jump up ^ Barrett , p. 24 Jump up ^ Neill , 51 , 95 Further reading ( edit ) Esler , Philip F. The Early Christian World . Routledge ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33312 - 1 . White , L. Michael . From Jesus to Christianity . HarperCollins ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052655 - 6 . Freedman , David Noel ( Ed ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 5 . Pelikan , Jaroslav Jan . The Christian Tradition : The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition ( 100 - 600 ) . University of Chicago Press ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 226 - 65371 - 4 . Trombley , Frank R. , 1995 . Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370 - 529 ( in series Religions in the Graeco - Roman World ) ( Brill ) ISBN 90 - 04 - 09691 - 4 Fletcher , Richard , The Conversion of Europe . From Paganism to Christianity 371 - 1386 AD . London 1997 . Schatz , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Papal Primacy . Liturgical Press . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 5522 - X . Schimmelpfennig , Bernhard ( 1992 ) . The Papacy . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07515 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Internet Ancient History Sourcebook : Christian Origins Guide to Early Church Documents Chart of Church Fathers at ReligionFacts.com Church Fathers ' works in English edited by Philip Schaff , at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Church Fathers at Newadvent.org Faulkner University Patristics Project A growing collection of English translations of patristic texts and high - resolution scans from the comprehensive Patrologia compiled by J.P. Migne . Primer on the Church Fathers at Corunum History of Christianity : Late ancient Christianity Preceded by : Christianity in the 4th century 5th century Followed by : Christianity in the 6th century BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_5th_century&oldid=805510269 '' Categories : Centuries in Christianity 5th - century Christianity Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2015 Hidden templates using styles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is considered the most important person in the early spread of christianity
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"Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo Regius, was a philosopher and theologian. Augustine is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. Augustine was radically influenced by Platonism.[18] He framed the concepts of original sin and just war as they are understood in the West. When Rome fell and the faith of many Christians was shaken, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God, distinct from the material City of Man.[19] Augustine's work defined the start of the medieval worldview, an outlook that was later firmly established by Pope Gregory the Great.[19]"
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"Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo Regius"
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New International Version
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New International Version - wikipedia New International Version `` NIV '' redirects here . For the ventilation process , see non-invasive ventilation . New International Version Cover of an NIV Bible Full name New International Version Other names Nueva Versión Internacional ( Spanish ) ; Nova Versão Internacional ( Portuguese ) Abbreviation NIV ( Spanish : NVI ) ( Portuguese : NVI - PT ) OT published 1978 NT published 1973 Complete Bible published 1978 ( Spanish : 1999 ) ( Portuguese : 1993 ) Authorship Biblica , ( formerly International Bible Society ) Textual basis NT : Nestle - Aland Greek New Testament . OT : Biblia Hebraica Masoretic Hebrew Text , Dead Sea Scrolls , Samaritan Pentateuch , Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion , Latin Vulgate , Syriac Peshitta , Aramaic Targums , for Psalms Juxta Hebraica of Jerome . Translation type Mixed formal & dynamic equivalence Reading level 7.80 Revision 1984 , 2011 Publisher Biblica ( Worldwide ) , Zondervan ( US ) , Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) and others Copyright Copyright 1973 , 1978 , 1984 , 2011 Biblica Religious affiliation Protestant Website http://www.biblica.com/bible/niv-bible/ Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . Now the earth was formless and empty , darkness was over the surface of the deep , and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters . And God said , `` Let there be light , '' and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son , that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The New International Version ( NIV ) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica ( formerly the International Bible Society ) . The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest , highest quality manuscripts available . Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English . A team of 15 biblical scholars , representing a variety of denominations , worked from the oldest copies of reliable texts , variously written in Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek . Each section was subjected to multiple translations and revisions , and those assessed in detail to produce the best option . Everyday Bible readers were used to provide feedback on ease of understanding and comprehensibility . Finally , plans were made to continue revision of the Bible as new discoveries were made and as changes in the use of the English language occurred . The NIV is published by Zondervan in the United States and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK . The NIV was updated in 1984 and 2011 , and has become one of the most popular and best selling modern translations . Contents 1 History 1.1 2011 update 1.2 Derivative versions 1.2. 1 Plain English version ( NIrV ) 1.2. 2 Spanish version ( NVI ) 2 Textual basis 3 Translation methodology 4 Circulation 5 Reception 5.1 2011 revision 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Cover of a 1984 New International Version Bible The NIV began in 1956 with the formation of a small committee to study the value of producing a translation in the common language of the American people . The project was formally started after a meeting in 1965 at Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights , Illinois , of the Christian Reformed Church , National Association of Evangelicals , and a group of international scholars . The initial `` Committee on Bible Translation '' consisted of E. Leslie Carlson , Edmund Clowney , Ralph Earle , Jr. , Burton L. Goddard , R. Laird Harris , Earl S. Kalland , Kenneth Kantzer , Robert H. Mounce , Charles F. Pfeiffer , Charles Caldwell Ryrie , Francis R. Steele , John H. Stek , J.C. Wenger , Stephen W. Paine , and Marten Woudstra . The New York Bible Society ( now Biblica ) was selected to do the translation . The New Testament was released in 1973 and the full Bible in 1978 . The NIV underwent a minor revision in 1984 . In 1997 a new version was published in the UK as the New International Version Inclusive Language Edition , but was not published in the U.S. because of opposition from conservative evangelical groups there to inclusive language . A revised English edition titled Today 's New International Version ( TNIV ) released a New Testament in March 2002 , with the complete Bible published February 2005 . 2011 update ( edit ) In 2011 , an updated version of the NIV was released . The update modified and dropped some of the gender - neutral language of the TNIV ( such as going back to using `` mankind '' and `` man '' instead of `` human beings '' and `` people '' ) , along with other changes . Translational issues with Paul 's letters were also addressed . Keith Danby , president and chief executive officer of Biblica , speaking of the TNIV , said they had failed to convince people revisions were needed and underestimated readers ' loyalty to the 1984 edition . Derivative Versions ( edit ) Plain English Version ( NIrV ) ( edit ) An ' easy - reader ' version , New International Reader 's Version ( NIrV ) , was published in 1996 ; it was written at a third grade reading level . Spanish Version ( NVI ) ( edit ) In 1979 it was decided to produce a version of the New Testament in Spanish with the title La Santa Biblia , Nueva Versión Internacional ( often abbreviated NVI ) though at this point this version was based only on the former English translation of the historic manuscripts . In 1990 the committee on Bible translation headed by Drs . René Padilla and Luciano Jaramillo conducted a translation from the historic manuscripts directly into Spanish of both testaments , bypassing English altogether and producing a complete Spanish NVI Bible in 1999 . Textual basis ( edit ) The manuscript base for the Old Testament was the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Masoretic Hebrew Text . Other ancient texts consulted were the Dead Sea Scrolls , the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion , the Latin Vulgate , the Syriac Peshitta , the Aramaic Targum , and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome . The manuscript base for the New Testament was the Koine Greek language editions of the United Bible Societies and of Nestle - Aland . The deuterocanonical books are not included in the translation . Translation methodology ( edit ) The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version . The translation took ten years and involved a team of over 100 scholars . from the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa . The range of those participating included many different denominations such as Anglicans , Assemblies of God , Baptist , Christian Reformed , Lutheran and Presbyterian . The NIV is a balance between word - for - word and thought - for - thought or literal and phrase by phrase translations . Recent archaeological and linguistic discoveries helped in understanding passages that have traditionally been difficult to translate . Familiar spellings of traditional translations were generally retained . In Genesis 2 : 19 a translation such as the NRSV uses `` formed '' in a plain past tense `` So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal ... '' . Some have questioned the NIV choice of pluperfect `` Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals ... '' to try to make it appear that the animals had already been created . Theologian John Sailhamer states `` Not only is such a translation ... hardly possible ... but it misses the very point of the narrative , namely , that the animals were created in response to God 's declaration that it was not good that the man should be alone . '' Biblical scholar Bruce M. Metzger criticized the NIV 1984 edition for the addition of just into Jeremiah 7 : 22 so the verse becomes `` For when I brought your forefathers / ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them , I did not just give them commands about burnt offerings and sacrifices . '' Metzger also criticized the addition of your into Matthew 13 : 32 , so it becomes `` Though it ( the mustard seed ) is the smallest of all your seeds . '' The usage of your was removed in the TNIV and did not return in the 2011 revision . Circulation ( edit ) According to the Association for Christian Retail ( CBA ) , the New International Version has become the most popular selling English translation of the Bible in CBA bookstores , having sold more than 450 million copies worldwide . There are numerous study Bibles available with extensive notes on the text and background information to make the Biblical stories more comprehensible . Among these are the NIV Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible , Concordia Study Bible , the Zondervan published NIV Study Bible , the Wesleyan revision , Reflecting God Study Bible , as well as the Life Application Study Bible . Reception ( edit ) In 2009 , the New Testament scholar N.T. Wright wrote that the NIV obscured what Paul the Apostle was saying , making sure that Paul 's words conformed to Protestant and Evangelical tradition . Wright believes that due to paraphrasing and interpretation , Protestants and Evangelicals will never understand what Paul was talking about if they rely on the NIV . According to Wright , this happens in several of Paul 's letters , including Galatians and Romans . 2011 revision ( edit ) Professor of New Testament Studies Daniel B. Wallace has praised the 2011 update , stating : `` it is a well - thought out translation , with checks and balances through rigorous testing , overlapping committees to ensure consistency and accuracy '' . The Southern Baptist Convention rejected the 2011 update because of gender - neutral language , although it had dropped some gender - neutral language of the 2005 revision . Southern Baptist publisher LifeWay declined the SBC 's censor request to remove the NIV from their stores . While the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod rejected its use , some in the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod ( WELS ) believe many of the translations changes are right and defensible . Si Cochran of World Magazine said the NIV 2011 is an `` egalitarian '' translation that `` obscures the ( meaning of ) the text , '' concluding that he `` can not recommend this translation , and ... actually encourage others to avoid it as a reading / study Bible . '' Professor of New Testament Studies , Rodney J. Decker wrote in Themelios Journal review of the NIV 2011 that , By taking a mediating position between formal and functional equivalence ( though tending , I think , closer to the formal end of the spectrum ) , the NIV has been able to produce a text that is clearer than many translations , especially those weighted more heavily with formal equivalence ... If we are serious about making the word of God a vital tool in the lives of English - speaking Christians , then we must aim for a translation that communicates clearly in the language of the average English - speaking person . It is here that the NIV excels . It not only communicates the meaning of God 's revelation accurately , but does so in English that is easily understood by a wide range of English speakers . It is as well - suited for expository preaching as it is for public reading and use in Bible classes and children 's ministries . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The New International Reader 's Version : What , Who , and Why '' . International Society of Bible Collectors . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New International Version : : Official Site '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` About The NIV , Version Information '' . BibleGateway.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Christian Booksellers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . New International Version # 1 in dollar and unit sales Jump up ^ Ronald F. Youngblood ; Glen G. Scorgie ; Mark L. Strauss ; Steven M. Voth , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Challenge of Bible Translation : Communicating God 's Word to the World . Zondervan . pp. 236 -- 245 . ISBN 0310246857 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update of popular ' NIV ' Bible due in 2011 '' . USA TODAY. 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Phan , Katherine T. ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` New NIV Bible to Debut Amid Ongoing Concern '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smietana , Bob . `` New Bible drops gender - neutral language of ' 05 version '' . About USATODAY.com . USA TODAY , a division of Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . But they also made changes -- like going back to using words like `` mankind '' and `` man '' instead of `` human beings '' and `` people '' -- in order to appease critics . Jump up ^ `` Updated NIV Text Available for Online Viewing November 1 '' . Zondervan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ World 's most popular Bible to be revised , MSN.com , 1 September 2009 , retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Nueva Versión Internacional - Version Information - BibleGateway.com '' . Jump up ^ Irwin , Ben ( 2002 ) . History of the English Bible . Zondervan . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barker , Kenneth L. ( 1991 ) . The NIV The Making of a Contemporary Translation . International Bible Society . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` About the NIV '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New International Version '' . About.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Ben ( 2002 ) . History of the English Bible . Zondervan . p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Translation Chart '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Background of the New International Version ( NIV ) Bible '' . `` Although archaeological and linguistic discoveries in this century aid in understanding difficult passages '' , `` As for other proper nouns , the familiar spellings of the King James Version are generally retained '' Paragraphs 14 & 17 Jump up ^ Mariottini , Claude F. ( 2013 ) . Rereading the Biblical Text : Searching for Meaning and Understanding . Wipf and Stock . ISBN 978 - 1620328279 . Jump up ^ Sailhamer , John H. The Expositor 's Bible Commentary . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0310364405 . ^ Jump up to : Metzger , Bruce M. ( 2001 ) . The Bible in Translation : Ancient and English Versions . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2282 - 1 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Nicola ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` NIV remains the bestselling Bible translation '' . Christian Today . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , N.T. ( 2009 ) . Justification : God 's Plan and Paul 's Vision . Downers Grove , Ill. : IVP Academic . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3863 - 9 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DTS faculty '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Dan . `` A Review of the New International Version 2011 '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Samuel . `` LifeWay Tells Critics of 2011 NIV Bible : ' Trust the Trustees ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Marty King . `` LifeWay to continue selling NIV ; trustees select new leadership '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey Barrick . `` Lutherans Latest to Reject New NIV Bible Over Gender Language '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Cherney , Jr . `` Gender - Neutral Language , with Special Reference to NIV 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A fair analysis of the new NIV - Faith & Religion - WORLD '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://tgc-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/themelios/36-3/Themelios36.3.pdf#page=73 Jump up ^ http://tgc-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/themelios/36-3/Themelios36.3.pdf#page=74 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : New International Version Official website Committee on Bible Translation ( CBT ) Biblica Read the New International Version ( NIV ) Bible `` Is Your Modern Translation Corrupt ? '' , Dr. James R. White , Christian Research Institute The NIV : The Making of a Contemporary Translation , Barker , Kenneth L. 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"The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English. \n"
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Send In the Clowns
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Send in the Clowns - wikipedia Send in the Clowns Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Stephen Sondheim . For other uses , see Send In the Clowns ( disambiguation ) . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( September 2017 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music , an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman 's film Smiles of a Summer Night . It is a ballad from Act Two , in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life . Among other things , she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik . Meeting him after so long , she finds that he is now in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman . Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation , but he declines , citing his dedication to his bride . Reacting to his rejection , Desirée sings this song . The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée 's offer . Sondheim wrote the song specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée on Broadway . The song is structured with four verses and a bridge , and uses a complex compound meter . It became Sondheim 's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins ' version charted in 1975 and 1977 . Subsequently , numerous other artists recorded the song , and it has become a jazz standard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning of title 2 Context 3 Score 3.1 History 3.2 Lyrics 3.3 Meter and key 4 Styles 5 Popular success 6 Other versions and parodies 7 References 8 External links Meaning of title ( edit ) The `` clowns '' in the title do not refer to circus clowns . Instead , they symbolize fools , as Sondheim explained in a 1990 interview : I get a lot of letters over the years asking what the title means and what the song 's about ; I never thought it would be in any way esoteric . I wanted to use theatrical imagery in the song , because she 's an actress , but it 's not supposed to be a circus ( ... ) ( I ) t 's a theater reference meaning `` if the show is n't going well , let 's send in the clowns '' ; in other words , `` let 's do the jokes . '' I always want to know , when I 'm writing a song , what the end is going to be , so `` Send in the Clowns '' did n't settle in until I got the notion , `` Do n't bother , they 're here '' , which means that `` We are the fools . '' In a 2008 interview , Sondheim further clarified : As I think of it now , the song could have been called `` Send in the Fools '' . I knew I was writing a song in which Desirée is saying , `` are n't we foolish '' or `` are n't we fools ? '' Well , a synonym for fools is clowns , but `` Send in the Fools '' does n't have the same ring to it . Context ( edit ) Main article : A Little Night Music In an interview with Alan Titchmarsh , Judi Dench , who performed the role of Desirée in London , commented on the context of the song . The play is `` a dark play about people who , at the beginning , are with wrong partners and in the end it is hopefully going to become right , and she ( Desiree ) mistimes her life in a way and realizes when she re-meets the man she had an affair with and had a child by ( though he does not know that ) , that she loves him and he is the man she wants . '' Some years before the play begins , Desirée was a young , attractive actress , whose passions were the theater and men . She lived her life dramatically , flitting from man to man . Fredrik was one of her many lovers and fell deeply in love with Desirée , but she declined to marry him . The play implies that when they parted Desirée may have been pregnant with his child . A few months before the play begins , Fredrik married a beautiful woman who at 18 years old was much younger than he . In Act One , Fredrik meets Desirée again , and is introduced to her daughter , a precocious adolescent suggestively named Fredrika . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he is now married to the young woman , whom he loves , but who is still a virgin and refuses to have sex with him . Desirée and Fredrik then make love . Act Two begins days later , and Desirée realizes that she truly loves Fredrik . She tells Fredrik that he needs to be rescued from his marriage , and she proposes to him . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he has been swept off the ground and is `` in the air '' in love with his beautiful , young wife , and apologizes for having misled her . Fredrik walks across the room , while Desirée remains sitting on the bed ; as she feels both intense sadness and anger , at herself , her life and her choices , she sings `` Send in the Clowns '' . Not long thereafter , Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , and he is free to accept Desirée 's proposal , and the song is reprised as a coda . Score ( edit ) History ( edit ) Sondheim wrote the lyrics and music over a two - day period during rehearsals for the play 's Broadway debut , specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée . According to Sondheim , `` Glynis had a lovely , crystal voice , but sustaining notes was not her thing . I wanted to write short phrases , so I wrote a song full of questions '' and the song 's melody is within a small music range : We hired Glynis Johns to play the lead , though she had a nice little silvery voice . But I 'd put all the vocal weight of the show on the other characters because we needed somebody who was glamorous , charming and could play light comedy , and pretty , and to find that in combination with a good voice is very unlikely , but she had all the right qualities and a nice little voice . So I did n't write much for her and I did n't write anything in the second act . And the big scene between her and her ex-lover , I had started on a song for him because it 's his scene . And Hal Prince , who directed it , said he thought that the second act needed a song for her , and this was the scene to do it in . And so he directed the scene in such a way that even though the dramatic thrust comes from the man 's monologue , and she just sits there and reacts , he directed it so you could feel the weight going to her reaction rather than his action . And I went down and saw it and it seemed very clear what was needed , and so that made it very easy to write . And then I wrote it for her voice , because she could n't sustain notes . Was n't that kind of singing voice . So I knew I had to write things in short phrases , and that led to questions , and so again , I would n't have written a song so quickly if I had n't known the actress ... I wrote most of it one night and finished part of the second chorus , and I 'd gotten the ending ... ( T ) he whole thing was done in two days . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics of the song are written in four verses and a bridge and sung by Desirée . As Sondheim explains , Desirée experiences both deep regret and furious anger : `` Send in the Clowns '' was never meant to be a soaring ballad ; it 's a song of regret . And it 's a song of a lady who is too upset and too angry to speak -- meaning to sing for a very long time . She is furious , but she does n't want to make a scene in front of Fredrik because she recognizes that his obsession with his 18 - year - old wife is unbreakable . So she gives up ; so it 's a song of regret and anger , and therefore fits in with short - breathed phrases . Meter and key ( edit ) The song was originally performed in the key of D flat major . The song uses an unusual and complex meter , which alternates between 12 / 8 and 9 / 8 . These are two complex compound meters that evoke the sense of a waltz used throughout the score of the show . Sondheim tells the story : When I worked with Leonard Bernstein on West Side Story , one of the things I learned from him was not always necessarily to think in terms of 2 - , 4 - and 8 - bar phrases . I was already liberated enough before I met him not to be sticking to 32 - bar songs , but I tend to think square . I tend to think ... it 's probably because I was brought up on mid-19th and late - 19th Century music , and you know it 's fairly square ; there are not an awful lot of meter changes . You often will shorten or lengthen a bar for rhythmic purposes and for energy , but ... when you switch in the middle ( of a song ) , particularly when it 's a modest song , when you 're not writing an aria , you know ... ( I mean , ) if you 're writing something like Sweeney Todd , where people sing at great length , you expect switches of meter , because it helps variety . But in a little 36 - or 40 - bar song , to switch meters around is almost perverse , because the song does n't get a chance to establish its own rhythm . But the problem is , what would you do ? : Would you go , `` Is n't it rich ? ( two , three ) Are we a pair ? ( two , three ) Me here at last on the ground ( three ) , you in mid-air . '' Lenny ( Bernstein ) taught me to think in terms of , `` Do you really need the extra beat ( after ' ground ' ) or not . '' Just because you 've got four bars of four , if you come across a bar that does n't need the extra beat , then put a bar of three in . So ... the 9 ( beat bars ) and 12 ( beat bars ) that alternate in that song were not so much consciously arrived at as they were by the emotionality of the lyric . Styles ( edit ) `` Send in the Clowns '' is performed in two completely different styles : dramatic and lyric . The dramatic style is the theatrical performance by Desirée , and this style emphasizes Desirée 's feelings of anger and regret , and the dramatic style acts as a cohesive part of the play . The lyric style is the concert performance , and this style emphasizes the sweetness of the melody and the poetry of the lyrics . Most performances are in concert , so they emphasize the beauty of the melody and lyrics . Sondheim teaches both dramatic and lyric performers several important elements for an accurate rendition : The dramatic performer must take on the character of Desirée : a woman who finally realizes that she has misspent her youth on the shallow life . She is both angry and sad , and both must be seen in the performance . Two important examples are the contrast between the lines , `` Quick , send in the clowns '' and `` Well , maybe next year . '' Sondheim teaches that the former should be steeped in self - loathing , while the latter should emphasize regret . Thus , the former is clipped , with a break between `` quick '' and `` send , '' while the latter `` well '' is held pensively . Sondheim himself apologizes for flaws in his composition . For example , in the line , `` Well , maybe next year , '' the melodic emphasis is on the word year but the dramatic emphasis must be on the word next : The word `` next '' is important : `` Maybe next year '' as opposed to `` this year '' . ( Desirée means , ) `` All right , I 've screwed it up this year . Maybe next year I 'll do something right in my life . '' So ( it 's ) `` well , maybe next year '' even though it is n't accented in the music . This is a place where the lyric and the music are n't as apposite as they might be , because the important word is `` next '' , and yet the accented word is `` year '' . That 's my fault , but ( something the performer must ) overcome . Another example arises from Sondheim 's roots as a speaker of American rather than British English : The line `` Do n't you love farce ? '' features two juxtaposed labiodental fricative sounds ( the former ( v ) voiced , the latter ( f ) devoiced ) . American concert and stage performers will often fail to `` breathe '' and / or `` voice '' between the two fricatives , leading audiences familiar with British slang to hear `` Do n't you love arse ? , '' misinterpreting the lyric or at the least perceiving an unintended double entendre . Sondheim agrees that `` ( i ) t 's an awkward moment in the lyric , but that v and that f should be separated . '' In the line of the fourth verse , `` I thought that you 'd want what I want . Sorry , my dear , '' the performer must communicate the connection between the `` want '' and the `` sorry '' . Similarly , Sondheim insists that performers separately enunciate the adjacent ts in the line , `` There ought to be clowns . '' Popular success ( edit ) The musical , with the song , debuted on Broadway in 1973 . The song became popular with theater audiences but had not become a pop hit . Sondheim explained how the song became a hit : First of all , it was n't a hit for two years . I mean , the first person to sing it was Bobby Short , who happened to see the show in Boston , and it was exactly his kind of song : He 's a cabaret entertainer . And then my memory is that Judy Collins picked it up , but she recorded it in England ; Sinatra heard it and recorded it . And between the two of them , they made it a hit . Frank Sinatra recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' in 1973 for his comeback album Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back , which attained gold status . Gordon Jenkins arranged the song . It was also released as a single , with `` Let Me Try Again '' on side B . Two years later , in 1975 , Judy Collins recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' and included it on her album Judith . The song was released as a single , which soon became a major pop hit . It remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975 , reaching Number 36 . Then , in 1977 , the song again reached the Billboard Hot 100 , where it remained for 16 weeks and reached Number 19 . At the Grammy Awards of 1976 , the Judy Collins performance of the song was named `` Song of the Year '' . After Sinatra and Collins recorded the song , it was recorded by Bing Crosby ( for his album That 's What Life Is All About ) , Kenny Rogers , Lou Rawls and many others . In 1985 , Sondheim added a verse for Barbra Streisand to use in her concert performances and recording , which was featured on The Broadway Album . In 1986 , her version became a Number 25 Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary hit . The song has become a jazz standard with performances by Count Basie , Sarah Vaughan , the Stan Kenton Orchestra and many others . The song appears on over 900 records by hundreds of performers in a wide variety of arrangements . Other versions and parodies ( edit ) In 1993 , Krusty the Clown ( played by Dan Castellaneta ) performs the song on he Simpsons episode `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' . It includes some altered lyrics : `` Send in those soulful and doleful , schmaltz - by - the - bowlful clowns '' . This version was later included on the soundtrack album Songs in the Key of Springfield . Stars of the Lid recorded a version called `` Do n't Bother They 're Here '' for their 2007 album And Their Refinement of the Decline . A snippet of `` Send In the Clowns '' appears as part of the song `` The Electric Co . '' on the U2 release Under A Blood Red Sky . However , the band did not have the appropriate licensing and did not pay the required royalties and were fined $50,000 ( US ) and had to make sure any further pressings of the release removed the snippet . The song figures prominently in a plotline in the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope in October 1988 , when villain Max Dubujax plants a bomb in a music box that plays the tune . Before he dies from a gunshot wound , he tells his ex-wife Siobhan Ryan , the intended victim , about `` losing my timing so late in my career '' . The bomb detonates in November 1988 , killing Siobhan 's husband Joe Novak . Tichina Arnold sings a version of the song that is used throughout the storyline . Comedian Will Ferrell performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 2 August 2010 . The song is performed on an episode of the US sitcom Newhart , leading the dim - witted character of George Utley ( Tom Poston ) to say , `` I never realized what that song was really about ! It 's about clowns , and when to send them in . '' In December 2010 , Stephen Colbert wrote and performed an `` extended ending '' to `` Send in the Clowns '' to composer Stephen Sondheim when he appeared on Colbert 's program , The Colbert Report . `` Where are the clowns ? / I booked them for eight / Oh wait that 's them on the phone / Saying they 're late / Traffic was bad / The tunnel 's a mess / All twelve of them came in one car / They lost my address / You just ca n't trust clowns / That 's why they 're called clowns '' In 2011 , Paul Harper adapted the lyrics as a parody of bad English usage for Glam Jam , A West End Show , entitled `` Send in the Nouns '' . The song is featured in the film Starsky & Hutch during the duo 's undercover mission at a bat mitzvah . Madonna opened both her ' Tears Of a Clown ' concerts in 2015 with her own rendition of the song . in the October 1976 issue of MAD Magazine ( issue # 186 ) the song is parodied as ' Send In The Crew ' in the parody musical ' Keep On Trekkin ' : The MAD Star Trek Musical ' , with the lyrics of the song ( for the main cast members ) being a reflection that the cast has to come back to be on a Star Trek TV show ( Leonard Nimoy as Spock : `` Is n't it strange / After eight years / Him ( meaning William Shatner ) playing Captain again / Me with my ears / Send in the crew '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Synopsis '' mtishows.com , accessed April 16 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : An Interview with Stephen Sondheim ( Video Interview ) . Broadcast live from the New York City Opera during the production of A Little Night Music , in either 1990 or 1993 , when Sally Ann Howes opened the opera season : Live from Lincoln Center . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow , Mel ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Send In the Sondheim ; City Opera Revives ' Night Music , ' as Composer Dotes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ An Interview of Dame Judi Dench by Alan Titchmarsh ( Video Interview ) . BBC . 1996 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Achievement ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) . `` An Interview with Stephen Sondheim '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim : A Little Night Music - Music on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Google . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 2 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 1 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . Asylum Records . 1975 . Archived from the original ( Album ) on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1975 - 08 - 30 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1977 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Grammy Award Winner , Song of the Year '' . Send in the Clowns , written by Stephen Sondheim , performed by Judy Collins . 1975 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' ( Search Results ) . Send in the Clowns . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand in Concert ( Video Concert ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . Send in the Clowns , by Barbra Streisand. 1986 - 03 - 29 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Matt McGee and Aaron Sams . `` U2 : U2faqs.com - History FAQ - Three to Under a Blood Red Sky '' . U2faqs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim interview by Steven Colbert '' , Comedy Central , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sondheim.com Sondheim Guide to the Play Sondheim Review Notes to the Play Upcoming Performances of the Play Guide to Musical Theater for the Play Send in the Clowns Lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1970s ) 1970 Joe South - `` Games People Play '' 1971 Paul Simon - `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' 1972 Carole King - `` You 've Got a Friend '' 1973 Ewan MacColl - `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox - `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch - `` The Way We Were '' 1976 Stephen Sondheim - `` Send in the Clowns '' 1977 Bruce Johnston - `` I Write the Songs '' 1978 Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams - `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' and Joe Brooks - `` You Light Up My Life '' 1979 Billy Joel - `` Just the Way You Are '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Ingmar Bergman 's Smiles of a Summer Night Adaptations A Little Night Music ( 1973 musical ) A Little Night Music ( 1977 film ) A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 film ) Songs `` Send in the Clowns '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Send_In_the_Clowns&oldid=820823863 '' Categories : Songs from musicals 1970s jazz standards Barbra Streisand songs Songs written by Stephen Sondheim Grammy Award for Song of the Year Judy Collins songs Frank Sinatra songs 1973 songs 1975 singles 1977 singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 20 : 42 . About Wikipedia
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what movie is the song send in the clowns from
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"\"Send In the Clowns\" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music, an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman's film Smiles of a Summer Night. It is a ballad from Act Two, in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life. Among other things, she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik. Meeting him after so long, she finds that he is now in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman. Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation, but he declines, citing his dedication to his bride. Reacting to his rejection, Desirée sings this song. The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik's young wife runs away with his son, and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée's offer.[1]"
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"Smiles of a Summer Night"
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New Balance 99X Series
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New Balance 99X Series - wikipedia New Balance 99X Series Jump to : navigation , search The New Balance 99X Series is a series of athletic shoes produced by New Balance since the introduction of the first New Balance 990 in 1982 . The shoes have been updated sporadically since the original 990 -- all models have used the 99X numbering format and some model numbers have been reused throughout the years . On the 30th anniversary of the shoe in 2012 , the New York Times reported , `` The 990 has a cult following : according to New Balance officials , it was favored by Steve Jobs , and has also been worn by the actors Ben Affleck , Jennifer Garner and Hilary Duff , '' and lesser known Australian Celebrities such as Vicki Foubister , among others . Forbes , BBC and other media also reported how Jobs wore the shoes frequently . Design of the 990 in 2012 was led by New Balance Senior Designer Andrew Nyssen . Series History ( edit ) Most of the information on the early models of the 99X Series is available on two New Balance promotional histories of the series in video format . New Balance owner Jim Davies has claimed that the original design concept actually came in a letter from Steve Jobs , a known New Balance enthusiast and founder of Apple Computers . Jobs , wrote to Davies because he was tired of wearing plain leather shoes and he wanted something `` more sporty and hip '' . He included a rough sketch of what he envisioned for the shoe and this formed the base that designers built the series from . New Balance 990 -- 1982 New Balance 995 -- 1986 New Balance 996 -- 1988 / 1989 New Balance 997 -- 1990 / 1991 New Balance 998 -- 1993 New Balance 999 -- 1996 New Balance 990 -- 1998 New Balance 991 -- 2001 New Balance 992 -- 2006 New Balance 993 -- 2008 New Balance 990 -- 2012 New Balance 990 -- 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New Balance Celebrates Its Homemade Footprint '' . The New York Times . 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacquelyn Smith ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` Steve Jobs Always Dressed Exactly the Same . Here 's Who Else Does '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - What made Steve Jobs unique ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Adam Clark Estes . `` The Booming Business of Selling Steve Jobs 's Wardrobe '' . The Wire . Jump up ^ `` New Balance Senior Designer Andrew Nyssen Tells Us How He Did n't Mess With History Too Much Designing The New 990v3 In This Interview - CounterKicks '' . counterkicks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the New Balance 99X Series '' . YouTube . 20 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Balance 99x Series History '' . YouTube . 5 August 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Balance_99X_Series&oldid=799254292 '' Categories : Athletic shoes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 16 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the new balance 990 come out
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List of My Babysitter's a Vampire characters
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List of my babysitter 's a vampire characters - wikipedia List of my babysitter 's a vampire characters The following is a list of characters from the television series My Babysitter 's a Vampire , which is based on the movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Ethan 1.2 Sarah 1.3 Benny 1.4 Rory 1.5 Erica 2 Recurring Characters 2.1 Jane Morgan 2.2 Samantha Morgan 2.3 Ross Morgan 2.4 Benny 's Grandma 2.5 Principal Hicks 2.6 Jesse 2.7 Mr. G 2.8 Vice Principal Stern 3 Minor Characters 3.1 Gord 3.2 Della 3.3 Stephanie 3.4 Annie Vee 3.5 Older Nurse 3.6 Debbie Dazzle 3.7 Hannah Price 3.8 Coach Ed 3.9 Kurt `` The Hurt '' Lochner 3.10 David Stachowski 3.11 Doug Falconhawk / Machowski 3.12 Dirk Baddison 3.13 Anastasia 3.14 Lucia 3.15 Malcolm Bruner 3.16 Sunday Clovers 3.17 Boltz 3.18 Hottie Ho - Tep 3.19 Serena 3.20 Richard Bruner 3.21 Vivian Keaner 4 References 5 External links Main characters ( edit ) Ethan ( edit ) Ethan Morgan ( portrayed by Matthew Knight ) is a geeky sci - fi - loving 15 - year - old who discovers that his little sister 's babysitter Sarah , is a vampire . Awkward , sweet and well - meaning , Ethan just wants to have a normal high school experience . But the constant paranormal chaos of Whitechapel make that nearly impossible . Ethan is a Seer . Seers are able to see visions through touch . His visions help him learn more about supernatural forces . Ethan lacks social skills because of which he usually finds himself lost when it comes to navigating social waters . Ethan is understood most by Benny , whom he has been best friends with since childhood . He loves playing video games and is book - smart . He is more sarcastic than Benny and thinks things through carefully . He cares for his loved ones and will go to any height to protect them . He is in the chess club along with Benny . Although Benny often gets the two of them into sticky situations , Ethan is usually able to find a way out . His biggest fear is being alone . Later on Ethan begins to develop a romantic relationship with best friend and supernatural partner Sarah in the two part Season 2 finale , `` The Date to End All Dates . '' In Season 2 ( The Date To End all Dates Part 2 ) Benny 's grandmother try 's to help out Ethan get over his fear in seeing dead people , but then that does not work so when he holds Benny 's and Sarah 's hand he sees them normal again . But then he has to bring back our loyal friend Jesse , so then they have to go to this old building and defeat the bad guy by Jesse joining their side and not the vampire 's side . Then Ethan touches the schoolmaster 's soldier and goes into his mind and tells him , You 're not strong it 's the thing '' and then they all run out of the building . Sarah ( edit ) Sarah ( portrayed by Vanessa Morgan ) is Jane 's babysitter , and one of Ethan 's best friends who he has a crush on . Although most times , she ends up babysitting Ethan and Benny as well . By the time the pilot movie begins , she is already a new vampire , bitten by her ex-boyfriend Jesse . Since she has not drunk human blood , she is only a fledgling , not fully human , not fully vampire . Hoping for a cure to become human again , Sarah tries her best to fit into high school and be a normal teenage girl , though she is unsuccessful . She refrains from human blood and instead , drinks a human blood substitute that Benny 's grandmother makes . Sarah usually aids Ethan and Benny in their quests to defeat supernatural forces and has excellent fighting skills which , combined with her superhuman strength and speed , make her a formidable opponent . She struggles to keep her friends protected from evil vampires , particularly Jesse . In the first season finale , she finally turns into a full vampire when Ethan is bitten by Jesse and she drinks his blood to get the venom out . Although upset at first , she is later shown to somewhat accept what she is in the end . Later on Sarah begins to develop a romantic relationship with best friend and supernatural partner Ethan Morgan in the two part Season 2 finale , `` The Date to End All Dates . '' Benny ( edit ) Benny Weir ( portrayed by Atticus Mitchell ) is Ethan 's loud and goofy best friend . He is similar to Ethan , being geeky . He often gets into trouble with his antics . Benny has been Ethan 's best friend since they were 6 years old . He and Ethan understand each other better than anyone else , although Benny is more funny and outspoken than Ethan . Benny can be just as brave and strategically clever as his pal , though he only showcases these abilities in the most dire of situations . Benny 's dream is to make it big as a sorcerer and paranormal expert . He is told by his grandma that he is a Spellmaster and can cast magical spells , although his magic usually goes wrong due to his lack of practice . Benny often tries to lighten the mood when things get too intense . He is girl - crazy and frequently drags Ethan into his schemes , getting them both in trouble . Despite that , Benny is a genuine friend to Ethan and is always ready to go on another adventure . In season two , Benny begins to improve on his magic , becoming more helpful than in the first season . Benny secretly has a crush on Erica . Rory ( edit ) Rory Keaner ( portrayed by Cameron Kennedy ) is Ethan and Benny 's geeky , dimwitted , funny , non-genuse vampire friend . He is turned into a vampire after being bitten by Jesse at a vampire - infested party . No matter how odd Ethan and Benny are , Rory still manages to be the odd man out . He is even more immature than Ethan and Benny and has ideas that often gets him or all three of them into bad situations . Rory is a follower instead of a leader and has a major crush on Erica and is always eager to impress her , a trend which is in line with the traditional biter - bitten relationship . He is easily manipulated and does whatever he is told to do which leads him to become a full vampire ( in the movie he says that his first reason for drinking human blood was because `` everyone else was doing it '' ) . Ethan and Benny mostly try to keep Rory out of their adventures , knowing that Rory can get himself into danger with his weak intellect . Rory includes himself nevertheless and though he can be foolish , he supports Ethan and Benny to the best of his ability . Embracing his new - found vampirism , he goes through several short - lived personae including ' Vampire Ninja ' and ' Rory Vampire ' . He 's a fond lover of animals both as pets ( he kept a cat called Mr Kitty and two alligators which he mistook for iguanas ) and as a delicacy . In the movie he promises Ethan he 'll not drink human blood again and sticks to this promise throughout the series only hunting animals , something other vampires including Sarah and Erica find disgusting , though he happily drinks bagged human blood again in `` Blood Drive '' and `` Fanged and Furious '' where he fights over a phial of it with Erica . In `` The Date to end All Dates - Part 2 '' he shows courage ( or complete stupidity ) being ready to face a hooded menace until he finds out the intruder is his vice-principal , only at this point does he cow down and runs . He later displays his loyalty with Erica when he says that `` if there 's a fight coming I want to be here with my friends '' , he only avoids the battle when placed under Anastasia 's powerful glamour . Rory 's last name `` Keaner '' was shown on a computer screen in episode `` Siren Song '' . Erica ( edit ) Erica ( portrayed by Kate Todd ) is a vampire and Sarah 's best friend . She is a huge fan of the `` Dusk '' series . ( Dusk is a parody of the Twilight series ) Erica becomes a vampire after being bitten by Gord ( one of Jesse 's friends ) in the same vampire - infested party where Rory was also bitten . Erica is the kind of girl who gets revenge if someone does her wrong . She used to be a nerd when human but has become beautiful since turning into a vampire , a fact she is very proud of . Erica does n't share an actual friendship with Ethan and Benny but speaks to them when necessary . She is annoyed mostly by Rory and makes sure not to be seen with him . However , she uses his crush on her as an advantage to get him to do things for her . Although Erica is conceited and shallow , she genuinely cares for Sarah and always comes through for her . In the first season finale , she supports Sarah after Sarah becomes a full vampire and tells her that they will ( literally ) be friends forever . In the second season , Erica becomes closer to Ethan and Benny as well , and subsequently becomes more active in their heroic activities . Erica seeks out Benny to help Sarah out after she dumped the new vice principal in a trash can , Benny doing a forgetting spell and gathers him and Ethan to testify against the Vampire Council 's accusations . In `` Say You 'll Be Maztak '' , Erica helps Sarah get their male classmates out of a spell where they were controlled by Lucia , who wanted to be reunited with her Sun King . Erica seemed to be jealous that Ethan and Benny were all over Lucia , not believing that they were blowing her and Sarah off for her . In `` Mirror / rorriM '' , Erica is controlled by a ghost trapped in a dressing room mirror during the school 's production of the play , `` The Rainbow Factory '' . Benny , Ethan , and Sarah manage to get the ghost out of Erica , in the middle of the play , the audience assuming they were performing . In `` Village of the Darned '' , Benny makes a potion mixed with his blood for Erica and Sarah ( because the towns ' older citizens were possessed by an evil girl scout troop leaders cookies ) , Erica initially takes dislike to drinking blood from children and teenagers , citing it had fats ; but Erica confides to Sarah that she liked Benny 's blood , that it was `` the best she ever tasted '' , and she might be starting to have feelings for him . In `` The Date to End All Dates '' , while the vampire community is preparing to evacuate Whitechapel ( in which Erica reluctantly and unwillingly helps them do ) , Erica helps Sarah and Ethan prepare for their first date , even choosing their restaurant , which was a vampire restaurant , where the staff assumed Ethan was Sarah 's meal . Recurring characters ( edit ) Jane Morgan ( edit ) Jane Morgan ( portrayed by Ella Jonas Farlinger ) is Ethan 's younger , 9 - year - old sister . She has her own strange view of the world around her . Jane knows about Ethan 's , Benny 's , Sarah 's , Rory 's and Erica 's supernatural abilities and keeps the secret , often helping along when they are in dangerous situations . She usually gets her way by blackmailing Ethan , threatening to tell their parents about all of Ethan , Benny , and Sarah 's secret adventures . Although she is manipulative , she cares for Ethan and shares a friendly and easy relationship with Benny . Jane seems to have certain limited abilities to cast spells ; She once used one of Benny 's spells to bring one of her dolls to life and gets her parents and others turned into little dolls after being touched by Jane 's doll , prompting Ethan , Benny and Sarah to come to the rescue and turn everyone back to normal again . Samantha Morgan ( edit ) Samantha Morgan ( portrayed by Laura DeCarteret ) is the mother of Ethan and Jane Morgan . She is a fun - loving , supportive mom to Ethan and Jane , and will do whatever she can to keep her kids happy . She and her husband go out on date nights every Friday , which is when Sarah is needed to babysit . Although she does n't quite understand her kids , she loves them all the same . Ross Morgan ( edit ) Ross Morgan ( portrayed by Ari Cohen ) is the father of Ethan & Jane Morgan and Samantha Morgan 's husband . When Ross is n't taking cookery / dancing / archery lessons with his wife , he sells insurance -- which oddly enough is something people in Whitechapel seem to need a lot of . Ross is a proud father to Ethan and Jane , even though he does n't always understand his son 's geeky hobbies . But that does n't stop him from trying to connect with him . Benny 's grandma ( edit ) Benny 's Grandma Evelyn ( portrayed by Joan Gregson ) is an Earth Priestess ( a witch on the side of good ) who knows what to do in every situation that Ethan and Benny get themselves into . She also has everything that often ends up causing the problem . She tends to be sardonic , especially while scolding the boys . Principal Hicks ( edit ) Principal Hicks ( played by Hrant Alianak ) is the often dimwitted principal of Whitechapel High School , usually blissfully unaware of what is really going on around him . He often appears concerned about Ethan and Benny because of their weirdness and unusual hobbies . Jesse ( edit ) Jesse ( portrayed by Joe Dinicol ) is an evil vampiric cult leader and main antagonist in the movie . In the original settlement of Whitechapel , he was a priest named Reverend Horace Black , and led an evil vampire cult . In recent times , he poses as a high school student . His personality is pure callous , being willing to sacrifice any follower for his own gains . This is shown numerous times such as in the movie when he did n't react to the news that his entire new cult was eliminated by Ethan , Benny and Sarah , and in The Date to end All Dates when he admitted he 'd let `` most of his old flock '' get wiped out by the Lucrifractor two hundred years ago and was extremely willing to let Benny be destroyed when the would - be wizard temporarily turned against them . His plan throughout the movie was to use the cubile animus to exchange the souls of 219 Dusk fans in order to resurrect the 219 ancient souls of the vampires in his cult , known as the `` Black Army '' . He was also the vampire who originally sired Sarah , turning her into a fledgling , and his minions turned Rory and Erica into vampires at his house party . When Ethan and Benny become aware of the existence of vampires , they team up with Sarah to help stop Jesse . Days later Jesse comes close to succeeding in his plan but he and his minions are killed by Ethan and Benny before he can complete it . In the first season finale , he returns from the grave after Ethan and Benny dig up and inadvertently open the cubile animus he was trapped in . He tries to convince Sarah to become a full vampire so they can be together and leave Whitechapel . When Sarah refuses , Jesse bites Ethan 's wrist to infect him with vampire venom , compelling Sarah to save him and become a full vampire after all . Jesse leaves , unharmed , and is later banished from Whitechapel by the Vampire Council for being an `` undesirable element '' . Jesse returns in the Season 2 finale to give Ethan a message about someone seeking the powers of the Lucifractor . He says that he can not deal with it himself due to his banishment . Following Stern succeeding in driving out the vampire council , Ethan invites Jesse back , as he managed to defeat the original wizard Gaelon Sinisteral . Jesse joins them in facing Stern . Jesse is a handsome but sinister vampire whose charming smile hides a deep , dark secret thats centuries old . Not one to leave his fangs a idle for long , Jesse has ambitious plans that he is determined to see succeed. he hopes to one day control not only all of whitechapel , but especially the heart of one beautiful young lady named Sarah . Mr. G ( edit ) Mr. G ( portrayed by Ryan Blakely ) is a teacher who often gets wrapped up in the supernatural goings - on that happen at the school , whether he is fully aware or not . He first appears in `` Double Negative '' to take the yearbook photos but an evil version of Hannah Price is out to use Benny 's grandmother 's evil camera to make evil doubles of the students . Mr. G is also seen as the school 's wrestling team coach in `` Friday Night Frights '' . Mr. G unearths a crystal skull which summons Lucia , a queen looking for her Sun King . Mr. G is later controlled by Lucia , she seeking him to be bearer of a sacred vessel . When the spell is broken over Mr. G ( and the other male students ) , he gives Sarah and Erica detention for smashing the skull he dug up , Mr. G never gave students detention prior to this . Vice principal Stern ( edit ) Vice Principal Stern ( portrayed by Richard Waugh ) The new vice principal in Whitechapel 's high school and the main antagonist in season two . He made his first appearance in `` Welcome back Dusker '' where he was quickly met with Sarah 's highly emotional wrath and was plunged headfirst into a trashcan by the newly fully - fledged vampire . His Great grandfather ( Gaelon Sinisteral ) was a wizard who hated vampires , and attempted to wipe them out but was defeated by Reverend Horace Black ( a.k.a. Jesse ) . Centuries later , Stern planned to do the same . Around the same time as he got the job as vice principal , he conjured the breath of death to begin his vampire genocide , but that plan soon failed . In The Date to End all Dates we also learn from Erica that she despised him since he banned the Dusk Fanclub , no doubt due to its affiliation with vampires . He later attempts to kill Ethan in `` Independence Daze '' whilst wearing a Grim Reaper-esque disguise and is referred to as `` some guy without a face '' . In the episode Date To End All Dates , his secret is revealed that his new goal was finding the Lucifactor to wipe out all vampires in Whitechapel . He attempts to steal it from Benny and Rory after they find it in the abandoned Darkwood hotel , but was thwarted when he found himself face to face with Jesse 's `` guard dog '' . Later he confiscates the Lucifractor from Benny and places Ethan under a spell , making him fear everyone is dead . When Stern attacks the vampire council , he kills several vampires and chases the rest away . He plans to use their beacon ( which Jesse states is referred to as `` the Caller '' ) to broadcast the Lucifractor 's power across town . Benny is put temporarily under his control , but is taken out by his own magic and the vice-principal is soon defeated by Ethan after Sarah and Jesse successfully distract him . Ethan telepathically attacks Stern , and uses the man 's own arrogance against him , causing him to absorb energy from the Lucifractor and results in a huge explosion . Minor characters ( edit ) Gord ( edit ) Gord ( portrayed Nathan Stephenson ) is Jesse 's right hand man , and another vampire . He becomes Erica 's boyfriend and turns her into a vampire . He is later killed in the climax by holy water rigged sprinklers . Della ( edit ) Della ( portrayed by Rebecca Dalton ) is a normal student at Whitechapel High , who gets her heart broken after the death of her dog , Puffles . Benny brings Puffles back to life to woo her but ends up bringing to life every other dead animal buried in the ground . This ends up driving her away from Benny . Della is said to be attending therapy since she ca n't forget Puffles . Della is seen again in the first season finale at the school dance , later talking with Rory . Stephanie ( edit ) Stephanie ( portrayed by Leah Renee Cudmore ( young ) , Susan Robertson ( elder ) ) is an old witch , disguised as the cheerleader captain , and the antagonist of the episode , Three Cheers for Evil . She went to school with Benny 's grandmother but physically looks 17 because she has used her powers to maintain immortality . It 's revealed that Stephanie teased Erica when Erica used to be a nerd as a human . Stephanie puts a spell on Erica and Sarah so they obey her . On the night of the school pep rally , Ethan and Benny are able to thwart her plan to steal the souls of the student body and Stephanie 's real age is unmasked . An old Stephanie ends up as a lunch lady at Whitechapel High . Annie Vee ( edit ) Annie `` Hot Nurse '' Vee ( portrayed by Kristin Adams ) is the Hot Nurse who appeared in the episode `` Blood Drive '' . Annie was the better - looking and younger nurse at the Blood Drive in Whitechapel . She is a vampire who has worked with the older vampire nurse for years , using blood drives to get their food . She thinks she can do anything and does not like to get involved with the Vampire Council . Benny only went to donate blood because he wanted Annie to do it . Benny then learns she is one of the bloodsuckers and lets Erica and Rory away for a pint of blood from Ethan . Older Nurse ( edit ) The Older Nurse ( portrayed by Amy Ciupak Lalonde ) is a character who appeared in the episode Blood Drive . She and Annie are vampire nurses that first appeared in Blood Drive . She makes all the decisions and is the leader of the two . She always thinks that mistakes should be justified and wanted to take Erica and Rory to the Vampire Council for stealing food from their own kind . She took blood out of Benny when he thought that Annie would . Debbie Dazzle ( edit ) Debbie Dazzle ( portrayed by Georgina Reilly ) is Jane 's favorite doll . She was turned into a human after Jane cast a spell on her to fix her broken leg . She is the antagonist in the episode `` Guys and Dolls . '' Debby loves cupcakes , ice cream , disco - dance parties and make overs . Debbie did n't like being a doll , claiming that it was boring and she wanted to have fun . In order to stay in human form , she sucks life energy out of humans , thus turning them into dolls . Jane manages to reverse the spell to change Debbie back into a doll . But in the end she turn her head at the audience and wink at them . Her counterpart doll is Dazzle Dan . Her look is seemingly based on Katy Perry , though this is never mentioned in the series . Hannah Price ( edit ) Hannah Price ( portrayed by Kiana Madeira ) is the photographer , and the leader of the yearbook committee at Whitechapel High in the episode Double Negative . Ethan and Benny mistakenly believe she has a crush on Ethan after misinterpreting her actions . It was found at the end , that she had a boyfriend . She bought a camera from Benny at a yard sale for $10 and wanted to use the camera for yearbook photos , not knowing of its evil powers . Coach Ed ( edit ) Coach Ed ( portrayed by Clé Bennett ) is a character in the episode , Friday Night Frights . He is a ghost whose spirit was locked into Whitechapel High 's sole sports trophy . His spirit was released when Ethan held the trophy , and haunted him relentlessly . Ethan tried to confide in Sarah and Benny to get rid of him , but in the end he agreed to win a new trophy for his spirit to move on . Though Ethan ' cheated ' to win the trophy , the coach 's spirit was banished by the ghosts of those he coached . Kurt `` the hurt '' Lochner ( edit ) Kurt Lochner ( portrayed by William Greenblatt ) is an ace wrestler who appears in Friday Night Frights . In this episode , he is dating Erica , and Sarah is led to suspect that he is a vampire and tries to investigate ; only leading Ethan to think that she likes him . Ethan and Kurt meet during a wrestling match , and Ethan wins a trophy by pinching him to the floor and tickling his neck to keep him under . He tries to beat up Ethan , but Sarah knocks him to the ground and confirms that he has been `` beaten by a geek and a girl '' . He is last seen on a date with Erica , who shows him her fangs . It is unknown what happened to him later . David Stachowski ( edit ) David Stachowski ( portrayed by Jake Epstein ) is a character from the episode Blue Moon . He is the hairiest jock at Whitechapel High and very popular . He makes Ethan and Benny his best friends but Ethan suspects that David is a werewolf and has a motive behind making them his friends . Benny tries a spell to expose him , but it has no effect whatsoever . However Ethan has a vision that confirms his suspicions of David . He then sees that David scratched him and starts to turn into a werewolf . It is revealed that David knew Ethan is a Seer and was hoping Ethan could help him find the cure to become human again . During a party at Ethan 's house , Ethan and Benny find out that David is n't an actual werewolf after Sarah , Benny , Rory , and Erica mistake Ethan as David ; he simply turns into a shaggy dog under the full moon , making him a weredog . Doug Falconhawk / Machowski ( edit ) Doug Falconhawk ( true name Doug Machowski , portrayed by Thomas Mitchell ) is the host of his own television show that called him the Scarefinder . Rory , Benny and Ethan are his only fans because his lack of locating paranormal activities is boring the audience except those three . He makes his first appearance in Doug The Vampire Hunter and hires the kids to hunt vampires . His show is eventually ruined by his fans . Dirk Baddison ( edit ) Dirk Baddison ( played by Jamie Johnston ) is the actor who portrays the vampire named James in the Dusk series , he appears in `` Welcome Back Dusker '' when Ethan starts the rumor that he 's coming to Whitechapel , in order to get Sarah to come back . Erica abducts Dirk , showing him that she 's a vampire and that vampires are real , Dirk involuntarily gets dragged in front of the vampire council with Erica , and the head of the council likes Dirk , wanting his autograph for `` a friend '' . Dirk is placed into a psychiatric facility after going to the media and saying he has a vampire girlfriend , pictures he took with Erica showed that only he was in the pictures , because vampires do n't show up on film . Anastasia ( edit ) Anastasia ( portrayed by Addison Holley ) is first introduced in `` Welcome back Dusker '' as a little girl who is after Ethan and Sarah because vampires are being attacked by an ominous green mist later identified by Benny as , `` The Breath of Death '' . She initially accuses Ethan of being the one behind the vampire attacks as he is a known vampire hunter and because vampires sent by the Council to retrieve his love interest Sarah were killed in his garden . When one of the other council members is taken over by the Breath of Death and tries to go after her , Ethan saves her and she believes that he has nothing to do with it . She secretly likes Dirk Baddison , asking to have his autograph `` for a friend '' . Her personality is heavily juxtaposed to her demeanor , as she is very assertive ( despite being on a council where each member has an equal vote , she always takes charge and no one seems willing to go against her ) and also sinister and scary , usually resorting to death threats to get things done . Rory claims she 's `` scary '' ( at the end of `` The Date to End All Dates '' ) while Benny refers to her as `` Little Miss Fang - Fang '' . Her sense of style both in her outfits and possessions ( such as her choice of duffle bag in `` The Date to end all Dates - Part 2 '' ) shows that despite her youthful appearance she is actually several centuries old . Despite banishing him , she is somewhat similar to Jesse , being quick to use force , mind control and is very williing to sacrifice her followers to save herself ( Jesse freely admits he allowed most of his `` flock '' to be Lucifractored so he could defeat Stern 's great - grandfather and Anastasia happily sent guards at Stern knowing they had no chance of defeating him while she fled Whitechapel . She also says that Stern could `` have this town '' ( Whitechapel ) , in essence leaving every vampire in Whitechapel at the mercy of the vengeful vice-principal by leaving the Caller ( a device Jesse says the Council uses to communicate with other covens ) undefended ) . Most likely she only forced Rory and Erica to flee with her as all her remaining guards were busy holding off Stern while the rest of her Council had already fled . Lucia ( edit ) Lucia ( portrayed by Shiva Negar ) is a queen in search of her Sun King , Mr. G summons her when he digs up a crystal skull around the school . Lucia uses Mr. G and his male students to get reunited with her Sun King . The students make an altar out of the classroom desks for Lucia along with finding things such as animal hearts , gold , and jewelry . And Lucia initially chooses Rory to be `` The Chosen One '' , or a sacrifice to the Sun King , but when she learns Rory is a vampire and is n't pure , she moves onto Ethan instead , who is breaking from Lucia 's control over him . Sarah and Erica defeat Lucia after learning that the moon could interfere with Lucia 's plan , they use moon rocks that Ethan bought to get their friends and classmates out of Lucia 's spell . Ethan destroys Lucia using a moon rock as well , the skull crashing to the floor in the process . Malcolm Bruner ( edit ) Malcolm Bruner ( portrayed by Scott Beaudin ) is a Whitechapel High student whose grandfather had recently passed in the episode `` Fanged and Furious '' . Ethan wanted to buy his grandfather 's clunker car , but chose against it when he learned the car was possessed by a vampire . Bruner threatens to have Ethan 's learner 's permit revoked because he thinks Ethan stole the car and tried to run him over with it . When he came to school the next day he was all bandaged up and Rory told him his bandages were leaking . Sunday Clovers ( edit ) Sunday Clovers ( portrayed by Bindi Irwin ) is an energetic foreign exchange student from Australia who becomes lead in the school 's upcoming play , `` The Rainbow Factory '' , where Erica is assigned as her understudy . Clovers looks in a possessed dressing room mirror and she is controlled by the ghost trapped in it , to harm her classmates involved in the play . In the process of doing that , Clovers cuts numerous sandbags hoping to hurt her classmates , many of them fell on her in the process , breaking both of her legs ; Sarah thought suspiciously that Erica did it to become lead in the play . Clovers watches a controlled Erica on stage the night of the play , sitting by Ethan 's mother , both amazed at Erica 's `` acting '' . Boltz ( edit ) In `` Jockenstein '' , Boltz is a robotic hockey player at Whitechapel High , invented by the coach to win games , taking human body parts to make him . The coach abducts Ethan and tries to take Ethan 's brain and put it into Boltz to make him the greatest hockey player ever , until Sarah manages to stop the coach while Benny and Erica try to dismantle Boltz . Hottie Ho - Tep ( edit ) Hottie Ho - Tep ( portrayed by Jesse Rath ) is an ancient Egyptian mummy that took the form of a human teen by taking magical objects from Benny 's home , after Benny took his pancreas , causing his mummy to break out of its sarcophagus . Hottie falls for Sarah and vice versa , trying to take her back to the underworld with her as his . Benny and Ethan manage to stop him by shaking Hottie 's ancient artifacts that were buried with him . Serena ( edit ) Serena ( portrayed by Kendra Timmins ) is a local singing sensation who has the voice of an angel , but in reality she 's a siren ; a mythical creature whose songs bring out the self - destructive worst in anyone who hears it . Ethan , Benny , and Rory sign up for the talent show to stop Serena , using her songs against her , to stop her from bringing out the worst of people in the whole town . Richard Bruner ( edit ) Richard ( portrayed by Trevor Coll ) is grandson of Milfred Bruner . A tall , handsome , snooty prep - school kid . Extremely condescending. Younger version of the Winklevoss twins from The Social Network . The gang figures out that Richard is the latest target of the evil car ... so in order to save Richard they invite him over under the pretense of taking his picture for a `` Charity Photo Shoot '' and draw a tube of his blood . Rory takes on his identity to attract the evil car and stop it from its rage . Vivian Keaner ( edit ) Vivian Keaner ( portrayed by Marsha Mason ) is Rory 's mother who is first seen in `` Siren Song '' , cheering her son on at the school 's talent show . Vivian bored Benny 's grandmother in the audience with stories of what Rory does , praising that he 'd be a veterinarian one day , blissfully unaware that her son 's recent interest in small mammals was actually due to finding them more delicious than cute . Benny 's grandmother turned off her hearing aid as a result . Backstage , Rory gets nervous when he hears his mum is in the audience , not because he 's worried for his safety but actually for the rest of the audience as he claims his mum can `` really throw them '' in terms of throwing punches . Ms. Keaner is later seen to be taken over by Serena 's songs , punching out a lady in the audience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ My Babysitter 's A Vampire - Season 2 , Episode 8 Independence Daze -- Grandma 's first name , Evelyn , revealed at 1 : 56 http://www.mybabysittersavampire.com/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081930/http://www.teletoon.com/teletoon3/teletoon.php?language=En External links ( edit ) Official website My Babysitter 's a Vampire on IMDb My Babysitter 's a Vampire at TV.com hide My Babysitter 's a Vampire ( TV series ) Pilot film Developers Tim Burns Jennifer Pertsch Tom McGillis Main Characters Ethan ( Matthew Knight ) Sarah ( Vanessa Morgan ) Benny ( Atticus Mitchell ) Erica ( Kate Todd ) Rory ( Cameron Kennedy ) See Also List of episodes List of characters throughout the series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Babysitter%27s_a_Vampire_characters&oldid=836612003 '' Categories : Lists of science fiction television characters Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 20 : 59 . About Wikipedia Developers
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who plays rory in my babysitters a vampire
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[
"Rory Keaner (portrayed by Cameron Kennedy) is Ethan and Benny's geeky, dimwitted, funny, non-genuse vampire friend. He is turned into a vampire after being bitten by Jesse at a vampire-infested party. No matter how odd Ethan and Benny are, Rory still manages to be the odd man out. He is even more immature than Ethan and Benny and has ideas that often gets him or all three of them into bad situations. Rory is a follower instead of a leader and has a major crush on Erica and is always eager to impress her, a trend which is in line with the traditional biter-bitten relationship. He is easily manipulated and does whatever he is told to do which leads him to become a full vampire (in the movie he says that his first reason for drinking human blood was because \"everyone else was doing it\"). Ethan and Benny mostly try to keep Rory out of their adventures, knowing that Rory can get himself into danger with his weak intellect. Rory includes himself nevertheless and though he can be foolish, he supports Ethan and Benny to the best of his ability. Embracing his new-found vampirism, he goes through several short-lived personae including 'Vampire Ninja' and 'Rory Vampire'. He's a fond lover of animals both as pets (he kept a cat called Mr Kitty and two alligators which he mistook for iguanas) and as a delicacy. In the movie he promises Ethan he'll not drink human blood again and sticks to this promise throughout the series only hunting animals, something other vampires including Sarah and Erica find disgusting, though he happily drinks bagged human blood again in \"Blood Drive\" and \"Fanged and Furious\" where he fights over a phial of it with Erica. In \"The Date to end All Dates- Part 2\" he shows courage (or complete stupidity) being ready to face a hooded menace until he finds out the intruder is his vice-principal, only at this point does he cow down and runs. He later displays his loyalty with Erica when he says that \"if there's a fight coming I want to be here with my friends\", he only avoids the battle when placed under Anastasia's powerful glamour. Rory's last name \"Keaner\" was shown on a computer screen in episode \"Siren Song\"."
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[
"Cameron Kennedy"
] |
5148320863231852231
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Brick (band)
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Brick ( band ) - Wikipedia Brick ( band ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brick Origin Atlanta , Georgia , United States Genres Funk , R&B , disco Years active 1972 -- present Labels Bang , Magic City Brick is an American band that created a successful merger of funk and jazz in the 1970s . Their most popular single was `` Dazz '' , ( # 3 U.S. Pop , # 1 U.S. R&B , # 36 UK Singles Chart ) which was released in 1976 . Contents 1 History 2 Members 3 Discography 3.1 Studio Albums 3.2 Compilation Albums 3.3 Singles 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Brick was formed in Atlanta , Georgia in 1976 from members of two bands - one disco and the other jazz . They coined their own term for disco - jazz , `` dazz '' . They released their first single `` Music Matic '' on Main Street Records in 1976 , before signing to the independently distributed Bang Records . Their next single , `` Dazz '' , ( # 3 Pop , # 1 R&B ) was released in 1976 . The band continued to record for Bang records until 1982 . Other hits followed : `` That 's What It 's All About '' ( R&B # 48 ) and `` Dusic '' ( # 18 Pop , # 2 R&B ) in 1977 , and `` Ai n't Gonna Hurt Nobody '' ( # 92 Pop , # 7 R&B ) in 1978 . Their last Top Ten R&B hit was `` Sweat ( Til You Get Wet ) '' in 1981 . Under the leadership of Belinda Pervall from Total Event Management , the group is currently performing at venues around the world . Members ( edit ) Regi Hargis -- guitar , bass , vocals Jimmy Brown -- lead vocals , saxophone , flute , trombone Darryl Rouse , keyboard and background vocals Eric Florence , bass guitar Victor Alexander , drums and percussion Former Members Include Ray Ransom ( lead vocals / bass / keyboards / percussion ) Donald Nevins ( vocals / Acoustic Piano / Clavinet / Moog ) Edward D. Irons , Jr. ( lead vocals / drums / keyboards ) Discography ( edit ) Studio Albums ( edit ) Good High ( 1976 ) # 1 R&B ; # 19 US Brick ( 1977 ) # 1 R&B ; # 15 US Stoneheart ( 1979 ) # 25 R&B ; # 100 US Waiting on You ( 1980 ) # 31 R&B ; # 179 US Summer Heat ( 1981 ) # 13 R&B ; # 89 US After 5 ( 1982 ) Too Tuff ( 1988 ) Compilation Albums ( edit ) The Best of Brick ( 1995 ) Super Hits ( 2000 ) Singles ( edit ) `` Music Matic '' ( 1976 ) # 82 R&B `` Dazz '' ( 1976 ) # 1 R&B ; # 3 US `` Dusic '' ( 1977 ) # 2 R&B ; # 18 US `` That 's What It 's All About '' ( 1977 ) # 48 R&B `` Ai n't Gonna Hurt Nobody '' ( 1978 ) # 7 R&B ; # 92 US `` Dancin ' Man '' ( 1979 ) # 47 R&B `` Raise Your Hands '' ( 1979 ) # 34 R&B `` All The Way '' ( 1979 ) # 38 R&B ; # 106 US `` Push Push '' ( 1979 ) # 21 R&B `` Sweat ( Til You Get Wet ) '' ( 1981 ) # 10 R&B `` Wide Open '' ( 1981 ) # 58 R&B `` Free Dancer '' ( 1982 ) # 62 R&B `` Stick by You '' ( 1982 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Brown played trombone on the song `` Ai n't Gonna Hurt Nobody . '' The Coolest Music Book Ever Made aka The MC 500 Vol. 2 : Celebrating 40 Years of Sounds , Life , and Culture Through an All - Star Team of Songs External links ( edit ) Brick at AllMusic http://thebandbrick.com/ http://facebook.com/thebandbrick This article on a United States band or other musical ensemble is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brick_(band)&oldid=853478066 '' Categories : African - American musical groups American disco groups American funk musical groups Musical groups established in 1972 Musical groups from Georgia ( U.S. state ) United States musical group stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 02 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings ain't gonna hurt nobody
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[
"Brick was formed in Atlanta, Georgia in 1976 from members of two bands - one disco and the other jazz. They coined their own term for disco-jazz, \"dazz\". They released their first single \"Music Matic\" on Main Street Records in 1976, before signing to the independently distributed Bang Records. Their next single, \"Dazz\", (#3 Pop, #1 R&B) was released in 1976. The band continued to record for Bang records until 1982. Other hits followed: \"That's What It's All About\" (R&B #48) and \"Dusic\" (#18 Pop, #2 R&B) in 1977, and \"Ain't Gonna Hurt Nobody\" (#92 Pop, #7 R&B) in 1978. Their last Top Ten R&B hit was \"Sweat (Til You Get Wet)\" in 1981.\n"
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[
"Brick"
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2199074791533590451
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Second British Invasion
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Second British Invasion - wikipedia Second British Invasion The Second British Invasion refers to music acts from the United Kingdom that became popular in the United States from the middle of 1982 into late 1986 , primarily due to the cable music channel MTV . The term derives from the similar British Invasion of the U.S. in the 1960s . While acts with a wide variety of styles were part of the invasion , it was synthpop and new wave influenced acts that predominated . During the late 1980s , glam metal and dance music replaced Second Invasion acts atop the U.S. charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Invasion 3 Reaction 4 End of the Invasion 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Background ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , music from the United Kingdom was informed by the after effects of the `` punk / new wave '' revolution . In early 1979 `` Sultans of Swing '' by Dire Straits and `` Roxanne '' by The Police cracked the American Top 40 , followed by the more modest chart successes of Elvis Costello , Sniff ' n ' the Tears , The Pretenders , Gary Numan , and Squeeze. Scripps - Howard news service described this success as an early stage of the invasion . Music videos , having been a staple of British music television programmes for half a decade , had evolved into image conscious short films . At the same time , pop and rock music in the United States was undergoing a creative slump due to several factors , including audience fragmentation and the effects of the anti-disco backlash . Videos did not exist for most hits by American acts , and those that did were usually taped concert performances . When the cable music channel MTV launched on August 1 , 1981 , it had little choice but to play a large number of music videos from British new wave acts . The Buggles ' `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' was the first music video shown on MTV in the U.S. At first , MTV was only available in small towns and suburbs . To the surprise of the music industry , when MTV became available in a local market , record sales by acts played solely on the channel increased immediately and listeners phoned radio stations requesting to hear them . Also in 1981 , Los Angeles radio station KROQ - FM began the Rock of the ' 80s format , which would make it the most popular station in that city . More hints of the impending invasion were observed in 1981 on the dance charts . Only seven of the top 30 groups of the dance rock chart Rockpool were of American origin , while later in the year , 12 - inch singles by British groups began appearing on the Billboard Disco chart . The trend was particularly strong in Manhattan where import records and the British music press were convenient to obtain and where the New York Rocker warned that `` Anglophilia '' was hurting U.S. underground acts . The Invasion ( edit ) On July 3 , 1982 , The Human League 's `` Do n't You Want Me '' started a three - week reign on top of the Hot 100 . The song got considerable boost from MTV airplay and has been described by the Village Voice as `` pretty unmistakably the moment the Second British Invasion , spurred by MTV , kicked off '' . The September 1982 arrival of MTV in the media capitals of New York City and Los Angeles led to widespread positive publicity for the new `` video era '' . By the fall , `` I Ran ( So Far Away ) '' by A Flock of Seagulls , the first successful song that owed almost everything to video , had entered the Billboard Top Ten . Duran Duran 's glossy videos would come to symbolise the power of MTV . In 1983 , Billy Idol became an MTV staple with `` White Wedding '' and `` Eyes Without a Face '' and had commercial success with his second album Rebel Yell . Pop rock songs that topped the charts included Bonnie Tyler 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , John Waite 's `` Missing You '' , and Robert Palmer 's `` Addicted to Love '' . Girl group Bananarama had hits with `` Cruel Summer '' and `` Venus '' , the latter reaching number one . New Music became an umbrella term used by the music industry to describe young , mostly British , androgynous , and technologically oriented artists such as Culture Club and Eurythmics . Many of the Second Invasion artists started their careers in the punk era and desired to bring change to wider audience , resulting in music that , while having no specific sound , was characterized by a risk - taking spirit within the context of pop music . Rock - oriented acts that knew how to use video , such as Def Leppard , Big Country and Simple Minds , became part of the new influx of music from Britain . Early in 1983 radio consultant Lee Abrams advised his clients at 70 album - oriented rock stations to double the amount of new music they played . During that year 30 % of the record sales were from British acts . On July 16 , 20 of the top 40 singles , including 7 of the top 10 singles , were by British artists , smashing the previous record of 14 set in 1965 . `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police , the # 1 single that week , became the best selling single on the Hot 100 for 1983 . One measure of the strength of the Second British Invasion is that 2 of the 20 singles were by acts from the first British Invasion : `` Come Dancing '' by The Kinks ( their biggest hit ever ) and `` Stop in the Name of Love '' by The Hollies . The overall record sales would rise by 10 % from 1982 . Newsweek magazine ran an issue which featured Annie Lennox and Boy George on the cover of its issue with the caption Britain Rocks America -- Again , while Rolling Stone would release an `` England Swings '' issue in November 1983 . Culture Club and Duran Duran created a teen `` hysteria '' similar to Beatlemania during the first British Invasion . In April 1984 , 40 of the top 100 singles , and on the 25 May 1985 Hot 100 , 8 of the top 10 singles , were by acts of British origin . At the Second Invasion 's height , during a three - month period the British Commonwealth claimed eight consecutive Hot 100 # 1 hits , from Simple Minds ' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' through Tears for Fears ' `` Shout '' . `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( featured in The Breakfast Club ) was the first of three British acts to provide the theme song for a Brat Pack film , followed by John Parr 's Hot 100 # 1 charting single `` St. Elmo 's Fire '' ( which was eclipsed at the top by Dire Straits ' `` Money for Nothing '' ) and The Psychedelic Furs `` Pretty in Pink '' . U.S. radio stations that catered for black audiences also played Second Invasion acts . Music critic Nelson George ascribed this `` reverse crossover '' to the novelty of the music playing well on dance floors . Another music journalist , Simon Reynolds , theorized that , just as in the first British Invasion , the use of black American influences by British acts such as Wham ! ( featuring George Michael ) , Eurythmics , Culture Club , and Paul Young helped to spur their success . Following the success of Pink Floyd in the 1970s , other 1970s British progressive rock artists would achieve major chart success in the U.S during the 1980s , such as Genesis , Yes ( `` Owner of a Lonely Heart '' reaching # 1 ) , and The Alan Parsons Project ( `` Sirius '' ) , which would be used as entrance music by various American sports teams , notably the Chicago Bulls . During the Second British Invasion , established British acts such as Queen , David Bowie , Paul McCartney , Phil Collins , Rod Stewart and Elton John saw their popularity increase ; a few acts that dated to the era of the original British Invasion , including George Harrison , Eddy Grant , The Hollies and The Moody Blues , had their last major hits in this time frame . Counting his work with Genesis , Collins had more top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist . Reaction ( edit ) `` The guys were so beautiful . Not handsome in the classic `` movie star '' way , but actually pretty -- lush lips , cheekbones a mile - high , porcelain skin -- and they all knew how to apply make - up better than most women I knew '' Nina Blackwood MTV VJ . All of this activity and the unusually high turnover of artists in the charts caused a sense of upheaval in the United States . Commentators in the mainstream media credited MTV and the British acts with bringing color and energy back to pop music that had been missing since the 1960s , while rock journalists were generally hostile to the phenomenon because they felt it represented image over content and that the `` English haircut bands '' had not paid their dues . Great Britain initially embraced what was called `` New Pop '' . However , by 1983 , the song `` Rip It Up '' by Orange Juice and `` kill ugly pop stars '' graffiti were expressions of both a backlash against the Second Invasion groups and nostalgia for punk . `` Instant Club Hit ( You 'll Dance to Anything ) '' , which became an underground hit for Philadelphia punk group The Dead Milkmen , took a satirical shot at the American subculture that followed British alternative / new wave . `` I hear the radio , it 's finally gon na play new music you know the british invasion but what about The Minutemen , Flesh Eaters , D.O.A. , Big Boys , and the Black Flag were the last american bands to get played on the radio please bring the Flag , please bring the Flag glitter disco synthesizer , night school all the noble savage drum drum drum '' American Punk Band X from their 1983 song I Must Not Think Bad Thoughts According to music journalist Simon Reynolds , a majority of acts that signed to independent labels in 1984 mined various rock influences and became an alternative to the Second Invasion . Reynolds named The Smiths and R.E.M. as the two most important `` alt rock acts '' among this group noting that they `` were eighties bands only in the sense of being against the eighties '' . The Second British Invasion had its most direct impact on American country music , which immediately prior to the Invasion was enjoying a brief renaissance of mainstream popularity buoyed by country pop crossover artists . By 1984 , country 's mainstream popularity had fallen to a level not seen since disco , and Music Row publishers responded by retrenching , promoting neotraditional country artists popular with country 's fan base but with less appeal outside it . Country 's crossover appeal would not recover until 1991 . End of the Invasion ( edit ) As the 1980s wore on , American rock , heavy metal and pop music acts learned how to market themselves using video and making catchy singles . Martin Fry of ABC says that `` The reality was that Madonna , Prince and Michael Jackson did it better , bigger and more global than a lot of British acts . '' From 1983 to 1985 , several glam metal acts dented the U.S. charts and received some airplay on MTV , but heavy metal was still seen as a genre limited in popularity to teenage boys . In the spring and summer of 1986 , acts associated with the Second Invasion continued to have chart success , with eight records reaching the Hot 100 's summit . That fall Bon Jovi 's third album Slippery When Wet topped the Billboard 200 and spent eight non-consecutive weeks there , and the leadoff single `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' displaced The Human League 's `` Human '' atop the Hot 100 . Such developments eventually led to decreased visibility of New Music . By 1987 , New Music exposure on MTV was limited to the program The New Video Hour . In 1988 British acts rebounded with twelve singles topping the chart that year . As late as the mid-1990s , the Spice Girls were identified as part of the Second British Invasion , and a few prominent Britpop acts such as the Spice Girls , Oasis and Robbie Williams had some limited success in the United States , albeit less than their 1980s predecessors . Over time British acts became less prevalent on the U.S. charts , and on 27 April 2002 , for the first time in almost 40 years , the Hot 100 had no British acts at all . See also ( edit ) List of Second British Invasion artists British Invasion List of Billboard Hot 100 number - ones by British artists MTV New Romantic Synthpop British soul Culture of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Molanphy , Chris ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` 100 & Single : The Dawning Of The MTV Era And How It Rocket - Fueled The Hot 100 Village Voice July 29 , 2011 '' . Blogs.villagevoice.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Molanphy , Chris ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) . `` First Worsts : Remembering When Bon Jovi Gave `` Hair Metal '' A Bad Name Village Voice June 4 , 2012 `` . Blogs.villagevoice.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ S. Reynolds ( 2005 ) , Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978 -- 1984 , London : Faber and Faber , pp. 340 and 342 -- 3 , ISBN 0 - 571 - 21570 - X Jump up ^ Pop / Rock '' Punk / New Wave . `` Punk / New Wave Significant Albums , Artists and Songs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culture Club , Police , Duran Duran lead Second Invasion Scripps - Howard News Service printed by The Pittsburgh Press October 31 , 1984 '' . Google . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny ( Rovi ) . `` Sniff ' n ' the Tears , Music News & Info '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : From Comiskey Park to Thriller : The Effect of `` Disco Sucks '' on Pop Archived 1 August 2011 at Wikiwix by Steve Greenberg founder and CEO of S - Curve Records 10 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Reynolds , Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978 -- 1984 , pp. 340 , 342 -- 3 . Jump up ^ A. Bennett , Rock and Popular Music : Politics , Policies , Institutions ( London : Routledge , 1993 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Cateforis p. 53 Jump up ^ The Second British Invasion : New Wave now an old ripple `` . Spokane Chronicle. 29 August 1986 ^ Jump up to : R. Serge Denisoff , William L. Schurk . Tarnished gold : the record industry revisited . p. 441 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 16 July 1983 : The Police , Eddy Grant , The Kinks , Kajagoogoo , Madness , Duran Duran , Culture Club . Jump up ^ Cateforis p. 54 Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- Chapter Outline. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A look back at 1983 : The year of the Second British Invasion CBS July 4 , 2013 '' . Cbsnews.com. 2013 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . Billboard Publications . 1985 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK acts disappear from US charts '' . BBC News . 23 April 2002 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 25 May 1985 : Wham ! , Simple Minds , Tears For Fears , Sade , Murray Head , Billy Ocean , The Power Station , Howard Jones . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( 18 May 1985 through 17 August 1985 ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 . Jump up ^ The 24 August 1985 edition of Casey Kasem 's American Top 40 noted the end of that then - record - tying 14 - week streak of foreign acts to top the Hot 100 . Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` '' Pretty in Pink '' -- Review `` . Allmusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cateforis P. 51 Jump up ^ Something Else ! ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Gimme Five : Alan Parsons Project -- The Complete Albums Collection ( 2014 ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Second British Invasion How It Really Happened UPI reprinted by Courier News June 8 , 1984 '' . News.google.com. 1984 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( 7 January 1990 ) . `` Pop Notes '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ The Dead Milkmen . `` All Music The Dead Milkmen '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ned Raggett . `` allmusic Bucky Fellini Album review '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds , Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978 -- 1984 , pp. 392 -- 393 . Jump up ^ Gerald W. Haslam ; Alexandra Russell Haslam ; Richard Chon ( 1999 - 04 - 01 ) . Workin ' Man Blues : Country Music in California . University of California Press . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21800 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Alternative Rock Dave Thompson P81 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( 3 -- 10 May 1986 , 5 -- 26 July 1986 , 30 August -- 6 September 1986 ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( 22 -- 29 November 1986 ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( 9 January -- 24 December 1988 ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wong , Sterling ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Are Adele , Mumford And Sons Sign of a New British Invasion ? -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV News . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Jenkins ( 3 May 2002 ) . `` The end of the British invasion '' . Slate . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cateforis , Theo Are We Not New Wave Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s , The University of Michican Press 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03470 - 3 hide New wave and post-punk Associated genres or scenes 1970s -- 1980s Art punk Cold wave Dance - punk Dark wave Electro - pop Ethereal wave Gothic rock Indie pop Minimal wave Neo-psychedelia New Pop New Romantic No wave Synth - pop 2 Tone 1990s -- 2000s Electroclash New rave New wave of new wave Post-punk revival Romantic modernism Lists New wave artists Post-punk bands Synth - pop artists Other topics Blitz Kids C86 CBGB Chillwave New Wave Theatre Neue Deutsche Welle La Movida Madrileña Little band scene Punk rock Mod revival Rip It Up and Start Again Second British Invasion Sounds Shoegazing Synthwave Yugoslavian new wave Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_British_Invasion&oldid=846264851 '' Categories : British Invasion United Kingdom -- United States relations 1980s in American music 1980s in British music New wave music British popular music Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 15 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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during the second british invasion which british band experienced the most success
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[
"During the Second British Invasion, established British acts such as Queen, David Bowie, Paul McCartney, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart and Elton John saw their popularity increase;[26] a few acts that dated to the era of the original British Invasion, including George Harrison, Eddy Grant, The Hollies and The Moody Blues, had their last major hits in this time frame. Counting his work with Genesis, Collins had more top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist.[27]"
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"Phil Collins"
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38281012622420804
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Ford Power Stroke engine
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Ford Power Stroke engine - wikipedia Ford Power Stroke engine Jump to : navigation , search Ford Power Stroke engine Overview Manufacturer Navistar International ( 1994 - 2010 ) Ford Motor Company ( 2011 - present ) Also called Ford Powerstroke Production 1994 - present Combustion chamber Configuration OHV 90 ° V8 DOHC Chronology Predecessor International Harvester IDI ( 1983 - 1994.5 ) Power Stroke is a line of diesel engines found in Ford diesel trucks , Ford Excursion SUVs , Ford Econoline vans , Ford LCF commercial vehicles and the Brazilian Ford Ranger . The V8 engines were produced by Navistar International Corp. until 2010 when Ford decided to build their diesel engine completely in - house . The Power Stroke engines compete primarily in the United States full - size pickup truck market with the Duramax V8 from General Motors / Isuzu and the B Series straight - six from Cummins . Contents ( hide ) 1 7.3 Power Stroke 2 6.0 Power Stroke 2.1 Key specifications 2.1. 1 Common Issues 2.1. 2 Electrical and fuel 3 6.4 Power Stroke 3.1 Key specifications 4 6.7 Power Stroke 4.1 Key specifications 5 3.2 Power Stroke 5.1 Key specifications 6 3.0 Power Stroke 7 Applications 8 Other engines with the Power Stroke name 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 7.3 Power Stroke ( edit ) Main article : Navistar T444E engine 7.3 Power Stroke Overview Manufacturer Navistar International Combustion chamber Configuration V8 Displacement 7.3 L , 444 cu3 Cylinder bore 4.11 inches Piston stroke 4.18 inches Cylinder block alloy Iron Cylinder head alloy Iron Valvetrain OHV Combustion Fuel type Diesel Output Power output 210 - 275 hp Torque output 425 - 525 lb - ft Dry weight ≈ 920 ( Dry ) Chronology Predecessor 7.3 L IDI Successor 6.0 Power Stroke The 7.3 L Power Stroke diesel was made available for 1994.5 models in Ford Econoline vans , and Ford heavy duty pickups . It effectively replaced the 7.3 IDI with which it shares nothing other than displacement size . The Power Stroke is an electronically controlled , direct injection engine with a 4.11 in ( 104 mm ) bore and 4.18 in ( 106 mm ) stroke creating a displacement of 444 cu in ( 7.3 L ) . It has a 17.5 : 1 compression ratio , and a dry weight of approximately 920 lb ( 420 kg ) . This engine produces up to 250 hp ( 190 kW ) and 505 lb ft ( 685 N m ) of torque in automatic - transmission trucks from the last years of production , and 275 hp ( 205 kW ) and 525 lb ft ( 712 N m ) of torque in manual - transmission trucks . The oil capacity is 15 quarts ( 14.2 liters ) . The oil pan holds 12 quarts ( 11.36 liters ) while the top end holds an additional 3 quarts ( 2.84 liters ) . The 1994.5 to 1996 / 97 DI Power stroke has `` single shot '' HEUI ( hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection ) fuel injectors and ran a high pressure oil pump ( HPOP ) to create the necessary oil pressure to fire the fuel injectors . This generation of Power Stroke utilizes an HPOP with a 15 ° swash plate angle . The 1995 - 1997 trucks use a cam - driven fuel pump , whereas the 1999 - 2003 trucks use a frame rail mounted electric fuel pump . The California trucks from 1996 and 1997 have split - shot fuel injectors ; other trucks did not get split - shot injectors until 1999 . Single - shot injectors only inject one charge of fuel per cycle , whereas the split - shot injector releases a preliminary light load before the main charge to initiate combustion in a more damped manner . This controlled injection helps reduce the sharp combustion ' knock ' . It utilizes a single turbocharger with a turbine housing size of 1.15 A / R. In 1999 , an air - to - air intercooler was added to cool the charged air from the turbo for increased air density . With the new cooler , denser air would increase the horsepower potential of the engine , while also reducing exhaust gas temperatures ( EGT ) . Eventually , the turbine housing was changed to a . 84 A / R and a wastegate was added . With larger injectors , the HPOP output was increased by utilizing a 17 ° swash plate angle to meet the requirements of the new , higher flowing injectors . The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke was in production until the second quarter of model year 2003 when it was replaced by the 6.0 L because of its inability to meet newer emission requirements . Nearly 2 million 7.3 s were produced from International 's Indianapolis plant . The 7.3 L DI Power Stroke engine is commonly referred to as one of the best engines that International produced . 6.0 Power Stroke ( edit ) Main article : 6.0 L Power Stroke The 7.3 L ( 444 CID ) Power Stroke was replaced by the 6.0 L ( 365 CID ) beginning in the second quarter of the 2003 model year . The 6.0 L Power Stroke , was used in Ford Super Duty trucks until the 2007 model year but lasted until 2009 in the Ford Econoline vans ( model year 2010 ) and in the Ford Excursion SUVs until after the 2005 models when Ford discontinued Excursion production . The engine has a 3.74 in ( 95 mm ) bore and 4.13 in ( 105 mm ) stroke creating a displacement of 365 cu in ( 6.0 L ) or 5,954 cc . It utilizes a variable geometry turbocharger and intercooler , producing 325 hp ( 242 kW ) and 570 lb ft ( 773 N m ) torque with an 18 : 1 compression ratio , with fuel cutoff at 4,200 rpm . Many of the 6.0 L Power Stroke engines experienced problems , Key specifications ( edit ) Fuel injection system : Split - shot HEUI ( hydraulic electronic unit injectors ) Valve train : OHV 4 - valves per cylinder , 32 valves total ( 16 intake valves , 16 exhaust valves ) Turbo configuration : Single ; variable vane geometry ( VGT ) Common issues ( edit ) Oil Cooler / EGR Cooler - The sources of the main issues with the 6.0 L were the in - block oil cooler , and the EGR cooler materials . The oil cooler is located in the valley of the engine block , underneath the cartridge oil filter set up . The sealed outer portion of the oil cooler is submerged in engine oil , with coolant flowing through the center passages . Over time , the oil cooler will develop small cracks in the aluminum tubes from the constant heating and cooling of the engine . This situation usually results in oil pushing it 's way into the cooling system . The sludge created from the mixture of oil and coolant creates a high pressure environment in the EGR cooler ( due to the viscosity change in the coolant ) , leading to cracking of the EGR cooler 's coolant passages . Once the EGR cooler cracks , it begins to leak coolant into the intake system and is then routed into the engine 's cylinders to be burnt . The burning of coolant in the cylinders then causes a steam buildup , thus increasing cylinder pressures and the stretching of the head bolts ; which leads to head gasket failure . The early EGR coolers ( 2003 - 2004.5 ) were also susceptible to pre-mature failure without oil cooler issues , also resulting in head gasket failure . High Pressure Oil System - With the use of Split - shot HEUI fuel injectors , high pressure oil is required to pressurize the fuel injectors . The main high pressure oil ( HPO ) system components are ; High Pressure Oil Pump ( HPOP ) , HPO manifolds , Stand pipes and branch tube . The HPOP is located in the engine valley at the rear of the engine block . Early build years ( 2003.5 - 04.5 ) are well known for pre-mature HPOP failure . This is due to the poor quality materials used in manufacturing . The HPOP is pressurized by a rotating gear , meshed with a rear camshaft gear . The early model HPOP gears were known to be weak , and develop stress cracks in the teeth resulting in gear failure , thus causing a no start issue for the engine . Early models also had the ICP sensor located on the HPOP cover . The high amount of heat in this location , combined with the exposure to debris in the oil was known to cause ICP sensor failure also resulting in a no start condition . This issue was addressed by Ford with the late 2004 engine update , bringing a new HPOP design , along with relocation of the ICP sensor to the Passenger side valve cover . The newly designed pump is not known for frequent failure , however a new issue arose with the update . In the late model engines , Ford also redesigned the HPO stand pipes and dummy plugs in the HPO manifold , using poor quality o - rings . These o - rings were prone to failure causing a HPO leak , and eventually a no start condition . Ford addressed this concern with updated Viton o - ring washers fixing the issue . With the new HPO system design also came a Snap To Connet ( STC ) fitting . Some models had issue with the prongs of the STC fitting breaking causing the fitting to lose it 's sealing property and again , a no start condition for the engine . Another frequent ( but not always catastrophic ) issue with the HPO system is the Injection Pressure Regulator ( IPR ) screen . The IPR screen is located in the engine valley with the oil cooler . The material used was susceptible to failure and neglecting to replace the screen during an oil cooler replacement could lead to the debris being sent through the HPOP causing complete failure . Head Gaskets - Ford / International used four Torque to Yield ( TTY ) cylinder head bolts per cylinder for the 6.0 s and 6.4 s . TTY bolts offer some of the most precise clamping force available , but can be problematic . In certain situations ( Oil cooler / EGR cooler failure , high boost / load levels brought on by improper use of aftermarket programmers ) TTY bolts can be stretched beyond their torque mark by increased cylinder pressures . This has never been addressed by Ford due to the fact that other malfunctions or abuse must occur to stretch the bolts . Some in the aftermarket will replace the factory bolts with head studs in an attempt to protect the head gaskets from future failure . If this is done without addressing the underlying issue , the head gaskets may fail again bringing along a cracked or warped cylinder head . In contrast , the Powerstroke 7.3 s and 6.7 s have 6 head bolts per cylinder while the IDI 7.3 s and 6.9 s have five . Electrical and fuel ( edit ) Numerous PCM recalibrations , fuel injector stiction along with several other driveability and quality control problems have plagued the 6.0 . The FICM ( fuel injection control module ) has been a problem , where low voltage in the vehicle 's electrical system due to failing batteries or a low - output alternator can cause damage to the FICM . In addition , the placement of the FICM on top of the engine subjects it to varying and extreme temperatures and vibrations causing solder joints and components to fail in early build models ; mostly in the power supply itself . The FICM multiplies the voltage in the fuel injector circuit from 12 to 48 - 50 volts to fire the injectors . Low voltage can eventually cause damage to the fuel injectors . 6.4 Power Stroke ( edit ) Main article : 6.4 L Power Stroke The 6.4 L Power Stroke was introduced for the 2008 model year . The 6.4 L Power Stroke was the first engine introduced to the light truck market that utilized dual turbochargers from the factory . This was the first Power Stroke to use a diesel particulate filter ( DPF ) in order to nearly eliminate particulate emissions . The new DPS and active regeneration system greatly hindered the engine 's fuel economy capability , though the engine proved to be comparatively strong and reliable . The engine was ultimately retired after the 2010 model year , as Ford replaced it with its own in - house built 6.7 L Power Stroke . The engine has a 3.87 in ( 98 mm ) bore and 4.13 in ( 105 mm ) stroke , resulting in a total calculated displacement of 387 cu in ( 6.3 L ) ( 6,333 cc ) . Despite having to meet emission regulations , the engine was able to increase horsepower ratings to 350 hp ( 261 kW ) and torque to 650 lb ft ( 881 N m ) at the flywheel . Horsepower and torque are achieved at 3,000 rpm and 2,000 rpm respectively . It also features a compound VGT turbo system . Air enters the low - pressure turbo ( the smaller of the two ) and is fed into the high - pressure turbo ( the larger of the two ) , then is directed into the engine or intercooler . This system is designed to result in reduced turbo lag when accelerating from a stop . The series - turbo system is set up to provide a better throttle response while in motion to give a power flow more like a naturally aspirated engine . The 6.4 L also has a DPF and dual EGR coolers which are capable of reducing exhaust gas temps by up to 1,000 degrees before they reach the EGR valve and mix with the intake charge . The DPF traps soot and particulates from the exhaust and virtually eliminates the black smoke that most diesel engines expel upon acceleration . The engine computer is programmed to periodically inject extra fuel in the exhaust stroke of the engine ( known as a `` regeneration '' in the F - Series ) to burn off soot that accumulates in the DPF . This engine is designed to only run on ultra low sulfur diesel ( ULSD ) fuel which has no more than 15 ppm sulfur content ; using regular diesel fuel results in emission equipment malfunctions and violates manufacturer warranties . The 6.4 L has had one recall ( safety product recall 07S49 was released on March 23 , 2007 ) that addresses the potential for flames to come from the tailpipe of the truck . This problem arises from the DPF which is part of the diesel after - treatment system . A PCM recalibration was released to eliminate the possibility of excessive exhaust temperatures combined with certain rare conditions resulting from what is becoming known as a `` thermal event '' . Key specifications ( edit ) Fuel injection system : High pressure commonrail Valve train : OHV 4 - valve Compound VGT turbo DPF Advanced multi-shot piezoelectric fuel injection control 6.7 Power Stroke ( edit ) Emissions controls include exhaust gas recirculation , Denoxtronic - based selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) from Bosch , and a DPF . Output was originally 390 hp ( 291 kW ) and 735 lb ft ( 997 N m ) . but shortly after production started , Ford announced that they made an update to the 6.7 L diesel . The new engine control software makes the engine capable of 400 hp ( 298 kW ) at 2,800 rpm and 800 lb ft ( 1,085 N m ) at 1,600 rpm while achieving better fuel economy and without any physical changes to the engine . The 2015 engines are rated at 440 horsepower ( 330 kW ) and 860 lb ft ( 1,166 N m ) . Ford claims the bump in horsepower is from a new turbo , new injector nozzles and exhaust improvements . For 2017 , the torque has risen to 925 lb ft ( 1,254 N m ) at 1800rpm , Horsepower remains the same ... Key specifications ( edit ) DPF Valve train : OHV 4 - valve Turbo configuration : ' GT32 SST ( single sequential turbocharger ) ' -- single 64mm turbine and dual - sided compressor Fuel injection system : High - pressure common - rail , Bosch CP4 injection pump , piezo electric injectors 2015 -- 2016 Turbo configuration : ' GT37 ' -- single 72.5 mm turbine and 88mm compressor Fuel system : High - pressure common - rail , Bosch CP4. 2 injection pump , piezo electric injectors Engine : Power Stroke V - 8 Displacement : 6.7 L Bore and stroke : 3.90 x 4.25 inches Cylinders : 90 - degree V - 8 Block : Compacted graphite iron Heads : Aluminum ( reverse flow ) Pistons : Forged aluminum Valvetrain : OHV , four valves per cylinder Horsepower : 440 at 2,800 rpm Torque : 860 lb - ft at 1,600 rpm Emissions equipment : EGR , DPF , SCR Engine dry weight : 970 pounds 3.2 Power Stroke ( edit ) The 3.2 L Power Stroke is an inline five - cylinder engine that debuted in the U.S. - spec Transit for model year 2015 . The engine is a modified version of the Ford Duratorq 3.2 L diesel engine that has been adapted to meet emissions in the United States . To aid in economy , emissions , and reduce NVH , it has a high pressure common rail fuel injection system and piezo injectors that can spray up to five different injections per compression event . It has a water cooled EGR system to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas before being recirculated through the intake . A unique feature to the emissions system is that the diesel oxidation catalyst ( DOC ) and the DPF have been combined into one singular unit as opposed to the traditional two separate units . Exhaust treatment continues with SCR which is done by the injection of diesel exhaust fluid in the exhaust to reduce NOx . The engine features a variable geometry turbo which allows for intake air flow tuning on the fly to increase power and fuel economy . The engine also features a variable - flow oil pump to avoid wasting mechanical energy pumping excessive amounts of oil . It has cast aluminum , low friction pistons with oil squirters to keep them cool during heavy - load conditions , a die cast aluminum cam carrier to stiffen up the valve train and reduce NVH , and to increase low end durability , the crankshaft is cast iron and the connecting rods are forged . The block itself is an extra rigid , gray cast iron with a closed deck . The power figures for the 3.2 L Power Stroke are 185 hp at 3,000 rpm and 350 lb - ft at 1,500 - 2,750 rpm . The Euro Duratorq 3.2 makes 197 HP and 350 ft - lb of torque . Key specifications ( edit ) Fuel injection system : High pressure commonrail Valve train : DOHC 4 - valve Turbo configuration : Single variable geometry turbo Combined diesel particulate filter and diesel oxidation catalyst Urea injected selective catalytic reduction 3.0 Power Stroke ( edit ) The 3.0 liter Power Stroke turbo - diesel is set to be introduced in the new 2018 Ford F - 150 as a medium duty engine to compete with the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel V6 . The engine is expected to produce close to 255 hp ( 190 kW ) while maintaining fuel efficiency . Applications ( edit ) The Power Stroke engine has been used in the following applications . Ford E-Series ( full - size vans ) 1995 -- 2003 7.3 L 2004 -- 2010 6.0 L Ford Excursion ( full - size sport utility vehicles ) 2000 -- 2003 7.3 L 2003.5 -- 2005 6.0 L Ford F - Series ( full - size pickup trucks ) Mid-1994 -- Mid-2003 7.3 L Mid-2003 -- 2007 6.0 L 2008 -- 2010 6.4 L 2011 -- present 6.7 L 2018 -- 3.0 L ( F - 150 only ) LCF ( low cab forward ) 2005 -- 2010 4.5 L Ford Transit 2015 -- present 3.2 L Other engines with the Power Stroke name ( edit ) In South American models , the Ford Ranger 2001 up to 2012 use a Power Stroke engine in their diesel versions . A 2.8 L diesel engine was developed by Navistar / International Engines from an inline - four Land Rover Defender diesel 2.5 L engine , with 130 ( waste gate ) or 133 hp ( VNT ) . A 3L common rail four valves per cylinder and 160 hp ( waste gate turbo ) became the electronic version of the Power Stroke . It has only the block and connect - rods in common with 2.8 L Power Stroke The above - detailed 3.2 L Duratorq I5 is branded as Power Stroke in US - spec Ford Transit vans . See also ( edit ) Ford engines Ford Modular engine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.internationalpowerstroke.com/timeline.html Jump up ^ Ford 's Power Stroke Diesel History Power Stroke Spotters ' Guide Jump up ^ `` what is best powerstroke - Ford Powerstroke Diesel Forum '' . www.powerstroke.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Launch in Limbo '' . AutoWeek . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://dieseliq.com/problems-with-power-stroke-60 Jump up ^ Jamie Lareau , Automotive News ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` 2011 Ford Super Duty : Pickup has more pickup and more mpg '' . AutoWeek . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://detnews.com/article/20100803/AUTO01/8030349/1148/rss25 Jump up ^ `` 440 Horsepower Powers Stroke '' . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6.7 L Power Stroke Spec and Information '' . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonderman , Monica ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Second - Generation Ford 6.7 L Power Stroke - Torque Specs , 440 hp and 860 lb - ft of torque '' . Diesel Power Magazine . Diesel Power . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ford F - Series Super Duty Features Improved Power Stroke Diesel '' . Ford Motor Company . Ford . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=37486 Jump up ^ `` 7.3 DIT Powerstroke Direct Injection Turbocharged Diesel Engine , `` F '' Series Super Duty Features , Description , Service Features '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . 1999 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Powerstroke Diesel home page Navistar International Power Stroke Diesel Specs ( hide ) International Truck product line Military Vehicles Current AXT - 6 / AXT - 8 SOTV - A SOTV - B International MXT - MV MaxxPro 5000 - MV ( PayStar ) 7000 - MV ( WorkStar ) Discontinued FTTS 4000 - MV Commercial Vehicles Trucks Current LoneStar ProStar TranStar DuraStar WorkStar HX Series LT Series RH Series Discontinued Cargostar Loadstar ( Conventional ) Fleetstar Transtar / Transtar II TerraStar S - Series Newport series CityStar PayStar 9000 Series Bus Chassis Current 3000 3200 3300 Discontinued S - Series `` Schoolmaster '' 1853FC 3600 3800 3900 Other Tractors Farmall ( discontinued ) Cub Cadet ( acquired by MTD Products ) Delivery Vans ( discontinued ) Metro Van KM and KBM ( 1938 -- 1949 ) LM - Series ( 1950 -- 1952 ) RM - Series ( 1953 -- 1955 ) SM - Series ( 1956 -- 1959 ) AM / BM / CM - Series ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Retail Vehicles ( discontinued ) Pickup K and KB L - Series R - Series S - Series A / B - Series C / D - Series 1000 / 100 - series XT - Series SUV Scout Travelall See also List of International Harvester vehicles List of International Harvester / Navistar engines Ford Power Stroke engine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Power_Stroke_engine&oldid=801520639 '' Categories : Ford engines Navistar engines Diesel engines by model Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 04 : 44 . 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How to Get Away with Murder (season 4)
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How to Get Away with Murder ( season 4 ) - wikipedia How to Get Away with Murder ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search How to Get Away with Murder ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Viola Davis Billy Brown Jack Falahee Aja Naomi King Matt McGorry Conrad Ricamora Karla Souza Charlie Weber Liza Weil Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of How to Get Away with Murder episodes The fourth season of the American legal drama series How to Get Away with Murder was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by ABC . It began airing on September 28 , 2017 , with expected 15 episodes like the previous seasons . This was made in a deal with Viola Davis that the series would be a limited series with only 15 or 16 episodes per season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Scandal crossover 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Annalise ( Viola Davis ) and the Keating 4 are still dealing with the aftermath of Wes ' ( Alfred Enoch ) death . Annalise works with a therapist , Dr. Issac Roa , to see through her recovery from alcoholism , and cuts ties with her associates . In the mean time , Connor ( Jack Falahee ) declines Oliver 's ( Conrad Ricamora ) proposal , Laurel ( Karla Souza ) expects Wes ' baby , Michaela ( Aja Naomi King ) and Asher ( Matt McGorry ) team up for internships , and Bonnie ( Liza Weil ) seeks her professional future . Meanwhile , Laurel has deduced that her father , Jorge Castillo ( Esai Morales ) , is responsible for Wes ' murder and hatches a scheme to steal incriminating evidence with Michaela , Oliver , and a reluctant Frank and Asher . During the data heist , classmate Simon Drake ( Behzad Dabu ) accidently shoots himself with Laurel 's gun , leading to Asher 's arrest , and Laurel goes into premature labor after being accidently struck by Frank . Though Annalise successfully saves the baby , Jorge confiscates it while Laurel is in the hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How to Get Away with Murder characters Main ( edit ) Viola Davis as Annalise Keating Billy Brown as Nate Lahey Jack Falahee as Connor Walsh Aja Naomi King as Michaela Pratt Matt McGorry as Asher Millstone Conrad Ricamora as Oliver Hampton Karla Souza as Laurel Castillo Charlie Weber as Frank Delfino Liza Weil as Bonnie Winterbottom Recurring ( edit ) Jimmy Smits as Isaac Roa Esai Morales as Jorge Castillo Benito Martinez as Todd Denver Behzad Dabu as Simon Drake Amirah Vann as Tegan Price Nicholas Gonzalez as Dominic Lolita Davidovich as Sandrine Castillo Guest ( edit ) Cicely Tyson as Ophelia Harkness Roger Robinson as Mac Harkness Gwendolyn Mulamba as Celestine Harkness Julius Tennon as Desmond Stephanie Faracy as Ellen Freeman L. Scott Caldwell as Jasmine Bromelle Marianne Jean - Baptiste as Virgina Cross Cristine Rose as Wenona Sansbury D.W. Moffett as Jeff Walsh Jim Abele as Ted Walsh Luna Vélez as Soraya Hargrove Kathryn Erbe as Jacqueline Roa Oded Fehr as Chase Glynn Turman as Nate Lahey Sr . Alfred Enoch as Wes Gibbins Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of How to Get Away with Murder episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` I 'm Going Away '' Jet Wilkinson Peter Nowalk September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 3.96 Annalise hosts a dinner to dismiss the Keating 4 and Bonnie from their jobs as they decide to move on and seek new opportunities . During a flight to visit her mother , she meets Desmond and later calls him for casual sex at his hotel , but stops his advances and walks out after suspecting he is married . Stressed by her mother 's dementia , Annalise considers placing her in a nursing home . Meanwhile , Connor rejects Oliver 's marriage proposal , stating that he wants them to get married when the time is right . Laurel correctly suspects her father , Jorge , was involved in Wes ' death and decides to have the baby . Michaela and Asher apply for internships . Bonnie has a job interview at the courthouse with A.D.A. Todd Denver . Back from visiting her mother , Annalise attends a court hearing and is reinstated as a lawyer after agreeing to attend therapy sessions with Dr. Isaac Roa . Flashforward : Three months later , Frank and Isaac rush into a hospital room where Laurel is unconscious . Frank wakes her up and she realizes her baby is gone . 47 `` I 'm Not Her '' Paris Barclay Maya Goldsmith October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 3.88 On her second session with Dr. Roa , Annalise tells him how her week went when she decided to take the case of Jasmine , one of her cellmates from when she was in prison . Meanwhile , the Keating 4 try to move on with their lives by getting interviews at the Middleton Law job fair . Meanwhile , Nate suspects Annalise is plotting something when he finds out Bonnie is working for the DA 's office . With aid from Connor , Laurel continues to investigate her father Jorge 's company and his involvement in Wes ' death . Laurel finds out Michaela accepted an offer for a job at Caplan & Gold , the firm that represents Jorge 's company , and tells her she suspects Jorge killed Wes . She then asks for Michaela 's help in bringing him down . Flashforward : Two and a half months later , Isaac calls Annalise , but she does not answer . Meanwhile , going to Annalise 's hotel room , Bonnie walks into a new crime scene ; she then makes her way to the elevator , where there are bloody hand prints . 48 `` It 's for the Greater Good '' Nicole Rubio Erika Harrison October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 3.88 Annalise takes on a case and quickly realizes the stakes are much higher than she originally thought . Meanwhile , Laurel asks Michaela to help her get information regarding Wes ' death , and Connor decides to withdraw from law school . Flashforward : Two months later , Isacc runs into Michaela , who is covered in blood and heavily distraught , looking around a nursery and asking where Laurel 's baby is . 49 `` Was She Ever Good at Her Job ? '' Mike Smith Michael Russo October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 3.56 Annalise and Michaela are forced to work together on a case involving the Middleton University president , Soraya Hargrove . Oliver gets in touch with Connor 's dads , hoping to reconnect him with his biological father , Jeff . At the courthouse , Denver discovers that Bonnie hired Laurel and orders her to fire her . To which , Bonnie responds that Laurel might file a lawsuit on discrimination , due to her pregnancy . Later , Bonnie arrives for a session with Isaac under the fake name , Julie . Flashforward : One and a half months later , Bonnie tries to gets in touch with Isaac , who at that time is consoling a distraught Michaela . She walks into the Caplan & Gold law firm , where a pool of blood is seen on the floor and Oliver is shown to be a witness . 50 5 `` I Love Her '' Lexi Alexander Sarah L. Thompson October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 3.56 In need of forty clients , Annalise continues collecting cases for her class action suit . Bonnie sends Nate to investigate , but he actually he warns her . In 2002 , Annalise defended a councilman Bonnie accused of rape . Even though she won the case , Annalise resigned from her law firm out of guilt from how she treated Bonnie on the stand . Afterwards , she approached Bonnie as a potential lawyer . Michaela and Oliver use Tegan 's computer to access Antares ' files , only to find a cease and desist letter the firm sent to an Antares employee who was murdered . With all her secrecy , Asher begins to doubt Michaela . Frank asks Laurel if the baby is really Wes ' , making her angry and distraught for cheating on Wes . Annalise succeeds in getting the necessary forty clients , only to lose a majority of them as Bonnie lures each into a plea deal . Isaac discovers that Julie is actually Bonnie and the `` Mae '' she has been referring to all along is Annalise . Flashforward : Two weeks later , Bonnie investigates the crime scene at Caplan & Gold , and learns that the suspect , revealed to be Asher , is in jail , in distress and crying . 51 6 `` Stay Strong , Mama '' Cherie Nowlan Morenike Balogun November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 3.56 In attempt to derail Annalise 's class action suit , Denver threatens to seize Claudia 's family 's home if she does not withdraw from the lawsuit . Annalise retaliates by having Claudia 's son , Tyrone , read a statement to the governor in a press conference about the threats , therefore hurting Denver 's bid for attorney general . Denver kicks Bonnie off of the lawsuit , believing that she is too emotionally invested . Annalise reveals to Isaac that after her miscarriage , she attempted suicide . Though triggered by his similarities to Annalise 's trauma , Isaac refuses to transfer Annalise to a new therapist , despite the requests of his own therapist , his ex-wife . Jorge visits Laurel to tell her that Antares is going public , leading Laurel to realize that he had Wes killed because Antares ' reputation would have been damaged had Wes confessed about Sam and Rebecca 's murders . Upon learning that Antares is having a security room installed at Caplan & Gold accessible by Tegan among others , Oliver tries to convince Michaela to use Tegan 's security badge to access the room , but she refuses . After being confronted by Asher , Michaela explains why she , Laurel , and Oliver were secretly meeting ; however Asher storms out . Frank learns that he scored well on the Law School Admission Test and promises to be a good father to Laurel 's baby . Flashforward : One week later , Isaac tries to get a hold of Annalise , who is in the shower , washing blood off herself , distraught . 52 7 `` Nobody Roots for Goliath '' Nzingha Stewart Daniel Robinson November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 3.71 As Annalise tries to certify her class action law suit , the attorney general targets her alcoholism in attempts to take her down , leading her to figure out a way to rule out those accusations . Annalise also drops Isaac as her therapist after his ex-wife tells her that she is triggering him and may be threatening his sobriety . Meanwhile , Asher convinces Laurel , Michaela , and Oliver to tell Frank about their plan , hoping he 'll convince them out of it . Instead , Frank agrees to help them , as they are all intent on getting justice for Wes . Later that night , Connor proposes to Oliver , who reveals what the others have been up to and that they know who killed Wes . Flashforward : 48 hours later , a group of surgeons are operate on a patient , who suddenly goes into cardiac arrest . 53 8 `` Live . Live . Live . '' Rob Hardy Joe Fazzio November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 3.72 Canceling his proposal to Oliver , Connor confronts Laurel about her plan to expose Antares and her father for Wes ' death , resulting in a fight between him and Frank . Despite Connor and Oliver 's reluctance , they agree to steal Tegan 's keycard and blame it on Simon . Connor decides to tell Annalise , who has taken Isaac back as her therapist . At the party , Simon admits he loves Oliver , and later catches Laurel , Michaela , and Asher as they try to escape with a hard drive containing all of Antares ' files . Simon finds a gun in Laurel 's bag and questions the group , before accidentally shooting himself in the head , leading to Asher 's arrest . In shock , Laurel leaves with the hard drive and heads to Annalise 's hotel , where she goes into premature labor , having been struck earlier by Frank during his fight with Connor . Annalise finds her and performs CPR on the baby to save him . Meanwhile , Simon goes into cardiac arrest during surgery . 54 9 `` He 's Dead '' Jet Wilkinson Abby Ajayi January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 3.80 Laurel and the baby are brought into a hospital , where Annalise informs Connor of what happened to Laurel , which Dominic overhears , while asking what happened , and then meets Frank there . The baby is still alive . Meanwhile , Michaela and Oliver are questioned about what happened , and Michaela figures out that Asher was arrested because he told the police the truth , so both she and Oliver try telling the same story where Asher took the gun . Annalise soon finds out that Jorge , informed by Dominic of Laurel 's plan , is taking Laurel 's baby away and he claims that Laurel used drugs , so he can take custody of his grandson . Annalise brings Isaac to help her evaluate Laurel and dismiss Jorge 's accusations . However , Annalise is not able to stop the process on time and Jorge takes the baby to an unknown location . Bonnie informs Laurel , Frank and Annalise that the hard drive was not on the elevator , and she and Nate help Asher get out of jail , while the police makes an investigation . Once Connor , Oliver , Michaela and Asher meet up in the hospital , they all find out that Simon is still alive . Frank murders Dominic out of rage , and he plays a voicemail he found on Dominic 's phone for Annalise : it is Wes calling his emergency contact , using his birth name `` Christophe '' . 55 10 `` Everything We Did Was for Nothing '' Jonathan Brown Matthew Cruz January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 3.54 Laurel asks Annalise to get her out of the hospital . Michaela finds out Annalise is not actually trying to get her out , but when she confronts her , Annalise reveals she 's worried about Laurel 's mental state . Meanwhile , Annalise assigns Connor , Oliver and Asher to work on the class action suit . Michaela finds out that Laurel went into early labour because Frank hit her accidentally , and she tells both Annalise and Frank , so Annalise gets Isaac to make an evaluation to Laurel so they can release her . Also , Oliver feels guilty over Simon 's shooting and visits him , with Asher and Connor trying to make him feel better . Frank disposes of Dominic 's body , but he keeps his phone , and someone keeps calling ; when Laurel hears the message Wes left on Dominic 's voicemail , she decides to answer the phone , and to everybody 's surprise , it 's actually her mother . 56 11 `` He 's a Bad Father '' Marta Cunningham Maya Goldsmith February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 3.68 Laurel tells her mother , Sandrine Castillo , about Dominic 's death , but lies that Jorge killed him , and asks for her help to get back her son 's custody in a hearing . Meanwhile , Asher , Connor and Oliver find out more about Nate 's father , Nate Laney Sr , who is mentally ill and been in prison for decades . Before the custody hearing begins , Jorge claims to Laurel that he did not kill Wes . During the custody hearing , Annalise gets Sandrine and Isaac to testify for Laurel , but Jorge 's lawyers discredit Issac when they reveal he is a current suspect on his own daughter 's `` suicide '' . As a result , Laurel loses custody of her son , though visiting privileges have not yet been decided . Meanwhile , Annalise and Nate visit Nate 's father , the latter hoping to make things better with him , and the former hoping to have him on the class action . Frank and Bonnie learn that Wes did n't call Dominic more than that one time , but he met with Sandrine the day before he died . 57 12 `` Ask Him About Stella '' Stephen Cragg Tess Leibowitz February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 3.26 Dr. Isaac Roa falls into his addiction again after the custody trial , but he soon tells Annalise . She tells him she understands , but he has to stop and asks him to go to a meeting . Laurel waits to visit her son , and the rest of the Keating 4 try to help Annalise by making an opening statement for the action class . Michaela and Connor compete over whose idea is the best , while Annalise deals with Roa 's addiction and tries to help him . After a discovery , Annalise confronts Isaac about his daughter 's death . Isaac confesses he had not been sober for 23 years , and he covered his daughter 's death as a suicide because she took his drugs . Annalise and Isaac fight and she leaves , revealing to Jacqueline Isaac 's addiction . Annalise 's action class is dismissed , and Nate tells his father . After the lost , Michaela convinces Annalise not to give up , and Connor and Oliver get engaged again while Connor decides to get back into Law school . Frank confronts Laurel 's mother about how she knew Wes , and Bonnie makes Denver drop the investigation against Isaac on his daughter 's death . The episode ends with Annalise entering a conference , with a lady who fixes problems : Olivia Pope . 58 13 `` Lahey v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania '' Zetna Fuentes Morenike Balogun & Sarah L. Thompson March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on Scandal season 7 episode 12 . 59 14 `` The Day Before He Died '' Scott Printz Joe Fazzio March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) How to Get Away with Murder was renewed for a fourth season on February 10 , 2017 , by ABC . Production began on May 8 , 2017 , when one of the writers of the show announced on Twitter that the writing staff was in full swing mapping and writing the fourth season . The table read occurred on July 14 , 2017 . Showrunner Peter Nowalk revealed the title of the season premiere to be `` I 'm Going Away '' . Casting ( edit ) The cast features nine major roles receiving star billing , all of them returning from the previous season . Viola Davis portrays the protagonist of the series , Professor Annalise Keating , a high - profile defense attorney , teaching a class at Middleton University . Billy Brown portrays Detective Nate Lahey , Annalise 's boyfriend . There are four students who work at Annalise 's law firm . Jack Falahee portrays Connor Walsh , the ruthless student . Aja Naomi King plays Michaela Pratt , the ambitious student who wants to be as successful as Annalise . Matt McGorry continues portraying Asher Millstone , a student who comes from a privileged background . Karla Souza portrays Laurel Castillo , an idealistic student . Charlie Weber plays Frank Delfino , an employee of Annalise 's firm who is not a lawyer but handles special duties requiring discretion . Liza Weil plays Bonnie Winterbottom , who is an associate attorney in Annalise 's firm . Conrad Ricamora portrays Oliver Hampton , a hacker who is in a relationship with Connor . In July 2017 , Jimmy Smits was cast in an unspecified role . He plays Dr. Isaac Roa , Annalise 's court - requested therapist . In August , Davis ' husband , Julius Tennon , was confirmed to guest star . He plays Desmond , a man who flirts with Annalise during a flight . In September 2017 , Natalie Abrams of EW.com revealed that D.W. Moffett was cast as Connor 's father . In January 2018 , it was announced that Lolita Davidovich would recur in the second half of the season . She plays the role of Sandrine Castillo , Laurel 's mother . Scandal crossover ( edit ) On January 3 , 2018 , Scandal star Kerry Washington tweeted out a photo to Viola Davis of herself in a `` familiar '' setting , that being a courthouse used for the set of How to Get Away with Murder . Fans began to speculate a possible crossover episode being in the works , which was only heightened when Davis tweeted out a photo in response , that being her on the set of Mellie Grant 's ( Bellamy Young ) Oval Office . Later that day , the crossover was officially confirmed through a tweet by Scandal creator Shonda Rhimes . How to Get Away with Murder creator Peter Nowalk later went on to share in an interview with Deadline : `` At the beginning of the season , my writers and I were planning out Viola 's entire arc and something in her story organically came up that was very appropriate for Scandal . When I went to Shonda , she heard it . I said , we do n't have to do it , Viola 's arc does n't need this , but it 's possible that their stories could cross really organically . She actually pulled up a clip of something from Scandal and their side of the story coalesced perfectly . So it was one of those serendipitous things where we both realized it was good for both characters , and it almost felt like we had been planning it since last season . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 100 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 , based on 6 reviews . Maureen Lee Lenker of gave the premiere a B letter rating . Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya , writer of The A.V. Club , also had a similar response , giving the premiere a A - rating , commenting , `` It 's a strange but ultimately satisfying premiere , standing out from the show 's past premieres by going the slow character drama route rather than murder party . '' Ali Barthwell of Vulture gave the premiere a 4 out of 5 stars rating , glorifying Viola Davis ' performance . Meghan De Maria of Refinery29 also praised Davis ' acting , naming it the `` glue that holds the series together '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` I 'm Going Away '' September 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.96 1.2 3.18 2.3 7.14 `` I 'm Not Her '' October 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.88 1.1 2.80 2.0 6.68 `` It 's for the Greater Good '' October 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.88 1.1 2.83 2.1 6.71 `` Was She Ever Good at Her Job ? '' October 19 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.56 1.1 2.80 2.0 6.36 5 `` I Love Her '' October 26 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.56 1.1 2.78 2.0 6.35 6 `` Stay Strong , Mama '' November 2 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.56 1.2 2.82 2.1 6.38 7 `` Nobody Roots for Goliath '' November 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.71 1.0 2.59 1.9 6.30 8 `` Live . Live . Live . '' November 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.72 1.0 2.49 1.9 6.21 9 `` He 's Dead '' January 18 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.80 1.0 2.60 2.0 6.40 10 `` Everything We Did Was for Nothing '' January 25 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.54 1.0 2.92 2.0 6.46 11 `` He 's a Bad Father '' February 1 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.68 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Ask Him About Stella '' February 8 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.26 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 2017 Upfront Summary '' . Variety . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Scandal will do a full 22 - episode season , while # HowToGetAwayWithMurder will only do 15 or 16 episodes # TCA14 '' . TV Guide . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' How To Get Away With Murder ' & ' Black - Ish ' : Full - Season Orders At ABC - Deadline '' . Deadline . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` When Olivia met Annalise : A first look at the Scandal and HTGAWM crossover event '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 413 ) `` Lahey v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 414 ) `` The Day Before He Died '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 / 18 begins . 1st out of the gate : the # HTGAWM writers are back today '' . Twitter . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First # HTGAWM table read ! ! ! Congrats to @ violadavis & @ IAmCicelyTyson for their Emmy nominations ! # shondaland # TGIT '' . Twitter . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nowalk , Pete ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Already halfway through shooting our season 4 premiere ... eeek # htgawm '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Smits Joins ' How To Get Away With Murder ' In Major Season 4 Guest Arc '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` How to Get Away with Murder Recruits Viola Davis ' Husband for Season 4 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Grey 's Anatomy , The Flash , and more '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . I can exclusively reveal that D.W. Moffett has booked a role on Murder as Connor 's father . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' How To Get Away With Murder ' : Lolita Davidovich Set To Recur On Shondaland Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Washington , Kerry ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hey Ms @ violadavis ❤ ️ check it out . This spot look familiar ? ! Where are you ? '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Viola ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hey @ KerryWashington , guess where I am ? ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` People . It 's happening . @ petenowalk , you ready for this ? # TGITCrossover # HowtoGetAwaywithScandal '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' / ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Crossover : Get Details On Big Shondaland Event From ' HTGAWM ' Creator -- Q&A '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How to Get Away With Murder : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Lenker , Maureen ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' premiere recap : ' I 'm Going Away ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumari Upadhyaya , Kayla ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` In season four premiere , How To Get Away With Murder rebuilds with quiet character drama '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barthwell , Ali ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` How to Get Away With Murder Season - Premiere Recap : Class Dismissed '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Maria , Meghan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` How To Get Away With Murder Recap : `` I 'm Going Away '' `` . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` '' This Is Us '' and `` The Good Doctor '' both doubled their adults 18 - 49 ratings in the Live + 7 rankings for Jan. 15 - 21 `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How to Get Away with Murder ( season 4 ) Official website How to Get Away with Murder on IMDb ( hide ) How to Get Away with Murder Seasons Characters Annalise Keating Connor Walsh Bonnie Winterbottom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder_(season_4)&oldid=826587263 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons How to Get Away with Murder Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does how to get away with a murderer come back on season 4
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"The fourth season of the American legal drama series How to Get Away with Murder was ordered on February 10, 2017, by ABC.[1] It began airing on September 28, 2017, with expected 15 episodes like the previous seasons.[2] This was made in a deal with Viola Davis that the series would be a limited series with only 15 or 16 episodes per season.[3][4]"
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Memento (film)
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Memento ( film ) - wikipedia Memento ( film ) Memento Theatrical release poster Directed by Christopher Nolan Produced by Suzanne Todd Jennifer Todd Screenplay by Christopher Nolan Based on `` Memento Mori '' by Jonathan Nolan Starring Guy Pearce Carrie - Anne Moss Joe Pantoliano Music by David Julyan Cinematography Wally Pfister Edited by Dody Dorn Production companies Summit Entertainment Team Todd Distributed by Newmarket Release date September 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 05 ) ( Venice ) March 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9 million Box office $39.7 million Memento is a 2000 American neo-noir psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan , and produced by Suzanne and Jennifer Todd . The film 's script was based on a pitch by Jonathan Nolan , who later wrote the story `` Memento Mori '' from the concept . It stars Guy Pearce , Carrie - Anne Moss , and Joe Pantoliano . Pearce stars as a man who , as a result of a past trauma , has anterograde amnesia ( the inability to form new memories ) and has short - term memory loss approximately every five minutes . He is searching for the persons who attacked him and killed his wife , using an intricate system of Polaroid photographs and tattoos to track information he can not remember . Memento is presented as two different sequences of scenes interspersed during the film : a series in black - and - white that is shown chronologically , and a series of color sequences shown in reverse order ( simulating for the audience the mental state of the protagonist ) . The two sequences meet at the end of the film , producing one complete and cohesive narrative . Memento premiered on September 5 , 2000 , at the Venice International Film Festival and was released in European theaters starting in October . It became a blockbuster success , being acclaimed by critics who praised its nonlinear narrative structure and motifs of memory , perception , grief , and self - deception , and earning $39.7 million over a $9 million budget . It received numerous accolades , including Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing . The film was subsequently ranked one of the best films of the 2000s by several critics and media outlets . Memento was considered `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Film structure 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Scientific response 6.4 Interpretations and analysis 6.5 Best film list appearances 6.6 Awards and accolades 7 Legacy 7.1 Remake 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film starts with the Polaroid photograph of a dead man . As the sequence plays backwards the photo reverts to its undeveloped state , entering the camera before the man is shot in the head . The film then continues , alternating between black and white and color sequences . The black and white sequences begin with Leonard Shelby , an insurance investigator , in a motel room speaking to an unseen and unknown caller . Leonard has anterograde amnesia and is unable to store recent memories , the result of an attack by two men . Leonard explains that he killed the attacker who raped and strangled his wife , but a second clubbed him and escaped . The police did not accept that there was a second attacker , but Leonard believes the attacker 's name is John or James , with a last name starting with G. So , Leonard conducts his own investigation using a convoluted system of notes , Polaroid photos , and tattoos . From his occupation in the insurance industry , Leonard recalls a fellow anterograde amnesiac , Sammy Jankis . Sammy 's diabetic wife , who was n't sure if his condition was genuine , repeatedly requested Sammy 's assistance with her insulin shots ; she hoped he would remember having already given her an injection and would stop himself from giving her another before she died of an overdose . However , Sammy continues to administer the injections , and his wife falls into a fatal coma . The color sequences are shown reverse - chronologically . In the story 's chronology , Leonard self - directively gets a tattoo of John G 's license plate . Finding a note in his clothes , he meets Natalie , a bartender who resents Leonard because he wears the clothes and drives the car of her boyfriend , Jimmy Grantz . After understanding Leonard 's condition , she uses it to get Leonard to drive a man named Dodd out of town and offers to run the license plate as a favor . Meanwhile , Leonard meets with a contact , Teddy , who helps with Dodd , but warns about Natalie . However , a photograph causes Leonard not to trust Teddy . Natalie provides Leonard with the driver 's license for a John Edward Gammell , Teddy 's full name . Confirming Leonard 's information on `` John G '' and his warnings , Leonard drives Teddy to an abandoned building , leading to the opening , where he shoots him . In the final black - and - white sequence , prompted by the caller , Leonard meets with Teddy , an undercover officer , who has found Leonard 's `` John G , '' Jimmy , and directs Leonard to the abandoned building . When Jimmy arrives , Leonard strangles him fatally and takes a Polaroid photo of the body . As the photo develops , the black - and - white transitions to the final color sequence . Leonard swaps clothes with Jimmy , hearing him whisper `` Sammy . '' As Leonard has only told Sammy 's story to those he has met , he suddenly doubts Jimmy 's role . Teddy arrives and asserts that Jimmy was John G , but when Leonard is undeterred , Teddy reveals that he helped him kill the real attacker a year ago , and he has been using Leonard ever since . Teddy points out that since the name `` John G '' is common , Leonard will cyclically forget and begin again and that even Teddy himself has a `` John G '' name . Further , Teddy claims that Sammy 's story is Leonard 's own story , a memory Leonard has repressed to escape guilt . After hearing Teddy 's exposition , Leonard consciously burns Jimmy 's photograph , writes a message to himself on Teddy 's photograph that he should not trust Teddy , and drives off in Jimmy 's car . He then has Teddy 's license plate number tattooed on himself , as if Teddy were the second attacker , leading to Teddy 's eventual death . Cast ( edit ) Guy Pearce as Leonard Shelby Carrie - Anne Moss as Natalie Joe Pantoliano as John Edward `` Teddy '' Gammell Mark Boone Junior as Burt Stephen Tobolowsky as Samuel R. `` Sammy '' Jankis Harriet Sansom Harris as Mrs. Jankis Callum Keith Rennie as Dodd Larry Holden as James F. `` Jimmy '' Grantz Jorja Fox as Catherine Shelby Film structure ( edit ) Fabula ( events of the story ) vs Sujet ( when they are told in the narrative ) The syuzhet ( sujet ) , or the presentation of the film , is structured with two timelines : one in color and one in black - and - white . The color sequences are alternated with black - and - white sequences . The latter are put together in chronological order . The color ones , though shown forward ( except for the very first one , which is shown in reverse ) , are ordered in reverse . Chronologically , the black - and - white sequences come first , the color sequences come next . Using the numbering scheme suggested by Andy Klein -- who took numbers from 1 to 22 for the black - and - white sequences and letters A -- V for the color ones in his article for Salon magazine -- the plotting of the film as presented is : Opening Credits ( shown `` backward '' ) , 1 , V , 2 , U , 3 , T , 4 , S , ... , 22 / A , Credits . There is a smooth transition from the black - and - white sequence 22 to color sequence A and it occurs during the development of a Polaroid photograph . The fabula of the film ( the chronological order of the story ) can be viewed as a `` Hidden feature '' on the 2 - Disc Limited Edition Region 1 DVD and the 3 - Disc special Edition Region 2 DVD . In this special feature the chapters of the film are put together into the chronological order and is shown : Ending Credits ( run in reverse ) , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , 22 / A , B , ... , V , then the opening title runs `` backward '' to what was shown ( the opening title sequence is run in reverse during the actual film , so it is shown forward in this version ) . Stefano Ghislotti wrote an article in Film Anthology which discusses how Nolan provides the viewer with the clues necessary to decode the sujet as we watch and help us understand the fabula from it . The color sequences include a brief overlap to help clue the audience into the fact that they are being presented in reverse order . The purpose of the fragmented reverse sequencing is to force the audience into a sympathetic experience of Leonard 's defective ability to create new long - term memories , where prior events are not recalled , since the audience has yet to see them . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In July 1996 , brothers Christopher and Jonathan Nolan took a cross-country road trip from Chicago to Los Angeles , as Christopher was relocating his home to the West Coast . During the drive , Jonathan pitched the story for the film to his brother , who responded enthusiastically to the idea . After they arrived in Los Angeles , Jonathan left for Washington , D.C. , to finish college at Georgetown University . Christopher repeatedly asked Jonathan to send him a first draft , and after a few months , Jonathan complied . Two months later , Christopher came up with the idea to tell the film backwards , and began to work on the screenplay . Jonathan wrote the short story simultaneously , and the brothers continued to correspond , sending each other subsequent revisions of their respective works . Christopher initially wrote the script as a linear story , and then would `` go back and reorder it the way it is on screen to check the logic of it . '' Jonathan 's short story , titled `` Memento Mori , '' is radically different from Christopher 's film , although it maintains the same essential elements . In Jonathan 's version , Leonard is instead named Earl and is a patient at a mental institution . As in the film , his wife was killed by an anonymous man , and during the attack on his wife , Earl lost his ability to create new long - term memories . Like Leonard , Earl leaves notes to himself and has tattoos with information about the killer . However , in the short story , Earl convinces himself through his own written notes to escape the mental institution and murder his wife 's killer . Unlike the film , there is no ambiguity that Earl finds and kills the anonymous man . In July 1997 , Nolan 's girlfriend ( later wife ) Emma Thomas showed his screenplay to Aaron Ryder , an executive for Newmarket Films . Ryder said the script was , `` perhaps the most innovative script I had ever seen '' , and soon after , it was optioned by Newmarket and given a budget of $4.5 million . Pre-production lasted seven weeks , during which the main shooting location changed from Montreal , Quebec to Los Angeles , California , to create a more realistic and noirish atmosphere for the film . Casting ( edit ) Brad Pitt was initially slated to play Leonard . Pitt was interested in the part , but passed due to scheduling conflicts . Other considered actors included Aaron Eckhart ( who would later work with Nolan on The Dark Knight ) and Thomas Jane , but the role went to Guy Pearce , who impressed Nolan the most . Pearce was chosen partly for his `` lack of celebrity '' ( after Pitt passed , they `` decided to eschew the pursuit of A-list stars and make the film for less money by using an affordable quality actor '' ) , and his enthusiasm for the role , evidenced by a personal phone call Pearce made to Nolan to discuss the part . After being impressed by Carrie - Anne Moss ' performance as Trinity in the 1999 science fiction film The Matrix , Jennifer Todd suggested her for the part of Natalie . While Mary McCormack lobbied for the role , Nolan decided to cast Moss as Natalie , saying , `` She added an enormous amount to the role of Natalie that was n't on the page '' . For the corrupt police officer Teddy , `` comedian Denis Leary was mentioned , though proved unavailable '' . Moss suggested her co-star from The Matrix , Joe Pantoliano . Although there was a concern that Pantoliano might be too villainous for the part , he was still cast , and Nolan said he was surprised by the actor 's subtlety in his performance . The rest of the film 's characters were quickly cast after the three main leads were established . Stephen Tobolowsky and Harriet Sansom Harris play Sammy Jankis and his wife , respectively . Mark Boone Junior landed the role of Burt , the motel clerk , because Jennifer Todd liked his `` look and attitude '' for the part ( as a result he has re-appeared in minor roles in other productions by Nolan ) . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place from September 7 to October 8 , 1999 , a 25 - day shooting schedule . Pearce was on set every day during filming , although all three principal actors ( including Pantoliano and Moss ) only performed together the first day , shooting exterior sequences outside Natalie 's house . All of Moss ' scenes were completed in the first week , including follow - up scenes at Natalie 's home , Ferdy 's bar , and the restaurant where she meets Leonard for the final time . Pantoliano returned to the set late in the second week to continue filming his scenes . On September 25 , the crew shot the opening scene in which Leonard kills Teddy . Although the scene is in reverse motion , Nolan used forward - played sounds . For a shot of a shell casing flying upwards , the shell had to be dropped in front of the camera in forward motion , but it constantly rolled out of frame . Nolan was forced to blow the casing out of frame instead , but in the confusion , the crew shot it backwards . They then had to make an optical ( a copy of the shot ) and reverse the shot to make it go forward again . `` That was the height of complexity in terms of the film '' , Nolan said . `` An optical to make a backwards running shot forwards , and the forwards shot is a simulation of a backwards shot . '' The next day , on September 26 , Larry Holden returned to shoot the sequence where Leonard attacks Jimmy . After filming was completed five days later , Pearce 's voice - overs were recorded . For the black - and - white scenes , Pearce was given free rein to improvise his narrative , allowing for a documentary feel . The Travel Inn in Tujunga , California , was repainted and used as the interior of Leonard 's and Dodd 's motel rooms and the exterior of the film 's Discount Inn . Scenes in Sammy Jankis ' house were shot in a suburban home close to Pasadena , while Natalie 's house was located in Burbank . The crew planned to shoot the derelict building set ( where Leonard kills Teddy and Jimmy ) in a Spanish - styled brick building owned by a train company . However , one week before shooting began , the company placed several dozen train carriages outside the building , making the exterior unfilmable . Since the interior of the building had already been built as a set , a new location had to be found . An oil refinery near Long Beach was used instead , and the scene where Leonard burns his wife 's possessions was filmed on the other side of the refinery . Music ( edit ) David Julyan composed the film 's synthesized score . Julyan acknowledges several synthesized soundtracks that inspired him , such as Vangelis 's Blade Runner and Hans Zimmer 's The Thin Red Line . While composing the score , Julyan created different , distinct sounds to differentiate between the color and black - and - white scenes : `` brooding and classical '' themes in the former , and `` oppressive and rumbly noise '' in the latter . Since he describes the entire score as `` Leonard 's theme '' , Julyan says , `` The emotion I was aiming at with my music was yearning and loss . But a sense of loss you feel but at the same time you do n't know what it is you have lost , a sense of being adrift . '' Initially , Nolan wanted to use Radiohead 's `` Paranoid Android '' during the end credits , but he was unable to secure the rights . Instead , David Bowie 's `` Something in the Air '' is used , although another of Radiohead 's songs , an extended version of `` Treefingers '' , is included on the film 's soundtrack . Release ( edit ) The film gained substantial word - of - mouth press from the film festival circuit . It premiered at the 2000 Venice Film Festival , where it received a standing ovation , and afterwards played at Deauville American Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival . With the publicity from these events , Memento did not have trouble finding foreign distributors , opening in more than 20 countries worldwide . Its promotion tour ended at the Sundance Film Festival , where it played in January 2001 . Finding American distributors proved more troublesome . Memento was screened for various studio heads ( including Miramax chief Harvey Weinstein ) in March 2000 . Although most of the executives loved the film and praised Nolan 's talent , all passed on distributing the picture , believing it was too confusing and would not attract a large audience . After famed independent film director Steven Soderbergh saw the film and learned it was not being distributed , he championed the film in interviews and public events , giving it even more publicity , although he did not secure a distributor . Newmarket , in a financially risky move , decided to distribute the film itself . After the first few weeks of distribution , Memento had reached more than 500 theaters and earned a domestic total of $25 million in its box - office run . The film 's success was surprising to those who passed on the film , so much so that Weinstein realized his mistake and tried to buy the film from Newmarket . Marketing ( edit ) Jonathan Nolan designed the film 's official website . As with the marketing strategy of The Blair Witch Project , the website was intended to provide further clues and hints to the story , while not providing any concrete information . After a short intro on the website , the viewer is shown a newspaper clipping detailing Leonard 's murder of Teddy . Clicking on highlighted words in the article leads to more material describing the film , including Leonard 's notes and photographs as well as police reports . The filmmakers employed another tactic by sending out Polaroid pictures to random people , depicting a bloody and shirtless Leonard pointing at an unmarked spot on his chest . Since Newmarket distributed the film themselves , Christopher Nolan edited the film 's trailers himself . Sold to inexpensive cable - TV channels like Bravo and A&E , and websites such as Yahoo and MSN , the trailers were key to the film gaining widespread public notice . Home media ( edit ) The Special Edition DVD 's menus are arranged as items in a psychological test . Highlighting certain objects leads to special features . Memento was released on DVD and VHS in the United States and Canada on September 4 , 2001 , and in the United Kingdom on January 14 , 2002 . The UK edition contains a hidden feature that allows the viewer to watch the film in chronological order . The Canadian version does not have this feature but the film chapters are set up to do this manually or through DVD programming . The original US release does not have the chronological feature nor are the chapters set up correctly to do it . The film was later re-released in a limited edition DVD that features an audio commentary by Christopher Nolan , the original short story by Jonathan Nolan on which the film was based , and a Sundance Channel documentary on the making of the film . The limited edition DVD also contains a hidden feature that allows the viewer to watch the film in chronological order . The Limited Edition DVD is packaged to look like Leonard 's case file from a mental institution , with notes scribbled by `` doctors '' and Leonard on the inside . The DVD menus are designed as a series of psychological tests ; the viewer has to choose certain words , objects , and multiple choice answers to play the movie or access special features . Leonard 's `` notes '' on the DVD case offer clues to navigating the DVD . Memento was re-released in the UK on a 3 - disc Special Edition DVD on December 27 , 2004 . This release contains all the special features that are on the two US releases in one package plus a couple of new interviews . The menus appear as tattoos on a body and are more straightforward than the US 2 - disc limited edition DVD . Memento was released on Blu - ray on August 15 , 2006 . This release lacks the special features contained on the Limited Edition DVD , but does include the audio commentary by director Christopher Nolan . The single - layer disc features an MPEG - 2 1080p transfer and PCM 5.1 surround audio . The film was also released on iTunes as a digital download . The film was re-released on the Blu - ray and DVD in the USA on February 22 , 2011 by Lionsgate following the 10th anniversary of the film . Both the Blu - ray and DVD have a new transfer that was also shown in theaters recently . Aside from the transfer , the Blu - ray contains a new special featurette by Nolan on the film 's legacy . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Memento was a box office success . In the United States , during its opening weekend , it was released in only 11 theaters , but by week 11 it was distributed to more than 500 theaters . It grossed over $25 million in North America and $14 million in other countries , making the film 's total worldwide gross some $40 million as of August 2007 . During its theatrical run , it did not place higher than eighth in the list of highest - grossing movies for a single weekend . Critical response ( edit ) Memento was met with critical acclaim . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 92 % based on 169 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Christopher Nolan skillfully guides the audience through Memento 's fractured narrative , seeping his film in existential dread . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Online film critic James Berardinelli gave the film four out of four stars , ranking it number one on his year - end Top Ten list and number sixty - three on his All - Time Top 100 films . In his review , he called it an `` endlessly fascinating , wonderfully open - ended motion picture ( that ) will be remembered by many who see it as one of the best films of the year '' . Berardinelli praised the film 's backwards narrative , saying that `` what really distinguishes this film is its brilliant , innovative structure '' , and noted that Guy Pearce gives an `` astounding ... tight , and thoroughly convincing performance '' . In 2009 , Berardinelli chose Memento as his # 3 best movie of the decade . William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer writes that Memento is a `` delicious one - time treat '' , and emphasizes that director Christopher Nolan `` not only makes Memento work as a non-linear puzzle film , but as a tense , atmospheric thriller '' . Rob Blackwelder noted that `` Nolan has a crackerjack command over the intricacies of this story . He makes every single element of the film a clue to the larger picture ... as the story edges back toward the origins of ( Leonard 's ) quest '' . However , not all critics were impressed with the film 's structure . Marjorie Baumgarten wrote , `` In forward progression , the narrative would garner little interest , thus making the reverse storytelling a filmmaker 's conceit . '' Sean Burns of the Philadelphia Weekly commented that `` For all its formal wizardry , Memento is ultimately an ice - cold feat of intellectual gamesmanship . Once the visceral thrill of the puzzle structure begins to wear off , there 's nothing left to hang onto . The film itself fades like one of Leonard 's temporary memories . '' While Roger Ebert gave the film a favorable three out of four stars , he did not think it warranted multiple viewings . After watching Memento twice , he concluded that `` Greater understanding helped on the plot level , but did n't enrich the viewing experience . Confusion is the state we are intended to be in . '' Jonathan Rosenbaum disliked the film , and commented in his review of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind that Memento is a `` gimmicky and unpoetic counterfeit '' of Alain Resnais 's 1968 film Je t'aime , je t'aime . In 2005 , the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay # 100 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written . In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the fourteenth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . Scientific response ( edit ) Many medical experts have cited Memento as featuring one of the most realistic and accurate depictions of anterograde amnesia in the history of motion pictures . Caltech neuroscientist Christof Koch called Memento `` the most accurate portrayal of the different memory systems in the popular media '' , while physician Esther M. Sternberg , Director of the Integrative Neural Immune Program at the National Institute of Mental Health , identified the film as `` close to a perfect exploration of the neurobiology of memory . '' Sternberg concludes : `` This thought - provoking thriller is the kind of movie that keeps reverberating in the viewer 's mind , and each iteration makes one examine preconceived notions in a different light . Memento is a movie for anyone interested in the workings of memory and , indeed , in what it is that makes our own reality . '' Clinical neuropsychologist Sallie Baxendale writes in The BMJ : `` The overwhelming majority of amnesic characters in films bear little relation to any neurological or psychiatric realities of memory loss ... Apparently inspired partly by the neuropsychological studies of the famous patient HM ( who developed severe anterograde memory impairment after neurosurgery to control his epileptic seizures ) and the temporal lobe amnesic syndrome , the film documents the difficulties faced by Leonard , who develops a severe anterograde amnesia after an attack in which his wife is killed . Unlike in most films in this genre , this amnesic character retains his identity , has little retrograde amnesia , and shows several of the severe everyday memory difficulties associated with the disorder . The fragmented , almost mosaic quality to the sequence of scenes in the film also reflects the ' perpetual present ' nature of the syndrome . '' Interpretations and analysis ( edit ) By going backward in time , Memento draws the real mystery from viewers learning the first step in Leonard 's investigation , the origins of his self - deception . Yes , we also learn what really happened to his wife , what happened to him , and what happened to his killer , and we understand more about Teddy 's complicated role in using Leonard for his own purposes . But the most telling revelation at the end of Memento is n't limited to his condition : Leonard lies to himself . And when he is n't outright lying to himself , he 's guilty of confirmation bias , accepting only the facts that affirm his pre-cooked conclusions , and tossing out all the rest . - Scott Tobias , from The A.V. Club Since its release , Memento has been a widely noted topic of film discussion , both for its unique narrative structure and themes . Those searching for explanations of the film 's plot have either resorted to online forums , message boards or scholarly material , or have ignored the film 's official website and forums in order to maintain their own personal hypotheses . In an article for The Dissolve analyzing Nolan 's work , Mike D'Angelo cites Memento as `` a masterful study in deliberate self - delusion , '' alluding to Leonard 's own actions towards the end of the film and his role as an unreliable narrator . On the same topic of self - deception , James Mooney of filmandphilosophy.com notes that the film suggests how `` our memories deceive us , or rather , sometimes we deceive ourselves by ' choosing ' to forget or by manipulating our memories of past events . '' This is much in line with a psychological analysis of the film , specifically the act of confabulation . Leonard 's use of confabulation poses the dilemma , as explained by SUNY Downstate Medical Center Professor John Kubie for BrainFacts.org : `` In Memento we are faced with the question of how much of Leonard 's memory of the past is real and how much constructed from beliefs and wishes . '' Author Chuck Klosterman has written in - depth about Memento in his essay collection Sex , Drugs , and Cocoa Puffs : A Low Culture Manifesto , specifically on the diner scene with Leonard and Natalie . In an interview with Chuck Stephens for Filmmaker in 2001 Nolan also stated : `` The most interesting part of that for me is that audiences seem very unwilling to believe the stuff that Teddy ( Pantoliano ) says at the end and yet why ? I think it 's because people have spent the entire film looking at Leonard 's photograph of Teddy , with the caption : `` Do n't believe his lies . '' That image really stays in people 's heads , and they still prefer to trust that image even after we make it very clear that Leonard 's visual recollection is completely questionable . It was quite surprising , and it was n't planned . What was always planned was that we do n't ever step completely outside Leonard 's head , and that we keep the audience in that interpretive mode of trying to analyze what they want to believe or not . For me , the crux of the movie is that the one guy who might actually be the authority on the truth of what happened is played by Joe Pantoliano ... who is so untrustworthy , especially given the baggage he carries in from his other movies : he 's already seen by audiences as this character actor who 's always unreliable . I find it very frightening , really , the level of uncertainty and malevolence Joe brings to the film . '' Best film list appearances ( edit ) Year Presenter Title Rank Ref . 2016 BBC The 21st Century 's 100 Greatest Films 20 2014 The Hollywood Reporter Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films 89 2014 Empire The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time 58 2013 Motion Picture Editors Guild 75 Best Edited Films of All Time 13 2012 Total Film 50 Best Movies of Our Lifetime 2009 The A.V. Club The Best Films of the ' 00s 2008 Empire The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 173 2007 Entertainment Weekly The 100 Best Films From 1983 to 2008 23 2005 IMDb 15th Anniversary Top 15 Films for the Last 15 Years 7 Empire The 50 Greatest Independent Films 14 Writers Guild of America , West 101 Greatest Screenplays of All Time 100 2003 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die N / A National Board of Review ( NBR ) Top 10 Films of the Year American Film Institute ( AFI ) Awards and accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for Academy Awards in Original Screenplay and Film Editing , but did not win in either category . Because Jonathan Nolan 's short story was not published before the film was released , it was nominated for Original Screenplay instead of Adapted Screenplay and both Christopher and Jonathan received a nomination . It was also nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival , but lost to The Believer . However , it won 13 awards for Best Screenplay and five awards for Best Picture from various film critic associations and festivals , including the Chicago Film Critics Association and the Sundance Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award . Christopher Nolan was nominated for three Best Director awards including the Directors Guild of America Award and was awarded one from the Independent Spirit Awards . Pearce was accorded Best Actor from the San Diego Film Critics Society and the Las Vegas Film Critics Society . The film was also nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics . AFI Awards : AFI Story of the Year ( Christopher Nolan ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films : Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film . BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards : Enhancement of Linear Media Boston Society of Film Critics : Best Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan ) . Bram Stoker Awards : Best Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan ) . British Independent Film Awards : BIFA Award for Best Foreign Independent Film . Broadcast Film Critics Association : Best Script ( Christopher Nolan ) . Casting Society of America : Best casting ( John Papsidera ) . Chicago Film Critics Association : Best Script ( Christopher Nolan ) . Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association : Russell Smith Award ( Christopher Nolan ) . Deauville American Film Festival : CinéLive Award ( Christopher Nolan ) . Critics Awards ( Christopher Nolan ) . Special Jury Prize ( Christopher Nolan ) . Edgar Allan Poe Awards : Best Motion Picture ( Christopher Nolan ) . Florida Film Critics Circle : Best Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan ) . Golden Trailer Awards : Best drama , originality . Independent Spirit Awards : Best supporting actress ( Carrie - Anne Moss ) , Best director ( Christopher Nolan ) . Best Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan ) . Las Vegas Film Critics Society : Best film . Best actor ( Guy Pearce ) . Best script ( Christopher Nolan ) . London Film Critics ' Circle : British Director of the Year ( Christopher Nolan ) . Los Angeles Film Critics Association : Best script ( Christopher Nolan ) . MTV Movie Awards : Best New Filmmaker ( Christopher Nolan ) . Online Film Critics Society : Best film . Best Director ( Christopher Nolan ) . Best Adapted Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan ) . San Diego Film Critics Society : Best Actor ( Guy Pearce ) . Southeastern Film Critics Association : Best Film . Best adapted Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan ) . Sundance Film Festival : Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award ( Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan ) . Toronto Film Critics Association : Best Film . Best Screenplay ( Christopher Nolan ) . Vancouver Film Critics Circle : Best Film . Legacy ( edit ) Memento heavily inspired the Tamil Indian film Ghajini ( 2005 ) , which was in turn remade in Hindi as Ghajini ( 2008 ) Bengali / Bangla as Dhoka ( 2007 ) . Remake ( edit ) AMBI Pictures announced in November 2015 that it plans to remake Memento , one of several film rights that AMBI acquired from its acquisition of Exclusive Media . Monika Bacardi , an executive for AMBI Pictures , stated that they plan to `` stay true to Christopher Nolan 's vision and deliver a memorable movie that is every bit as edgy , iconic and award - worthy as the original '' . See also ( edit ) Reverse chronology Memento Mori ( short story ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Memento '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memento ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memento ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Andy ( June 28 , 2001 ) . `` Everything you wanted to know about `` Memento '' `` . Salon . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Session Timeout -- Academy Awards ® Database -- AMPAS Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Awardsdatabase.oscars.org ( January 29 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century 's 25 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic , ' ' The Goonies , ' ' Field of Dreams , ' ' Memento ' Added to National Film Registry '' . Variety . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2 - Disc LE DVD Review '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Disk SE DVD Review '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ghislotti , Stefano ( 2003 ) . `` Backwards : Memory and Fabula Construction in `` Memento '' by Christopher Nolan `` . Film Anthology . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Anthony ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Mindgames ; Christopher Nolan Remembers `` Memento '' `` . IndieWire.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 2002 ) . The Making of Memento . New York : Faber . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21488 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Neff , Renfreu ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Remembering Where it All Began : Christopher Nolan on Memento '' . CreativeScreenwriting.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan , Jonathan . `` Memento Mori '' . Mottram . `` Appendix '' , pp 183 -- 95 . See also : Nolan , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Memento Mori '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 151 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 107 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Mottram , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW WITH JOE PANTOLIANO ( PART 2 OF 2 ) '' . IGN. April 4 , 2001 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Memento DVD commentary ( DVD ) . Columbia TriStar . ^ Jump up to : Mottram , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 154 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 156 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 92 , 96 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Julyan , David . `` Comments on Memento '' . Davidjulyan.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` Track Listing for `` Memento : Music For and Inspired by the Film '' `` . CDuniverse.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 62 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Fierman , Daniel ( March 21 , 2001 ) . `` Memory Swerves : EW reports on the story behind the indie thriller '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Mottram , p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Official site '' . otnemem.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mottram , p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Details for Memento '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bovberg , Jason ( May 21 , 2002 ) . `` Memento : Limited Edition '' . DVDtalk.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Unicorn , Memento 10th Anniversary Blu - ray Announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memento '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Memento Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Memento ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memento Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 31 , 2001 ) . `` Berardinelli 's Top Ten for 2001 '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Berardinelli 's All - Time Top 100 '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James . `` Memento '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( March 30 , 2001 ) . `` Memento is new , original , possibly even great '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Blackwelder , Rob . `` Blanks for the Memories '' . SPLICEDwire.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baumgarten , Marjorie ( March 30 , 2001 ) . `` Memento '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Burns , Sean ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Ai n't It the Truth ? '' . Philadelphia Weekly . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 13 , 2001 ) . `` Memento '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` A Stylist Hits His Stride '' . Jump up ^ Savage , Sophia ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` WGA Lists Greatest Screenplays , From ' Casablanca ' and ' Godfather ' to ' Memento ' and ' Notorious ' '' . wga.org . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ Koch , Christof ( 2004 ) . The Quest for Consciousness : A Neurobiological Approach . Roberts and Company Publishers . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 9747077 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , E.M ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Piecing Together a Puzzling World : Memento '' . Science . 292 ( 5522 ) : 1661 -- 1662 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1062103 . Jump up ^ Baxendale , Sallie ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` Memories are n't made of this : amnesia at the movies '' . BMJ. 329 ( 7480 ) : 1480 -- 1483 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 329.7480. 1480 . PMC 535990 . PMID 15604191 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Memento 's puzzle structure hides big twists and bigger profundities '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Claire ( 2010 ) . American Indies : Memento . Edinburgh University Press . p. 98 . ISBN 9780748637713 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` The rational wonders of Christopher Nolan '' . The Dissolve . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mooney , James ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Memento : Memory and Identity '' . Filmosophy . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kubie , John ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Memento and Personal Identity '' . blog.brainfacts.org . Society for Neuroscience . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( 2003 ) . Sex , Drugs , and Cocoa Puffs : A Low Culture Manifesto . Scribner . Jump up ^ Stephens , Chuck ( Winter 2001 ) . `` Past Imperfect '' . Filmmaker . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . BBC . Retrieved on August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time . Empireonline.com . Retrieved on May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel . ( December 3 , 2009 ) The best films of the ' 00s Best Of The Decade . The A.V. Club . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Empire Features . Empireonline.com ( December 5 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 15th anniversary Archived February 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , IMDb Jump up ^ Empire Features . Empire ( December 5 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ WGAW Archived August 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... http://www.wga.org/ . Retrieved on July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 1001 Series Archived November 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... 1001 beforeyoudie.com ( July 22 , 2002 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ National Board of Review of Motion Pictures : : Awards Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nbrmp.org . Retrieved on January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AFI AWARDS 2001 : Movies of the Year . Afi.com . Retrieved on January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for Memento '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` '' Amores Perros '' remporte le prix de l'UCC `` . La Libre Belgique ( in French ) . January 6 , 2002 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Memento ' to Get Remake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Memento Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memento ( 2000 film ) . Memento on IMDb Memento at the TCM Movie Database Memento at AllMovie Memento at Box Office Mojo Memento at Metacritic Memento at Rotten Tomatoes Plot Holes : Memento , on how certain discrepancies might be plot holes or of more significance , on Slate Memento and anterograde amnesia Films directed by Christopher Nolan Feature films Following ( 1998 ) Memento ( 2000 ) Insomnia ( 2002 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) The Prestige ( 2006 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inception ( 2010 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) Short films Doodlebug ( 1997 ) Quay ( 2015 ) Jonathan Nolan Stories `` Memento Mori '' ( 2001 , basis for the film Memento ( 2000 ) Film screenplays The Prestige ( 2006 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) TV series Person of Interest ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Film After Hours ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) River 's Edge ( 1987 ) Stand and Deliver ( 1988 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Short Cuts ( 1993 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) Leaving Las Vegas ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Apostle ( 1997 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Election ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Precious ( 2009 ) Black Swan ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb16157606m ( data ) GND : 4692905 - 8 SUDOC : 123497604 VIAF : 174124958 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memento_(film)&oldid=862920023 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s crime thriller films 2000s independent films 2000s mystery films 2000s psychological thriller films American crime thriller films American films American independent films American mystery films American psychological thriller films Edgar Award - winning works Fiction with unreliable narrators Films about amnesia Films about revenge Films based on short fiction Films directed by Christopher Nolan Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Independent Spirit Award for Best Film winners Neo-noir Nonlinear narrative films Screenplays by Christopher Nolan Summit Entertainment films Sundance Film Festival award winners United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from July 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 15 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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movie where guy can't make new memories
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"Pearce stars as a man who, as a result of a past trauma, has anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories) and has short-term memory loss approximately every five minutes. He is searching for the persons who attacked him and killed his wife, using an intricate system of Polaroid photographs and tattoos to track information he cannot remember. Memento is presented as two different sequences of scenes interspersed during the film: a series in black-and-white that is shown chronologically, and a series of color sequences shown in reverse order (simulating for the audience the mental state of the protagonist). The two sequences meet at the end of the film, producing one complete and cohesive narrative.[4]\n"
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"Memento"
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868735579893213182
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To Sir, with Love
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To Sir , with Love - wikipedia To Sir , with Love For other uses , see To Sir , with Love ( disambiguation ) . To Sir , with Love UK theatrical release poster Directed by James Clavell Produced by James Clavell Screenplay by James Clavell Based on To Sir , With Love 1959 novel by E.R. Braithwaite Starring Sidney Poitier Music by Ron Grainer Cinematography Paul Beeson , B.S.C. Edited by Peter Thornton Production company Columbia British Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date 14 June 1967 ( 1967 - 06 - 14 ) ( US ) 29 October 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 29 ) ( UK ) Running time 105 min Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $625,000 or $600,000 Box office $42,432,803 or $22 million To Sir , with Love is a 1967 British drama film that deals with social and racial issues in an inner city school . It stars Sidney Poitier and features Christian Roberts , Judy Geeson , Suzy Kendall and singer Lulu making her film debut . James Clavell ( who had written The Children 's Story three years prior ) directed from his own screenplay , which was based on E.R. Braithwaite 's 1959 autobiographical novel of the same name . The film 's title song `` To Sir with Love '' , sung by Lulu , reached number one on the U.S. pop charts for five weeks in the autumn of 1967 and ultimately was Billboard magazine 's No. 1 pop single for that year . The movie ranked number 27 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . A made - for - television sequel , To Sir , with Love II ( 1996 ) , was released nearly three decades later , with Poitier reprising his starring role . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards and honors 6.1 Awards 6.2 Nominations 6.3 Other honors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mark Thackeray ( Sidney Poitier ) , an immigrant to Britain from British Guiana via California , applies for an engineering job , but learns that it will be a long time before a decision is made . He also applies for and is offered a teaching post at North Quay Secondary School in the tough East End of London , which he accepts as an interim position . Thackeray learns from the staff of North Quay that most of the pupils have been rejected from other schools , and their antics drove their last teacher to resign . The pupils live up to their reputation . Led by Bert Denham ( Christian Roberts ) and Pamela Dare ( Judy Geeson ) , their antics progress from disruptive behaviour ( banging desk lids to break Thackeray 's train of thought ) to distasteful pranks . One pupil , Williams , persistently wears sunglasses in the classroom ; Thackeray , as a running gag , keeps removing them for him . Thackeray retains his calm manner but a turning point comes one morning when he enters the classroom and discovers something being burned in the classroom stove . ( It is implied that one of the girls is burning a used sanitary napkin , but this is never confirmed . ) Despite himself , Thackeray loses his temper ; he orders the boys out of the classroom and then reprimands , not only the unknown girl who caused the fire , but also the other girls for knowingly and wilfully allowing her to do so . Thackeray is more angry with himself than with his pupils , as he has allowed them to get the better of him . Changing his approach , he informs the students that he will treat them as adults , and allow them to discuss issues of their own choosing for the remainder of the term . Future classes discuss what the pupils can expect when they leave school , including advice on how to apply for jobs . Thackeray wins the class over , except for Denham , who continues to bait him . Thackeray suggests a class outing to a museum , which turns out to be a success . He loses some of this new - found support when he defuses a potentially violent situation between Potter ( Chris Chittell ) and a gym teacher , Mr Bell . In class , he demands that Potter apologize directly to Bell for the incident even if he believes Bell was wrong . The group refuses to invite Thackeray to the class dance , and when Seales ' ( Anthony Villaroel ) mother dies , the class takes up a collection for a wreath but refuses to accept Thackeray 's donation . At this point , the headmaster advises him that he feels `` the adult approach '' has failed ; future class outings are cancelled , and Thackeray is to take over the boys ' gym classes until the headmaster can find a replacement . Meanwhile , Thackeray receives the engineer job offer in the post . He starts to win the pupils back after he beats Denham in a boxing match , but tells him that he has genuine boxing ability and suggests that Denham teach boxing to the younger pupils next year . Denham expresses his admiration for Thackeray to his fellow pupils ; Thackeray wins back their respect and is invited to the class dance . Later , when Thackeray attends the funeral of Seales ' mother , he is touched to find that his lectures on personal choices and responsibility have been taken to heart , and his entire class has also come despite the stigma they would receive for entering the home of a coloured person . At the dance , Barbara Pegg ( Lulu ) announces a `` ladies choice '' dance and Pamela chooses Thackeray as her dance partner . While Barbara sings the film theme song , the class presents Thackeray with a gift . He is too moved for words and retires to his classroom . Two youths rush into the classroom , and upon seeing Thackeray they begin mocking his gift , a silver tankard and card `` To sir , with love '' , with the students ' signatures , and joke that they will be in his class next year . After they leave , Thackeray tears up the job offer letter . He then takes a flower from the vase on his desk , places it on his lapel and returns to the dance . Cast ( edit ) Sidney Poitier as Mark Thackeray Christian Roberts as Bert Denham Judy Geeson as Pamela Dare Suzy Kendall as Gillian Blanchard Lulu as Barbara `` Babs '' Pegg Ann Bell as Mrs Dare Geoffrey Bayldon as Theo Weston Faith Brook as Grace Evans Patricia Routledge as Clinty Clintridge Chris Chittell as Potter Adrienne Posta as Moira Joseph Edward Burnham as Florian Rita Webb as Mrs Joseph Fred Griffiths as Market Stallholder Anthony Villaroel as Seales Michael Des Barres as Williams Gareth Robinson as Tich Jackson Lynne Sue Moon as Miss Wong Marianne Stone as Gert The Mindbenders Production ( edit ) Sidney Poitier and James Clavell wanted to do the film , but Columbia was reluctant . They agreed to make the film for small fees , provided Poitier got 10 % of the gross and Clavell 30 % of the profits . `` When we were ready to shoot , Columbia wanted either a rape or a big fight put in , '' said Martin Baum . We held out , saying this was a gentle story , and we won . '' Reception ( edit ) Upon its U.S. release , Bosley Crowther began his review by contrasting the film with Poitier 's role and performance in the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle ; unlike that earlier film , Crowther says `` a nice air of gentility suffuses this pretty color film , and Mr. Poitier gives a quaint example of being proper and turning the other cheek . Although he controls himself with difficulty in some of his confrontations with his class , and even flares up on one occasion , he never acts like a boor , the way one of his fellow teachers ( played by Geoffrey Bayldon ) does . Except for a few barbed comments by the latter , there is little intrusion of or discussion about the issue of race : It is as discreetly played down as are many other probable tensions in this school . To Sir , with Love comes off as a cozy , good - humored and unbelievable little tale . '' Halliwell 's Film and Video Guide describes it as `` sentimental non-realism '' and quotes a Monthly Film Bulletin review ( possibly contemporary with its British release ) , which claims that `` the sententious script sounds as if it has been written by a zealous Sunday school teacher after a particularly exhilarating boycott of South African oranges '' . The Time Out Film Guide says that it `` bears no resemblance to school life as we know it '' and the `` hoodlums ' miraculous reformation a week before the end of term ( thanks to teacher Poitier ) is laughable '' . Although agreeing with the claims about the film 's sentimentality , and giving it a mediocre rating , the Virgin Film Guide asserts : `` What makes ( this ) such as enjoyable film is the mythic nature of Poitier 's character . He manages to come across as a real person , while simultaneously embodying everything there is to know about morality , respect and integrity . '' The film premiered and became a hit one month before another film about troubled schools , Up the Down Staircase , appeared . To Sir , with Love holds a 92 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . The film grossed $42,432,803 at the box office in the United States , yielding $19,100,000 in rentals , on a $640,000 budget , making it the eighth highest grossing picture of 1967 in the US . Poitier especially benefited from that film 's success considering he agreed on a mere $30,000 fee in exchange for 10 % of the gross box office and thus arranged one of the most impressive payoffs in film history . In fact , although Columbia insisted on an annual cap to Poitier of $25,000 to fulfill that percentage term , the studio was forced to revise the deal with Poitier when they calculated they would be committed to 80 years of those payments . Soundtrack ( edit ) To Sir , with Love Soundtrack album by various Released 1967 Genre Traditional pop Label Fontana Records ( UK ) Singles from To Sir , with Love `` To Sir With Love '' Released : 1967 The soundtrack album features music by Lulu , The Mindbenders , and incidental music by Ron Grainer . The original album was released on Fontana Records . It was re-released onto CD in 1995 . AllMusic rated it three stars out of five . The title song was a Cash Box Top 100 number - one single for three weeks . To Sir With Love ( Lyric : Don Black / Music : Marc London ) -- Lulu School Break Dancing `` Stealing My Love from Me '' ( Lyric & Music : Marc London ) -- Lulu Thackeray meets Faculty , Then Alone Music from Lunch Break `` Off and Running '' ( Lyric : Toni Wine / Music : Carole Bayer ) -- The Mindbenders Thackeray Loses Temper , Gets an Idea Museum Outings Montage `` To Sir , with Love '' - Lulu A Classical Lesson Perhaps I Could Tidy Your Desk Potter 's loss of temper in gym Thackeray reads letter about job Thackeray and Denham box in gym The funeral End of Term Dance `` It 's Getting Harder all the Time '' ( Lyric : Ben Raleigh / Music : Charles Abertine ) -- The Mindbenders To Sir With Love -- Lulu Awards and honors ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Laurel Awards Sleeper of the Year : 1968 Female New Face -- 2nd place : Judy Geeson -- 1968 Nominations ( edit ) Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures : James Clavell -- 1967 Laurel Awards Male New Face : Christian Roberts -- 1968 10th Annual Grammy Awards Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show : 1968 Other honors ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` To Sir With Love '' -- Nominated See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Film portal 1960s portal The Hindi film Imtihan ( 1974 ) starring Vinod Khanna as the teacher , and Tanuja as his love interest , was inspired by the film Dangerous Minds The Egyptian comedy Madrast Al - Mushaghebeen , was inspired by the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An author at home in Hollywood and Hong Kong '' . Dudar , Helen . Chicago Tribune . 12 Apr 1981 : e1 . ^ Jump up to : A Blue - Ribbon Packager of Movie Deals Warga , Wayne . Los Angeles Times 20 Apr 1969 : w1 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Sir , With Love , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 15 June 1967 ) . `` Poitier Meets the Cockneys : He Plays Teacher Who Wins Pupils Over '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Walker , John , ed. ( 1999 ) . Halliwell 's Film and Video Guide 2000 . London : HarperCollins . p. 845 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653165 - 2 . Jump up ^ David Pirie review in Johm Pym ( ed ) , Time Out Film Guide 2009 , London : Ebury , 2008 , p. 1098 . Jump up ^ The Seventh Virgin Film Guide , London : Virgin Publishing , 1998 , p. 729 . Published by Cinebooks in the US . The `` mediocre rating '' claim is based on the authors giving the film three out of five stars . Jump up ^ `` To Sir , with Love , Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( 2008 ) . Pictures at a Revolution : Five Films and the Birth of a New Hollywood . Penguin Press . p. 328 . Jump up ^ To Sir , with Love at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Top Single '' . Cash Box Magazine Charts . Cashbox. 1967 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` To Sir , with Love '' . Jump up ^ `` Judy Geeson '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ DGA 1967 . Dga.org . Retrieved on 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Roberts '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards ( 1968 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . External links ( edit ) To Sir , with Love on IMDb To Sir , with Love at AllMovie To Sir , with Love at the TCM Movie Database Christian Roberts and Judy Geeson discuss making To Sir , with Love on its 50th anniversary , The Spectrum , Accessed June 7 , 2017 . Works by James Clavell The Asian Saga King Rat ( 1962 ) Tai - Pan ( 1966 ) Shōgun ( 1975 ) Noble House ( 1981 ) Whirlwind ( 1986 ) Gai - Jin ( 1993 ) Escape : The Love Story from Whirlwind ( 1994 ) Films directed Five Gates to Hell ( 1959 ) Walk Like a Dragon ( 1960 ) To Sir , with Love ( 1966 ) The Sweet and the Bitter ( 1967 ) Where 's Jack ? ( 1968 ) The Last Valley ( 1971 ) The Children 's Story ( 1982 ) ( TV ) Scripts The Fly ( 1958 ) Watusi ( 1959 ) The Great Escape ( 1963 ) 633 Squadron ( 1964 ) The Satan Bug ( 1965 ) Other writings The Children 's Story ( 1964 ) The Art of War ( 1983 ) Thrump - O - Moto Adaptations King Rat ( 1965 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) ( TV ) Tai - Pan ( 1986 ) Noble House ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Sir,_with_Love&oldid=866332265 '' Categories : 1967 films English - language films 1960s coming - of - age films 1960s drama films 1960s high school films British coming - of - age films British films British high school films British teen drama films Columbia Pictures films Coming - of - age drama films Films about educators Films about race and ethnicity Films based on British novels Films directed by James Clavell Films set in London Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in London Screenplays by James Clavell Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Sicilianu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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when was the movie to sir with love made
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"To Sir, with Love is a 1967 British drama film that deals with social and racial issues in an inner city school. It stars Sidney Poitier and features Christian Roberts, Judy Geeson, Suzy Kendall and singer Lulu making her film debut. James Clavell (who had written The Children's Story three years prior) directed from his own screenplay, which was based on E. R. Braithwaite's 1959 autobiographical novel of the same name.\n"
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"1967"
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-1661985560864112982
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Secretary of State of New York
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Secretary of state of New York - wikipedia Secretary of state of New York Jump to : navigation , search Secretary of State of New York Incumbent Rossana Rosado since February 3 , 2016 Department of State Formation 1778 First holder John Morin Scott Website www.dos.ny.gov The Secretary of State of New York is a cabinet officer in the government of the U.S. state of New York who leads the Department of State ( NYSDOS ) . The current Secretary of State of New York is Rossana Rosado , a Democrat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Duties 2 History 3 List of Secretaries of State 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 External links Duties ( edit ) The Secretary is responsible for the regulation of a number of businesses and professions , including private investigators , cosmetologists , real estate brokers , appraisers , and notaries public . The Secretary also regulates cemeteries , registers corporations and business organizations , and maintains business records under the Uniform Commercial Code and other laws . The New York State Athletic Commission is vested within the department and regulates combat sports such as boxing and professional wrestling occurring within the state . The Secretary 's office includes the Office of Local Government Services , which provides training assistance to local governments in areas such as fire prevention , coastal management , and code enforcement . The Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws on their website and as a supplement to the Laws of New York . They are also responsible for publishing on their website a complete codification of all local laws in effect that have been adopted by the legislative body of each county . History ( edit ) The office of the Secretary of State of New York was established in 1778 , and is one of the oldest government agencies of the state of New York . Until 1822 , the Secretary of State was appointed by the Council of Appointment for an indefinite term , but could be substituted at any time , especially if the majority party in the Council changed . Besides his other duties , the Secretary of State was also the secretary of the Council of Appointment . From 1823 to 1845 , the Secretary was elected by joint ballot of the New York State Legislature for a term of three years . From 1847 on , the Secretary and the other state cabinet officers were elected by the voters at the state elections in November in odd years to a two - year term , so that , until 1877 , they served in the second half of the term of the governor in office and the first half of the term of the succeeding governor , since the governors at the time were elected to a two - year term in even years . From 1877 on , the Governor served a three - year term , while the Secretary continued to be elected for two years . The Secretary elected in 1895 received an additional year and served a three - year term , and from 1898 on , the Secretary and other state officers were elected in even years to a two - year term at the same time as the Governor , and they served concurrently . In 1926 , during the governorship of Al Smith , the state administration was reorganized , and the office became appointive and has remained so . The last Secretary elected was Florence E.S. Knapp , the first appointed by the Governor was Robert Moses . On March 31 , 2011 , Part A of Chapter 62 of the Laws of 2011 merged the former New York State Consumer Protection Board into the Department of State creating a new Division of Consumer Protection . List of Secretaries of State ( edit ) # Secretary of State Tenure Party Notes John Morin Scott March 13 , 1778 -- September 14 , 1784 died in office Lewis Allaire Scott October 23 , 1784 -- March 17 , 1798 -- son of John Morin Scott ; died in office ; longest - serving Secretary of State ( 13 years and almost 5 months ) Daniel Hale March 24 , 1798 -- August 10 , 1801 Federalist Thomas Tillotson August 10 , 1801 -- March 16 , 1806 Democratic - Republican 5 Elisha Jenkins March 16 , 1806 -- February 16 , 1807 Democratic - Republican 6 Thomas Tillotson February 16 , 1807 -- February 1 , 1808 Dem. - Rep. / Lewisite 7 Elisha Jenkins February 1 , 1808 -- February 2 , 1810 Dem. - Rep. / Clintonian 8 Daniel Hale February 2 , 1810 -- February 1 , 1811 Federalist 9 Elisha Jenkins February 1 , 1811 -- February 23 , 1813 Democratic - Republican 10 Jacob R. Van Rensselaer February 23 , 1813 -- February 16 , 1815 Federalist 11 Peter Buell Porter February 16 , 1815 -- February 12 , 1816 Democratic - Republican 12 Robert L. Tillotson February 12 , 1816 -- April 16 , 1817 son of Thomas Tillotson 13 Charles D. Cooper April 16 , 1817 -- April 24 , 1818 Democratic - Republican son - in - law of Acting Governor John Tayler 14 John Van Ness Yates April 24 , 1818 -- February 14 , 1826 Democratic - Republican first appointed , in 1823 re-elected by the State Legislature 15 Azariah Cutting Flagg February 14 , 1826 -- January 12 , 1833 Democratic - Republican three terms ; then elected New York State Comptroller 16 John Adams Dix January 15 , 1833 -- February 4 , 1839 Democrat two terms 17 John Canfield Spencer February 4 , 1839 -- October 11 , 1841 Whig resigned to become Secretary of War 18 Archibald Campbell October 11 , 1841 -- February 7 , 1842 ( none ) as Deputy Secretary , acted until the election of a successor 19 Samuel Young February 7 , 1842 -- February 8 , 1845 Dem. / Barnburner 20 Nathaniel S. Benton February 8 , 1845 -- December 31 , 1847 Dem. / Hunker legislated out of office by State Constitution of 1846 21 Christopher Morgan January 1 , 1848 -- December 31 , 1851 Whig first Secretary elected by general ballot ; two terms 22 Henry S. Randall January 1 , 1852 -- December 31 , 1853 Democrat 23 Elias W. Leavenworth January 1 , 1854 -- December 31 , 1855 Whig 24 Joel T. Headley January 1 , 1856 -- December 31 , 1857 American 25 Gideon J. Tucker January 1 , 1858 -- December 31 , 1859 Democrat 26 David R. Floyd - Jones January 1 , 1860 -- December 31 , 1861 Democratic 27 Horatio Ballard January 1 , 1862 -- December 31 , 1863 Union 28 Chauncey Depew January 1 , 1864 -- December 31 , 1865 Union 29 Francis C. Barlow January 1 , 1866 -- December 31 , 1867 Republican 30 Homer A. Nelson January 1 , 1868 -- December 31 , 1871 Democrat two terms 31 G. Hilton Scribner January 1 , 1872 -- December 31 , 1873 Republican 32 Diedrich Willers , Jr . January 1 , 1874 -- December 31 , 1875 Democrat 33 John Bigelow January 1 , 1876 -- December 31 , 1877 Democrat 34 Allen C. Beach January 1 , 1878 -- December 31 , 1879 Democrat 35 Joseph B. Carr January 1 , 1880 -- December 31 , 1885 Republican three terms 36 Frederick Cook January 1 , 1886 -- December 31 , 1889 Democrat two terms 37 Frank Rice January 1 , 1890 -- December 31 , 1893 Democrat 38 John Palmer January 1 , 1894 -- December 31 , 1898 Republican two terms ( 1894 -- 1895 , 1896 -- 98 ) 39 John T. McDonough January 1 , 1899 -- December 31 , 1902 Republican two terms 40 John F. O'Brien January 1 , 1903 -- December 31 , 1906 Republican two terms 41 John S. Whalen January 1 , 1907 -- December 31 , 1908 Dem. / Ind . L . 42 Samuel S. Koenig January 1 , 1909 -- December 31 , 1910 Republican 43 Edward Lazansky January 1 , 1911 -- December 31 , 1912 Democrat 44 Mitchell May January 1 , 1913 -- December 31 , 1914 Democrat 45 Francis Hugo January 1 , 1915 -- December 31 , 1920 Republican three terms 46 John J. Lyons January 1 , 1921 -- December 31 , 1922 Republican 47 James A. Hamilton January 1 , 1923 -- December 31 , 1924 Democrat 48 Florence E.S. Knapp January 1 , 1925 -- January 17 , 1927 Republican first woman in this office ; and last elected Secretary of State 49 Robert Moses January 17 , 1927 -- January 1 , 1929 Republican first Secretary of State appointed by the Governor 50 Edward J. Flynn January 1 , 1929 -- January 17 , 1939 Democrat 51 Michael F. Walsh January 17 , 1939 -- January 1 , 1943 Democratic 52 Thomas J. Curran January 1 , 1943 -- January 1 , 1955 Republican 53 Carmine DeSapio January 1 , 1955 -- January 1 , 1959 Democratic 54 Caroline K. Simon January 1 , 1959 -- August 22 , 1963 Republican appointed a judge of the New York Court of Claims 55 John P. Lomenzo August 22 , 1963 -- January 1 , 1974 Republican 56 John J. Ghezzi January 1 , 1974 -- January 1 , 1975 Republican 57 Mario Cuomo January 1 , 1975 -- December 31 , 1978 Democrat elected Lieutenant Governor 58 Basil Paterson January 1 , 1979 -- January 1 , 1983 Democrat 59 Gail Shaffer January 1 , 1983 -- January 4 , 1995 Democrat 60 Alexander Treadwell January 4 , 1995 -- April 12 , 2001 Republican became Chairman of the Republican State Committee 61 Randy Daniels April 12 , 2001 -- September 23 , 2005 Republican a Democrat when appointed , became a Republican in 2002 , resigned Acting Frank Milano September 23 , 2005 -- April 19 , 2006 Republican as First Deputy Secretary acted until the appointment of a successor 62 Christopher Jacobs April 19 , 2006 -- January 1 , 2007 Republican 63 Lorraine Cortés - Vázquez January 1 , 2007 -- September 1 , 2010 Democrat 64 Ruth Noemí Colón September 1 , 2010 -- May 2 , 2011 Democrat 65 Cesar A. Perales May 2 , 2011 -- February 3 , 2016 Democrat confirmed by State Senate on June 7 , 2011 66 Rossana Rosado February 3 , 2016 -- Incumbent Democrat confirmed by State Senate on June 16 , 2016 See also ( edit ) List of company registers # United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Executive Law § 90 . `` There shall be in the state government a department of state . The head of the department shall be the secretary of state ( ... ) '' ^ Jump up to : Municipal Home Rule Law § 27 ; `` ( ... ) 5 . The secretary of state shall publish annually local laws on the department of state website and in a separate volume as a supplement to the session laws , and shall publish at least annually on the department of state website a complete codification of all local laws in effect that have been adopted by the legislative body of each county . The clerk , or other officer designated by the legislative body of each county , shall provide local laws to the secretary of state in a manner specified by the secretary of state to facilitate the publication requirements of this subdivision . ( ... ) 7 . The secretary of state shall have the authority to provide for the receipt and filing of local laws by electronic transmission . ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellen M. ; Manz , William H. ( 2004 ) . Gibson 's New York Legal Research Guide ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 261 . ISBN 1 - 57588 - 728 - 2 . LCCN 2004042477 . OCLC 54455036 . Jump up ^ Adopting Local Laws in New York State ( PDF ) . James A. Coon Local Government Technical Series . New York State Department of State . May 1998 . pp. 19 , 22 . Jump up ^ Article XXVIII of the State Constitution of 1777 said : `` ... that where , by this convention , the duration of any office shall not be ascertained , such office shall be construed to be held during the pleasure of the council of appointment . '' Jump up ^ Nominated on January 9 by the Governor , and confirmed on January 17 by the State Senate Sources ( edit ) Google Book The Civil List of New York External links ( edit ) Official website of the New York Department of State Department of State in the New York Codes , Rules and Regulations State secretaries of state in the United States AL John Merrill ( R ) AK Byron Mallott ( D ) AZ Michele Reagan ( R ) AR Mark Martin ( R ) CA Alex Padilla ( D ) CO Wayne Williams ( R ) CT Denise Merrill ( D ) DE Jeffrey Bullock ( D ) FL Ken Detzner ( R ) GA Brian Kemp ( R ) HI Shan Tsutsui ( D ) ID Lawerence Denney ( R ) IL Jesse White ( D ) IN Connie Lawson ( R ) IA Paul Pate ( R ) KS Kris Kobach ( R ) KY Alison Grimes ( D ) LA Tom Schedler ( R ) ME Matthew Dunlap ( D ) MD John Wobensmith ( R ) MA Bill Galvin ( D ) MI Ruth Johnson ( R ) MN Steve Simon ( D ) MS Delbert Hosemann ( R ) MO Jay Ashcroft ( R ) MT Corey Stapleton ( R ) NE John Gale ( R ) NV Barbara Cegavske ( R ) NH Bill Gardner ( D ) NJ Kim Guadagno ( R ) NM Maggie Toulouse Oliver ( D ) NY Rossana Rosado ( D ) NC Elaine Marshall ( D ) ND Al Jaeger ( R ) OH Jon Husted ( R ) OK Dave Lopez ( R ) OR Dennis Richardson ( R ) PA Pedro Cortés ( D ) RI Nellie Gorbea ( D ) SC Mark Hammond ( R ) SD Shantel Krebs ( R ) TN Tre Hargett ( R ) TX Rolando Pablos ( R ) UT Spencer Cox ( R ) VT Jim Condos ( D ) VA Kelly Thomasson ( D ) WA Kim Wyman ( R ) WV Mac Warner ( R ) WI Doug La Follette ( D ) WY Ed Murray ( R ) DC Lauren Vaughan ( D ) Territories : AS Lemanu Mauga ( D ) GU Ray Tenorio ( R ) MP Victor Hocog ( R ) PR Luis Rivera Marín ( R ) VI Osbert Potter ( I ) Political party affiliations : 34 Republican 21 Democratic 1 Independent italics indicate no secretary of state in this state , closest equivalent listed Officers in the State of New York Current offices Governor Lieutenant Governor Speaker of the Assembly Temporary President of the Senate Secretary of State Attorney General State Comptroller Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals Clerk of the Court of Appeals Clerk of the State Assembly Defunct offices State Treasurer State Engineer Superintendent of Public Works Chancellor Canal Commissioner Inspector of State Prisons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State_of_New_York&oldid=803149049 '' Categories : State constitutional officers of New York ( state ) Secretaries of State of New York ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the secretary of state of new york
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"The current Secretary of State of New York is Rossana Rosado, a Democrat."
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"Rossana Rosado"
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Parliament of Ghana
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Parliament of Ghana - wikipedia Parliament of Ghana Jump to : navigation , search Parliament of Ghana 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic Type Type Unicameral Leadership Speaker Aaron Mike Oquaye Since 7 January 2017 Structure Seats 275 Political groups NPP ( 169 ) NDC ( 106 ) Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 7 December 2016 Meeting place Parliament House Accra , Greater Accra Republic of Ghana Website www.parliament.gh Ghana This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Ghana Constitution Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Nana Akufo - Addo Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia Ministers Council of State Legislative ( show ) Parliament Members of Parliament Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice : Sophia Akuffo Human rights Elections ( show ) Constituencies Political parties Politicians Electoral Commission Recent elections General : 2008 2012 2016 Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions Districts Foreign relations ( show ) Minister for Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Nationality law Other countries Atlas The Parliament of Ghana is the legislative body of the Government of Ghana . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Parliament of the Fourth Republic 2.1 Leadership structure 2.2 2008 elections 2.3 Composition Parliament in 2008 3 2012 elections 4 Past Speakers of the National Assembly / Parliament 5 Members of parliament 6 Parliamentary constituencies 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Legislative representation in Ghana dates back to 1950 , when the country ( then known as Gold Coast ) was a British colony . The body , called the Legislative Council , was purely advisory as the Governor exercised all legislative and executive powers . Reforms were introduced in 1916 and 1925 , although the governor 's power remained extensive . In 1946 , a new constitution was introduced that allowed for an unofficial member of the Legislative Council to become its president while the governor ceased to be the ex officio president of the body . This system continued until 1951 when the Legislature elected its first Speaker - Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist . 1951 was also the first year that elections based on universal suffrage were held . The Convention People 's Party ( CPP ) , which was formed in 1949 and led by Kwame Nkrumah , won the election . Another party , the United Gold Coast Convention ( UGCC ) led by J.B. Danquah , fared poorly , and was disbanded soon after . Nkrumah , who had been jailed in early 1950 for subversion , was released and appointed Leader of Government Business , becoming the country 's first Prime Minister the following year . Legislative Assembly elections held in 1954 resulted in another CPP victory , with the party winning 71 out of a total of 104 seats . It also won 71 out of 104 seats in the 1956 Legislative Assembly election . The Gold Coast was renamed Ghana and granted independence on 6 March 1957 , while retaining the British monarch as head of state . The Legislative Assembly was renamed National Assembly . After the approval of a new Republican constitution , Ghana officially became a republic on 1 July 1960 with Kwame Nkrumah as its President . The plebiscite was taken as a fresh mandate from the people and the terms of National Assembly members were extended for another five years . A one - party state was introduced following a referendum in 1964 . As a result , only CPP candidates stood in the National Assembly Election held in 1965 . Nkrumah was overthrown in 1966 by the military , which banned political parties and dissolved the National Assembly . The country returned to civilian rule in 1969 . Elections held on 29 August resulted in victory for the Progress Party ( PP ) of Kofi Abrefa Busia , which won 105 of the National Assembly 's 140 seats . He took office as Prime Minister on 3 September 1969 . His government was toppled in a 1972 military coup . During the Third Republic , which lasted from 1979 to 1981 , the dominant party in the National Assembly was the People 's National Party ( PNP ) , which won 71 out of 104 seats in elections held on 18 June 1979 . After the military intervened in 1981 , all elected institutions were dissolved and political party activity was prohibited . Parliament of the Fourth Republic ( edit ) After 11 years of military rule , a new constitution was approved in a 1992 referendum . Presidential elections were held in November and were won by Jerry Rawlings , leader of the 1981 coup and subsequent military ruler . The opposition contested the results and boycotted the December parliamentary elections . As a result , Rawlings ' National Democratic Congress ( NDC ) won 189 out of 200 seats in Parliament . All parties participated in the 1996 parliamentary elections . The NDC won 133 out of a total of 200 seats , while the main opposition New Patriotic Party ( NPP ) won 60 . Two small parties won the remaining seats . The 2000 elections were significant in that President Rawlings was constitutionally barred from seeking another term . In the presidential poll , John Kufuor of the NPP defeated the NDC candidate John Atta Mills in a run - off election . In the 200 - seat Parliament , the NPP won 100 , followed by the NDC 's 92 . Small political parties and independents won the remaining seats . Kufuor was re-elected in 2004 and the New Patriotic Party ( NPP ) won 128 out of 230 seats in the concurrent parliamentary election . The main opposition National Democratic Congress ( NDC ) won 94 , while two other parties - The People 's National Convention ( PNC ) and Convention People 's Party ( CPP ) - won 4 and 3 seats , respectively . An Independent captured the remaining seat . The simple majority ( or First Past the Post ) voting system is used in Ghana 's parliamentary elections . Since 2012 , the country is divided into 275 single - member constituencies . Members serve four - year terms . Leadership structure ( edit ) U.S. President Barack Obama shakes hands after delivering a speech to the Ghanaian Parliament at the Parliament House Speaker - The Speaker presides over the Parliament and enforces observance of all rules that govern its conduct . After a general election the majority party in Parliament , in consultation with other parties , nominates a Speaker . The Speaker can not be a Member of Parliament though he / she must possess the qualifications to stand for elections as a Member of Parliament , such person on appointment as Speaker must resign and declare the seat occupied in Parliament as vacant . The Speaker is assisted by two Deputy Speakers ( First and Second Deputy Speakers ) , who are elected at the commencement of every Parliament . They must come from different political parties . The current Speaker is Prof. Aaron Mike Ocquaye former MP for Dome - Kwabenya constituency of Ghana . First Deputy Speaker - The First Deputy Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament whenever the Speaker is absent . The current First Deputy Speaker is Joseph Osei Owusu of the New Patriotic Party ( NPP ) . Second Deputy Speaker - The Second Deputy Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament in the absence of the Speaker and the First Deputy Speaker . The current Second Deputy Speaker is Alban Bagbin of the National Democratic Congress ( NDC ) . Majority Leader - The Majority Leader is elected from the party with a majority of parliamentary seats . A deputy majority leader and a majority chief whip assist him , constituting the majority leadership of Parliament . The current Majority Leader is Osei Kyei - Mensah Bonsu of the NPP . Minority Leader - The Minority leader is elected from the second largest party in Parliament . A deputy minority leader and a chief whip assist him , constituting the minority leadership of Parliament . The current Minority Leader is Haruna Iddrisu of the NDC . 2008 elections ( edit ) Ghanaian Parliamentary Election Map , 2008 Map of Ghana 's parliamentary constituencies as per MP 's party affiliation as at 2008 . NB : Where constituencies are too small to be shown ( i.e. Accra and Tamale Metropolitan Areas ) the majority party elected in the district is shown . Green : National Democratic Congress ( NDC ) Blue : New Patriotic Party ( NPP ) Yellow : People 's National Convention ( PNC ) Red : Convention People 's Party ( CPP ) Grey : Independent Main article : Ghanaian parliamentary election , 2008 Composition Parliament in 2008 ( edit ) Region NPP NDC PNC CPP Ind . Total Ashanti 34 - - 39 Brong Ahafo 15 9 - - - 24 Central 8 11 - - - 19 Eastern 20 7 - - 28 Greater Accra 9 18 - - - 27 Northern 22 - - 26 Upper East 8 - - 13 Upper West 6 - - 10 Volta 21 - - - 22 Western 10 11 - - 22 Total 107 116 230 2012 elections ( edit ) Main article : Ghanaian parliamentary election , 2012 Past Speakers of the National Assembly / Parliament ( edit ) Pre-Independence ( 1951 -- 1957 ) Speaker of the National Assembly Emmanuel Charles Quist ( March 1951 -- December 1957 ) Independent State within the Commonwealth ( 1957 -- 1960 ) / First Republic ( 1960 -- 1966 ) Speakers of the National Assembly Augustus Molade Akiwumi ( February 1958 -- June 1960 ) Joseph Richard Asiedu ( July 1960 -- June 1965 ) Kofi Asante Ofori - Atta ( 10 June 1965 -- 22 February 1966 ) Second Republic ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Speaker of the National Assembly Nii Amaa Ollennu ( October 1969 -- December 1971 ) Third Republic ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Speaker of the National Assembly Jacob Hackenbug Griffiths - Randolph ( 24 September 1979 -- 31 December 1981 ) Fourth Republic ( 1992 -- present ) Speakers of Parliament Daniel Francis Annan ( 7 January 1993 -- 6 January 2001 ) Peter Ala Adjetey ( 7 January 2001 -- 6 January 2005 ) Ebenezer Sekyi Hughes ( 7 January 2005 -- 6 January 2009 ) Joyce Adeline Bamford - Addo ( 7 January 2009 -- 6 January 2013 ) Edward Adjaho ( 7 January 2013 -- 6 January 2017 ) Aaron Mike Oquaye ( 7 January 2017 -- Present ) Members of Parliament ( edit ) For a list of current members , see MPs elected in the Ghanaian parliamentary election , 2012 . The composition of the Parliament has changed over the years . There were 140 members in both the Second and the Third Republic parliaments . 2nd Republic parliament : 1969 -- 1972 3rd Republic parliament : 1979 -- 1981 In the current Fourth Republic , the number of MPs have increased first to 200 and subsequently to 275 . There have been 6 parliaments so far in the Fourth Republic . The list of its members are below . 1st parliament : 1993 -- 1997 2nd parliament : 1997 -- 2001 3rd parliament : 2001 -- 2005 4th parliament : 2005 -- 2009 5th parliament : 2009 -- 2013 6th parliament : 2013 -- 2017 Parliamentary constituencies ( edit ) Main article : Ghana Parliament constituencies Parliamentary Constituencies of Ghana ( hide ) Constituencies in Ashanti NPP Adansi - Asokwa Afigya Kwabre North Afigya Kwabre South Afigya Sekyere East Ahafo Ano South East Ahafo Ano South West Asante - Akim Central Asante - Akim North Asante - Akim South Asokwa Atwima - Kwanwoma Atwima - Mponua Atwima - Nwabiagya North Atwima - Nwabiagya South Bantama Bekwai Bosome - Freho Bosomtwe Effiduase - Asokore Ejisu Ejura - Sekyedumase Fomena Juaben Kumawu Kwabre East Kwadaso Mampong North Mampong South Manso - Adubia Manso - Nkwanta Manhyia North Manhyia South Nhyiaeso Nsuta - Kwamang - Beposo Obuasi East Obuasi West Odotobri Offinso North Offinso South Oforikrom Old Tafo Suame Subin NDC Ahafo Ano North Asawase New Edubease Sekyere Afram Plain NPP ( 43 ) NDC ( 4 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Brong - Ahafo Region of Ghana NDC Atebubu - Amantin Jaman North Kintampo North Kintampo South Pru Sene Tain Techiman South NPP Asunafo North Asunafo South Asutifi North Berekum Dormaa East Dormaa West Jaman South Nkoranza North Nkoranza South Sunyani East Sunyani West Tano North Tano South Techiman North Wenchi awaiting election Asutifi South NDC ( 8 ) NPP ( 15 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Central Region of Ghana NDC Abura - Asebu Ajumako - Enyan - Essiam Awutu - Senya Cape Coast Effutu Gomoa East Gomoa West Komenda - Edina - Eguafo - Abirem Mfantseman - East Mfantseman - West Twifo - Atii Morkwaa NPP Agona East Agona West Asikuma - Odoben - Brakwa Assin North Assin South Hemang Lower Denkyira Upper Denkyira East Upper Denkyira West NDC ( 11 ) NPP ( 8 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Eastern Region of Ghana NDC Afram Plains North Afram Plains South Asuogyaman Lower Manya Upper Manya Upper West Akim Yilo Krobo NPP Abetifi Abirem Abuakwa North Abuakwa South Aburi - Nsawam Akropong Akim Oda Akim Swedru Akwatia Atiwa Ayensuano Fanteakwa Kade Lower West Akim Mpraeso New Juaben North New Juaben South Ofoase - Ayirebi Okere Suhum Independent Nkawkaw NDC ( 7 ) NPP ( 20 ) Independent ( 1 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana NDC Ablekuma Central Ablekuma South Abokobi - Madina Ada Adenta Ashaiman Ayawaso East Dade Kotopon Domeabra - Obom Korle Klottey Krowor Kpone - Katamanso Ledzokuku Ningo - Prampram Odododiodoo Sege Shai - Osudoku Trobu - Amasaman NPP Ablekuma North Ayawaso Central Ayawaso West Dome - Kwabenya Okaikwei North Okaikwei South Tema East Tema West Weija NDC ( 18 ) NPP ( 9 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Northern Region of Ghana Independent Wulensi NDC Bole Bunkpurugu - Yunyoo Chereponi Damango - Daboya Gushiegu Karaga Kpandai Kumbungu Mion Nalerigu Saboba Salaga Savelugu Sawla - Tuna - Kalba Tamale Central Tamale North Tamale South Tolon Walewale Yagaba - Kubori Yapei - Kusawgu Yendi NPP Bimbilla Nanton Zabzugu - Tatale Independent ( 1 ) NDC ( 21 ) NPP ( 4 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Upper East Region of Ghana NDC Bawku Central Binduri Bolgatanga Central Bolgatanga East Bongo Builsa North Chiana - Paga Garu Nabdam Navrongo Central Pusiga Talensi Tempane Zebilla NPP PNC Builsa South NDC ( 14 ) NPP ( 0 ) PNC ( 1 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Upper West Region of Ghana NDC Daffiama - Bussie - Issa Lambussie Lawra Nadowli West Sissala East Sissala West Wa Central Wa East Wa West Independent Jirapa NDC ( 9 ) Independent ( 1 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in Volta NDC Adaklu Afadjato South Agotime - Ziope Akatsi North Akatsi South Anlo Biakoye Buem Central Tongu Ho Central Ho West Hohoe Keta Ketu North Ketu South Kpando Krachi East Krachi Nchumuru Krachi West Nkwanta North Nkwanta South North Dayi North Tongu South Dayi South Tongu IND Akan NDC ( 25 ) Independent ( 1 ) ( hide ) Constituencies in the Western Region of Ghana NDC Amenfi Central Amenfi West Aowin Bia Ellembelle Juabeso Prestea - Huni Valley Sefwi Akontombra Sefwi - Wiawso Shama Suaman NPP Ahanta West Amenfi East Bibiani - Anhwiaso - Bekwai Effia - Kwesimintsim Essikado - Ketan Evalue Gwira Mpohor - Wassa East Sekondi Takoradi Tarkwa - Nsuaem CPP Jomoro NDC ( 11 ) NPP ( 10 ) CPP ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Ghana History of Ghana Legislative Branch List of national legislatures List of Ghana Parliament constituencies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/ External links ( edit ) Official website Ghana articles History Timeline Geography Climate Rivers Settlements Fauna National parks Politics BNI Constitution Elections electoral system GAF Government Governments Ministers Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Foreign relations LGBT history Nationality law Passport National I.D. Political parties CPP NDC NPP PNC Regions and districts Law Enforcement GPS Immigration Service Immigration illegal Judiciary Social conduct Economy Agriculture Cedi ( currency ) Central Bank Companies Stock Exchange GSE Composite Index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Ghanaians Demographics Education Health ( Ghana Health Service ) International rankings Languages Festivals National anthem Public holidays National Health Insurance Culture Cultural heritage Cuisine Media Music National Pledge Of Ghana Religion Sport Outline Index Bibliography Portal Timeline of Ghana Templates Legislatures in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Dependencies , autonomies , other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Somaliland ( Somalia ) Zanzibar ( Tanzania ) Italics indicate an unrecognised or partially recognised state . National unicameral legislatures Federal Comoros Iraq Federated States of Micronesia United Arab Emirates Venezuela Unitary Albania Andorra Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Benin Botswana Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad China Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland Iran Israel Kiribati North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Mozambique Nauru New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Norway Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Portugal Qatar Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine Vanuatu Vatican City Vietnam Yemen Zambia Dependent and other territories Åland Islands Anguilla Aruba British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Faroe Islands French Polynesia Gibraltar Greenland Guam Guernsey Hong Kong Jersey Macau Montserrat New Caledonia Pitcairn Islands Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Tokelau Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Wales Wallis and Futuna Non-UN states Abkhazia Artsakh Cook Islands Kosovo Niue Northern Cyprus Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic South Ossetia Taiwan Transnistria Historical Czechoslovakia ( 1948 -- 1969 ) Irish Republic ( 1919 -- 22 ) Scotland Sicily South African Republic Related Bicameralism List of legislatures by country National bicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Coordinates : 05 ° 33 ′ 24 '' N 00 ° 11 ′ 23 '' E / 5.55667 ° N 0.18972 ° E / 5.55667 ; 0.18972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Ghana&oldid=828361912 '' Categories : Politics of Ghana Parliaments by country Parliament of Ghana Unicameral legislatures National legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 日本 語 Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 02 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the second deputy speaker of parliament in ghana
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"Second Deputy Speaker - The Second Deputy Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament in the absence of the Speaker and the First Deputy Speaker. The current Second Deputy Speaker is Alban Bagbin of the National Democratic Congress (NDC)."
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"Alban Bagbin"
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Like I'm Gonna Lose You
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Like I 'm Gonna Lose You - wikipedia Like I 'm Gonna Lose You Jump to : navigation , search `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' Single by Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend from the album Title Released June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) Recorded 2014 The Green Room ( East Nashville , Tennessee ) Germano Studios ( New York City , New York ) Genre Soul Length 3 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Meghan Trainor Justin Weaver Caitlyn Smith Producer ( s ) Chris Gelbuda Meghan Trainor Meghan Trainor singles chronology `` Dear Future Husband '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) `` Boys Like You '' ( 2015 ) `` Dear Future Husband '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) `` Boys Like You '' ( 2015 ) John Legend singles chronology `` One Man Can Change the World '' ( 2015 ) One Man Can Change the World 2015 `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) Like I 'm Gonna Lose You2015 `` Summer Nights '' ( 2016 ) Summer Nights 2016 Music video `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on YouTube `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title ( 2015 ) . The song features American singer John Legend . It was written by Trainor , Justin Weaver , and Caitlyn Smith , and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor . Released by Epic Records on June 23 , 2015 , as Trainor 's fourth and final single from the album , it is a soul song . Lyrically , it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted . The song topped the Australian singles chart for four consecutive weeks and reached number one in New Zealand for three weeks . The song peaked at number eight on both the Billboard Hot 100 , and the Canadian Hot 100 , becoming Trainor 's third top 10 single in both countries . The song 's music video was directed by Constellation Jones and released on July 9 , 2015 . It depicts Trainor and Legend singing in the candlelight as it rains outside . Trainor promoted `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' in a number of appearances , including live performances at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards and on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . It was also performed at Trainor 's That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and development 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Writing and development ( edit ) ( ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' has ) very emotional lyrics that take you to a real place . I wrote it in Nashville about ... you know when you have those nightmares that your brother or sister or boyfriend just dies ? And you wake up sweating and crying and then you have to go check on them to make sure they 're still alive and they are and you 're like , ' Oh my God -- thank God ' . It 's like I 'm going to love you like I 'm going to lose you because I know what it feels like from that dream and I 'm not going to let it happen . `` '' -- Trainor on the song 's conception in an interview with Digital Spy `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was written by Meghan Trainor , Justin Weaver , and Caitlyn Smith . It was composed as a demo `` years ago '' , but Trainor was at first hesitant to show the song to her record label during the recording of her debut album , Title ( 2015 ) . At the request of Trainor 's uncle , Burton Toney , her management listened to the track . Trainor recalls one of her managers being brought to tears by the song , resulting in the decision to include it on the album . The song was produced by Trainor and Chris Gelbuda , who she had first met in 2011 at a music conference in Colorado . They later co-wrote Sabrina Carpenter 's `` Ca n't Blame a Girl for Trying '' . During their recording of the track `` 3am '' for Title , Trainor told Gelbuda about `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , a reggae song which she felt was a poor fit for the album . The pair brainstormed , with Gelbuda playing various melodies on a guitar , resulting in a change in sound and tempo . `` She dug it and it just worked . We built the track together , she sang the vocals , and I worked at it for weeks , '' Gelbuda recalls . They recorded `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' in 2014 at The Green Room , Gelbuda 's home studio , in East Nashville , Tennessee . Trainor and Gelbuda performed all of the track 's instrumentation , production , and programming . Initially intended to be a solo recording , L.A. Reid sent it to John Legend , who shares the same management as Trainor . Legend said , `` I love this : I want to be a part of it '' . Trainor announced her collaboration with Legend in an interview with MTV News at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in September 2014 . His vocal was recorded as a duet with Trainor 's by Jason Agel at Germano Studios in New York City , with the assistance of Kenta Yonesaka . `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larabee North Studios in Universal City , California and mastered by Dave Kutch at The Mastering Palace in New York City . Gelbuda describes it as `` classic and jazzy '' and `` a big departure from everything she 's done '' . Composition ( edit ) The song features guest vocals by American singer John Legend `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( 2015 ) A 22 - second sample of `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , featuring Trainor singing the track 's chorus , which is complemented by minimal harmonies and instrumental accompaniment . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' is a retro style soul ballad . It features Trainor 's soprano vocals in a duet with Legend , and includes additional background vocals by Trainor and Gelbuda . The track comprises minimal harmonies and instrumental accompaniment , showcasing Trainor and Legend 's vocals at its forefront . Critics noted the song as a more earnest , tender , and subdued sound compared Trainor 's other material . The track is set in the time signature of time , with a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major and has a sequence of C -- F / C -- C -- Em -- Am -- F -- C / E -- Dm -- F / G as its chord progression . Characterized as a love song with a lyrical theme of fatalism , `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' channels anxiety about losing someone into determination to make the most of every moment . According to Gelbuda , the track is about not taking time with loved ones for granted . Critical reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone writer Chuck Arnold called the song `` finger - snapping balladry '' and likened it to duets by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell . Melanie J. Sims of the Associated Press felt that `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was the most refreshing track on Title , writing `` Not only is it a nice change of pace sonically , but in a rare moment , the track gives Trainor 's vocals the main stage , without a catchy hook or quirky production yanking away the spotlight '' . Similarly , Elysa Gardener of USA Today wrote : `` Trainor is at her most appealing when she does n't try to be sly or subversive . Her yearning soprano is a perfect match for guest John Legend 's silky voice and presence on ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' '' . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday called the song `` classic - sounding '' and said that it would `` stick with Trainor throughout her sure - to - be-lengthy career '' . Martin Townsend of the Daily Express named `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' , along with `` Walkashame '' , as the album 's best tracks . Virgin Media 's Ian Gittins opined that the song manifested Trainor 's vocal prowess . In a mixed review , The Daily Telegraph 's Helen Brown opined that the ballad was formulaic , but complimented Legend 's sincerity of tone . Daily News writer Jim Farber commented that the track `` played to the smarm of Legend '' , and further added , `` Trainor can turn earnest -- not always in a good way '' . Marc Hirsh of The Boston Globe wrote , `` When ( Trainor ) steps away from pastiche , she struggles ; John Legend comes through loud and clear on boilerplate ballad ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You , ' while she could be anybody at all '' . Billboard writer Carl Wilson shared the views of Farber and Hirsh , and said that Legend 's vocal added `` deeper textures to an otherwise static ( song ) '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' debuted at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 11 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts issued for January 31 , 2015 . The song later re-entered US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at a new peak of number 10 for the chart dated June 6 , 2015 . For the chart dated July 25 , 2015 , the track debuted on the Hot 100 at number 95 . On the week charting October 3 , 2015 , the song charted at number 45 and steadily rose to a peak position of number 18 on November 6 , and later reached a new peak of number 8 , on the issue dated 12 December , thus becoming Trainor 's third and Legend 's second top - 10 single . It also peaked at number one on the Adult Top 40 chart . In Australia , `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' debuted at number 80 on the Australian Singles Chart issued for June 8 , 2015 . It climbed 61 positions to number 19 the following week , marking Trainor fifth consecutive top - 20 hit in the country . The following week , it ascended to number five , finally hitting the number one position on the chart the following week . It stayed at number one for a total of four weeks . In New Zealand , the song debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on the chart dated June 29 , 2015 . In its second week , the song dropped to number 32 , before rising to number 13 the following week . After four weeks on the chart , the song was certified gold and reached number one , marking Trainor 's third number - one hit and fifth top - 10 hit . It gave Legend his first number - one single in the country and his second top - 10 . Music video ( edit ) On June 18 , 2015 , Trainor confirmed that the shooting for the `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' music video had begun . She premiered the music video in Times Square on July 9 , 2015 . Trainor released the videos behind the scenes on July 21 , 2015 . In the video , directed by Constellation Jones , Trainor is singing amid candlelight in a darkened building as it rains outside . As the video continues , different aspects of love are shown in the rain : a mother and child , romantic couples , and friendships , braving their way through the same rainy night . The music video on YouTube has more than 430 million views as of January 2018 . Live performances ( edit ) Trainor performing `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on The Today Show in May 2015 Trainor performed `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' during her That Bass Tour as a duet with either Matt Prince or George Sheppard of Sheppard at selected dates . At the tour 's date in Birmingham on April 11 , 2015 , Trainor was joined by Nathan Sykes for a duet of the song . In a review of Sykes and Trainor 's rendition , Noelle Devolle of Seventeen said , `` It goes without saying that these two are pretty much cementing themselves as the new King and Queen of doo - wop and soul , and they need to collaborate '' . Trainor and Legend 's first performance together of `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' was at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards on May 17 , 2015 . According to Hugh McIntyre of Forbes , the rendition was widely applauded . It was the third most - tagged performance of the night on Shazam . William Gruger of Billboard wrote , `` It 's notable that Shazam was so popular with the slow , ballad - oriented tracks , which suggested that they were some of the most engaging moments of the evening '' . The performance spurred a 45 % increase in Title 's unit sales in the United States , helping it rise seven positions to number five on the Billboard 200 that week . Trainor climbed from number seven to number four on the Billboard Artist 100 as a result . Joe Lynch of Billboard described the rendition as `` one of the night 's quiet victories : Not a show - stopper , but a performance that stuck with you '' . Trainor and Legend sang `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 21 , 2015 . She performed the track solo in a set for The Today Show on May 22 , 2015 , along with `` Dear Future Husband '' , `` All About That Bass '' and `` Lips Are Movin '' . An a cappella rendition of the song by Trainor and Legend premiered on May 27 , 2015 , by Entertainment Weekly , as part of Pop TV 's `` Massive Musical Mash - Up '' . Trainor also performed along with Legend on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on October 14 , 2015 . Trainor performed the song on the American Music Awards of 2015 on November 22 , 2015 , in a medley with Charlie Puth 's collaboration `` Marvin Gaye '' . Girl group Fifth Harmony , with whom Trainor previously collaborated on their debut album Reflection , covered the song at the 2016 Billboard Women in Music ceremony , at which Trainor was supposed to perform but was unable to due to her vocal chords being damaged . The performance was one of the group 's last with their original lineup , before member Camila Cabello left the group in December of the same year . Trainor praised the group 's performance via social media after the ceremony . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Management Recorded at The Green Room , East Nashville , Tennessee and Germano Studios New York City , New York Mixed at Larabee North Studios , Universal City , California Mastered at The Mastering Palace , New York City , New York Published by Year of the Dog Music ( ASCAP ) , a division of Big Yellow Dog LLC . / WB Music Corp. / Music of the Corn ( ASCAP ) / Cornman Music Publishing John Legend appears courtesy of Getting Out Our Dreams / Columbia Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment Personnel Meghan Trainor -- lead vocals , writer , singer , record producer , all instruments , programming , additional background vocals Chris Gelbuda -- record producer , all instruments , programming , additional background vocals , recording John Legend -- singer , lead vocals Justin Weaver -- writer Caitlyn Smith -- writer Jason Agel -- recording Kenta Yonesaka -- recording assistant Manny Marroquin -- mixing Dave Kutch -- mastering Credits and personnel adapted from Title album liner notes . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) 96 Italy ( FIMI ) 100 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 38 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 64 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 38 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 26 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 41 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 67 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 69 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 76 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 47 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States June 23 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio Epic October 6 , 2015 Rhythmic contemporary and urban adult contemporary radio Italy October 30 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor interview : ' Sam Smith and I have discussed collaborating ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meghan , Trainor ( 2015 ) . Title ( Liner notes ) . Meghan Trainor . Los Morales , Mexico : Epic Records . p. 4 - 5 . 88750469120 . ^ Jump up to : Garibaldi , Christina ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Is Full On ' Freaking Out ' Because She Has John Legend On Her Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mike ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Ottawa native penned 2 tunes on new Meghan Trainor album '' . The Times . Ottawa . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mike ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Gelbuda - produced Trainor song will debut Sunday '' . The Times . Ottawa . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glenn ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` New music : Meghan Trainor , Nedelle Torrisi '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gardener , Elysa ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Meghan Trainor 's ' Title ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allison , Jessica ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Meghan Trainor , ' Title ' ( Epic Records ) '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Music review : Meghan Trainor 's new album ' Title ' '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Barros , Paul ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor debut album ' Title ' goes beyond that bass '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Melanie J. ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` CD review : Meghan Trainor doo - wops to death on ' Title ' '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holz , Adam R. `` Title Album Review ( 2014 ) '' . Plugged In . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amorosi , A.D. ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor shows staying power at the TLA '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Chuck ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Title Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Martin ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Drew Holcomb And The Neighbors , The Charlatans and Meghan Trainor : Album reviews '' . Daily Express . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Ian ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor : Title Album Review '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Helen ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor , Title , review : ' relentlessly cute ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor , ' Title ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Carl ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Meghan Trainor 's ' Title ' Mixes Things Up to Mixed Results '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 : Jan 31 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 : Jun 6 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Meghan Trainor & John Legend Top Adult Pop Songs Chart With ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Charts : Taylor Swift Bad Blood Remains At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor And John Legend Debut At No 1 '' . Noise11 . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor on Instagram '' . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor on Facebook '' . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Exclusive : Go Behind - The - Scenes of the ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Music Video '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diblasi , Loren ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Shares ' Deep Thoughts ' In Behind - The - Scenes ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Video : Watch '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frere , Jackie ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor & John Legend Take a Stroll in the Rain in ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MeghanTrainorVEVO ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) , Meghan Trainor - Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ft . John Legend , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Is All About Positivity and Parents on That Bass Tour in NYC : Concert Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , Bill ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Last Best Show : Meghan Trainor at the Paradise '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Love , Ryan ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Nathan Sykes joins Meghan Trainor for surprise performance '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Holly ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Nathan Sykes Makes Surprise Appearance At Meghan Trainor 's Birmingham Gig '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devolle , Noelle ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Just Sang A Duet With The Wanted 's Nathan Sykes And It Was Glorious ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , Billboard ( May 24 , 2015 ) . `` Watch John Legend Perform the ' Toys ' R ' Us ' Jingle on ' The Tonight Show ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Notches Six Months at No. 1 on Billboard Artist 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Alternative Band Twenty One Pilots Chart Their First Number One Album '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruger , William ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard Music Awards 2015 : Kanye West , Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' & More Top Social Moments '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Twenty One Pilots Earns Its First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Billboard Music Awards : 10 Best Performances '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benson , Germaine ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor performs on ' Today , ' breaks it down with dancing man '' . United Press International . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Watch John Legend and Meghan Trainor 's Like I 'm Gonna Lose You go a cappella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Laughs Off Confusing Guy After Vocal Surgery : He Said He ' Never Intended to Lead Me On ' '' . People . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor & Charlie Puth Make Out After Performing ' Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ' and ' Marvin Gaye ' at the 2015 American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201601 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201548 into search . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 46 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201601 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201549 into search . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 08 - 18 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Meghan Trainor featuring John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Meghan Trainor feat . John Legend -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Like I 'm Gonna Lose You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Meghan Trainor -- Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available for airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - Like I 'm Gonna Lose You ( feat . John Legend ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Meghan Trainor Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` No Excuses '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour Book Portal John Legend Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Get Lifted Once Again Evolver Wake Up ! Love in the Future Darkness and Light Live albums Live at SOB 's Solo Sessions Vol. 1 : Live at the Knitting Factory Singles `` Used to Love U '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Number One '' `` So High '' `` Save Room '' `` Heaven '' `` P.D.A. ( We Just Do n't Care ) '' `` Stereo '' `` Show Me '' `` Green Light '' `` If You 're Out There '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` All of Me '' `` You & I ( Nobody in the World ) '' `` Glory '' `` Love Me Now '' Featured singles `` Finally '' `` Magnificent '' `` Move on Up '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` Getting Nowhere '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Listen '' Other songs `` Blame Game '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Run Run Run '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_I%27m_Gonna_Lose_You&oldid=828272709 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs 2010s ballads Meghan Trainor songs John Legend songs Pop ballads Songs written by Meghan Trainor Soul ballads Vocal duets Songs written by Justin Weaver Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings i'm gonna love you like im gonna lose you
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"\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor for her first studio album Title (2015). The song features American singer John Legend. It was written by Trainor, Justin Weaver, and Caitlyn Smith, and produced by Chris Gelbuda and Trainor. Released by Epic Records on June 23, 2015, as Trainor's fourth and final single from the album, it is a soul song. Lyrically, it is an optimistic and inspiring love song with a theme of fatalism and conveys the message to not take time with loved ones for granted."
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"American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor"
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Crater of Diamonds State Park
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Crater of diamonds State Park - wikipedia Crater of diamonds State Park Jump to : navigation , search Crater of Diamonds State Park Arkansas state park Digging for diamonds , 2007 Named for : Diamond mine Country United States State Arkansas Regions Ouachita Mountains County Pike City Murfreesboro Location Visitor Center - coordinates 34 ° 1 ′ 59 '' N 93 ° 40 ′ 13 '' W / 34.03306 ° N 93.67028 ° W / 34.03306 ; - 93.67028 Coordinates : 34 ° 1 ′ 59 '' N 93 ° 40 ′ 13 '' W / 34.03306 ° N 93.67028 ° W / 34.03306 ; - 93.67028 Area 911 acres ( 369 ha ) Created 1972 Management Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism Location of Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas Location of Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas Show map of Arkansas Show map of the US Show all Website : Crater of Diamonds State Park Crater of Diamonds State Park is a 911 - acre ( 369 ha ) Arkansas state park in Pike County , Arkansas , in the United States . The park features a 37.5 - acre ( 15.2 ha ) plowed field , the world 's only diamond - bearing site accessible to the public . Diamonds have continuously been discovered in the field since 1906 , including the Strawn - Wagner Diamond . The site became a state park in 1972 after the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism purchased the site from the Arkansas Diamond Company and Ozark Diamond Mines Corporation , who had operated the site as a tourist attraction previously . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geology 3 Recreation 3.1 Diamond mine 4 Notable diamonds found 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A supplement to the Nashville News of nearby Nashville , Arkansas , advertising diamonds mining in the early 1900s In August 1906 , John Huddleston found two strange crystals on the surface of his 243 - acre ( 98 ha ) farm near Murfreesboro , Arkansas , and soon became known as the first person outside South Africa to find diamonds at their original source . The following month , Huddleston and his wife , Sarah , sold an option on the 243 acres ( 98 ha ) to a group of Little Rock investors headed by banker - attorney Samuel F. ( Sam ) Reyburn , who undertook a careful , deliberate test of the property . After 1906 , several attempts at commercial diamond mining failed . The only significant yields came from the original surface layer , where erosion over a long period of time had concentrated diamonds . In the early period , 1907 -- 1932 , yields from this `` black gumbo '' surface material often exceeded thirty carats per hundred loads ( 50 mg / Mg ) ( standard 1600 - pound tramload of the early period ) . Highest yields from the undisturbed subsurface material ( described as kimberlite or volcanic breccia by the U.S. Geological Survey ) were two carats per hundred loads ( 3.5 mg / Mg ) in 1908 and about two carats per hundred short tons ( 4.4 mg / Mg ) in 1943 − 1944 . Because equipment of the early period usually included bottom screens with mesh larger than 1 / 16 inch ( 1.6 mm ) , thousands of smaller diamonds were allowed to pass through . The bulk of these ended up in drainage cuts of varying depths all over the field and in the big natural drains on the east and west edges of the diamond - bearing section of the volcanic deposit ( approximately 35 acres ( 14 ha ) of volcanic breccia on the east side of the 80 - acre ( 32 ha ) pipe ) . In recent decades , those small diamonds have been the bread - and - butter of recreational diamond digging . Soon after the first diamond was found , a `` diamond rush '' created a boomtown atmosphere around Murfreesboro . According to old tales , hotels in Murfreesboro turned away 10,000 people in the space of a year . Supposedly , these aspiring diamond miners formed a tent city near the mine , which was named `` Kimberly '' in honor of the famous Kimberley diamond district in South Africa . On the other hand , all available evidence indicates that the Town of Kimberly originated as a land - development venture in 1909 , initiated by Mallard M. Mauney and his oldest son , Walter , on their land immediately south of Murfreesboro . The project failed soon afterward as the speculative boom generated by the diamond discovery collapsed . Today , the Kimberly area is almost all cow pasture , owned by Mauney 's descendants . During the Second World War , the U.S. government took over the mine and granted a contract to Glen Martin to extract this rare war material . Although diamonds were obtained , and the concentration of diamonds similar to other producing mines , this was not fully successful as a venture due to the large costs involved with U.S. labor . After the war , the property was returned to the previous owners . From 1951 to 1972 , the crater hosted several private tourist attractions . The first , The Diamond Preserve of the United States , lasted only about one year . In late 1951 , Howard A. Millar stepped in and salvaged the infant tourist industry . In April 1952 , Millar and his wife , Modean , launched their Crater of Diamonds attraction . Howard Millar , an accomplished writer and promoter , stirred unprecedented national publicity and drew enough visitors to sustain the operation . In March 1956 , a visitor found the Star of Arkansas on the cleared surface . The rare beauty weighed 15.33 carats ( 3.066 g ) . Later , Roscoe Johnston opened a rival tourist attraction , the Arkansas Diamond Mine , on the main part of the diamond field . The rivalry between the two tourist operations left both in a weakened position . In 1970 , the entire volcanic formation was consolidated by a private partnership , which then reassigned the property to General Earth Minerals ( GEM ) of Dallas , Texas . GEM expected to turn the property over for a profit , but ended up heavily indebted to GF Industries ( GFI ) of Dallas . Upon default , GFI took the property in July 1971 . GEM consolidated the tourist operation as well as the property . GFI continued the attraction until it sold the 80 - acre ( 32 ha ) volcanic formation and some 800 acres ( 320 ha ) to the State of Arkansas in March 1972 for $750,000 . The tourist operation continued as the centerpiece of Crater of Diamonds State Park . Due in part to the park , and also because Arkansas was the first place outside South Africa where diamonds were found at their original volcanic source , this special gem has come to be associated with the Natural State . A large diamond symbol has dominated the state flag since 1912 . The Arkansas State Quarter , released in 2003 , bears a diamond on its face . Geology ( edit ) The Crater of Diamonds volcanic pipe is part of a 95 - million - year - old eroded volcano . The deeply sourced lamproite magma , from the upper mantle , brought the diamonds to the surface . The diamonds had crystallized in the cratonic root of the continent long before and were sampled by the magma as it rose to the surface . The geology of the area and the diamond formation process itself were the subjects of the Ph. D. dissertation of Roland Everett Langford in 1973 from the University of Georgia ; in it , he proposed a gas phase reaction from the reduction of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the upper mantle . The dissertation was on display at the state park for many years . The lamproite diamond source is unusual , as almost all diamonds are mined from kimberlite and from alluvial deposits of diamonds weathered from kimberlite . The most prominent lamproite diamond source is the Argyle diamond mine in Australia . Recreation ( edit ) Pool at Crater of Diamonds State Park Crater of Diamonds State Park is famous for the 37.5 - acre ( 15.2 ha ) plowed field on which visitors can hunt for diamonds and other semi-precious gems . On average , two diamonds are found per day by park visitors . A visitor center contains information about the geology of the park , a gift shop , and a cafe . Interested visitors can continue to the Diamond Discovery Center , which offers an interpretive look at prospecting for diamonds . The Diamond Springs aquatic playground , enclosed pavilion , trails , and picnic areas surround the diamond field . The park offers campers 47 Class AAA facilities near the Little Missouri River . Diamond mine ( edit ) Crater of Diamonds State Park is situated over an eroded lamproite volcanic pipe . The park is open to the public and , for a small fee , rockhounds and visitors can dig for diamonds and other gemstones. Park visitors find more than 600 diamonds each year of all colors and grades . Over 29,000 diamonds have been found in the crater since it became a state park . Visitors may keep any gemstone they find regardless of its value . In addition to diamonds , visitors may find semi-precious gems such as amethyst , agate , and jasper or approximately 40 other minerals such as garnet , phlogopite , quartz , baryte , and calcite . Notable diamonds found ( edit ) Esperanza Triolette Pendant by Mike Botha and Ian Douglas , The Inspired Collection Kahn Canary in 1992 Dunay setting Notable diamonds found Year Finder Diamond Name Weight ( carat ) Weight ( gram ) Color Notes 1917 Wagner , Lee J. Lee J. Wagner of the Arkansas Diamond Company 17.86 3.572 canary yellow on display in the National Museum of Natural History 1924 Basham , Wesley Oley Wesley Oley Basham Uncle Sam 40.23 8.046 largest diamond ever discovered in the United States 1964 Pollock , John John Pollock Star of Murfreesboro 34.25 6.850 Johnson , W.W. W.W. Johnson Amarillo Starlight 16.37 3.274 Largest found since 1972 . Cut into a 7.54 carats ( 1.508 g ) marquise 1977 Stepp , George George Stepp Kahn Canary 4.25 0.850 canary yellow Naturally flawless . Remains uncut in dodecahedral `` pillow '' shape 1978 Lamle , Betty Betty Lamle Lamle Diamond 8.61 1.722 fourth largest found since 1972 1981 Blankenship , Carroll Carroll Blankenship Star of Shreveport 8.82 1.764 second largest found since 1972 Strawn , Shirley Shirley Strawn Strawn - Wagner Diamond 3.09 0.618 cut to 1.09 carats ( 218 mg ) in 1997 ; graded a `` perfect '' 0 / 0 / 0 by the American Gem Society in 1998 , making it the first diamond ever to receive such an AGS grading . Currently on exhibit at the park . 1991 Fedzora , Joe Joe Fedzora Bleeding Heart Diamond 6.23 1.246 brownish yellow 1997 Cooper , Richard Richard Cooper Cooper Diamond 6.72 1.344 deep purplish - brown 1997 Cooper , Richard Richard Cooper Cooper Diamond 6.00 1.200 brown / cognac new owners from Florida since 2008 2006 Culver , Marvin Marvin Culver Okie Dokie Diamond 4.21 0.842 deep canary yellow Flawless . Seen on Today Show , MSNBC , Inside Edition and Travel Channel and published in Lost Treasure magazine ( twice ) , Western and Eastern Treasures magazine , Mineralogical Record and Rocks & Minerals . 2006 Wehle , Bob Bob Wehle Sunshine Diamond 5.47 1.094 deep canary yellow flawless 2006 Roden , Donald and Brenda Donald and Brenda Roden Roden Diamond 6.35 1.270 honey brown 2007 Johnson , Chad Chad Johnson 4.38 0.876 tea - colored 2008 Tyrrell , Denis Denis Tyrrell Kimberly Diamond 4.42 0.884 2008 Burke , Richard Richard Burke Sweet Caroline 4.68 0.936 white 2009 Worthington , Glenn Glenn Worthington Easter Sunrise Diamond 2.04 0.408 yellow Worthington , Glenn Glenn Worthington Brown Rice Diamond 2.13 0.426 light brown 2011 Gilbertson , Beth Beth Gilbertson Illusion Diamond 8.66 1.732 white third largest diamond found since 1972 , and largest in almost 30 years 2013 Detlaff , Michael Michael Detlaff God 's Glory Diamond 5.16 1.032 honey brown 2013 Clymer , Tana Tana Clymer God 's Jewel 3.85 0.770 canary yellow 2014 Kalenda , Brandon Brandon Kalenda Jax Diamond 2.89 0.578 white 2014 Anderson , David David Anderson Limitless Diamond 6.19 1.238 white 2015 Clark , Susie Susie Clark Hallelujah Diamond 3.69 0.738 white 2015 Oskarson , Bobbie Bobbie Oskarson Esperanza Diamond 8.52 1.704 Type IIa , D IF The fifth largest diamond found since 1972 and the first of the exceptional Arkansas diamonds to be cut and polished in Arkansas by Canadian master diamond cutter and educator - Mike Botha 2017 Kalel Langford Superman 's Diamond 7.44 1.488 dark brown See also ( edit ) Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine , now - defunct similar operation in Colorado National Register of Historic Places listings in Pike County , Arkansas References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crater of Diamonds State Park . ^ Jump up to : `` Crater of Diamonds State Park '' . Arkansas State Parks Guide , 2011 . Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism . p. 19 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Staff of the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Crater of Diamonds State Park '' . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . The Central Arkansas Library System . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crater of Diamonds State Park '' ( PDF ) . Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism. 2005 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crater of Diamonds State Park Enjoying Spotlight '' . Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous Finds '' . Crater of Diamonds State Park . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ FOXNews.com - Arkansas Man Nearly Throws Away 4.38 - Carat Diamond - Local News News Articles National News US News Jump up ^ The-Vug.com , Arkansas Diamond Digging Regular Finds 4.42 Carat Diamond with Pictures Jump up ^ Visitor From Michigan Finds 4.68 - carat White Diamond at Arkansas 's Crater of Diamonds State Park Jump up ^ The-Vug.com , Glenn Worthington finds 2.04 carat Yellow Diamond ; Easter Sunrise Diamond with Pictures Jump up ^ Gold Prospector Magazine , Sep -- Oct 2010 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Crater of Diamonds State Park ( April 27 , 2011 ) , Colorado Visitor Finds 8.66 - Carat White Diamond at Arkansas 's Crater of Diamonds State Park , retrieved 1 May 2011 Jump up ^ Eddington , Sarah ( April 28 , 2011 ) , Salida woman finds 8.66 - carat diamond at Arkansas park , Associated Press , retrieved 1 May 2011 Jump up ^ Twelve - year - old boy from North Carolina finds 5.16 - carat diamond at Arkansas 's Crater of Diamonds State Park Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma teen finds 3.85 - carat diamond at Arkansas state park '' , Fox News , October 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Louisiana Tourist Digs up White Diamond in Arkansas Jump up ^ Kindelan , Katie ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Man Finds 2.89 - Carat White Diamond in State Park '' . Jump up ^ `` Arkansan Finds 6.19 - carat White Diamond Yesterday at Arkansas 's Crater of Diamonds State Park '' ( Press release ) . Arkansas State Parks . April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Finds 3.69 - Carat Diamond at Arkansas ' Crater of Diamonds State Park '' ( Press release ) . CNN WIRE. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , KSLA . `` Large diamond found at Arkansas 's Crater of Diamonds State Park '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Longmont woman finds hefty gem at Arkansas park '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fish , Madeline ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Teenager discovers 7.44 carat diamond in Arkansas state park '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official State Park Timeline State Park latest diamond finds Arkansas Diamonds : Dreams , Myths and Reality by Dean Banks , History of the Crater , thoroughly documented . The Pike County Archives and History Society Rockhounding Arkansas Crater of Diamonds mineral species - Mindat The Arkansas Roadside Travelogue - Crater of Diamonds State Park Protected areas of Arkansas Federal National Park Hot Springs National Historic Sites Fort Smith Little Rock Central High School President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Forests Ouachita Ozark - St. Francis National Memorial Arkansas Post National Military Park Pea Ridge National River Buffalo National Wildlife Refuges Bald Knob Big Lake Cache River Felsenthal Holla Bend Logan Cave Overflow Pond Creek Wapanocca White River Wilderness Areas Big Lake Black Fork Mountain Buffalo National River Caney Creek Dry Creek East Fork Flatside Hurricane Creek Leatherwood Poteau Mountain Richland Creek Upper Buffalo State State Parks Arkansas Museum of Natural Resources Arkansas Post Museum Bull Shoals - White River Cane Creek Conway Cemetery Cossatot River Crater of Diamonds Crowley 's Ridge Daisy Davidsonville Historic DeGray Lake Resort Delta Heritage Trail Devil 's Den Hampson Archeological Museum Herman Davis Historic Washington Hobbs Jacksonport Jenkins ' Ferry Battleground Lake Hamilton and Lake Catherine Lake Charles Lake Chicot Lake Dardanelle Lake Fort Smith Lake Frierson Lake Ouachita Lake Poinsett Logoly Louisiana Purchase Lower White River Museum Mammoth Spring Marks ' Mills Millwood Mississippi River Moro Bay Mount Magazine Mount Nebo Ozark Folk Center Parkin Archeological Petit Jean Pinnacle Mountain Plantation Agriculture Museum Poison Springs Battleground Powhatan Historic Prairie Grove Battlefield Queen Wilhelmina South Arkansas Arboretum Toltec Mounds Archeological Village Creek White Oak Lake Withrow Springs Woolly Hollow State Forest Poison Springs State Forest Wildlife Management Areas List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crater_of_Diamonds_State_Park&oldid=799413412 '' Categories : State parks of Arkansas Diamond mines in the United States Natural history of Arkansas Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Diatremes of the United States Volcanoes of Arkansas Cretaceous volcanoes Geology museums in Arkansas Museums in Pike County , Arkansas Protected areas established in 1972 Protected areas of Pike County , Arkansas Landforms of Pike County , Arkansas National Register of Historic Places in Pike County , Arkansas Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for protected area type Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the diamond mine in arkansas located
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"Crater of Diamonds State Park is a 911-acre (369 ha) Arkansas state park in Pike County, Arkansas, in the United States. The park features a 37.5-acre (15.2 ha) plowed field, the world's only diamond-bearing site accessible to the public. Diamonds have continuously been discovered in the field since 1906, including the Strawn-Wagner Diamond.[1] The site became a state park in 1972 after the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism purchased the site from the Arkansas Diamond Company and Ozark Diamond Mines Corporation, who had operated the site as a tourist attraction previously.[2]"
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"Crater of Diamonds State Park"
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List of Governors of Missouri
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List of governors of Missouri - wikipedia List of governors of Missouri Governor of Missouri Seal of Missouri Incumbent Mike Parson since June 1 , 2018 Style The Honorable Residence Missouri Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , renewable once ( maximumly lifetime ) Inaugural holder Alexander McNair Formation Constitution of Missouri Salary $133,821 ( 2013 ) Website governor.mo.gov Following is a list of Governors of Missouri since its territory became part of the United States . Number of Governors of Missouri by party affiliation Party Governors Democratic 38 Republican 15 Democratic - Republican Liberal Republican Missouri was part of the Louisiana Purchase , which the United States purchased from France in 1803 . In its first year it was part of Louisiana . In 1804 all of the territory above what is modern - day Louisiana was broken off and administered by a governor based in St. Louis , Missouri until statehood . Prior to the purchase both France and Spain administered the territory in a similar manner . France initially had a commandant in charge of Upper Louisiana . Spain around 1770 began having a lieutenant governor in St. Louis and governor in New Orleans , Louisiana ruling the whole territory . For a list of governors under Spanish and French rule see Louisiana Governor . For a list of lieutenant governors ruling Upper Louisiana under French and Spanish control see List of commandants of the Illinois Country . Since the state capitol moved to Jefferson City in 1826 the governor has lived on the same block in the Missouri Governor 's Mansion a block east of the Missouri State Capitol ( although the current mansion is the third one ) . The current governor of Missouri is Republican Mike Parson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Governors 1.1 Commandant of Louisiana 1.2 Governor of the District of Louisiana 1.3 Governors of Louisiana Territory and Missouri Territory 1.4 Governors of Missouri 1.5 Civil War 1.5. 1 Missouri secession ( Confederate ) 1.5. 2 Missouri Provisional Government ( Union ) 1.6 Notes 2 Other high offices held 3 Living former U.S. governors of Missouri 4 References 5 External links Governors ( edit ) Commandant of Louisiana ( edit ) # Picture Commandant Took office Left office Appointed by Amos Stoddard March 10 , 1804 October 1 , 1804 Thomas Jefferson Governor of the District of Louisiana ( edit ) On March 26 , 1804 , an act of congress divided Louisiana into two territories or districts : land south of the 33rd parallel became the Territory of Orleans ; land north of the 33rd parallel , the District of Louisiana . The act took effect October 1 , 1804 , upon which the District of Louisiana was placed under the governance of Indiana Territory , then governed by William Henry Harrison . # Picture Governor Took office Left office Appointed by William Henry Harrison October 1 , 1804 July 4 , 1805 Thomas Jefferson Governors of Louisiana Territory and Missouri Territory ( edit ) The citizens of the District of Louisiana , unhappy with the governance specified by the act of 1804 , set about immediately to petition Congress for a return to a military - style government to which they were accustomed under Spanish rule . Congress responded by passing an act on March 3 , 1805 which changed the name of the District of Louisiana to the Territory of Louisiana . Power was vested in a governor who was appointed by the president to a term of 3 years . During times of vacancy , the secretary would act as governor . On June 4 , 1812 , the Territory of Louisiana was renamed to the Territory of Missouri to avoid confusion with the newly admitted state of Louisiana . Later , Arkansas Territory was separated from the Territory of Missouri on July 4 , 1819 . # Picture Governor Took office Left office Appointed by James Wilkinson July 4 , 1805 March 3 , 1807 Thomas Jefferson Meriwether Lewis March 3 , 1807 October 11 , 1809 Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Howard April 17 , 1810 October 31 , 1812 James Madison William Clark July 1 , 1813 September 18 , 1820 James Madison James Monroe Governors of Missouri ( edit ) Parties Democratic - Republican ( 3 ) Democratic ( 38 ) Republican ( 15 ) Liberal Republican ( 1 ) # Portrait Governor Took office Left office Party Lieutenant Governor Terms Alexander McNair September 18 , 1820 November 15 , 1824 Democratic - Republican William Henry Ashley Frederick Bates November 15 , 1824 August 4 , 1825 Democratic - Republican Benjamin Harrison Reeves ⁄ Abraham J. Williams August 4 , 1825 January 20 , 1826 Democratic - Republican Vacant ⁄ John Miller January 20 , 1826 November 19 , 1832 Democratic Daniel Dunklin 1 ⁄ 5 Daniel Dunklin November 19 , 1832 September 30 , 1836 Democratic Lilburn W. Boggs ⁄ 6 Lilburn Boggs September 30 , 1836 November 16 , 1840 Democratic Franklin Cannon 1 ⁄ 7 Thomas Reynolds November 16 , 1840 February 9 , 1844 Democratic Meredith Miles Marmaduke ⁄ 8 Meredith Miles Marmaduke February 9 , 1844 November 20 , 1844 Democratic Vacant ⁄ 9 John C. Edwards November 20 , 1844 November 20 , 1848 Democratic James Young 10 Austin Augustus King November 20 , 1848 January 3 , 1853 Democratic Thomas Lawson Price 11 Sterling Price January 3 , 1853 January 5 , 1857 Democratic Wilson Brown 12 Trusten Polk January 5 , 1857 February 27 , 1857 Democratic Hancock Lee Jackson ⁄ 13 Hancock Lee Jackson February 27 , 1857 October 22 , 1857 Democratic Vacant ⁄ 14 Robert Marcellus Stewart October 22 , 1857 January 3 , 1861 Democratic Hancock Lee Jackson ⁄ 15 Claiborne Fox Jackson January 3 , 1861 July 23 , 1861 Democratic Thomas Caute Reynolds ⁄ 16 Hamilton Rowan Gamble July 31 , 1861 January 31 , 1864 Republican Willard Preble Hall ⁄ 17 Willard Preble Hall January 31 , 1864 January 2 , 1865 Republican Vacant ⁄ 18 Thomas Clement Fletcher January 2 , 1865 January 12 , 1869 Republican George Rappeen Smith 19 Joseph W. McClurg January 12 , 1869 January 4 , 1871 Republican Edwin O. Stanard 20 B. Gratz Brown January 4 , 1871 January 3 , 1873 Liberal Republican Joseph J. Gravely 21 Silas Woodson January 3 , 1873 January 12 , 1875 Democratic Charles Phillip Johnson 22 Charles Henry Hardin January 12 , 1875 January 8 , 1877 Democratic Norman Jay Coleman 23 John Smith Phelps January 8 , 1877 January 10 , 1881 Democratic Henry Clay Brockmeyer 24 Thomas Theodore Crittenden January 10 , 1881 January 12 , 1885 Democratic Robert Alexander Campbell 25 John S. Marmaduke January 12 , 1885 December 28 , 1887 Democratic Albert P. Morehouse ⁄ 26 Albert P. Morehouse December 28 , 1887 January 14 , 1889 Democratic Vacant ⁄ 27 David R. Francis January 14 , 1889 January 9 , 1893 Democratic Stephen Hugh Claycomb 28 William J. Stone January 9 , 1893 January 11 , 1897 Democratic John Baptiste O'Meara 29 Lawrence Vest Stephens January 11 , 1897 January 14 , 1901 Democratic August Henry Bolte 30 Alexander Monroe Dockery January 14 , 1901 January 9 , 1905 Democratic John Adams Lee Thomas L. Rubey 31 Joseph W. Folk January 9 , 1905 January 11 , 1909 Democratic John C. McKinley 32 Herbert S. Hadley January 9 , 1909 January 13 , 1913 Republican Jacob Friedrich Gmelich 33 Elliot Woolfolk Major January 13 , 1913 January 8 , 1917 Democratic William Rock Painter 34 Frederick D. Gardner January 8 , 1917 January 10 , 1921 Democratic Wallace Crossley 35 Arthur M. Hyde January 10 , 1921 January 12 , 1925 Republican Hiram Lloyd 36 Samuel Aaron Baker January 12 , 1925 January 14 , 1929 Republican Phillip Allen Bennett 37 Henry S. Caulfield January 14 , 1929 January 9 , 1933 Republican Edward Henry Winter 38 Guy Brasfield Park January 9 , 1933 January 11 , 1937 Democratic Frank Gaines Harris 39 Lloyd C. Stark January 11 , 1937 February 26 , 1941 Democratic Frank Gaines Harris 40 Forrest C. Donnell February 26 , 1941 January 8 , 1945 Republican Frank Gaines Harris 41 Phil M. Donnelly January 8 , 1945 January 10 , 1949 Democratic Walter Naylor Davis 42 Forrest Smith January 10 , 1949 January 12 , 1953 Democratic James T. Blair , Jr . 43 Phil M. Donnelly January 12 , 1953 January 14 , 1957 Democratic James T. Blair , Jr . 44 James T. Blair , Jr . January 14 , 1957 January 9 , 1961 Democratic Edward V. Long 45 John M. Dalton January 9 , 1961 January 11 , 1965 Democratic Hilary A. Bush 46 Warren E. Hearnes January 11 , 1965 January 8 , 1973 Democratic Thomas F. Eagleton William S. Morris 47 Kit Bond January 8 , 1973 January 10 , 1977 Republican William C. Phelps 48 Joseph P. Teasdale January 10 , 1977 January 12 , 1981 Democratic William C. Phelps 49 Kit Bond January 12 , 1981 January 14 , 1985 Republican Kenneth J. Rothman 50 John Ashcroft January 14 , 1985 January 11 , 1993 Republican Harriett Woods Mel Carnahan 51 Mel Carnahan January 11 , 1993 October 16 , 2000 Democratic Roger B. Wilson 1 ⁄ 52 Roger B. Wilson October 16 , 2000 January 8 , 2001 Democratic Joe Maxwell ⁄ 53 Bob Holden January 8 , 2001 January 10 , 2005 Democratic Joe Maxwell 54 Matt Blunt January 10 , 2005 January 12 , 2009 Republican Peter Kinder 55 Jay Nixon January 12 , 2009 January 9 , 2017 Democratic Peter Kinder 56 Eric Greitens January 9 , 2017 June 1 , 2018 Republican Mike Parson 57 Mike Parson June 1 , 2018 Incumbent Republican Vacant N / A Civil war ( edit ) Missouri , a slave state , was a border state during the Civil War under Union control . However , it was officially recognized as a Confederate state by the Confederate government and was represented in the Confederate Congress and by a star on the Confederate flag . There were two competing governments for the course of the war . The Emancipation Proclamation did not consider Missouri a seceding state , therefore it was not part of Reconstruction . The Missouri Provisional Government is considered the official one on this list . Missouri secession ( Confederate ) ( edit ) 1861 -- 1862 : Claiborne Jackson 1862 -- 1865 : Thomas Caute Reynolds Missouri Provisional Government ( Union ) ( edit ) 1861 -- 64 : Hamilton Rowan Gamble 1864 -- 65 : Willard Preble Hall Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Table only includes state governors . 52 people have served as governor , two twice ; the table includes these non-consecutive terms as well . B. ^ Wilkinson was removed from office by President Thomas Jefferson due to heavy criticism regarding his actions as governor and suspected involvement in the Aaron Burr conspiracy . C. Died in office . D. ^ Lewis committed suicide or was murdered in Tennessee while en route to Washington to answer complaints about his actions as governor . E. ^ Howard resigned from office to accept a commission as brigadier general of the Eighth Military Department . F. ^ Vacancies in the office of the lieutenant governor are only listed if they lasted for the entire term . For a complete list of vacancies , see List of Lieutenant Governors of Missouri . G . ^ The fractional terms of some governors are not to be understood absolutely literally ; rather , they are meant to show single terms during which multiple governors served , due to resignations , deaths and the like . H. ^ As president of the state senate , Williams succeeded to the governorship and filled unexpired gubernatorial term of Bates until a special election could be held . The office of lieutenant governor had been vacant following the resignation of Reeves in July 1865 . I. Elected in a special election . J. ^ Dunklin resigned from office to be Surveyor General of Missouri and Illinois . K. ^ Lieutenant governor Boggs succeeded to governorship and filled the unexpired gubernatorial term of Dunklin and was later elected governor in his own right . L. Lieutenant governor succeeded to governorship , to filled unexpired gubernatorial term . M. ^ Polk resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate . N. ^ Lieutenant governor succeeded to governorship and filled unexpired gubernatorial term until a special election could be held . O . ^ The Missouri state convention declared the executive department of the state had expatriated itself and their offices vacant . Jackson had fled the capital and aligned himself with the Confederacy . P. ^ Gamble was elected the provisional governor of Missouri by the state convention . Q. ^ Stark stayed on as governor beyond the scheduled January 13 departure because the election of Donnell was challenged by the Missouri House of Representative . R . ^ The Missouri House of Representatives refused to certify the election of Donnell on his scheduled January 13 inauguration until being ordered to do so by the Missouri Supreme Court after the House challenged the election which Donnell won by 3,613 votes . S. ^ Wilson assumed office at 1 : 10 AM after Carnahan 's body had been formally identified . The date is muddied by online resources which give conflicting dates . The National Governors Association biography lists October 18 as the start date . However , a New York Times article entitled `` Pilot Sought Better Weather Before Crash , '' implies that the swearing in occurred on October 18 or perhaps even on October 19 . The article was published on October 19 and it says the official change occurred at 1 : 10 AM , immediately after Carnahan was identified . Other high offices held ( edit ) This is a table of congressional , other governorships , and other federal offices held by governors . All representatives and senators mentioned represented Missouri except where noted . * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take . Governor Gubernatorial term U.S. Congress Other offices held House Senate Benjamin Howard 1809 -- 1812 ( territorial ) U.S. Representative from Kentucky John Miller 1826 -- 1832 John C. Edwards 1844 -- 1848 Austin Augustus King 1848 -- 1853 Sterling Price 1853 -- 1857 Trusten Polk 1857 S * Willard Preble Hall 1864 -- 1865 Joseph W. McClurg 1869 -- 1871 B. Gratz Brown 1871 -- 1873 John S. Phelps 1877 -- 1881 Military Governor of Arkansas Thomas Theodore Crittenden 1881 -- 1885 David R. Francis 1889 -- 1893 Ambassador to Russia , U.S. Secretary of the Interior William J. Stone 1893 -- 1897 Alexander Monroe Dockery 1901 -- 1905 Arthur M. Hyde 1921 -- 1925 U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Henry S. Caulfield 1929 -- 1933 Forrest C. Donnell 1941 -- 1945 Kit Bond 1973 -- 1977 1981 -- 1985 John Ashcroft 1985 -- 1993 U.S. Attorney General Mel Carnahan 1993 -- 2000 Posthumously elected U.S. Senator Living former U.S. governors of Missouri ( edit ) As of June 2018 , there are seven former U.S. governors of Missouri who are currently living , the oldest U.S. governor of Missouri being Kit Bond ( served 1973 -- 1977 and 1981 -- 1985 , born 1939 ) . The most recent U.S. governor of Missouri to die was Joseph P. Teasdale ( served 1977 -- 1981 , born 1936 ) on May 8 , 2014 . The most recently serving U.S. governor of Missouri to die was Mel Carnahan , who served from January 11 , 1993 until his death in a plane crash at the age of sixty - six on October 16 , 2000 . Governor Gubernatorial term Date of birth ( and age ) Kit Bond 1973 -- 1977 1981 -- 1985 ( 1939 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1939 ( age 79 ) John Ashcroft 1985 -- 1993 ( 1942 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1942 ( age 76 ) Roger B. Wilson 2000 -- 2001 ( 1948 - 10 - 10 ) October 10 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Bob Holden 2001 -- 2005 ( 1949 - 08 - 24 ) August 24 , 1949 ( age 68 ) Matt Blunt 2005 -- 2009 ( 1970 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Jay Nixon 2009 -- 2017 ( 1956 - 02 - 13 ) February 13 , 1956 ( age 62 ) Eric Greitens 2017 -- 2018 ( 1974 - 04 - 10 ) April 10 , 1974 ( age 44 ) References ( edit ) General `` Missouri History - Governors '' . Missouri Secretary of State . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . `` Missouri History - Lieutenant Governors '' . Missouri Secretary of State . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . Constitutions `` 1945 Constitution of the State of Missouri '' ( PDF ) . Missouri Secretary of State . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1909 ) . The Federal and State Constitutions : Colonial Charters , and Other Organic Laws of the States , Territories , and Colonies , Now Or Heretofore Forming the United States of America . IV . Washington : Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Constitution of Missouri -- 1820 Constitution of Missouri -- 1865 Constitution of Missouri -- 1875 Specific Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Floyd Calvin ( 1916 ) . Missouri 's Struggle for Statehood , 1804 - 1821 . Jefferson City : The Hugh Stephens Printing Co . OCLC 4014912 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Houck , Louis ( 1908 ) . A History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settlements Until the Admission of the State Into the Union . 2 . Chicago : R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company . OCLC 1199284 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Meriwether ; Clark , William ; Coues , Elliott ; Jefferson , Thomas ( 1893 ) . History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark . 1 . New York : Francis P. Harper . OCLC 302121 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herndon , Dallas Tabor ( 1922 ) . Centennial History of Arkansas . 1 . Chicago , Little Rock : S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89308 - 068 - 6 . OCLC 11549182 . Jump up ^ `` POLK , Trusten '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Journal of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City , July , 1861 . St. Louis : George Knapp & Co. , Printers and Binders. 1861 . OCLC 2650423 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Politics In Missouri '' . The New York Times . 1941 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orders Donnell Seated '' . The New York Times . 1941 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Clayton ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Missouri Gov Mel Carnahan Killed In Plane Crash '' . Stateline.org . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fountain , John W. ( 2000 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Pilot Sought Better Weather Before Crash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PHELPS , John S '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website Publications by or about the Office of the Governor of Missouri at Internet Archive . Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands State of Missouri Jefferson City ( capital ) Topics Government Delegations Geography Transportation History People Battles Tourist attractions Seal of Missouri Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boonslick Bootheel Crowley 's Ridge Dissected Till Plains Four State Area Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains Ozark Plateau Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Westplex Metro areas Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis Largest cities Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Columbia Independence Lee 's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles St. Peters Blue Springs Joplin Florissant Chesterfield Jefferson City Wentzville Cape Girardeau Wildwood University City Liberty Ballwin Raytown Kirkwood Gladstone Maryland Heights Hazelwood Grandview Counties and independent cities Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis ( City ) St. Louis ( County ) Ste . Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright Missouri statewide elected officials Governor Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Attorney General Treasurer Auditor Years in Missouri ( 1821 -- present ) 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Missouri&oldid=844161875 '' Categories : Lists of state governors of the United States Governors of Missouri Lists of territorial governors of the United States Lists of Missouri politicians State constitutional officers of Missouri Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Latina Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Slovenščina Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 01 : 40 . 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who was the first governor of the state of missouri
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"\n\nGovernor of Missouri\n\n\n\nSeal of Missouri\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nMike Parson\nsince June 1, 2018\n\n\n\nStyle\nThe Honorable\n\n\nResidence\nMissouri Governor's Mansion\n\n\nTerm length\nFour years, renewable once (maximumly lifetime)\n\n\nInaugural holder\nAlexander McNair\n\n\nFormation\nConstitution of Missouri\n\n\nSalary\n$133,821 (2013)[1]\n\n\nWebsite\ngovernor.mo.gov\n\n"
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"Alexander McNair"
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Reality television
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Reality television - wikipedia Reality television Jump to : navigation , search `` Reality TV '' redirects here . For the channel formerly known as `` Reality TV '' , see Zone Reality . `` Reality Show '' redirects here . For other uses , see Reality Show ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2017 ) Phillip Phillips , who won the eleventh season of the singing competition show American Idol , performs on the American Idols Live ! Tour in 2012 . Reality television is a genre of television programming that documents supposedly unscripted real - life situations , and often features an otherwise unknown cast of individuals who are typically not professional actors , although in some shows celebrities may participate . It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama , personal conflict , and entertainment rather than educating viewers . An early term for the format was docu - soap . The genre has various standard tropes , including `` confessionals '' ( also called talking heads or interview segments ) used by cast members to express their thoughts , which often double as the shows ' narration . In competition - based reality shows , a notable subset , there are other common elements , such as one participant being eliminated per episode , a panel of judges , and the concept of `` immunity from elimination . '' An early example of the genre was the 1991 Dutch series Nummer 28 , which was the first show to bring together strangers and record their interactions . It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the global success of the series Survivor , Idols , and Big Brother . These shows and a number of others ( usually also competition - based ) became global franchises , spawning local versions in dozens of countries . Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming . In the United States , various channels have retooled themselves to focus on reality programs , most famously MTV , which began in 1981 as a music video pioneer , before switching to a nearly all - reality format in the early 2000s . There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television . Documentaries , television news , sports television , talk shows , and traditional game shows are not classified as reality television , even though they contain elements of the genre , such as unscripted situations and sometimes unknown participants . Other genres that predate the reality television boom have sometimes been retroactively grouped into reality TV , including hidden camera shows such as Candid Camera ( 1948 ) , talent - search shows such as The Original Amateur Hour ( 1948 ) , documentary series about ordinary people such as the Up Series ( 1964 ) , high - concept game shows such as The Dating Game ( 1965 ) , home improvement shows such as This Old House ( 1979 ) , and court shows featuring real - life cases such as The People 's Court ( 1981 ) . Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity . Much of the criticism has centered on the use of the word `` reality '' , and such shows ' attempt to present themselves as a straightforward recounting of events that have occurred . Critics have argued that reality television shows do not accurately reflect reality , in ways both implicit ( participants being placed in artificial situations ) , and deceptive or even fraudulent , such as misleading editing , participants being coached in what to say or how to behave , storylines generated ahead of time , and scenes being staged or re-staged for the cameras . Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants ( particularly on competition shows ) ; that they make stars out of either untalented people unworthy of fame , infamous personalities , or both ; and that they glamorize vulgarity and materialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1940s -- 1950s 1.2 1960s -- 1970s 1.3 1980s -- 1990s 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 2 Subgenres 2.1 Documentary - style 2.1. 1 Soap - opera style 2.1. 2 Subcultures 2.1. 3 Professional activities 2.1. 4 Financial transactions and appraisals 2.2 `` Structured reality '' 2.2. 1 Special living environment 2.2. 2 Court shows 2.2. 3 Investments 2.2. 4 Outdoor survival 2.2. 5 Self - improvement / makeover 2.2. 6 Renovation 2.2. 7 Social experiment 2.2. 8 Hidden cameras 2.2. 9 Supernatural and paranormal 2.2. 10 Hoaxes 2.3 Reality competition / game shows 2.3. 1 Dating - based competition 2.3. 2 Job search 2.3. 3 Sports 2.3. 4 Immunity 3 Criticism and analysis 3.1 `` Reality '' as misnomer 3.2 Political and cultural impact 3.3 As a substitute for scripted drama 3.4 Instant celebrity 3.5 Springboard for political success 3.6 Youth audience 3.7 Appeal 4 Similar works in popular culture 5 Pop culture references 5.1 Films 5.2 Television 5.3 Books 6 Other influences on popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself . Producer - host Allen Funt 's Candid Camera , in which unsuspecting people were confronted with funny , unusual situations and filmed with hidden cameras , first aired in 1948 , and is often seen as a prototype of reality television programming . 1940s -- 1950s ( edit ) Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s . Queen for a Day ( 1945 -- 1964 ) was an early example of reality - based television . The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts . Debuting in 1948 , Allen Funt 's hidden camera show Candid Camera ( based on his previous 1947 radio show , Candid Microphone ) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks . In 1948 , talent search shows Ted Mack 's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting . In the 1950s , game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions , stunts , and practical jokes . Confession was a crime / police show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959 , with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds . The radio series Nightwatch ( 1951 -- 1955 ) tape - recorded the daily activities of Culver City , California police officers . The series You Asked for It ( 1950 -- 1959 ) incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers . 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964 , the Granada Television documentary Seven Up ! , broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7 - year - olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life . Every seven years , a film documented the life of the same individuals during the intervening period , titled the Up Series , episodes include `` 7 Plus Seven '' , `` 21 Up '' , etc. ; it is still ongoing . The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot . However , it did have the then - new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities . The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the series The American Sportsman , which ran from 1965 to 1986 on ABC in the United States . A typical episode featured one or more celebrities , and sometimes their family members , being accompanied by a camera crew on an outdoor adventure , such as hunting , fishing , hiking , scuba diving , rock climbing , wildlife photography , horseback riding , race car driving , and the like , with most of the resulting action and dialogue being unscripted , except for the narration . In the 1966 Direct Cinema film Chelsea Girls , Andy Warhol filmed various acquaintances with no direction given ; the Radio Times Guide to Film 2007 stated that the film was `` to blame for reality television '' . The 12 - part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family ( filmed in 1971 ) going through a divorce ; unlike many later reality shows , it was more or less documentary in purpose and style . In 1974 a counterpart program , The Family , was made in the UK , following the working class Wilkins family of Reading . Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of Chuck Barris : The Dating Game , The Newlywed Game , and The Gong Show , all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition . In 1978 , Living in the Past recreated life in an Iron Age English village . 1980s -- 1990s ( edit ) Producer George Schlatter capitalized on the advent of videotape to create Real People , a surprise hit for NBC , which ran from 1979 to 1984 . The success of Real People was quickly copied by ABC with That 's Incredible , a stunt show co-hosted by Fran Tarkenton ; CBS 's entry into the genre was That 's My Line , a series hosted by Bob Barker . The Canadian series Thrill of a Lifetime , a fantasies - fulfilled reality show , originally ran from 1982 to 1988 and was revived from 2001 to 2003 . In 1985 , underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former Miss Universe Shawn Weatherly on the NBC series Oceanquest , which chronicled Weatherly 's adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales . Weatherly was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming . COPS , which first aired in the spring of 1989 on Fox and came about partly due to the need for new programming during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike , showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals ; it introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television . The series Nummer 28 , which aired on Dutch television in 1991 , originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued . Nummer 28 also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows , including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after - the - fact `` confessionals '' recorded by cast members , that serve as narration . One year later , the same concept was used by MTV in its new series The Real World . Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show ; however , the producers of The Real World have stated that their direct inspiration was An American Family . According to television commentator Charlie Brooker , this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer - based non-linear editing systems for video ( such as produced by Avid Technology ) in 1989 . These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form , something that had been very difficult to do before ( film , which was easy to edit , was too expensive to shoot enough hours of footage with on a regular basis ) . Sylvania Waters ( 1992 ) was an Australian show that depicted a family , similar in concept to An American Family . The 1994 -- 95 O.J. Simpson murder case , starting with 90 minutes of live network television of Simpson being chased by police , has been described as a seminal moment in reality television , with coverage of the true - life drama interrupting regular television programming for months and dominating ratings and the public conversation . Many reality television stars of the 2000s and 2010s also have direct or indirect connections to people involved in the case , most notably defense attorney Robert Kardashian 's daughter , Kim Kardashian , and several of her relatives and associates . The series Expedition Robinson , created by television producer Charlie Parsons , which first aired in 1997 in Sweden ( and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor ) , added to the Nummer 28 / Real World template the idea of competition and elimination , in which cast members / contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained ( these shows are now sometimes called elimination shows ) . Changing Rooms , a program that began in 1996 , showed couples redecorating each other 's houses , and was the first reality show with a self - improvement or makeover theme . The dating reality show Streetmate premiered in the UK in 1998 . Originally created by Gabe Sachs as Street Match , it was a flop in the United States ; however , the show was revamped in the UK by Tiger Aspect Productions and became a cult hit . The production team from the original series went on to create popular reality shows Strictly Come Dancing , Location , Location , Location , and the revamped MasterChef , amongst others . The 1980s and 1990s were also a time when tabloid talk shows came to rise , many of which featured the same types of unusual or dysfunctional guests who would later become popular as cast members of reality shows . 2000s ( edit ) Reality television saw an explosion of global popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s , with the successes of the Big Brother and Survivor / Expedition Robinson franchises . In the United States , reality television programs experienced a temporary decline in viewership in 2001 , leading some entertainment industry columnists to speculate that the genre was a temporary fad that had run its course . Reality shows that suffered from low ratings included The Amazing Race ( although the show has since recovered and is in its 29th edition ) , Lost ( unrelated to the better - known serial drama of the same name ) and The Mole ( which was successful in other countries ) . However , this proved not to be the case for stronghold shows Survivor and American Idol , which both topped the U.S. season - average television ratings in the 2000s : Survivor led the ratings in 2001 -- 02 , and Idol has the longest hold on the No. 1 rank in the American television ratings , dominating over all other primetime programs and other television series in the overall viewership tallies for eight consecutive years , from the 2003 -- 2004 to the 2010 -- 2011 television seasons . Internationally , a number of shows created in the late 1990s and 2000s have had massive global success . At least ten reality - television franchises created during that time have had over 30 international adaptations each : the singing competition franchises Idol , Star Academy and The X Factor , other competition franchises Survivor / Expedition Robinson , Big Brother , The Biggest Loser , Got Talent , Top Model , MasterChef , and Dancing with the Stars , and the investment franchise Dragons ' Den . Several `` reality game shows '' from the same period have had even greater success , including Deal or No Deal , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , and Weakest Link , with over 50 international adaptions each . ( All but three of these franchises , Top Model , The Biggest Loser and Dragons ' Den , were created by either British producers or the Dutch production company Endemol ; and even Dragons ' Den , which originated in Japan , has had most adaptations be based on the British version . ) In India , the competition show Indian Idol was the most popular television program for its first six seasons . The 2000s saw the launches of three television channels devoted exclusively to reality television : Fox Reality in the United States , which existed from 2005 to 2010 ; Global Reality Channel in Canada , which lasted two years from 2010 to 2012 ; and Zone Reality in the United Kingdom , which operated from 2002 to 2009 . In addition , several other cable channels , including Bravo , A&E , E ! , TLC , History , VH1 , and MTV , changed their programming to mostly comprise reality television series during the 2000s . During the early part of the 2000s , network executives expressed concern that reality - television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and syndication . DVDs for reality shows in fact sold briskly ; Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County , The Amazing Race , Project Runway , and America 's Next Top Model all ranked in the top DVDs sold on Amazon.com , and in the mid-2000s , DVDs of The Simple Life outranked scripted shows like The O.C. and Desperate Housewives . Syndication , however , has indeed proven problematic ; shows such as Fear Factor , COPS , and Wife Swap in which each episode is self - contained , can indeed be rerun fairly easily , but usually only on cable television or during the daytime ( COPS and America 's Funniest Home Videos being exceptions ) . Season - long competitions such as The Amazing Race , Survivor , and America 's Next Top Model generally perform more poorly and usually must be rerun in marathons to draw the necessary viewers to make it worthwhile ( even in these cases , it is not always successful : the first ten seasons of Dancing with the Stars were picked up by GSN in 2012 and was run in marathon format , but experienced very poor ratings ) . Another option is to create documentaries around series including extended interviews with the participants and outtakes not seen in the original airings ; the syndicated series American Idol Rewind is an example of this strategy . COPS has had huge success in syndication , direct response sales and DVD . A Fox staple since 1989 , COPS has , as of 2013 ( when it moved to cable channel Spike ) , outlasted all competing scripted police shows . Another series that has seen wide success is Cheaters , which has been running since 2000 in the U.S. and is syndicated in over 100 countries worldwide . In 2001 , the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences added the reality genre to the Emmy Awards in the category of Outstanding Reality Program . In 2003 , to better differentiate between competition and informational reality programs , a second category , Outstanding Reality - Competition Program , was added . In 2008 , a third category , Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program , was added . In 2007 , the web series The Next Internet Millionaire appeared ; it was a competition show based in part on The Apprentice , and was billed as the world 's first Internet reality show . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , The Tester became the first reality television show aired over a video game console . By 2012 , many of the long - running reality television show franchises in the United States , such as American Idol , Dancing with the Stars and The Bachelor , had begun to see declining ratings . However , reality television as a whole remained durable in the U.S. , with hundreds of shows across many channels . In 2012 , New York Magazine 's Vulture blog published a humorous Venn diagram showing popular themes across American reality shows then running , including shows set in the U.S. states of Alaska , Louisiana and Texas , shows about cakes , weddings and pawnbrokers , and shows , usually competition - based , whose title includes the word `` Wars '' . The Voice , a singing competition franchise created by John de Mol that started in 2010 , is the newest highly successful reality television franchise , with almost 50 international adaptations . Duck Dynasty , a hunting - themed reality series featuring the Robertson family that founded Duck Commander , in 2013 became the most popular reality series in U.S. cable television history . Its fourth - season premiere was viewed by nearly 12 million viewers in the United States , most of which were in rural markets . Its rural audience share has ranked in the 30s , an extremely high number for any series , broadcast or cable . In 2014 , Entertainment Weekly and Variety again noted a stagnation in reality television programs ' ratings in the U.S. , which they attributed to `` The diminishing returns of cable TV 's sea of reality sameness '' . They noted that a number of networks that featured reality programming , including Bravo and E ! , were launching their first scripted shows , and others , including AMC , were abandoning plans to launch further reality programs ; though they clarified that the genre as a whole `` is n't going anywhere . '' Subgenres ( edit ) There have been various attempts to classify reality television shows into different subgenres : A 2006 study proposed six subgenres : romance , crime , informational , reality - drama , competition / game , and talent . A 2007 study proposed five subgenres : infotainment , docusoap , lifestyle , reality game shows , and lifestyle experiment programs . A 2009 study proposed eight subgenres : `` gamedocs '' , dating programs , makeover programs , docusoaps , talent contests , court programs , reality sitcoms , and celebrity variations of other programs . Another categorization divides reality television into two types : shows that purport to document real life , and shows that place participants in new circumstances . In a 2003 paper , theorists Elisabeth Klaus and Stephanie Lücke referred to the former category as `` docusoaps '' , which consist of `` narrative reality '' , and the latter category as `` reality soaps '' , which consist of `` performative reality '' . Since 2014 , the Primetime Emmy Awards have used a similar classification , with separate awards for `` unstructured reality '' and `` structured reality '' programs , as well as a third award for `` reality - competition '' programs . Documentary - style ( edit ) In many reality television programs , camera shooting and footage editing give the viewer the impression that they are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities ; this style of filming is sometimes referred to as fly on the wall or factual television . Story `` plots '' are often constructed via editing or planned situations , with the results resembling soap operas -- hence the terms docusoap and docudrama . Documentary - style programs give viewers a private look into the lives of the subjects . Within documentary - style reality television are several subcategories or variants : Soap - opera style ( edit ) Although the term `` docusoap '' has been used for many documentary - style reality television shows , there have been shows that have deliberately tried to mimic the appearance and structure of soap operas . Such shows often focus on a close - knit group of people and their shifting friendships and romantic relationships . One highly influential such series was the American 2004 -- 2006 series Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County , which attempted to specifically mimic the primetime soap opera The O.C. , which had begun airing in 2003 . Laguna Beach had a more cinematic feel than any previous reality television show , through the use of higher - quality lighting and cameras , voice - over narration instead of on - screen `` confessionals '' , and slower pacing . Laguna Beach led to several spinoff series , most notably the 2006 -- 2010 series The Hills . It also inspired various other series , including the highly successful British series The Only Way Is Essex and Made in Chelsea , and the Australian series Freshwater Blue . Due to their cinematic feel , many of these shows have been accused of being pre-scripted , more so than other reality television shows have . The producers of The Only Way Is Essex and Made in Chelsea have admitted to coaching cast members on what to say in order to draw more emotion from each scene , although they insist that the underlying stories are real . Another highly successful group of soap - opera - style shows is the Real Housewives franchise , which began with The Real Housewives of Orange County in 2006 and has since spawned nearly twenty other series , in the U.S. and internationally . The franchise has an older cast and different personal dynamics than that of Laguna Beach and its imitators , as well as lower production values , but similarly is meant to resemble scripted soap operas -- in this case , the television series Desperate Housewives and Peyton Place . A notable subset of such series focus on a group of women who are romantically connected to male celebrities ; these include Basketball Wives ( 2010 ) , Love & Hip Hop ( 2011 ) , Hollywood Exes ( 2012 ) , Ex-Wives of Rock ( 2012 ) and WAGS ( 2015 ) . Most of these shows have had spin - offs in multiple locations . Reality TV personality Kim Kardashian There are also fly - on - the - wall - style shows directly involving celebrities . Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life : notable examples include The Anna Nicole Show , The Osbournes , Gene Simmons Family Jewels , Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica , Keeping Up with the Kardashians and Hogan Knows Best . VH1 in the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows , known as `` Celebreality '' . Shows such as these are often created with the idea of promoting a celebrity product or upcoming project . Subcultures ( edit ) Some documentary - style shows shed light on cultures and lifestyles rarely seen otherwise by most of their viewers . One example is shows about people with disabilities or people who have unusual physical circumstances , such as the American series Push Girls and Little People , Big World , and the British programmes Beyond Boundaries , Britain 's Missing Top Model , The Undateables and Seven Dwarves . Another example is shows that portray the lives of ethnic or religious minorities . Examples include All - American Muslim ( Lebanese - American Muslims ) , Shahs of Sunset ( affluent Persian - Americans ) , Sister Wives ( polygamists from a Mormon splinter group ) , Breaking Amish and Amish Mafia ( the Amish ) , and Washington Heights ( Dominican Americans ) . The Real Housewives franchise offers a window into the lives of social - striving urban and suburban housewives . Many shows focus on wealth and conspicuous consumption , including Platinum Weddings , and My Super Sweet 16 , which documented huge coming of age celebrations thrown by wealthy parents . Conversely , the highly successful Here Comes Honey Boo Boo and Duck Dynasty are set in poorer rural areas of the Southern United States . Professional activities ( edit ) Some documentary - style shows portray professionals either going about day - to - day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series . One early example ( and the longest running reality show of any genre ) is Cops , which has been airing since 1989 . Other such shows specifically relating to law enforcement include The First 48 , Dog the Bounty Hunter , Police Stop ! , Traffic Cops , Border Security and Motorway Patrol . Shows set at a specific place of business include American Chopper , Miami Ink and its spinoffs , Bikini Barbershop and Lizard Lick Towing . Shows that show people working in the same non-business location include Airport and Bondi Rescue . Shows that portray a set of people in the same line of work , occasionally competing with each other , include Deadliest Catch , Ice Road Truckers and Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles and its spinoffs . Financial transactions and appraisals ( edit ) One notable subset of shows about professional activities are those in which the professionals haggle and engage in financial transactions , often over unique or rare items whose value must first be appraised . Two such shows , both of which have led to multiple spinoff shows , are Pawn Stars ( about pawn shops ) and American Pickers . Other shows , while based around such financial transactions , also show elements of its main cast members ' personal and professional lives ; these shows include Hardcore Pawn and Comic Book Men . Such shows have some antecedent in the British series Antiques Roadshow , which began airing in 1979 and has since spawned numerous international versions , although that show includes only appraisals and does not include bargaining or other dramatic elements . `` Structured reality '' ( edit ) While for `` documentary - style '' shows it is implied that the events shown would still be taking place even if the cameras were not there , in other shows the events taking place are done overtly for the sake of the show . These shows differ from `` reality competition '' shows or `` reality game shows '' ( see below ) in that participants do not compete against one another . Special living environment ( edit ) Some documentary - style programs place cast members , who in most cases previously did not know each other , in artificial living environments ; The Real World is the originator of this style . In almost every other such show , cast members are given specific challenges or obstacles to overcome . Road Rules , which started in 1995 as a spin - off of The Real World , started this pattern : the cast traveled across the country guided by clues and performing tasks . Big Brother is probably the best known program of this type in the world , with around 50 international versions having been produced . Other shows in this category , such as The 1900 House , involve historical re-enactment , with cast members living and working as people of a specific time and place . 2001 's Temptation Island achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples ' commitment to each other . U8TV : The Lofters combined the `` special living environment '' format with the `` professional activity '' format noted earlier ; in addition to living together in a loft , each member of the show 's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel . The Simple Life , Tommy Lee Goes to College and The Surreal Life are all shows in which celebrities are put into an unnatural environment . Court shows ( edit ) Main article : Court show Main article : Reality legal programming Originally , court shows were all dramatized and staged programs with actors playing the litigants , witnesses and lawyers . The cases were either reenactments of real - life cases or cases that were fictionalized altogether . Among examples of stage courtroom dramas are Famous Jury Trials , Your Witness , and the first two eras of Divorce Court . The People 's Court revolutionized the genre by introducing the arbitration - based `` reality '' format in 1981 , later adopted by the vast majority of court shows . The genre experienced a lull in programming after The People 's Court was cancelled in 1993 , but then soared after the emergence of Judge Judy in 1996 . This led to the debuts of a slew of other reality court shows , such as Judge Mathis , Judge Joe Brown , Judge Alex , Judge Mills Lane and Judge Hatchett . Though the litigants are legitimate , the `` judges '' in such shows are actually arbitrators , as these pseudo-judges are not actually presiding in a court of law . Typically , however , they are retired judges , or at least individuals who have had some legal experience . Courtroom programs are typically daytime television shows that air on weekdays . Investments ( edit ) The globally syndicated format Dragons ' Den shows a group of wealthy investors choosing whether or not to invest in a series of pitched startup companies and entrepreneurial ventures . The series Restaurant Startup similarly involves investors , but involves more of a game show element in which restaurant owners compete to prove their worth . The British series Show Me the Monet offers a twist in which artworks ' artistic value , rather than their financial value , is appraised by a panel of judges , who determine whether each one will be featured at an exhibition . Outdoor survival ( edit ) Another subgenre places people in wild and challenging natural settings . This includes such shows as Survivorman , Man vs. Wild , Marooned with Ed Stafford and Naked and Afraid . The shows Survivor and Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls combine outdoor survival with a competition format , although in Survivor the competition also involves social dynamics . Self - improvement / Makeover ( edit ) Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives . Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season ( as in The Swan and Celebrity Fit Club ) , but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode . Despite differences in the content , the format is usually the same : first the show introduces the subjects in their current , less - than - ideal environment . Then the subjects meet with a group of experts , who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things ; they offer aid and encouragement along the way . Finally , the subjects are placed back in their environment and they , along with their friends and family and the experts , appraise the changes that have occurred . Other self - improvement or makeover shows include The Biggest Loser , Extreme Weight Loss and Fat March ( which cover weight loss ) , Extreme Makeover ( entire physical appearance ) , Queer Eye , What Not to Wear , How Do I Look ? , Trinny & Susannah Undress ... and Snog Marry Avoid ? ( style and grooming ) , Supernanny ( child - rearing ) , Made ( life transformation ) , Tool Academy ( relationship building ) and Charm School and From G 's to Gents ( self - improvement and manners ) . The concept of self - improvement was taken to its extreme with the British show Life Laundry , in which people who had become hoarders , even living in squalor , were given professional assistance . The American television series Hoarders and Hoarding : Buried Alive follow similar premises , presenting interventions in the lives of people who suffer from compulsive hoarding . In one study , participants who admitted to watching more reality television were more likely to proceed with a desired plastic surgery than those who watched less . Renovation ( edit ) Some shows make over part or all of a person 's living space , work space , or vehicle . The American series This Old House , which debuted in 1979 , features the start - to - finish renovation of different houses through a season ; media critic Jeff Jarvis has speculated that it is `` the original reality TV show . '' The British show Changing Rooms , beginning in 1996 ( later remade in the U.S. as Trading Spaces ) was the first such renovation show that added a game show feel with different weekly contestants . House renovation shows are a mainstay on the American / Canadian cable channel HGTV , whose renovation shows include the successful franchises Flip or Flop , Love It or List It and Property Brothers , as well as shows such as Debbie Travis ' Facelift , Designed to Sell and Holmes on Homes . Non-HGTV shows in this category include Extreme Makeover : Home Edition and While You Were Out . Pimp My Ride and Overhaulin ' show vehicles being rebuilt in a customized way . Some shows , such as Restaurant Makeover and Ramsay 's Kitchen Nightmares , show both the decor and the menu of a failing restaurant being remade . Social experiment ( edit ) Another type of reality program is the social experiment that produces drama , conflict , and sometimes transformation . British TV series Wife Swap , which began in 2003 , and has had many spinoffs in the UK and other countries , is a notable example . In the show , people with different values agree to live by each other 's social rules for a brief period of time . Other shows in this category include Trading Spouses , Bad Girls Club and Holiday Showdown . Faking It was a series where people had to learn a new skill and pass themselves off as experts in that skill . Shattered was a controversial 2004 UK series in which contestants competed for how long they could go without sleep . Solitary was a controversial 2006 - 2010 Fox Reality series that isolated contestants for weeks in solitary confinement pods with limited sleep , food and information while competing in elimination challenges ended by a quit button , causing winners to go on for much longer than needed as a blind gamble to not be the first person to quit . Hidden cameras ( edit ) Another type of reality programming features hidden cameras rolling when random passers - by encounter a staged situation . Candid Camera , which first aired on television in 1948 , pioneered the format . Modern variants of this type of production include Punk 'd , Trigger Happy TV , Primetime : What Would You Do ? , The Jamie Kennedy Experiment and Just for Laughs : Gags . The series Scare Tactics and Room 401 are hidden - camera programs in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them . Not all hidden camera shows use strictly staged situations . For example , the syndicated program Cheaters purports to use hidden cameras to record suspected cheating partners , although the authenticity of the show has been questioned , and even refuted by some who have been featured on the series . Once the evidence has been gathered , the accuser confronts the cheating partner with the assistance of the host . In many special - living documentary programs , hidden cameras are set up all over the residence in order to capture moments missed by the regular camera crew , or intimate bedroom footage . Supernatural and paranormal ( edit ) Further information : paranormal television Supernatural and paranormal reality shows such as MTV 's Fear , place participants into frightening situations which ostensibly involve paranormal phenomena such as ghosts , telekinesis or haunted houses . In series such as Celebrity Paranormal Project , the stated aim is investigation , and some series like Scariest Places on Earth challenge participants to survive the investigation ; whereas others such as Paranormal State and Ghost Hunters use a recurring crew of paranormal researchers . In general , the shows follow similar stylized patterns of night vision , surveillance , and hand held camera footage ; odd angles ; subtitles establishing place and time ; desaturated imagery ; and non-melodic soundtracks . Noting the trend in reality shows that take the paranormal at face value , New York Times culture editor Mike Hale characterized ghost hunting shows as `` pure theater '' and compared the genre to professional wrestling or softcore pornography for its formulaic , teasing approach . Hoaxes ( edit ) In hoax reality shows , a false premise is presented to some of the series participants ; the rest of the cast may contain actors who are in on the joke . These shows often served to parody the conventions of the reality television genre . The first such show was the 2003 American series The Joe Schmo Show . Other examples are My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss ( modeled after The Apprentice ) , My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance , Hell Date ( modeled after Blind Date ) , Superstar USA ( modeled after American Idol ) , Bedsitcom ( modeled after Big Brother ) , Space Cadets ( which convinced the hoax targets that they were being flown into space ) , Invasion Iowa ( in which a town was convinced that William Shatner was filming a movie there ) and Reality Hell ( which featured a different target and premise every episode ) . Other hoax shows are not intended for comedic effect and do not include actors . In some shows , a person of wealth or power has their identity disguised so that they can go among less - privileged people in order to see them in their natural state and judge their worthiness for largesse ; the other participants are not told the true nature of the show during filming . Popular examples include Undercover Boss ( though that show is also intended to let bosses see their business more accurately ) and The Secret Millionaire . Other shows , though not hoax shows per se , have offered misleading information to some cast members in order to add a wrinkle to the competition . Examples include Boy Meets Boy and Joe Millionaire . Reality competition / game shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of reality television game shows Another subgenre of reality television is `` reality competition '' , `` reality playoffs '' , or so - called `` reality game shows , '' which follow the format of non-tournament elimination contests . Typically , participants are filmed competing to win a prize , often while living together in a confined environment . In many cases , participants are removed until only one person or team remains , who is then declared the winner . Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time ( or sometimes two at a time , as an episodic twist due to the number of contestants involved and the length of a given season ) , through either disapproval voting or by voting for the most popular to win . Voting is done by the viewing audience , the show 's own participants , a panel of judges , or some combination of the three . A well - known example of a reality - competition show is the globally syndicated Big Brother , in which cast members live together in the same house , with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or , in the American version , by the participants themselves . There remains disagreement over whether talent - search shows such as the Idol series , the Got Talent series and the Dancing with the Stars series are truly reality television , or just newer incarnations of shows such as Star Search . Although the shows involve a traditional talent search , the shows follow the reality - competition conventions of removing one or more contestants in every episode , allowing the public to vote on who is removed , and interspersing performances with video clips showing the contestants ' `` back stories '' , their thoughts about the competition , their rehearsals and unguarded behind - the - scenes moments . Additionally , there is a good deal of unscripted interaction shown between contestants and judges . The American Primetime Emmy Awards have nominated both American Idol and Dancing with the Stars for the Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Emmy . Game shows like Weakest Link , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , American Gladiators and Deal or No Deal , which were popular in the 2000s , also lie in a gray area : like traditional game shows ( e.g. , The Price Is Right , Jeopardy ! ) , the action takes place in an enclosed television studio over a short period of time ; however , they have higher production values , more dramatic background music , and higher stakes than traditional shows ( done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes ) . In addition , there is more interaction between contestants and hosts , and in some cases they feature reality - style contestant competition or elimination as well . These factors , as well as these shows ' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze , have led to such shows often being grouped under both the reality television and game show umbrellas . There have been various hybrid reality - competition shows , like the worldwide - syndicated Star Academy , which combines the Big Brother and Idol formats , The Biggest Loser , which combines competition with the self - improvement format , and American Inventor , which uses the Idol format for products instead of people . Some reality shows that aired mostly during the early 2000s , such as Popstars , Making the Band and Project Greenlight , devoted the first part of the season to selecting a winner , and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project . Popular variants of the competition - based format include the following : Dating - based competition ( edit ) Dating - based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors . Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season , suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains . In the early 2000s , this type of reality show dominated the other genres on the major U.S. networks . Shows that aired included The Bachelor , its spin - off The Bachelorette , as well as Temptation Island and Average Joe . In Married by America , contestants were chosen by viewer voting . More recent such shows include Flavor of Love ( a dating show featuring rapper Flavor Flav that led directly and indirectly to over 10 spinoffs ) , The Cougar and Love in the Wild . This is one of the older variants of the format ; shows such as The Dating Game that date to the 1960s had similar premises ( though each episode was self - contained , and not the serial format of more modern shows ) . Job search ( edit ) In this category , the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for . Competitors perform a variety of tasks based on that skill , are judged , and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts . The show is usually presented as a job search of some kind , in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work and an undisclosed salary , although the award can simply be a sum of money and ancillary prizes , like a cover article in a magazine . The show also features judges who act as counselors , mediators and sometimes mentors to help contestants develop their skills further or perhaps decide their future position in the competition . Popstars , which debuted in 1999 , may have been the first such show , while the Idol series has been the longest - running and , for most of its run , the most popular such franchise . The first job - search show which showed dramatic , unscripted situations may have been America 's Next Top Model , which premiered in May 2003 . Other examples include The Apprentice ( which judges business skills ) ; Hell 's Kitchen , MasterChef and Top Chef ( for chefs ) ; Shear Genius ( for hair styling ) , Project Runway ( for clothing design ) , Top Design ( for interior design ) , Stylista ( for fashion editors ) , Last Comic Standing ( for comedians ) , I Know My Kid 's a Star ( for child performers ) , On the Lot ( for filmmakers ) , RuPaul 's Drag Race ( for drag queens ) , The Shot ( for fashion photographers ) , So You Think You Can Dance ( for dancers ) , MuchMusic VJ Search and Food Network Star ( for television hosts ) , Dream Job ( for sportscasters ) , American Candidate ( for aspiring politicians ) , Work of Art ( for artists ) , Face Off ( for makeup artists ) , Ink Master and Best Ink ( for tattoo artists ) , Platinum Hit ( for songwriters ) and The Tester ( for game testers ) . A notable subset is shows in which the winner gets a specific part in a known film , television show , musical or performing group . Examples include Scream Queens ( where the prize is a role in the Saw film series ) , The Glee Project ( for a role on the television show Glee ) and Any Dream Will Do ( the lead role in a revival of the musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ) . The most extreme prize for such a show may have been for 2005 's Rock Star : INXS , where the winner became the lead singer of the rock band INXS . J.D. Fortune , who won the show , went on to be INXS 's lead singer until 2011 . Some shows use the same format with celebrities : in this case , there is no expectation that the winner will continue this line of work , and prize winnings often go to charity . The most popular such shows have been the Dancing with the Stars and Dancing on Ice franchises . Other examples of celebrity competition programs include Deadline , Celebracadabra and Celebrity Apprentice . Sports ( edit ) Most of these programs create a sporting competition among athletes attempting to establish their name in that sport . The Club , in 2002 , was one of the first shows to immerse sport with reality television , based on a fabricated club competing against real clubs in the sport of Australian rules football ; the audience helped select which players played each week by voting for their favorites . Golf Channel 's The Big Break is a reality show in which aspiring golfers compete against one another and are eliminated . The Contender , a boxing show , became the first American reality show in which a contestant committed suicide after being eliminated from the show ; the show 's winner was promised a shot at a boxing world championship . Sergio Mora , who won , indeed got his title shot and became a world champion boxer . In The Ultimate Fighter , participants have voluntarily withdrawn or expressed the desire to withdraw from the show due to competitive pressure . In sports shows , sometimes just appearing on the show , not necessarily winning , can get a contestant the job . The owner of UFC declared that the final match of the first season of Ultimate Fighter was so good , both contestants were offered a contract , and in addition , many non-winning `` TUF Alumni '' have prospered in the UFC . Many of the losers from World Wrestling Entertainment 's Tough Enough and Diva Search shows have been picked up by the company . Not all sports programs involve athletes trying to make a name in the sport . The 2006 U.S. reality series Knight School focused on students at Texas Tech University vying for a walk - on ( non-scholarship ) roster position on the school 's men 's basketball team under legendary coach Bob Knight . In the Republic of Ireland , RTÉ One 's Celebrity Bainisteoir involves eight non-sporting Irish celebrities becoming bainisteoiri ( managers ) of mid-level Gaelic football teams , leading their teams in an officially sanctioned tournament . Immunity ( edit ) One concept pioneered by , and unique to , reality competition shows is the idea of immunity , in which a contestant can win the right to be exempt the next time contestants are eliminated from the show . Possibly the first instance of immunity in reality TV was on Survivor , which premiered in 1997 in Sweden as Expedition Robinson , before gaining international prominence after the American edition ( titled Survivor ) premiered in 2000 . On that show , there are complex rules around immunity : a player can achieve it by winning challenges ( either as a team in the tribal phase or individually in the merged phase ) , or , in more recent seasons , through finding a hidden totem . They can also pass on their immunity to someone else and in the later case , they can keep their immunity secret from other players . On most shows , immunity is quite a bit simpler : it is usually achieved by winning a task , often a relatively minor task during the first half of the episode ; the announcement of immunity is made publicly and immunity is usually non-transferable . Competition shows that feature immunity include the Apprentice , Big Brother , Biggest Loser , Top Model and Top Chef franchises . In one Apprentice episode , a participant chose to waive his earned immunity and was immediately `` fired '' by Donald Trump for giving up this powerful asset . Criticism and analysis ( edit ) Further information : Criticism of reality television and Scripted reality `` Reality '' as misnomer ( edit ) The authenticity of reality television is often called into question by its detractors . The genre 's title of `` reality '' is often criticized as being inaccurate because of claims that the genre frequently includes elements such as premeditated scripting ( including a practice called `` soft - scripting '' ) , acting , urgings from behind - the - scenes crew to create specified situations of adversity and drama , and misleading editing . It has often been described as `` scripting without paper '' . In many cases , the entire premise of the show is a contrived one , based around a competition or another unusual situation . However , various shows have additionally been accused of using fakery in order to create more compelling television , such as having premeditated storylines and in some cases feeding participants lines of dialogue , focusing only on participants ' most outlandish behavior , and altering events through editing and re-shoots . Television shows that have been notably accused of , or admitted to , deception include The Real World , the U.S. version of Survivor , Joe Millionaire , The Hills , Hell 's Kitchen , A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila , Hogan Knows Best , Extreme Makeover : Home Edition , The Bachelor and The Bachelorette , Pawn Stars , Storage Wars , and Keeping Up with the Kardashians . Political and cultural impact ( edit ) Reality television 's global successes has become , in the view of some analysts , an important political phenomenon . In some authoritarian countries , reality - television voting has provided the first opportunity for many citizens to voted in any free and fair wide - scale `` elections '' . In addition , the frankness of the settings on some reality shows presents situations that are often taboo in certain conservative cultures , like Star Academy Arab World , which began airing in 2003 , and which shows male and female contestants living together . A Pan-Arab version of Big Brother was cancelled in 2004 after less than two weeks on the air after a public outcry and street protests . In 2004 journalist Matt Labash , noting both of these issues , wrote that `` the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab - produced reality TV '' . In 2007 , Abu Dhabi TV began airing Million 's Poet , a show featuring Pop Idol - style voting and elimination , but for the writing and oration of Arabic poetry . The show became popular in Arab countries , with around 18 million viewers , partly because it was able to combine the excitement of reality television with a traditional , culturally relevant topic . In April 2010 , however , the show also become a subject of political controversy , when Hissa Hilal , a 43 - year - old female Saudi competitor , read out a poem criticizing her country 's Muslim clerics . Both critics and the public reacted favorably to Hilal 's poetry ; she received the highest scores from the judges throughout the competition , and came in third place overall . In India , in the summer of 2007 , coverage of the third season of Indian Idol focused on the breaking down of cultural and socioeconomic barriers as the public rallied around the show 's top two contestants . The Chinese singing competition Super Girl ( a local imitation of Pop Idol ) has similarly been cited for its political and cultural impact . After the finale of the show 's 2005 season drew an audience of around 400 million people , and eight million text - message votes , the state - run English - language newspaper Beijing Today ran the front - page headline : `` Is Super Girl a Force for Democracy ? '' The Chinese government criticized the show , citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity , or `` worldliness '' , and in 2006 banned it outright . It was later reintroduced in 2009 , before being banned again in 2011 . Super Girl has also been criticized by non-government commentators for creating seemingly impossible ideals that may be harmful to Chinese youth . In Indonesia , reality television shows have surpassed soap operas as the most - watched broadcast programs . One popular program , Jika Aku Menjadi ( `` If I Were '' ) , follows young , middle - class people as they are temporarily placed into lower - class life , where they learn to appreciate their circumstances back home by experiencing daily life for the less fortunate . Critics have claimed that this and similar programs in Indonesia reinforce traditionally Western ideals of materialism and consumerism . However , Eko Nugroho , reality - show producer and president of Dreamlight World Media , insists that these reality shows are not promoting American lifestyles but rather reaching people through their universal desires . Reality television has also received criticism in Britain and the United States for its ideological relationship with surveillance societies and consumerism . Writing in the New York Times in 2012 , author Mark Andrejevic characterised the role of reality television in a post-9 - 11 society as the normalisation of surveillance in participatory monitoring , the `` logic of the emerging surveillance economy '' , and in the promise of a societal self - image that is contrived . An LSE paper by Nick Couldry associates reality television with neoliberalism , condemning the ritualised enactment and consumption of what must be legitimised for the society it serves . As a substitute for scripted drama ( edit ) Reality television generally costs less to produce than scripted series . VH1 executive vice president Michael Hirschorn wrote in 2007 that the plots and subject matters on reality television are more authentic and more engaging than in scripted dramas , writing that scripted network television `` remains dominated by variants on the police procedural ... in which a stock group of characters ( ethnically , sexually , and generationally diverse ) grapples with endless versions of the same dilemma . The episodes have all the ritual predictability of Japanese Noh theater , '' while reality television is `` the liveliest genre on the set right now . It has engaged hot - button cultural issues -- class , sex , race -- that respectable television ... rarely touches . '' Television critic James Poniewozik wrote that reality shows like Deadliest Catch and Ice Road Truckers showcase working - class people of the kind that `` used to be routine '' on scripted network television , but that became a rarity in the 2000s : `` The better to woo upscale viewers , TV has evicted its mechanics and dockworkers to collect higher rents from yuppies in coffeehouses . '' Lighting crews are typically present in the background of reality television shows . Sound crews work in the background of reality television shows . Instant celebrity ( edit ) Reality television has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities , at least for a short period . This is most notable in talent - search programs such as Idol and The X Factor , which have spawned music stars in many of the countries in which they have aired . Many other shows , however , have made at least temporary celebrities out of their participants ; some participants have then been able to parlay this fame into media and merchandising careers . For example , Elisabeth Hasselbeck , a contestant on Survivor : The Australian Outback , later became a host on daytime talk show The View and a correspondent on Fox and Friends . Participants of non-talent - search programs who have had subsequent acting careers include Jacinda Barrett , Kristin Cavallari , Jamie Chung , Stephen Colletti , David Giuntoli , NeNe Leakes and Angela Trimbur ; though Barrett and Trimbur were already aspiring actresses when they appeared on reality television . Several cast members of MTV 's Jersey Shore had lucrative endorsement deals , and in some cases their own product lines , when the show aired and in subsequent years . Tiffany Pollard , originally a contestant on Flavor of Love , was eventually given four additional reality series of her own on VH1 . In Britain , Jade Goody became famous after appearing on Big Brother 3 in 2002 ; she later appeared on other reality programs , wrote a bestselling autobiography and launched a top - selling perfume line . She later received extensive media coverage during her battle with cervical cancer , from which she died in 2009 . Bethenny Frankel , who gained fame after appearing on several reality television shows , launched the successful brand Skinnygirl Cocktails , and got her own short - lived syndicated talk show , Bethenny . Two cast members of non-athletic reality shows , Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin ( from The Real World and its spin - off , The Challenge ) and David Otunga ( from I Love New York ) , became professional wrestlers for the WWE . In Australia , various reality TV personalities have later served as radio hosts , including Fitzy and Rachel Corbett from Big Brother , Mick Newell from My Kitchen Rules , Heather Maltman from The Bachelor , and Sam Frost from The Bachelorette . Some reality - television alumni have parlayed their fame into paid public appearances . Several socialites , or children of famous parents , who were somewhat well known before they appeared on reality television shows have become much more famous as a result , including Paris Hilton , Nicole Richie , Kelly Osbourne , Kim Kardashian , and many of the rest of the Kardashian family . Reality television personalities are sometimes derided as `` Z - list celebrities '' , `` Bravolebrities '' , or `` nonebrities '' who are effectively `` famous for being famous '' and have done nothing to warrant their sudden fame . Some have been lampooned for exploiting an undeserved `` 15 minutes of fame '' . The Kardashian family is one such group of reality television personalities who were subject to this criticism in the 2010s , Kim Kardashian in particular . Springboard for political success ( edit ) Two international franchises , The Apprentice and Dragons ' Den , are notable for having some of the business people who appeared there as judges and investors go on to win political office . The prime example is U.S. President Donald Trump : his stint as host of the original The Apprentice from 2004 to 2015 has been credited by some commentators as a factor in his political success , since it greatly increased his fame , and showcased him as a tough and experienced authority figure . João Doria Jr. , who hosted seasons 7 - 8 of the Brazilian version of The Apprentice , O Aprendiz , from 2010 to 2011 , is currently Mayor of São Paulo . Harry Harkimo , who hosted the Finnish version of The Apprentice from 2009 to 2013 , was elected to the Parliament of Finland in 2015 . Israeli tech entrepreneur Nir Barkat , who appeared in 2007 as an investor on HaKrishim , Israel 's version of Dragons ' Den , was elected Mayor of Jerusalem the following year . Dragon 's Den investors who have unsuccessfully run for office include Serhiy Tihipko of Ukraine and Kevin O'Leary of Canada . In a rare case of a previously - unknown reality television alumnus succeeding in the political arena , The Real World : Boston cast member Sean Duffy is currently a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin . Youth audience ( edit ) In 2006 , four of the ten most popular programs among viewers under 17 were reality shows . Studies have shown that young people emulate the behavior displayed on these programs , gathering much of their knowledge of the social world , particularly about consumer practices , from television . Some critics have decried the positive representation of sexually objectified women in shows like The Girls Next Door . In 2007 , according to the Learning and Skills Council , one in seven UK teenagers hoped to gain fame by appearing on reality television . Appeal ( edit ) A number of studies have tried to pinpoint the appeal of reality television . Factors that have been cited in its appeal include personal identification with the onscreen participants ; pure entertainment ; diversion from scripted TV ; vicarious participation ; a feeling of self - importance compared to onscreen participants ; enjoyment of competition ; and an appeal to voyeurism , especially given `` scenes which take place in private settings , contain nudity , or include gossip '' . Batya Ungar - Sargon , PhD believes reality TV 's appeal comes from people taking pleasure in watching the suffering or humiliation of the show 's protagonists . A 2012 survey by Today.com found that Americans who watch reality television regularly are more extroverted , more neurotic , and have lower self - esteem than those who do not . Similar works in popular culture ( edit ) A number of fictional works since the 1940s have contained elements similar to elements of reality television . They tended to be set in a dystopian future , with subjects being recorded against their will , and often involved violence . `` The Seventh Victim '' ( 1953 ) was a short story by science fiction author Robert Sheckley that depicted a futuristic game in which one player gets to hunt down another player and kill him . The first player who can score ten kills wins the grand prize . This story was the basis for the Italian film The 10th Victim ( 1965 ) . You 're Another , a 1955 short story by Damon Knight , is about a man who discovers that he is an actor in a `` livie '' , a live - action show that is viewed by billions of people in the future . A King in New York , a 1957 film written and directed by Charlie Chaplin has the main character , a fictional European monarch portrayed by Chaplin , secretly filmed while talking to people at a New York cocktail party . The footage is later turned into a television show within the film . `` The Prize of Peril '' ( 1958 ) , another Robert Sheckley story , was about a television show in which a contestant volunteers to be hunted for a week by trained killers , with a large cash prize if he survives . It was adapted in 1970 as the TV movie Das Millionenspiel , and again in 1983 as the movie Le Prix du Danger . Richard G. Stern 's novel Golk ( 1960 ) was about a hidden - camera show similar to Candid Camera . `` It Could Be You '' ( 1964 ) , a short story by Australian Frank Roberts , features a day - in - day - out televised blood sport . Survivor ( 1965 ) , a science fiction story by Walter F. Moudy , depicted the 2050 `` Olympic War Games '' between Russia and the United States . The games are fought to show the world the futility of war and thus deter further conflict . Each side has one hundred soldiers who fight in a large natural arena . The goal is for one side to wipe out the other ; the few who survive the battle become heroes . The games are televised , complete with color commentary discussing tactics , soldiers ' personal backgrounds , and slow - motion replays of their deaths . `` Bread and Circuses '' ( 1968 ) was an episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek in which the crew visits a planet resembling the Roman Empire , but with 20th - century technology . The planet 's `` Empire TV '' features regular gladiatorial games , with the announcer urging viewers at home to vote for their favorites , stating , `` This is your program . You pick the winner . '' The Year of the Sex Olympics ( 1968 ) was a BBC television play in which a dissident in a dictatorship is forced onto a secluded island and taped for a reality show in order to keep the masses entertained . The Unsleeping Eye ( 1973 ) , a novel by D.G. Compton ( also published as The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe ) , was about a woman dying of cancer whose last days are recorded without her knowledge for a television show . It was later adapted as the 1980 movie Death Watch . `` Ladies And Gentlemen , This Is Your Crisis '' ( 1976 ) was a short story by science fiction author Kate Wilhelm about a television show in which contestants ( including a B - list actress who is hoping to revitalize her career ) attempt to make their way to a checkpoint after being dropped off in the Alaskan wilderness , while being filmed and broadcast around the clock through an entire weekend . The story focuses primarily on the show 's effect on a couple whose domestic tensions and eventual reconciliation parallel the dangers faced by the contestants . Network ( 1976 ) includes a subplot in which network executives negotiate with an urban terrorist group for the production of a weekly series , each episode of which was to feature an act of terrorism . The climax of the film has the terrorist group being turned against the network 's own unstable star , news commentator Howard Beale . The Running Man ( 1982 ) was a book by Stephen King depicting a game show in which a contestant flees around the world from `` hunters '' trying to chase him down and kill him ; it has been speculated that the book was inspired by Robert Sheckley 's The Prize of Peril . The book was loosely adapted as a 1987 movie of the same name . The movie removed most of the reality - TV element of the book : its competition now took place entirely within a large television studio , and more closely resembled an athletic competition ( though a deadly one ) . The film 20 Minutes into the Future ( 1985 ) , and the spin - off television series Max Headroom , revolved around television mainly based on live , often candid , broadcasts . In one episode of Max Headroom , `` Academy '' , the character Blank Reg fights for his life on a courtroom game show , with the audience deciding his fate . Vengeance on Varos ( 1985 ) was an episode of the television show Doctor Who in which the population of a planet watches live television broadcasts of the torture and executions of those who oppose the government . The planet 's political system is based on the leaders themselves facing disintegration if the population votes ' no ' to their propositions . Pop culture references ( edit ) Some scripted and written works have used reality television as a plot device : Films ( edit ) Real Life ( 1979 ) is a comedic film about the creation of a show similar to An American Family gone horribly wrong . Louis the 19th , King of the Airwaves ( 1994 ) is a Québécois film about a man who signs up to star in a 24 - hour - a-day reality television show . The Truman Show ( 1998 ) is a film about a man ( Jim Carrey ) who discovers that his entire life is being staged and filmed for a 24 - hour - a-day reality television show . EDtv ( 1999 ) was a remake of Louis the 19th , King of the Airwaves . Series 7 : The Contenders ( 2001 ) is a film about a reality show in which contestants have to kill each other to win . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) is a horror / slasher film that takes place in a wired house full of surveillance cameras . Each `` contestant '' is recorded as they attempt to survive and solve the mystery of the murders . American Dreamz ( 2006 ) is a film set partially on an American Idol - like show . Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) is a film in which a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? is interrogated because he knows all the answers . Television ( edit ) The Comeback ( 2005 ) satirizes the indignity of reality television by presenting itself as `` raw footage '' of a new reality show documenting the attempted comeback of has - been star Valerie Cherish . Dead Set ( 2008 ) is a British television programme featuring a zombie apocalypse affecting the Big Brother house . Part of the film was shot during an actual eviction with host Davina McCall making a cameo appearance . Rock Rivals ( 2008 ) is a British television show about two judges on a televised singing contest whose marriage is falling apart . `` Fifteen Million Merits '' ( 2011 ) is an episode in the first season of British television anthology series Black Mirror , set in a dystopian future in which appearing on reality television is the only way in which people can escape their miserable , jail - like conditions . Unreal ( 2015 ) is an American television show that depicts the behind - the - scenes drama on a show similar to The Bachelor . Bad Wolf in the TV Series Doctor Who is about a future where the population of the earth is chosen at random to compete in deadly game shows and reality TV . This includes the game show The Weakest Link . Books ( edit ) Chart Throb ( 2006 ) is a comic novel by Ben Elton that parodies The X Factor and The Osbournes , among other reality shows . Dead Famous ( 2001 ) is a comedy / whodunit novel , also by Ben Elton , in which a contestant is murdered while on a Big Brother - like show . Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) , a speculative fiction novel by Margaret Atwood , occasionally makes mentions of the protagonist and his friend entertaining themselves by watching reality television shows of live executions , Noodie News , frog squashing , graphic surgery , and child pornography . L.A. Candy ( 2009 ) is a young adult novel series by Lauren Conrad , which is based on her experiences on Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County and The Hills . Other influences on popular culture ( edit ) A number of scripted television comedy and satire shows have adopted the format of the documentary - type reality television show , in `` mockumentary '' style . The first such show was the BBC series Operation Good Guys , which premiered in 1997 . Subsequent examples include People Like Us ( BBC UK , 1998 ) , The Games ( ABC Australia , 1999 ) , Trailer Park Boys ( 2001 ) , Reno 911 ! ( 2003 ) , Drawn Together ( 2004 ) , The Naked Brothers Band ( 2006 ) , Summer Heights High ( 2007 ) , Total Drama ( 2007 ) , Parks and Recreation ( 2009 ) , Modern Family ( 2009 ) , Come Fly With Me ( 2010 ) , The Muppets ( 2015 ) and Trial & Error ( 2017 ) . Arguably the best - known and most influential `` mockumentary '' sitcom is the BBC 's The Office ( 2001 ) , which spawned numerous international remakes , including a successful American version . Not all reality - television - style mockumentary series are comedic : the 2013 American series Siberia has a science fiction / horror bent , while the 2014 Dutch series The First Years is a drama . The 2013 - 2015 American sketch comedy series Kroll Show set most of its sketches as excerpts from various fictional reality television shows , which one critic wrote `` are n't far off from the lineups at E ! , Bravo , and VH1 '' , and parodied those shows ' participants ' `` lack of self - awareness '' . The show also satirized the often incestuous nature of reality television , in which some series lead to a cascade of spinoffs . Kroll Show executive producer John Levenstein said in an interview that reality TV `` has so many tools for telling stories in terms of text and flashbacks and ways to show things to the audience that it 's incredibly convenient for comedy and storytelling if you use the full reality show toolkit . '' Some feature films have been produced that use some of the conventions of documentary film or reality television ; such films are sometimes referred to as reality films , and sometimes simply as documentaries . Allen Funt 's 1970 hidden camera movie What Do You Say to a Naked Lady ? was based on his reality - television show Candid Camera . The television series Jackass has spawned a number of films , including Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) , Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) , Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) , and Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) . A similar show , Extreme Duudsonit , was adapted for the film The Dudesons Movie in 2006 . The producers of The Real World created The Real Cancun in 2003 . The Chinese reality show Running Man was adapted for the 2015 film Running Man . In 2007 , broadcaster Krishnan Guru - Murthy stated that reality television is `` a firm and embedded part of television 's vocabulary , used in every genre from game - shows and drama to news and current affairs . '' The mumblecore film genre , which began in the mid-2000s , and uses video cameras and relies heavily on improvisation and non-professional actors , has been described as influenced in part by what one critic called `` the spring - break psychodrama of MTV 's The Real World '' . Mumblecore director Joe Swanberg has said , `` As annoying as reality TV is , it 's been really good for filmmakers because it got mainstream audiences used to watching shaky camerawork and different kinds of situations . '' See also ( edit ) Television portal Broadcasting Bunim / Murray Productions Endemol Great Reality TV Swindle Matt Kunitz John Langley List of reality television programs List of television show franchises Low culture Media manipulation TV consumption References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` docu - soap '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan ( in Dutch ) , Raymond van den Boogaard , NRC Handelsblad , 28 September 1996 Jump up ^ Hill , Annette ( 2005 ) . Reality TV : Audiences and Popular Factual Television . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26152 - X . Jump up ^ Clissold , B. ( 2004 ) . Candid Camera and the origins of reality TV : contextualizing a historical precedent . In Holmes , and Jermyn , D. ( eds ) Understanding Reality Television . London : Routledge , 33 - 53 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , A. ( 2009 ) . Stanley Milgram , Allen Funt and me : Postwar Social Science and the First Wave of Reality TV . In Ouellette , L. and Murray , S. ( eds ) . Reality Television Culture . New York : NYU Press . Jump up ^ Rowan , Beth ( July 21 , 2000 ) . `` Reality TV Takes Hold '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex McNeil , Total Television ( New York : Penguin Books , 1996 ) , p. 178 Jump up ^ `` Syracuse.com - Guest column : These new reality hunting TV shows are out of control '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . The Post-Standard newspaper , Syracuse , New York , December 21 , 2012 , by Tom Adessa . `` As a teenager , I always looked forward to Sunday afternoons when I 'd watch Curt Gowdy and his TV show , ' The American Sportsman . ' Gowdy had a distinct , soft - spoken demeanor and the destinations of his hunts were in various parts of the world . '' Jump up ^ `` ' The American Sportsman ' Penetrates the Awesome World of the Shark '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . The News and Courier newspaper , February 8 , 1975 , Charleston , South Carolina . `` Peter Benchley 's journey to the world of the White Shark is an evocative portrait of one of nature 's extraordinary phenomena , the shark , and of one man 's revealing transition from the world of fantasy to the world of underwater reality . The American Sportsman is produced and directed by Neil Cunningham and hosted by Curt Gowdy . '' Jump up ^ Baracaia , Alexa ( October 4 , 2006 ) . `` Warhol ' reality ' film named in top 100 '' . Evening Standard . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Biressi , Anita ( 2005 ) . Reality TV : Realism and Revelation . London : Wallflower Press . pp. 64 -- 66 . ISBN 1904764045 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( January 26 , 2003 ) . `` Bachelor No. 1 And the Birth Of Reality TV '' . The New York Times . Television / Radio . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Oceanquest on IMDb Jump up ^ Peterson , Karla ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` With writers on strike , expect more repeats and dose of reality '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Jump up ^ Source : Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan by Raymond van den Boogaard , NRC Handelsblad , September 28 , 1996 Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( October 9 , 2007 ) . `` MTV 's ' Real World ' launched a revolution '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Brooker 's Screenwipe - Reality TV Editing '' . YouTube . February 2007 . Jump up ^ Anolik , Lila ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` How the O.J. Simpson Case Explains Reality in 2016 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase , or : Where Were You When Reality TV Was Invented ? '' . Decider . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anolik , Lila ( February 2016 ) . `` It All Began with O.J. : The Diagram '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ `` 14 reality stars who exist today because of the O.J. Simpson trial '' . The Washington Post . June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sigesmund , B.J. ( October 11 , 2001 ) . Will Reality TV Survive ? Newsweek . Retrieved from Lexis Nexis database . Jump up ^ Lodish , E. ( 2013 , June 25 ) . Who would win a World Idol competition ? Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/culture-lifestyle/entertainment/130625/arab-idol-mohammed-assaf-world-singers Jump up ^ Star Academy reality show comes to town . ( 2014 , February 21 ) . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 , from http://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/251419/star-academy-reality-show-comes-to-town.html ^ Jump up to : Punathambekar , Aswin ( 2010 ) . `` Reality TV and Participatory Culture in India '' . Popular Communication . 8 : 241 -- 255 . doi : 10.1080 / 15405702.2010. 514177 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` ' Simple economics ' : More reality TV '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Have a PlayStation ? You can watch ' The Tester ' ; Reality series is available only on consoles '' . USA Today . p . D. 12 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( March 13 , 2012 ) . Reality Ratings Slip : Aging Bachelors , Idols and Dancers Lose Their Bite . The Wrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Margaret Lyons and Jen Cotton ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` See a Venn Diagram Connecting Reality - TV Shows '' . New York Magazine Vulture blog . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( October 9 , 2014 ) . AMC Scraps Second Season of ' Game of Arms , ' Other Shows as Cabler Reconsiders Unscripted Genre . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Are we tired of reality TV ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nabi , R. ; Stitt , C. ; Halford , J. ; Finnerty , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality based and fictional television programming : An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective '' . Media Psychology . 8 : 421 -- 447 . doi : 10.1207 / s1532785xmep0804_5 . Jump up ^ Hill , A. ; Weibull , L. ; Nilsson , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Public and popular : British and Swedish audience trends in factual and reality television '' . Cultural Trends . 16 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 41 . doi : 10.1080 / 09548960601106920 . Jump up ^ Murray , S. & Ouellette , L. ( 2009 ) . Reality TV : Remaking Television Culture . New York : New York University Press . Jump up ^ Klaus , E. ; Lucke , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Reality TV : Definition '' ( PDF ) . Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft. 51 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 . doi : 10.5771 / 1615 - 634x - 2003 - 2 - 195 . Jump up ^ Bindig , Lori ; Bergstrom , Andrea ( 2013 ) . The O.C. : A Critical Understanding . Lexington Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3317 - 0 . Jump up ^ Raeside , Julia ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` A different kind of reality TV '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ ' Disability and Discourse Analysis . Jan Grue Jump up ^ http://www.news-press.com/story/news/2017/02/13/fmpd-cops-start-filming-fort-myers-next-week/97847576/ Jump up ^ http://if.com.au/2017/03/02/article/Rachel-Antony-appointed-Greenstone-TV-CEO-as-Richard-Driver-moves-to-chair/ZEENJSXWJC.html Jump up ^ Lawrence , Christopher . `` Las Vegas pawnshop center of new reality series '' Las Vegas Review - Journal ; July 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ Crockett , Richard ; Pruzinsky , Thomas ; Persin , John ( 2007 ) . `` The Influence of Plastic Surgery `` Reality TV '' on Cosmetic Surgery Patient Expectations and Decision Making `` . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ( 120 ) : 316 -- 324 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. prs. 0000264339.67451. 71 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Jeff ( August 6 , 2005 ) . `` Tag the greatest -- but not obvious -- TV shows '' . BuzzMachine.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nowell , Scott ( October 17 , 2002 ) . `` Your Cheatin ' Art '' . HoustonPress . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Hale , Editor , The New York Times '' . New York Times Knowledge Network . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Consigning Reality to Ghosts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark A ( August 16 , 2009 ) . `` Shocker ! Stooges do anything for camera in ' Reality Hell ' '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` How can I audition for reality shows ? '' . MSNBC . June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Smith , Andrew F. Wood , Survivor Lessons : Essays on Communication and Reality Television ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Landy , Jeffrey M. Conte , Work in the 21st Century : An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology ( 2009 ) p. 151 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( August 10 , 2004 ) . `` Reality Is Only An Illusion , Writers Say - Hollywood Scribes Want a Cut Of Not - So - Unscripted Series '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Just how real are reality TV shows ? - Shows may exist in a middle ground -- not fully scripted nor completely true '' . MSNBC. April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce . ( July 21 , 1995 ) . `` The British Invasion The Real World returns for fourth season -- The MTV hit invades London '' . Entertainment Weekly . Page 3 of 4 Jump up ^ Rogers , Steve . `` ' Real World : Chicago ' cast admits their September 11 reactions were staged '' . August 19 , 2002 Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael . `` The Unreal World '' . Denver Westword . March 14 , 1996 Jump up ^ `` At last ! The secrets of ' Survivor ' revealed . '' MSNBC . October 7 , 2008 . Accessed September 2011 . Jump up ^ Reality TV Secrets Revealed , VH1 documentary , 2004 Jump up ^ Roger Holland ( June 19 , 2006 ) . `` Hell 's Kitchen review '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Johnson , KC ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` As ' Shot ' misses , Tequila aims anew '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hogan , Hulk ( October 2009 ) , My Life Outside the Ring , St. Martin 's Press . pp. 175 - 178 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 58889 - 5 Jump up ^ Christensen , Kim ; James , Meg ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` And then the roof caved in '' . Los Angeles Times . Page 2 of 3 . Jump up ^ McDow , Christine ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Jesse Csincsak Talks About Ashley Hebert And Last Night 's The Bachelorette '' . Reality TV Magazine . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . The viewers are seeing the PRODUCED side of her show and not so much the genuine stuff , and she looks silly because of it ... A LOT TAKES PLACE IN THE EDITING ROOM ! Jump up ^ Carbone , Steve ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` My Interview with Megan Parris '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Megan Parris says Bachelor producers `` berate , '' `` curse at '' contestants `` . Reality Blurred . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cherry , Bobby ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' candidate from Sewickley Hills goes off script '' . Trib Live . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bachelors have sex with an average of three women , but Bob Guiney has the record with 5.5 '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . We need our fair share of villains every season . And now we 're very careful in our casting ... to develop characters that the audience is going to root for and root against Jump up ^ `` Today 's TV Addict Top 5 : Wildly Disturbing Quotes from THE BACHELOR creator / executive producer Mike Fleiss '' . Today 's TV Addict . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . `` We are very careful in our casting to develop characters that the audience is going to root for and root against . '' Fleiss admits that his show has less to do with `` reality '' than it does making good television . Which is all fine and good ... if a few moments later he had n't claimed that the whole premise was romance and the search for love . Jump up ^ Harrison , Rick ( 2011 ) . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver . Hyperion. 2011 . New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 8 pp. 70 , 89 Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Storage Wars ' star says show is rigged '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kim Kardashian , Kris Humphries divorce case heats up : Court documents show marriage scenes were ' scripted , reshot or edited ' for reality show '' . Daily News . Jump up ^ Tate , Amethyst ( March 14 , 2013 ) `` Kim Kardashian Faked Kris Humphries Scenes : Show Producer Reveals Star Wanted To Make Humpries Look Bad '' Archived September 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... International Business Times . Jump up ^ Lynch , Marc ( 2006 ) . `` ' Reality is Not Enough ' : The Politics of Arab Reality TV '' . Jump up ^ `` Arab Big Brother show suspended '' . BBC News . March 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Labash , Matt ( October 18 , 2004 ) . `` When a Kiss Is Not Just a Kiss '' . The Weekly Standard . ^ Jump up to : Winner 's tribe put the millions in Million 's Poet Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , James Calderwood , The National , April 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Move over American Idol : Hissa Hilal in finals of Arab reality TV poetry contest , Kristen Chick , Christian Science Monitor , April 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Hassan , Hassan ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Million 's Poet finalist defies death threats '' . The National ^ Jump up to : Li Cui ; Francis L.F. Lee ( 2010 ) . `` Becoming Extra-Ordinary : Negotiation of Media Power in the Case of `` Super Girls ' Voice '' in China `` . Popular Communication . 8 : 256 -- 272 . doi : 10.1080 / 15405702.2010. 512829 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Idol '' . The Economist . September 8 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Macartney , Jane ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` TV talent contest ' too democratic ' for China 's censors '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Footage from banned Chinese `` Pop Idol '' receives Cambridge premiere '' ( Press release ) . University of Cambridge . July 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Onishi , Norimitsu ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Indonesia goes wild for American - style reality TV in a nation where income varies widely , shows offer a look at how others live '' . International Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Reality TV is About Surveillance ; Mark Adrejevic , The New York Times , 21 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Reality TV , Or The Secret Theatre of Neoliberalism '' ; Nick Couldry , in Review of education , pedagogy , and cultural studies , 2008 Jump up ^ Hirschorn , Michael ( May 2007 ) . `` The Case for Reality TV '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Reality TV 's Working Class Heroes '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` The Big Brother contestant and the Radio Nerd make peace radioinfo.com.au '' . www.radioinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` MKR 's Mick makes breakfast in Hobart radioinfo.com.au '' . www.radioinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sea FM serves up a fresh new breakfast show on the Gold Coast radioinfo.com.au '' . www.radioinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Instant Access radioinfo.com.au '' . www.radioinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2DayFM to start 2017 with a new breakfast team radioinfo.com.au '' . www.radioinfo.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( October 10 , 2004 ) . `` Reality Stars Keep on Going and Going '' . The New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Childers , Linda ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Rick Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' spills success secrets '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Nonebrities '' . The Sun . November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Kardashian Is Fighting Back Against Backlash '' Archived January 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Inside Edition . December 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ * `` Elton John Trashes Kim Kardashian , Reality Television '' . The Improper . February 4 , 2011 . * Vanderberg , Madison ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Kardashian Family : The Backlash of Being Overexposed '' Archived May 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollyscoop . * Gostin , Nicki ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Jonah Hill Talks ' The Sitter , ' Weight Loss And Disgust With Kardashians '' . The Huffington Post . * Sarah Bull ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Daniel Craig brands the Kardashians ' f * * * ing idiots ' for making careers out of their private lives '' . Daily Mail . * Marikar , Sheila ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Hamm Defends Kim Kardashian Criticism '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Houston ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ronda Rousey wants to beat up Kim Kardashian '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ French , David ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Poll : Trump Surges Past Hillary , Biden , Sanders , and Gore -- Here Are Some Reasons Why '' . The Corner . National Review Online . Jump up ^ Romero , Simon ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` A Rich ' Apprentice ' Host in Politics ? But This Mayor Says He 's No Trump '' . The New York Times . 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Such women are symbolic of both the triumph and failure of consumerism and popular culture , where Playboy models and reality TV stars are revered by a younger , impressionable generation . Jump up ^ Barton , Jennifer ( 2010 ) . Bunny Talk : Teenagers Discuss The Girls Next Door ( PDF ) . London : Media @ LSE , London School of Economics and Political Science . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaded '' . The Economist . January 27 , 2007 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Lundy , L. Ruth , A. & Park , T. ( 2008 ) . Simply Irresistible : Reality TV Consumption Patterns , Communication Quarterly , 56 ( 2 ) , p. 208 - 225 . Jump up ^ Ebersole , S. & Woods , R. ( 2007 ) . Motivations for Viewing Reality Television : A Uses and Gratifications Analysis . Southwestern Mass Communication Journal , 23 ( 1 , 23 - 42 ) ^ Jump up to : Reiss , S. & Wiltz , J. ( 2004 ) . Why People Watch Reality TV , Media Psychology 6 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Papacharissi , Z. ; Mendelson , A. ( 2007 ) . `` An exploratory study of reality appeal : Uses and Gratifications of reality TV shows '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 51 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 370 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838150701307152 . Jump up ^ Baruh , L ( 2009 ) . `` Publicized intimacies on reality television : An analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 53 ( 2 ) : 207 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838150902907678 . Jump up ^ Baruh , L ( 2009 ) . `` Publicized intimacies on reality television : An analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 53 ( 2 ) : 190 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838150902907678 . Jump up ^ The pleasure of their pain Aeon , Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , Courtney ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Reality Check for reality TV fans : You 're more neurotic '' . Today.com . Jump up ^ `` The Prize of Peril '' . e-text . arthurwendover.com . Jump up ^ Coral Ann Howells , `` The Cambridge companion to Margaret Atwood '' , Cambridge University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 83966 - 1 , p. 186 Jump up ^ John Moss , Tobi Kozakewich , `` Margaret Atwood : The Open Eye '' , Re-appraisals , Canadian writers , volume 30 , University of Ottawa Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7766 - 0613 - 1 , p. 398 Jump up ^ Sharon Rose Wilson , `` Myths and fairy tales in contemporary women 's fiction : from Atwood to Morrison '' , Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 230 - 60554 - 0 , pp. 43 , 49 Jump up ^ Nowalk , Brandon ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kroll Show skewers reality TV , but in a friendlier fashion '' . Jump up ^ Megh Wright , `` Sketch Anatomy : John Levenstein Goes Behind the Scenes of ' Kroll Show 's ' Niece Denise ' `` , splitsider.com , 27 May 2014 ( retrieved 25 May 2015 ) Jump up ^ Prigge , Matt ( January 3 , 2007 ) . `` Jackass Number Two ... the year 's best , most twisted cross-over documentary - and do n't forget it is , in every definition of the word , a documentary '' . Repertory . Philadelphia Weekly . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Has reality television had its day , or are audiences still attracted to it ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dollar , Steve ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Reality Never Looked So ... Real '' . The New York Sun . Further Reading ( edit ) Big Brother - Why Bother ? - Graham Barnfield 's Spiked commentary Hill , Annette ( 2005 ) . Reality TV : Audiences and Popular Factual Television . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26152 - X . Murray , Susan , and Laurie Ouellette , eds. ( 2004 ) . Reality TV : Remaking Television Culture . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5688 - 3 Nichols , Bill ( 1994 ) . Blurred Boundaries : Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34064 - 0 . Godard , Ellis ( 2003 ) . `` Reel Life : The Social Geometry of Reality Shows '' . In Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood . Survivor Lessons . McFarland . pp. 73 -- 96 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1668 - 8 . Lord of the fly - on - the - walls - Observer article : Paul Watson 's UK & Australian docusoaps Sparks , Colin . `` Reality TV : the Big Brother phenomenon '' . International Socialism ( 114 ) . Gillan , J. ( 2004 ) . From Ozzie Nelson to Ozzy Osbourne : The genesis and the development of the reality ( star ) sitcom. in S. Holmes & D. Jermyn ( eds . ) , Understanding reality television ( pp. 54 -- 70 ) . London and New York : Routledge . Gray , J. ( 2009 ) . Cinderella burps : Gender , performativity , and the dating show . in S. Murray & L. Ouellette . Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 243 -- 259 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Grazian , D. ( 2010 ) . Neoliberalism and the realities of reality TV . Contexts , 9 ( 2 ) , 68 - 71 . Griffen - Foley , B. ( 2004 ) . From Tit - Bits to Big Brother : A century of audience participation in the media . Media , Culture & Society , 26 ( 4 ) , 533 - 548 Grimm , J. ( 2010 ) . From reality TV to coaching TV : Elements of theory and empirical findings towards understanding the genre . In A. Hetsroni ( ed . ) , Reality TV : Merging the global and the local ( pp. 211 -- 258 ) . New York : Nova . Grindstaff , L. ( 2011 ) . Just be yourself -- only more so : ordinary celebrity . in M.M. Kraidy & K. Sender ( eds . ) , The politics of reality television : Global perspectives ( pp. 44 -- 58 ) . London and New York : Routledge . Hall , A ( 2003 ) . `` Reading realism : Audiences ' evaluation of the reality of media texts '' . Journal of Communication . 53 ( 4 ) : 624 -- 641 . doi : 10.1093 / joc / 53.4. 624 . Hall , A ( 2006 ) . `` Viewers ' perceptions of reality programs '' . Communication Quarterly . 54 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 211 . doi : 10.1080 / 01463370600650902 . Hall , A ( 2009 ) . `` Perceptions of the authenticity of reality programs and their relationships to audience Involvement , enjoyment , and perceived learning '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 53 ( 4 ) : 515 -- 531 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838150903310468 . Hallin , D.C. , & Mancini , P. ( 2004 ) . Comparing media systems : Three models of media and politics . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Hearn , A. ( 2009 ) . Hoaxing the `` real '' : on the metanarrative of reality television . in S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 165 -- 178 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Hellmueller , L.C. , & Aeschbacher , N. ( 2010 ) . Media and celebrity : Production and consumption of `` wellKnownness . '' Communication Research Trends , 29 ( 4 ) , 3 - 35 . Hendershot , H. ( 2009 ) . Belabored reality : Making it work on The Simple Life and Project Runway . In S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 243 -- 259 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Hetsroni , A. , & Tukachinsky , R.H. ( 2003 ) . `` Who wants to be a millionaire '' in America , Russia , and Saudi Arabia : A celebration of differences or a unified global culture ? The Communication Review , 6 ( 2 ) , 165 - 178 . Hill , A. ; Weibull , L. ; Nilsson , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Public and popular : British and Swedish audience trends in factual and reality television '' . Cultural Trends . 16 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 41 . doi : 10.1080 / 09548960601106920 . Ho , H. ( 2006 , June 16 ) . Parasocial identification , reality television , and viewer self - worth . Paper presented at the 56th annual meeting of the international Communication Association , Dresden International Congress Centre , Dresden , Germany . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p93143_index.html Holmes , S ( 2004 ) . `` But this time you choose ! '' Approaching the `` interactive '' audience in reality TV `` . International Journal of Cultural Studies . 7 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 231 . doi : 10.1177 / 1367877904043238 . Holmes , S. , & Jermyn , D. ( 2004 ) . Introduction : Understanding reality TV . in S. Holmes & D. Jermyn ( eds . ) , Understanding reality television ( pp. 1 -- 32 ) . London and New York : Routledge . James , C. ( 2003 , January 26 ) . Bachelor No. 1 and the birth of reality TV . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 from https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/26/movies/television-radio-bachelor-no - 1 - and - the - birthof - reality - tv. html . Jenkins , H. ( 2009 ) . Buying into American idol : How we are being sold on reality television . in S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 343 -- 362 ) . 2nd edition , New York and London : New York University Press . Jermyn , D. ( 2004 ) . `` This is about real people ! '' Video technologies , actuality and affect in the television crime appeal . In S. Holmes & D. Jermyn , ( eds . ) , Understanding reality television ( pp. 71 -- 90 ) . London and New York : Routledge . Katz , E. , Blumler , J.G. , & Gurevitch , M. ( 1974 ) . Uses and gratifications research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 37 ( 4 ) , 509 - 523 . Kilborn , R.M. ( 2003 ) . Staging the real . Factual TV programming in the age of Big Brother . Manchester and New York : Manchester University Press . Klaus , E. , & Lucke , S. ( 2003 ) . Reality TV : Definition und Merkmale einer erfolgreichen Genrefamilie am Beispiel von Reality Soap und Docu Soap . Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft , 51 ( 2 ) , 195 - 212 . Kompare , D. ( 2009 ) . Extraordinarily ordinary : The Osbournes as `` An American Family . '' in S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 100 -- 119 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Livio , o . ( 2010 ) . Performing the nation : A cross-cultural comparison of idol shows in four countries . in A. Hetsroni ( ed . ) , Reality TV : Merging the global and the local ( pp. 165 -- 188 ) . New York : Nova . Lundy , L.K. ; Ruth , A.M. ; Park , T.D. ( 2008 ) . `` Simply irresistible : Reality TV consumption patterns '' . Communication Quarterly . 56 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 225 . doi : 10.1080 / 01463370802026828 . McCarthy , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Stanley Milgram , Allen Funt and Me '' : Postwar social science and the first wave of reality TV . In S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 23 -- 43 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . McGee , M. ( 2005 ) . Self - help Inc. : Makeover culture in American life . Oxford / New York : oxford University Press . Murray , S. ( 2009 ) . `` I think we need a new name for it '' : The meeting of documentary and reality TV . in S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 65 -- 81 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Murray , S. , & Ouellette , L. ( 2009 ) . Introduction . In S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 1 -- 20 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Nabi , R.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Determining dimensions of reality : A concept mapping of the reality TV landscape '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 51 ( 2 ) : 371 -- 390 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838150701307111 . Nabi , R.L. ; Biely , E.N. ; Morgan , S.J. ; Stitt , C.R. ( 2003 ) . `` Reality - based television programming and the psychology of its appeal '' . Media Psychology . 5 : 303 -- 330 . doi : 10.1207 / s1532785xmep0504_01 . Nabi , R.L. ; Stitt , C.R. ; Halford , J. ; Finnerty , K.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality - based and fictional television programming : An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective '' . Media Psychology . 8 : 421 -- 447 . doi : 10.1207 / s1532785xmep0804_5 . Ouellette , L. ( 2009 ) . `` Take responsibility for yourself '' : Judge Judy and the neoliberal citizen . In S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 223 -- 242 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . Ouellette , L. , & Hay , J. ( 2008 ) . Better living through reality TV . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . Palmer , G. ( 2004 ) . ' The new you ' : Class and transformation in lifestyle television . in S. Holmes & D. Jermyn ( eds . ) , Understanding reality television ( p. 173 - 190 ) . London and New York : Routledge . Palmgreen , P. , Wenner , L.A. , & Rosengren , K.E. ( 1985 ) . Uses and gratifications research : The past ten years . in K.E. Rosengren , L.A. Wenner & P. Palmgreen ( eds . ) , Media gratifications research : Current perspectives ( pp. 11 -- 37 ) . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage . Papacharissi , Z. ; Mendelson , A.L. ( 2007 ) . `` An exploratory study of reality appeal : Uses and gratifications of reality TV shows '' . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media . 51 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 370 . doi : 10.1080 / 08838150701307152 . Patino , A. ; Kaltcheva , V.D. ; Smith , M.F. ( 2011 ) . `` The appeal of reality television for teen and pre-teen audiences : The power of `` connectedness '' and psycho demographics `` . Journal of Advertising Research . 51 ( 1 ) : 288 -- 297 . doi : 10.2501 / jar - 51 - 1 - 288 - 297 . Price , E ( 2010 ) . `` Reinforcing the myth : Constructing Australian identity in ' reality TV ' '' . Continuum : Journal of Media & Cultural Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 459 . doi : 10.1080 / 10304311003703157 . Reiss , S. ; Wiltz , J. ( 2004 ) . `` Why people watch reality TV '' . Media Psychology . 6 : 363 -- 378 . doi : 10.1207 / s1532785xmep0604_3 . Riley , S.G. ( 2010 ) . Temporary celebrity . in S.G. Riley ( ed . ) , Star struck : An encyclopedia of celebrity culture ( pp. 294 -- 299 ) . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood Press . Rose , R.L. ; Wood , S.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Paradox and the consumption of authenticity through reality television '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 32 : 284 -- 296 . doi : 10.1086 / 432238 . Shattuc , J. ( 2001 ) . Confessional talk shows . In G. Creeber ( ed . ) , The television genre book ( pp. 84 -- 87 ) . London : British Film institute . Shoemaker , P.J. , & Vos , T.P. ( 2009 ) . Gatekeeping theory . New York / Abingdon : Routledge . Thompson , A. ; Stringfellow , L. ; Maclean , M. MacLaren ; O'Gorman , K.D. ( 2015 ) . `` Puppets of Necessity ? Celebritisation in Structured Reality Television '' . Journal of Marketing Management . 31 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 478 -- 501 . doi : 10.1080 / 0267257X. 2014.988282 . Thornborrow , J. ; Morris , D. ( 2004 ) . `` '' Gossip as strategy : The management of talk about others on reality TV show `` Big Brother '' . Journal of Sociolinguistics. 8 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 271 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9841.2004. 00260. x . Tincknell , E. ; Raghuram , P. ( 2002 ) . `` Big Brother : Reconfiguring the `` active '' audience of cultural studies ? `` . European Journal of Cultural Studies . 5 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 215 . doi : 10.1177 / 1364942002005002159 . Waisbord , S ( 2004 ) . `` Mc TV : Understanding the global popularity of television formats '' . Television & New Media . 5 ( 4 ) : 359 -- 383 . doi : 10.1177 / 1527476404268922 . Walter , T ( 2010 ) . `` Jade and the journalists : Media coverage of a young British celebrity dying of cancer '' . Social Science & Medicine . 71 ( 5 ) : 853 -- 860 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2010.06. 003 . Watts , A. ( 2009 ) . Melancholy , merit , and merchandise : The postwar audience participation show . in S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV : Remaking television culture ( pp. 301 -- 320 ) . 2nd ed. , New York and London : New York University Press . West , E. ( 2010 ) . Reality nations : An international comparison of the historical reality genre . in A. Hetsroni ( ed . ) , Reality TV : Merging the global and the local ( pp. 259277 ) . New York : Nova . Zillmann , D. ( 1988 ) . Mood management : Using entertainment to full advantage . in L. Donohew , H.E. Sypher , & T.E. Higgins ( eds . ) , Communication , social cognition and affect ( pp. 147 -- 171 ) . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Andrejevic , M. ( 2004 ) . Reality TV : The work of being watched . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Andrejevic , M ( 2008 ) . `` Watching television without pity : The productivity of online fans '' . Television & New Media . 9 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1527476407307241 . Andrejevic , M. ( 2009 ) . Visceral literacy : Reality - TV , savvy viewers , and auto - spies . In S. Murray & L. Ouellette ( eds . ) , Reality TV . Remaking television culture ( pp. 321 -- 342 ) . 2nd edition , New York and London : New York University Press . Aslama , M ( 2009 ) . `` Playing house : Participants ' experiences Of Big Brother Finland '' . International Journal of Cultural Studies . 12 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 96 . doi : 10.1177 / 1367877908098852 . Biltereyst , D ( 2004 ) . `` Media audiences and the game of controversy : on Reality TV , moral panic and controversial media stories '' . Journal of Media Practice. 5 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 24 . doi : 10.1386 / jmpr. 5.1. 7 / 0 . Boddy , W. ( 2001 ) . Quiz shows . In G. Creeber ( ed . ) , The television genre book ( pp. 79 -- 81 ) . London : British Film institute . Cohen , J. ; Weimann , G. ( 2008 ) . `` Who 's afraid of reality shows ? Exploring the effects of perceived influence of reality shows and the concern over their social effects on willingness to censor '' . Communication Research . 35 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 397 . doi : 10.1177 / 0093650208315964 . Cooper - Chen , A. ( 2005 ) . A world of `` millionaires '' : Global , local and `` glocal '' TV game shows . In A. Cooper - Chen ( ed . ) , Global entertainment media . Content , audiences , issues ( pp. 237 -- 251 ) . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reality television . The Reality of Reality Television , Mark Greif 's assessment of Reality TV from n + 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reality_television&oldid=841307836 '' Categories : Reality television Television genres Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles prone to spam from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 48 . 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when was the first reality tv show made
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"Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s. Queen for a Day (1945–1964) was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt's hidden camera show Candid Camera (based on his previous 1947 radio show, Candid Microphone) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks.[6] In 1948, talent search shows Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting. In the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a crime/police show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959, with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds.[7] The radio series Nightwatch (1951–1955) tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers. The series You Asked for It (1950–1959) incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers."
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"the late 1940s"
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Belly dance
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Belly dance - wikipedia Belly dance Jump to : navigation , search `` Belly dancer '' redirects here . For other uses , see Belly dancer ( disambiguation ) . Traditional Egyptian belly dancer in a Cairo Nile River Cruise This article is part of a series on Life in Egypt Culture Architecture Egyptian revival Art Contemporary Cinema Cuisine Dance Raqs sharqi Baladi Tahtib Tanoura Fashion Folklore History Holidays Language Literature Music Mythology Radio Sculpture Sport Symbols Flag Anthem Television Theater Society People Identity Education Demographics Health Media Human rights Religion World Heritage Sites Politics Presidency Government Parliament Political parties Military Corruption Law enforcement Foreign relations Law Economy Communications Tourism Telecommunications Transportation Energy Egypt portal Part of a series on Arab culture Architecture ( show ) Styles Architecture of ancient Yemen Nabataean architecture Umayyad architecture Abbasid architecture Fatimid architecture Moorish architecture Mamluk architecture Features Ablaq Hypostyle Mashrabiya Iwan Liwan Riwaq Qadad Moroccan riad Sahn Tadelakt Vaulting Voussoir Multifoil arch Horseshoe arch Arabic dome Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Islamic interlace patterns Mocárabe Muqarnas Nagash painting Socarrat Yeseria Zellige Reflecting pool Howz Mosaic Windcatcher Gardens Types Madrasa Maqam Mazar Mosque Tekyeh Zawiya Sebil Shadirvan Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al - 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Raqs sharqi , literally : `` oriental dancing '' ) , is an Arabic expressive dance which originated in Egypt and that emphasizes complex movements of the torso . It has evolved to take many different forms depending on the country and region , both in costume and dance style . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and terminology 1.1 Movements found in belly dance 2 In the Middle East 2.1 Origins and history 2.2 Social context 2.3 In Egypt 2.4 In Turkey 2.5 In Lebanon 3 Outside the Middle East 3.1 In North America 3.2 In Spain 3.3 In Australia 3.4 In the United Kingdom 4 Costume 4.1 Costume in Egypt 4.2 Costume in Lebanon 4.3 Costume in Turkey 4.4 Tribal style costumes 5 Health 6 Notable practitioners 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Names and terminology ( edit ) The term `` belly dance '' is a translation of the French term `` danse du ventre '' , which was applied to the dance in the Victorian era , and referred to Egyptian and oriental female dances . In Arabic , the dance is known as Raqs Sharqi ( `` Eastern Dance '' ) or as Raqs Baladi in Egyptian Arabic ( `` Country Dance '' or `` Folk Dance '' ) . Dalilah filming Keyf Ansak in Cairo , Egypt 1957 . Belly dance is primarily a torso - driven dance , with an emphasis on articulations of the hips . Unlike many Western dance forms , the focus of the dance is on isolations of the torso muscles , rather than on movements of the limbs through space . Although some of these isolations appear similar to the isolations used in jazz ballet , they are sometimes driven differently and have a different feeling or emphasis . In common with most folk dances , there is no universal naming scheme for belly dance movements . Some dancers and dance schools have developed their own naming schemes , but none of these is universally recognized . Play media ( video ) A belly dancer on stage in Japan , 2016 Movements found in belly dance ( edit ) Many of the movements characteristic of belly dance can be grouped into the following categories : Percussive movements : Staccato movements , most commonly of the hips , used to punctuate the music or accent a beat . Typical movements in this group include hip drops , vertical hip rocks , outwards hip hits , hip lifts and hip twists . Percussive movements using other parts of the body can include lifts or drops of the ribcage and shoulder accents . Fluid movements : Flowing , sinuous movements in which the body is in continuous motion , used to interpret melodic lines and lyrical sections in the music , or modulated to express complex instrumental improvisations . These movements require a great deal of abdominal muscle control . Typical movements include horizontal and vertical figures of 8 or infinity loops with the hips , horizontal or tilting hip circles , and undulations of the hips and abdomen . These basic shapes may be varied , combined and embellished to create an infinite variety of complex , textured movements . Shimmies , shivers and vibrations : Small , fast , continuous movements of the hips or ribcage , which create an impression of texture and depth of movement . Shimmies are commonly layered over other movements , and are often used to interpret rolls on the or riq or fast strumming of the oud or qanun ( instrument ) . There are many types of shimmy , varying in size and method of generation . Some common shimmies include relaxed , up and down hip shimmies , straight - legged knee - driven shimmies , fast , tiny hip vibrations , twisting hip shimmies , bouncing ' earthquake ' shimmies , and relaxed shoulder or ribcage shimmies . In addition to these torso movements , dancers in many styles will use level changes , travelling steps , turns and spins . The arms are used to frame and accentuate movements of the hips , for dramatic gestures , and to create beautiful lines and shapes with the body , particularly in the more balletic , Westernised styles . Other movements may be used as occasional accents , such as low kicks and arabesques , backbends , and head tosses . In the Middle East ( edit ) Origins and history ( edit ) Belly dancing is believed to have had a long history in the Middle East , but reliable evidence about its origins is scarce , and accounts of its history are often highly speculative . Several Greek and Roman sources including Juvenal and Martial describe dancers from Asia Minor and Spain using undulating movements , playing castanets , and sinking to the floor with `` quivering thighs '' , descriptions that are certainly suggestive of the movements that we today associate with belly dance . Later , particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries , European travellers in the Middle East such as Edward Lane and Flaubert wrote extensively of the dancers they saw there , including the Awalim and Ghawazee of Egypt . In the Ottoman Empire belly dance was performed by both boys and women in the Sultan 's palace . Tahmasp , Humayun Meeting Social context ( edit ) Belly dance in the Middle East has two distinct social contexts : as a folk or social dance , and as a performance art . As a social dance , belly dance ( also called Raqs Baladi or Raqs Shaabi in this context ) is performed at celebrations and social gatherings by ordinary people ( male and female , young and old ) , in their ordinary clothes . In more conservative or traditional societies , these events may be gender segregated , with separate parties where men and women dance separately . Historically , professional dance performers were the Awalim ( primarily musicians and poets ) , Ghawazi , and Köçekler . The Maazin sisters may have been the last authentic performers of Ghawazi dance in Egypt , with Khayreyya Maazin still teaching and performing as of 2009 . In the modern era , professional performers ( including dancers , singers , and actors ) are not considered to be respectable in the Middle East , and there is a strong social stigma attached to female performers in particular , since they display their bodies in public , which is considered haram in Islam . In Egypt ( edit ) Randa Kamel , Egyptian belly dancer Many bellydancers work in Cairo . The modern Egyptian belly dance style ( and the modern costume ) are said to have originated in Cairo 's nightclubs then been used in Egyptian cinema . Many of the local dancers went on to appear in Egyptian films and had a great influence on the development of the Egyptian style and became famous like Samia Gamal and Taheyya Kariokka both of whom helped attract the eyes to Egyptian style worldwide . Egyptian belly dance is noted for its controlled , precise movements . In Turkey ( edit ) Turkish belly dance is referred to in Turkey as Oryantal Dans , or simply ' Oryantal ' . The Turkish style of bellydance is lively and playful , with a greater outward projection of energy than the more contained Egyptian style . Turkish dancers are known for their energetic , athletic ( even gymnastic ) style , and their adept use of finger cymbals , also known as zils . Connoisseurs of Turkish dance often say a dancer who can not play the zils is not an accomplished dancer . Floorwork , which has been banned in Egypt since the mid-20th century , is still an important part of Turkish bellydance . Another distinguishing element of Turkish style is the use of a 9 / 8 rhythm , counted as 12 - 34 - 56 - 789 , often referred to as Karsilama rhythm . Karşilama , in Turkish dance , is not a rhythm but a folkdance performed in a line , where as a 9 / 8 ( dokuz sekiz ) rhythm defines the count of the rhythm and is used both karşilama and Roman havasi . Many professional dancers and musicians in Turkey continue to be of Romani heritage , and the Roma people of Turkey have had a strong influence on the Turkish style In Lebanon ( edit ) Lebanese style belly dance is somewhere between the Egyptian and Turkish styles . Lebanese dance takes from the classic oriental dance , but still incorporates a feisty , modern edge . There are large steps , backward leans to the torso , twisting hip rotations , large and busy arms and lots of shimmies . The types of techniques that are used in Lebanese style dance are quick layered shimmies and subtle internal movements . Lebanese dancers sometimes include kicks , splits , deep back bends , and Turkish drops . Outside the Middle East ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Belly dance was popularized in the West during the Romantic movement of the 18th and 19th centuries , when Orientalist artists depicted romanticized images of harem life in the Ottoman Empire . In North america ( edit ) Little Egypt American tribal fusion dancer Rachel Brice Although there were dancers of this type at the 1876 Centennial in Philadelphia , it was not until the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair that it gained national attention . The term `` belly dancing '' is often credited to Sol Bloom , its entertainment director , but referred to the dance as danse du ventre , the name used by the French in Algeria . In his memoirs , Bloom states , `` when the public learned that the literal translation was `` belly dance '' , they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral ... I had a gold mine . '' Authentic dancers from several Middle Eastern and North African countries performed at the Fair , including Syria , Turkey and Algeria -- but it was the dancers in the Egyptian Theater of The Street in the Cairo exhibit who gained the most notoriety . The fact that the dancers were uncorseted and gyrated their hips was shocking to Victorian sensibilities . There were no soloists , but it is claimed that a dancer nicknamed Little Egypt stole the show . Some claim the dancer was Farida Mazar Spyropoulos , but this fact is disputed . The popularity of these dancers subsequently spawned dozens of imitators , many of whom claimed to be from the original troupe . Victorian society continued to be affronted by the dance , and dancers were sometimes arrested and fined . The dance was nicknamed the `` Hoochie coochie '' , or the shimmy and shake . A short film , `` Fatima 's Dance '' , was widely distributed in the Nickelodeon theaters . It drew criticism for its `` immodest '' dancing , and was eventually censored . Belly dance drew men in droves to burlesque theaters , and to carnival and circus lots . Thomas Edison made several films of dancers in the 1890s . These included a Turkish dance , and Crissie Sheridan in 1897 , and Princess Rajah from 1904 , which features a dancer playing zills , doing `` floor work '' , and balancing a chair in her teeth . Ruth St. Denis also used Middle Eastern - inspired dance in D.W. Griffith 's silent film Intolerance , her goal being to lift dance to a respectable art form at a time when dancers were considered to be women of loose morals . Hollywood began producing films such as The Sheik , Cleopatra , and Salomé , to capitalize on Western fantasies of the orient . When immigrants from Arab States began to arrive in New York in the 1930s , dancers started to perform in nightclubs and restaurants . In the late 1960s and early ' 70s many dancers began teaching . Middle Eastern or Eastern bands took dancers with them on tour , which helped spark interest in the dance . Although using Turkish and Egyptian movements and music , American Cabaret ( `` AmCab '' ) belly dancing has developed its own distinctive style , using props and encouraging audience interaction . In 1987 , a distinctively American style of group improvisational dance , American Tribal Style Belly Dance , ( ATS ) , was created . Although a unique and wholly modern style , its steps are based on existing dance techniques , including those from North India , the Middle East , and Africa . Many forms of `` Tribal Fusion '' belly dance have also developed , incorporating elements from many other dance and music styles including flamenco , ballet , burlesque , hula hoop and even hip hop . `` Gothic Belly Dance '' is a style which incorporates elements from Goth subculture . In Spain ( edit ) Belly dancers are thought to have come to Spain from Lebanon in the time of the Phoenicians ( 11th Century BC to 5th Century BC ) . When Arab family of the Umayyad came to Spain , they sent Basque singers and dancers to Damascus and Egypt for training in the Middle Eastern style . These dancers came to be known as Al Andalus dancers . It is theorised that the fusion of the Al - Andalus style with the dances of the Gypsies led to the creation of flamenco . Belly dance did not return to Spain until the 1980s , with the end of the Catholic regime of Franco . In Australia ( edit ) The first wave of interest in belly dancing in Australia was during the late 1970s to 1980s with the influx of migrants and refugees escaping troubles in the Middle East , including drummer Jamal Zraika . These immigrants created a social scene including numerous Lebanese and Turkish restaurants , providing employment for belly dancers . Rozeta Ahalyea is widely regarded as the `` mother '' of Australian belly dance , training early dance pioneers such as Amera Eid and Terezka Drnzik . Belly dance has now spread across the country , with belly dance communities in every capital city and many regional centres . In the United kingdom ( edit ) Belly dance has been in evidence in the UK since the early 1960s . During the 1970s and 1980s , there was a thriving Arabic club scene in London , with live Arabic music and bellydancing a regular feature , but the last of these closed in the early 1990s . Several prominent members of the British bellydance community began their dance careers working in these clubs . Today , there are fewer traditional venues for Arabic dance in the UK ; however , there is a large amateur bellydance community . Several international bellydance festivals are now held in Britain . In addition , there are a growing number of competitions , which have increased in popularity in recent years . The UK bellydance scene leans strongly towards the Egyptian / Arabic style , with little Turkish influence . American Tribal Style and Tribal Fusion bellydance are also popular . Costume ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The costume most commonly associated with belly dance is the ' bedlah ' ( Arabic : بدلة ; literally `` suit '' ) style , which typically includes a fitted top or bra , a fitted hip belt , and a full - length skirt or harem pants . The bra and belt may be richly decorated with beads , sequins , crystals , coins , beaded fringe and embroidery . The belt may be a separate piece , or sewn into a skirt . Badia Masabni , a Cairo cabaret owner during the early 20th century , is credited with creating the modern bedlah style . It has been suggested that the bedlah was inspired by glamorous Hollywood costuming , or created to appeal to Western visitors . Earlier costumes were made up of a full skirt , light chemise and tight cropped vest with heavy embellishments and jewelry . As well as the two - piece bedlah costume , full length dresses are sometimes worn , especially when dancing more earthy baladi styles . Dresses range from closely fitting , highly decorated gowns , which often feature heavy embellishments and mesh - covered cutouts , to simpler designs which are often based on traditional clothing . Costume in Egypt ( edit ) In Egypt dancers wear a bedlah . Alternatively they may wear a dress with mesh - filled cutouts . Costume in Lebanon ( edit ) As there is no prohibition on showing the abdomen in Lebanon , the bedlah style is more common . The skirts tend to be more sheer than Egyptian outfits , showing more of the dancer 's body . The veil is more widely used than in Egypt . High heels are commonly worn . Lebanese dancers have more freedom than Egyptian style dancers in the type of costume they choose to wear . Costume in Turkey ( edit ) Turkish costumes are usually in the bedlah style . Distinctive features of many Turkish costumes include a V - shaped or triangular belt which may be shaped or contoured around the top edge , and a great deal of embellishment and beaded fringing on both the bra and the belt . Skirts are often fuller than their Egyptian counterparts , and are likely to be made of chiffon or velvet rather than lycra . In the 1980s and ' 90s a very revealing costume style developed with skirts designed to display both legs up to the hip , and plunging bras or even pasties . Such styles still exist in some venues but there are also many Turkish belly dancers who wear more moderate costumes . Even so , many Turkish belly dance costumes reflect the playful , flirty style of Turkish belly dance . Tribal style costumes ( edit ) Decorations on a tribal - style bellydance costume bra Tribal belly dance costumes draw inspiration from traditional folkloric costumes across the globe and include circle skirts , pantaloons , and turbans or headdresses decked with feathers or flowers . Health ( edit ) Belly dance is a non-impact , weight - bearing exercise and is thus suitable for all ages . Many of the moves involve isolations , which improves flexibility of the torso . Belly dance moves are beneficial to the spine , as the full - body undulation moves lengthens ( decompress ) and strengthens the entire column of spinal and abdominal muscles in a gentle way . Dancing with a veil can help build strength in the upper body , arm and shoulders . Playing the zills trains fingers to work independently and builds strength . The legs and long muscles of the back are strengthened by hip movements . Notable practitioners ( edit ) Professional belly dancers include : Amar Gamal Amera Eid Dalilah ( bellydancer ) Didem Kınalı Dina Talaat Fifi Abdou Mayte Garcia Nadia Gamal Nagwa Fouad Naima Akef Nejla Ates Nelly Mazloum Rachel Brice Samia Gamal Serena Wilson Shakira Sibel Can Sofinar Gourian Taheyya Kariokka Terezka Drnzik Zeinat Olwi Zoe Jakes In popular culture ( edit ) The titular character of the Shantae series of video games developed by Wayforward Technologies is a belly dancing `` half - genie '' , who uses magical belly dances to transform into various animals . The Brazilian telenovela O Clone ( also known as El Clon in Spanish - speaking countries and the United States ) is set in Brazil and Morocco and featured belly dancing in many episodes . The lead character , Jade ( Giovanna Antonelli ) , used it to entice her lover Lucas ( Murilo Benício ) and to soothe and seduce her husband Said ( Dalton Vigh ) . Several James Bond films ( including From Russia with Love ) and music videos have featured belly dancers . In The Man with the Golden Gun , the belly dancer Saida wears a spent bullet in her navel , which Bond accidentally swallows while trying to retrieve it . Documentaries about belly dance include American Bellydancer , Journey of Desire : A Foreign Dancer in Cairo , Belly , Sensual ... Scarred ... Sacred , and Bellydancers of Cairo . See also ( edit ) Raqs sharqi Baladi Ghawazi Almeh Köçek Persian dance American Tribal Style Belly Dance Improv Tribal Style Belly Dance Tribal Fusion M'alayah Glossary of belly dance terms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trier - Bieniek , Adrienne ( 2015 ) . Feminist Theory and Pop Culture . Springer . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Murray , Edmundo ( 2015 ) . A Symphony of Flavors : Food and Music in Concert . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Mary Ellen ( 2016 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781442257498 . Jump up ^ editor , Justine J. Reel , PHD , LPC , CC - AASP , ( 2013 ) . Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes , treatment , and prevention . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood . ISBN 1440800588 . Jump up ^ Buonaventura , Wendy ( 2010 ) . Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world ( ( Newly updated ed . ) ed . ) . London : Saqi . ISBN 0863566286 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Popular culture in the Arab world : arts , politics , and the media ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cairo , Egypt : American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 9774160541 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kathleen W. ( 2014 - 10 - 31 ) . Before They Were Belly Dancers : European Accounts of Female Entertainers in Egypt , 1760 - 1870 . McFarland . ISBN 9780786494330 . Jump up ^ Deagon , Andrea . ( http :/ people.uncw.edu/deagona/raqs/origins.htm `` Andrea Deagon 's Raqs Sharqi '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ Varga Dinicu , Carolena ( 2011 ) . You Asked Aunt Rocky : Answers & Advice About Raqs Sharqi & Raqs Shaabi . Virginia Beach , VA , USA : RDI Publications , LLC . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9830690 - 4 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wise , Josephine ( 2012 ) . The JWAAD Book of Bellydance . Croydon , UK : JWAAD Ltd . pp. 60 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9573105 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deagon , Andrea . `` Andrea Deagon 's Raqs Sharqi '' . Jump up ^ Buonaventura , Wendy ( 1989 ) . Serpent of the Nile : Women and Dance in the Arab World . Saqi . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86356 - 628 - 8 . Jump up ^ Buonaventura , Wendy ( 1989 ) . Serpent of the Nile : Women and Dance in the Arab World . Saqi . pp. 56 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86356 - 628 - 8 . Jump up ^ Azizasaid https://azizasaid.wordpress.com/2008/08/31/a-question-of-kocek-men-in-skirts/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wise , Josephine ( 2012 ) . The JWAAD Book of Bellydance . JWAAD Ltd. p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9573105 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Al - Rawi , Rosina Fawzia ( 1999 ) . Grandmother 's Secrets : The Ancient Rituals and Healing Power of Belly Dancing . Interlink Books . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 302 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gilded Serpent `` The Ghawazee : Back from the Brink of Extinction '' . Jump up ^ van Nieuwkerk , Karin ( 1995 ) . A Trade Like Any Other : Female Singers and Dancers in Egypt . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 9774244117 . Jump up ^ BellydanceU.net http://bellydanceu.net/styles/bellydance-styles-egyptian-raqs-sharqi/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` buzz words and dancers '' . Belly Dance Forums . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mourat , Elizabeth ' Artemis ' . `` Turkish Dancing '' . Jump up ^ `` LEBANESE BELLY DANCE '' . babayagamusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Donna Carlton ( 1995 ) Looking for Little Egypt . Bloomington , Indiana : International Dance Discovery Books . ISBN 0 - 9623998 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` NO MORE MIDWAY DANCING ; THREE OF THE EGYPTIAN GIRLS FINDED EACH . Manager Delareix , Disgusted at New - York 's Benighted Taste , Declared He Would Seek a More Cultured City -- By Evening He Had Thought Better of It , and His '' . 7 December 1893 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Crissie Sheridan / Thomas A. Edison , Inc '' . hdl.loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Princess Rajah dance / American Mutoscope and Biograph Company '' . hdl.loc.gov . ^ Jump up to : Tribalbellydance.org http://www.tribalbellydance.org/about.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gilded Serpent , Part 1 '' . Gilded Serpent . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gilded Serpent , Part 2 '' . Gilded Serpent . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Gilded Serpent '' . Jump up ^ Orientaldancer.net http://www.orientaldancer.net/belly-dance-library/belly-dance-costumes/belly-dance-costumes.php . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dallal , Tamalyn ( 2004 ) . Belly Dancing For Fitness . Berkley : Ulysses Press . ISBN 9781569754108 . Jump up ^ Lo Iacono , Valeria . `` WorldBellydance.com '' . Jump up ^ Coluccia , Pina , Anette Paffrath , and Jean Putz . Belly Dancing : The Sensual Art of Energy and Spirit . Rochester , Vt : Park Street Press , 2005 External links ( edit ) Media related to Raqs Sharqi at Wikimedia Commons Top Dance Styles around the World ( hide ) Dance Did you know ? Today 's article Today 's biography Today 's picture Participation Solo Partner Group Circle Line Round Square Social context Ceremonial Competitive Concert Erotic Fad Folk Participation Sacred Social Street War Major present - day genres Acro Ballet Ballroom Belly Breaking Contemporary Country - western Hip - hop Jazz Latin Modern Postmodern Swing Tap Technique Ballet technique Choreography Connection Dance theory Graham Lead and follow Pole dance Moves ( glossary ) Musicality Pointe Sequence dance Spotting Turnout Turns Regional traditions Arab Africa Assyrian Burma ( Myanmar ) Cambodia China Cuba Denmark Europe Georgian India Indonesia Israel Ireland Japan Korea Kurdish Middle Eastern Netherlands Persian Philippines Poland Romani Russia Thailand Ukraine United States African - American Venezuela Related Dance and disability Dance and health Dance costume Dance etiquette Dance notation Dance in film Dance in mythology and religion Dance on television Dance research Dance science Dance technology Dancing mania History of dance List of dances Outline of dance Women in dance Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belly_dance&oldid=841801768 '' Categories : Belly dance Egyptian culture Egyptian dances Arab culture Arab society Arab dance Middle Eastern dances Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did belly-dance become popular in the us
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"Although there were dancers of this type at the 1876 Centennial in Philadelphia, it was not until the 1893 Chicago World's Fair that it gained national attention. The term \"belly dancing\" is often credited to Sol Bloom, its entertainment director, but referred to the dance as danse du ventre, the name used by the French in Algeria. In his memoirs, Bloom states, \"when the public learned that the literal translation was \"belly dance\", they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral...I had a gold mine.\""
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"1893"
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5944788674565944647
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What a Beautiful Name
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What a Beautiful Name - wikipedia What a Beautiful Name Jump to : navigation , search `` What a Beautiful Name '' Single by Hillsong Worship from the album Let There Be Light Released 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 58 Label Hillsong Australia Capitol CMG Sparrow Songwriter ( s ) Ben Fielding Brooke Ligertwood Producer ( s ) Michael Guy Chislett Joel Houston Ligertwood Hillsong Worship singles chronology `` O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) '' ( 2016 ) `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( 2017 ) `` O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) '' ( 2016 ) `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` What a Beautiful Name '' on YouTube `` What a Beautiful Name '' is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship . It was released on 6 January 2017 , as the lead single from their 25th live album , Let There Be Light ( 2016 ) . The song was led and written by Brooke Ligertwood , and was co-written with Ben Fielding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Release history 6 References Background ( edit ) When asked about performing the song in an interview with Billboard 's Jim Asker , Ligertwood said about the audience : `` Because the audience is part of the church and we sing these songs in church regularly , most of the people in attendance were already familiar with the tracks . As an audience , they are just super gracious and welcoming . Our mission is that the music will resonate with them . We 're not really performing -- we 're simply vessels . Finally , she said about performing the song : `` I guess that when I am leading the song , my voice is me , but it 's also my prayer first , that I am there to serve people and link with them in the presence of God . When you connect with people , you can feel their spirits being lifted . It 's really the beauty of singing something about the wonder and power of Jesus . When people connect , it 's freeing for them and breaks chains and creates faith . '' Music video ( edit ) A video for the song recorded at the Hillsong Conference in Sydney was released on 30 September 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' 3 : 58 Digital download -- EP No . Title Length 1 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' 4 : 00 2 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( Live ) 5 : 43 3 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( Alternate Acoustic ) 3 : 45 4 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( Orchestral Selah ) 3 : 30 5 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( Gospel Version ) 4 : 44 6 . `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( Y&F Remix ) 3 : 58 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide 6 January 2017 Digital download Hillsong Australia Capitol CMG Sparrow 31 March 2017 Digital download ( EP ) Hillsong Australia Sparrow References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` What a Beautiful Name '' : `` What a Beautiful Name - Single by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - Single by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - Single av Hillsong Worship på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - Single by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - Single by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Asker ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Hillsong Worship Songwriter Brooke Ligertwood Talks What Sets Christian Music Apart - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What a Beautiful Name - Hillsong , Hillsong Worship - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What A Beautiful Name - Hillsong Worship - YouTube '' . YouTube . 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` What a Beautiful Name '' ( EP ) : `` What a Beautiful Name - EP by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - EP by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - EP av Hillsong Worship på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - EP by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . `` What a Beautiful Name - EP by Hillsong Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsong Worship -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Hillsong Worship . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsong Worship - Chart history ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Beautiful_Name&oldid=803151279 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Sparrow Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 19 : 42 . About Wikipedia
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who sings the song what a beautiful name it is
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"\"What a Beautiful Name\" is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship. It was released on 6 January 2017, as the lead single from their 25th live album, Let There Be Light (2016).[1] The song was led and written by Brooke Ligertwood, and was co-written with Ben Fielding.[2][3]"
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"Hillsong Worship"
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Tyler Mane
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Tyler Mane - wikipedia Tyler Mane Jump to : navigation , search Tyler Mane Mane in 2014 Birth name Daryl Karolat ( 1966 - 12 - 08 ) December 8 , 1966 ( age 50 ) Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada Spouse ( s ) Renae Geerlings ( m . 2007 ) Professional wrestling career Ring name ( s ) Darryl Karolet Nitron Big Sky The Skywalker Sky High Walker Gully Gaspar Tyler Mane Billed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Billed weight 295 lb ( 134 kg ) Trained by Mando Guerrero Red Bastien Stu Hart Debut 1986 Retired Daryl Karolat ( born December 8 , 1966 ) is a Canadian actor and former professional wrestler , better known by the name Tyler Mane . He is known for playing Sabretooth in X-Men and X-Men : The Official Game , Ajax in Troy and Michael Myers in the remake of Halloween and its sequel , Halloween II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wrestling career 2 Film career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 In wrestling 6 Championships and accomplishments 7 References 8 External links Wrestling career ( edit ) Born and raised in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan he attended Walter Murray Collegiate Institute . As a teenager , Karolat travelled to Calgary , where he trained briefly with Stu Hart . He later began training with Red Bastien in 1986 , and completed further training with Mando Guerrero . Mane began his career in 1986 under the name `` Skywalker Nitron '' in his native Canada . In 1987 , he wrestled in South Africa , which resulted in an invitation to wrestle for Joint Promotions in the United Kingdom , where he arrived in November . The following year , he toured New Japan Pro Wrestling as `` Gully Gaspar '' , teaming with `` brothers '' Billy and Barry and managed by KY Wakamatsu . He could also be seen in WCW occasionally as the bodyguard of the tag team Doom along with Woman late in 1989 , specifically Starrcade 1989 . In 1990 , Karolat began wrestling in Puerto Rico and toured with All Japan Pro Wrestling , where he participated in the World 's Strongest Tag Determination League . He then joined the Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . In 1993 , he signed with World Championship Wrestling , under the name `` Big Sky '' and teamed with Vinnie Vegas . After Vinnie left WCW to become Diesel in the WWF , Mane was left in limbo and left WCW by the end of the year . In 1994 , he joined Herb Abrams ' Universal Wrestling Federation and became the only UWF MGM Grand Champion , defeating Steve Ray to win the vacant title . After Abrams ' death and eventual dissolving of the UWF in 1996 , Mane retired . Film career ( edit ) In 1992 , during his time within Mexico with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre , Mane made his film debut in Luchadores de las Estrellas playing the villain of the movie , El Vampiro Interespacial . While part of WCW , he auditioned for and received a part in the television series Smokey and the Bandit . After retiring from wrestling , he appeared in numerous films , including X-Men ( as Sabretooth ) , How to Make a Monster ( as Hardcore ) , Joe Dirt , The Scorpion King , Troy ( as Ajax ) , Hercules ( as Antaeus ) , and The Devil 's Rejects ( in the uncredited role of Rufus ) . The role of Sabretooth was initially intended for Mane 's former wrestling tag team partner , Kevin Nash , but was awarded to Mane due to Nash 's scheduling conflicts . Nash would , however , get a small role in a later Marvel Comics film , The Punisher . In 2007 , he played the iconic starring role of Michael Myers in Rob Zombie 's remake of Halloween . After winning the role , he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight Halloween films ( excluding the third because Michael Myers does not appear ) to better understand his character . He is the tallest actor ( 6 ' 9 `` ) to portray the character . In 2009 , he reprised the role again in Rob Zombie 's H2 , becoming only the second actor to play Michael Myers more than once , and the only actor to play the role in consecutive films . In 2010 , he and his wife launched their own production company , Mane Entertainment . Their first feature , Compound Fracture , was released in 2013 . Their newest production , Penance Lane , begins filming in 2016 . In 2016 , Tyler will costar in Fuzz on the Lens Productions comedy / fantasy film Abnormal Attraction . He teams back up with Malcolm McDowell ( Halloween ) , Leslie Easterbrook ( Compound Fracture ) and his wife Renae Geerlings . Personal life ( edit ) He is married to actress Renae Geerlings since 2007 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2016 Penance Lane Crimson Matthews 2016 Abnormal Attraction Bernie 2014 The Librarians The Minotaur 1 episode 2013 Compound Fracture Michael Woolfsen 2013 Devil May Call John Reed Smith 2011 247 ° F Wade Gunless Jack Smith 2009 Halloween II Michael Myers 2007 Halloween Michael Myers 2006 Monk Dirk 1 episode 2005 The Devil 's Rejects Rufus Uncredited Hercules Antaeus Troy Ajax 2002 Black Mask 2 : City of Masks Thorn 2002 Son of the Beach ( TV ) Adolf Manson 2 episodes 2002 The Scorpion King Barbarian Chieftain Uncredited Joe Dirt Bondi , Oil Rig Worker How to Make a Monster Hardcore 2000 X-Men Sabretooth 1999 Party of Five Mr. Mayhem 1 episode Luchadores de las Estrellas El Vampiro Interespacial In wrestling ( edit ) Finishing moves Chokeslam Signature moves Corner foot choke Diving knee drop Full nelson Leg drop Samoan drop Scoop slam Single arm choke on a laying opponent Two - handed chokelift Vertical suplex Managers Harley Race Entrance themes `` Magic and Ecstasy '' by Ennio Morricone ( NJPW ) `` Howl In The Sky '' by Biscaya ( AJPW ) Championships and accomplishments ( edit ) Universal Wrestling Federation UWF MGM Grand Championship ( 1 time ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Caleb ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Mane 's movie career all started with wrestling '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cagematch profile '' . Jump up ^ Tyler Mane at The Saskatoon Expo 09 - 21 - 2014 Jump up ^ EXCL : Tyler Mane on Halloween . ShockTillYouDrop.com ( 2007 - 08 - 05 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombies Halloween Vision . Moviesonline.ca ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4470288/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( 1993 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Vinnie Vegas & Big Sky Vs. TC McCoy & Terry Travis '' . WCW Saturday Night . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( 1993 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Charlie Norris Vs. Big Sky '' . WCW Starrcade . ^ Jump up to : World Championship Wrestling ( 1993 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Vinnie Vegas & Big Sky Vs. Sting & British Bulldog '' . WCW Saturday Night . Jump up ^ `` UWF MGM Grand Championship history '' . External links ( edit ) Tyler Mane on IMDb TylerMane.com Online World of Wrestling Profile VIAF : 33923847 LCCN : n2008008861 ISNI : 0000 0000 7990 0028 SUDOC : 145843157 BNF : cb14202665s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Mane&oldid=807850930 '' Categories : 1966 births Living people Canadian male film actors Canadian male professional wrestlers Canadian people of Russian descent Male actors from Saskatchewan Sportspeople from Saskatoon Professional wrestlers from Saskatchewan Hidden categories : Inconsistent articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 13 : 36 . 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who played michael myers in rob zombie's movie
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"Daryl Karolat (born December 8, 1966) is a Canadian actor and former professional wrestler, better known by the name Tyler Mane. He is known for playing Sabretooth in X-Men and X-Men: The Official Game, Ajax in Troy and Michael Myers in the remake of Halloween and its sequel, Halloween II."
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De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
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De revolutionibus orbium coelestium - wikipedia De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Jump to : navigation , search De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Original 1543 Nuremberg edition Author Nicolaus Copernicus Language Latin Subject Astronomy Publisher Johannes Petreius ( Nuremberg ) Publication date 1543 Pages 405 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 ) . The book , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg , Holy Roman Empire , offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy 's geocentric system , which had been widely accepted since ancient times . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contents 3 Ad lectorem 4 Reception 5 Census of copies 6 Editions 7 Translations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Heliocentric model of the solar system in Copernicus ' manuscript Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short , untitled , anonymous manuscript that he distributed to several friends , referred to as the Commentariolus . A physician 's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the Commentariolus , so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time . Most historians believe that he wrote the Commentariolus after his return from Italy , possibly only after 1510 . At this time , Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily , with fewer motions than were necessary in the Alfonsine Tables , the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time . In particular , the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by Mu'ayyad al - Din al - ' Urdi , the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion . Observations of Mercury by Bernhard Walther ( 1430 -- 1504 ) of Nuremberg , a pupil of Regiomontanus , were made available to Copernicus by Johannes Schöner , 45 observations in total , 14 of them with longitude and latitude . Copernicus used three of them in De revolutionibus , giving only longitudes , and erroneously attributing them to Schöner . Copernicus ' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae , ( 4 ° , Norimb. 1544 ) . A manuscript of De revolutionibus in Copernicus ' own hand has survived . After his death , it was given to his pupil , Rheticus , who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations . Via Heidelberg , it ended up in Prague , where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century . Close examination of the manuscript , including the different types of paper used , helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition . Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models . He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations . By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete , but Copernicus hesitated to publish . In 1539 Georg Joachim Rheticus , a young mathematician from Wittenberg , arrived in Frauenburg ( Frombork ) to study with him . Rheticus read Copernicus ' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner , his astrology teacher in Nürnberg ; he published this letter as the Narratio Prima in Danzig in 1540 . Rheticus ' friend and mentor Achilles Gasser published a second edition of the Narratio in Basel in 1541 . Due to its friendly reception , Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work -- in 1542 , a treatise on trigonometry , which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished De revolutionibus . Rheticus published it in Copernicus ' name . Under strong pressure from Rheticus , and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable , Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend , Bishop Tiedemann Giese , to be delivered to Rheticus in Wittenberg for printing by Johannes Petreius at Nürnberg ( Nuremberg ) . It was published just before Copernicus ' death , in 1543 . Contents ( edit ) Title page , 2nd edition , Basel , Officina Henricpetrina , 1566 The book is dedicated to Pope Paul III in a preface that argues that mathematics , not physics , should be the basis for understanding and accepting his new theory . De revolutionibus is divided into six `` books '' ( sections or parts ) , following closely the layout of Ptolemy 's Almagest which it updated and replaced : Book I chapters 1 -- 11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory , and a summarized exposition of his cosmology . The world ( heavens ) is spherical , as is the earth , and the land and water make a single globe . The celestial bodies , including the earth , have regular circular and everlasting movements . The earth rotates on its axis and around the sun . Answers to why the ancients thought the earth was central . The order of the planets around the sun and their periodicity . Chapters 12 - 14 give theorems for chord geometry as well as a table of chords . Book II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars . Book III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the Sun and related phenomena . Book IV is a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements . Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the wandering stars based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets . Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets . Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres . The outermost consisted of motionless , fixed stars , with the Sun motionless at the center . The known planets revolved about the Sun , each in its own sphere , in the order : Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn . The Moon , however , revolved in its sphere around the Earth . What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth 's daily rotation on its own axis . Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time , namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions . For this reason , he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of epicycles similar to those of the Ptolemaic system . Despite Copernicus ' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy , his radical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to Aristotle 's science -- and helped usher in the Scientific Revolution . Ad lectorem ( edit ) Title page , 3rd ed. , Amsterdam , Nicolaus Mulerius , publisher , 1617 Rheticus left Nürnberg to take up his post as professor in Leipzig . The Lutheran preacher Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication . In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis ( To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work ) printed in front of Copernicus ' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title `` Praefatio authoris '' ( to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book 's author ) . Osiander 's letter stated that Copernicus ' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth : it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study . Then he must conceive and devise the causes of these motions or hypotheses about them . Since he can not in any way attain to the true causes , he will adopt whatever suppositions enable the motions to be computed correctly ... The present author has performed both these duties excellently . For these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable . On the contrary , if they provide a calculus consistent with the observations , that alone is enough ... For this art , it is quite clear , is completely and absolutely ignorant of the causes of the apparent ( movement of the heavens ) . And if any causes are devised by the imagination , as indeed very many are , they are not put forward to convince anyone that they are true , but merely to provide a reliable basis for computation . However , since different hypotheses are sometimes offered for one and the same ... the astronomer will take as his first choice that hypothesis which is the easiest to grasp . The philosopher will perhaps rather seek the semblance of the truth . But neither of them will understand or state anything certain , unless it has been divinely revealed to him ... Let no one expect anything certain from astronomy , which can not furnish it , lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose , and depart this study a greater fool than when he entered . As even Osiander 's defenders point out , the Ad lectorem `` expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus ' claims for his own theory '' . Many view Osiander 's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus , and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book 's author . An example of this type of claim can be seen in the Catholic Encyclopedia , which states `` Fortunately for him ( the dying Copernicus ) , he could not see what Osiander had done . This reformer , knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name , replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus . '' While Osiander 's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many , he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman , who points out he was not an enemy of science . Osiander had many scientific connections including `` Johannes Schoner , Rheticus 's teacher , whom Osiander recommended for his post at the Nurnberg Gymnasium ; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University ; Hieronymous Schreiber ... Joachim Camerarius ... Erasmus Reinhold ... Joachim Rheticus ... and finally , Hieronymous Cardan . '' The historian Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he `` was such a notorious ( Protestant ) reformer whose name was well - known and infamous among Catholics '' , so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus ( a loyal Catholic canon and scholar ) . Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his `` own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the ' peripatetics and theologians ' , '' and he had already been in trouble with his bishop , Johannes Dantiscus , on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus 's enemy and suspected heretic , Alexander Scultetus . It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and since `` the books of hostile theologians could be burned ... why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them ? '' Wrightsman also holds that this is why Copernicus did not mention his top student , Rheticus ( a Lutheran ) in the book 's dedication to the Pope . Osiander 's interest in astronomy was theological , hoping for `` improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible ... ( he shared in ) the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore , needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations . '' In an era before the telescope , Osiander ( like most of the era 's mathematical astronomers ) attempted to bridge the `` fundamental incompatibility between Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics , and the need to preserve both '' , by taking an ' instrumentalist ' position . Only the handful of `` Philosophical purists like the Averroists ... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models . '' Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect spheres -- he `` was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles , and spheres . '' This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he `` attached the Earth 's axis rigidly to a Sun - centered sphere . The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned , eliminating the seasons . '' To explain the seasons , he had to propose a third motion , `` an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis '' . It was not until the Great Comet of 1577 , which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through , did the idea come under question . In 1609 , Kepler fixed Copernicus ' theory by stating that the planets orbit the sun not in circles , but ellipses . Only after Kepler 's refinement of Copernicus ' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished . In his work , Copernicus `` used conventional , hypothetical devices like epicycles ... as all astronomers had done since antiquity ... hypothetical constructs solely designed to ' save the phenomena ' and aid computation '' . Ptolemy 's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device ( its brightness and distance should have varied greatly , but they do n't ) . `` In spite of this defect in Ptolemy 's theory , Copernicus ' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations . '' Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies , Osiander could see `` little technical or physical truth - gain '' between one system and the other . It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to `` function since antiquity , despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of Averroists . '' Writing Ad lectorem , Osiander was influenced by Pico della Mirandola 's idea that humanity `` orders ( an intellectual ) cosmos out of the chaos of opinions . '' From Pico 's writings , Osiander `` learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them . '' The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of Nicholas of Cusa 's and his idea of coincidentia oppositorum . Rather than having Pico 's focus on human effort , Osiander followed Cusa 's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization . From these influences , Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are `` no heretics of the intellect '' , but when one gets past speculation into truth - claims the Bible is the ultimate measure . By holding Copernicianism was mathematical speculation , Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible . Pico 's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus , who reacted strongly against the Ad lectorem . As historian Robert S. Westman puts it , `` The more profound source of Rheticus 's ire however , was Osiander 's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty . For Rheticus , this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola 's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology . '' In his Disputations , Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology . Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were , they also became a target . Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves , how were they to be held as reliable ? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle , Plato , Plotinus , Averroes , Avicenna , and Aquinas , the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology . Pico pointed out that the astronomers ' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology , people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers . Pico pointed out that astronomers could n't even tell where the sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the earth ( some put it close to the moon , others among the planets ) . How , Pico asked , could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions ? As Westman points out , to Rheticus `` it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico 's conclusions : not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced , but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a world deduced from ( possibly ) false premises . Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of De Revolutionibus itself . '' According to the notes of Michael Maestlin , `` Rheticus ... became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer ( over the Ad lectorem ) . Rheticus ... suspected Osiander had prefaced the work ; if he knew this for certain , he declared , he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business . '' Objecting to the Ad lectorem , Tiedemann Giese urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction , but this was not done , and the matter was forgotten . Jan Broscius , a supporter of Copernicus , also despaired of the Ad lectorem , writing `` Ptolemy 's hypothesis is the earth rests . Copernicus ' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion . Can either , therefore , be true ? ... Indeed , Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence , someone may well ask : How is one to know which hypothesis is truer , the Ptolemaic or the Copernican ? '' Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber , an astronomer from Nürnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in Nürnberg supervising the printing . Schreiber , who died in 1547 , left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander 's authorship . Via Michael Mästlin , this copy came to Johannes Kepler , who discovered what Osiander had done and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword . The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander 's doing . Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version : Kepler knew of Osiander 's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber 's annotations in his copy of De Revolutionibus ; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler . Indeed , Maestlin perused Kepler 's book , up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it . However , Maestlin already suspected Osiander , because he had bought his De revolutionibus from the widow of Philipp Apian ; examining his books , he had found a note attributing the introduction to Osiander . Johannes Praetorius ( 1537 -- 1616 ) , who learned of Osiander 's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in Kraków , wrote Osiander 's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of De revolutionibus . All three early editions of De revolutionibus included Osiander 's foreword . Reception ( edit ) Even before the 1543 publication of De revolutionibus , rumors circulated about its central theses . Martin Luther is quoted as saying in 1539 : People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves , not the heavens or the firmament , the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy ; but sacred Scripture tells us ( Joshua 10 : 13 ) that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still , and not the earth . When the book was finally published , demand was low , with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out . Copernicus had made the book extremely technical , unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day , allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy . And , like Osiander , contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical fiction with no physical reality , thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy . Among some astronomers , the book `` at once took its place as a worthy successor to the Almagest of Ptolemy , which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers '' . Erasmus Reinhold hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the Prutenic Tables ( `` Prussian Tables '' ; Latin : Tabulae prutenicae ; German : Preußische Tafeln ) using Copernicus ' methods . The Prutenic Tables , published in 1551 , were used as a basis for the calendar reform instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII . They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers , whose 15th - century predecessors had used Regiomontanus ' Table of the Stars . In England , Robert Recorde , John Dee , Thomas Digges and William Gilbert were among those who adopted his position ; in Germany , Christian Wurstisen , Christoph Rothmann and Michael Mästlin , the teacher of Johannes Kepler ; in Italy , Giambattista Benedetti and Giordano Bruno whilst Franciscus Patricius accepted the rotation of the earth . In Spain , rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the University of Salamanca gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus . One of those students , Diego de Zúñiga , published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584 . Very soon , nevertheless , Copernicus ' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs . In 1549 Melanchthon , Luther 's principal lieutenant , wrote against Copernicus , pointing to the theory 's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that `` severe measures '' be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans . The works of Copernicus and Zúñiga -- the latter for asserting that De revolutionibus was compatible with Catholic faith -- were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of March 5 , 1616 ( more than 70 years after Copernicus ' publication ) : This Holy Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture , that the earth moves and the sun is motionless , which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and by Diego de Zúñiga 's In Job ... Therefore , in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth , the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus ( De revolutionibus ) and Diego de Zúñiga ( In Job ) be suspended until corrected . De revolutionibus was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation , pending `` corrections '' that would clarify the theory 's status as hypothesis . Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed . After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in 1620 the reading of the book was permitted . But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars , by special request . It remained on the Index until 1758 , when Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 -- 58 ) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index . Census of copies ( edit ) Arthur Koestler described De revolutionibus as `` The Book That Nobody Read '' saying the book `` was and is an all - time worst seller '' , despite the fact that it was reprinted four times . Owen Gingerich , a writer on both Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler , disproved this after a 35 - year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions . Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book ; however , his analysis of the marginalia shows that they almost all ignored the cosmology at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus ' new equant - free models of planetary motion in the later chapters . Also , Nicolaus Reimers in 1587 translated the book into German . Gingerich 's efforts and conclusions are recounted in The Book Nobody Read , published in 2004 by Walker & Co . His census included 276 copies of the first edition ( by comparison , there are 228 extant copies of the First Folio of Shakespeare ) and 325 copies of the second . The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government 's Order of Merit in 1981 . Due largely to Gingerich 's scholarship , De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first - edition historic text except for the original Gutenberg Bible . One of the copies now resides at the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in the Miguel de Benavides Library . In January 2017 , a second - edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from Heathrow Airport and remains unrecovered . Editions ( edit ) 1543 , Nuremberg , by Johannes Petreius 1566 , Basel , by Henricus Petrus 1617 , Amsterdam , by Nicolaus Mulerius 1854 , Warsaw , with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus . 1873 , Thorn , German translation sponsored by the local Coppernicus Society , with all Copernicus ' textual corrections given as footnotes . Translations ( edit ) English translations of De revolutionibus have included : On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres , translated with an introduction and notes by A.M. Duncan , Newton Abbot , David & Charles , ISBN 0 - 7153 - 6927 - X ; New York , Barnes and Noble , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 491279 - 5 . On the Revolutions ; translation and commentary by Edward Rosen , Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4515 - 7 . ( Foundations of Natural History . Originally published in Warsaw , Poland , 1978 . ) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres , translated by C.G. Wallis , Annapolis , St John 's College Bookstore , 1939 . Republished in volume 16 of the Great Books of the Western World , Chicago , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1952 ; in the series of the same name , published by the Franklin Library , Franklin Center , Philadelphia , 1985 ; in volume 15 of the second edition of the Great Books , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1990 ; and Amherst , N.Y. , Prometheus Books , 1995 , Great Minds Series -- Science , ISBN 1 - 57392 - 035 - 5 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gingerich 2004 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Saliba ( 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer , John LE ( 1906 ) . History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler . p. 342 . Jump up ^ Wallis 's translation ( 1952 , p. 505 ) Jump up ^ David Luban ( 1994 ) . Legal Modernism . University of Michigan . ^ Jump up to : Andreas Osiander 's Contribution to the Copernican Achievement , by Bruce Wrightsman , Section VII , The Copernican Achievement , ed . Robert S. Westman , University of California Press , Los Angeles , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Nicolaus Copernicus '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : William Tobin ( 2003 ) . The Life and Science of Léon Foucault : The Man who Proved the Earth Rotates . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Robert S. Westman ( 2011 ) . The Copernican Question : Prognostication , Skepticism , and Celestial Order . Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow University Library Special Collections Department , Book of the Month , Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg : 1543 Sp Coll Hunterian Cz. 1.13 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Edward Rosen : Three Copernican Treatises : The Commentariolus of Copernicus , The Letter Against Werner , The Narratio Prima of Rheticus , Dover Publications , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 43605 - 5 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Koestler 1959 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Robert Westman , `` Three Responses to Copernican Theory '' , in Robert Westman , ed. , The Copernican Achievement , 1975 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. ( 2004 ) . The book nobody read . Heinemann , London . pp. 159 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Thomas Kuhn , The Copernican Revolution , Cambridge , Massachusetts , Harvard University Press , 1957 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Philip Ball , The Devil 's Doctor : Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945787 - 9 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Thomas Kuhn , The Copernican Revolution , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Thomas Kuhn , The Copernican Revolution , pp. 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 1906 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Deming , David ( 2012 ) . Science and Technology in World History , Volume 3 : The Black Death , the Renaissance , the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution . McFarland & Company . p. 138 . ISBN 9780786461721 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , William ( 1998 ) . `` Chapter 23 : The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution '' . The Renaissance and The Reformation . Carrie . OCLC 817744956 . Jump up ^ Dreyer 1906 , pp. 346 -- 352 Jump up ^ Thomas Kuhn , The Copernican Revolution , p. 192 . Kuhn writes that Melanchthon emphasized Ecclesiastes 1 : 4 - 5 ( `` The earth abideth forever ... the sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose '' ) . Jump up ^ Original Latin text and an English translation . Also mentioned by W.R. Shea and M. Artigas in Galileo in Rome ( 2003 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516598 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Nicolaus Copernicus '' , Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Benedict XIV '' , Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Koestler 1959 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Gingerich 2002 Jump up ^ Gingerich 2004 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Peter DeMarco . `` Book quest took him around the globe '' . Boston Globe . April 13 , 2004 Jump up ^ McNearney , Allison ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist '' . thedailybeast.com . ( Alessandro Meda ) Riquier was the owner of several of the most noteworthy tomes that were taken in the heist . The most expensive book was a second edition of Copernicus 's On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres from 1566 in which the astronomer introduced his revolutionary theory that the sun -- not the Earth -- is the center of the universe . That book alone is worth over $250,000 . References ( edit ) Copernicus , Nicolaus ( 1952 ) , On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres , Great Books of the Western World , 16 , translated by Charles Glenn Wallis , Chicago : William Benton , pp. 497 -- 838 Gassendi , Pierre : The Life of Copernicus , biography ( 1654 ) , with notes by Olivier Thill ( 2002 ) , ISBN 1 - 59160 - 193 - 2 ( ( 1 ) ) Gingerich , Owen ( 2002 ) . An annotated census of Copernicus ' De revolutionibus ( Nuremberg , 1543 and Basel , 1566 ) . Leiden : Brill ( Studia copernicana . Brill 's series ; v. 2 ) . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11466 - 1 . Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read : Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1415 - 3 . Hannam , James ( 2007 ) . `` Deconstructing Copernicus '' . Medieval Science and Philosophy . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Analyses the varieties of argument used by Copernicus . Heilbron , J.L. : The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories . Cambridge , Massachusetts , Harvard University Press , 1999 ISBN 0 - 674 - 85433 - 0 Koestler , Arthur ( 1959 ) . The Sleepwalkers . Hutchison . Swerdlow , N.M. , O. Neugebauer : Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus ' De revolutionibus . New York : Springer , 1984 ISBN 0 - 387 - 90939 - 7 ( Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences ; 10 ) Vermij , R.H. : The Calvinist Copernicans : The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic , 1575 - 1750 . Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen , 2002 ISBN 90 - 6984 - 340 - 4 Westman , R.S. , ed. : The Copernican achievement . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1975 ISBN 0 - 520 - 02877 - 5 Zinner , E. : Entstehung und Ausbreitung der coppernicanischen Lehre. 2 . Aufl . durchgesehen und erg . von Heribert M. Nobis und Felix Schmeidler . München : C.H. Beck , 1988 ISBN 3 - 406 - 32049 - X External links ( edit ) Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) German Wikisource has original text related to this article : Die Kreisbewegungen ( 1879 ) De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , from Harvard University . De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , from Jagiellon University , Poland . De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium , from Rare Book Room . On the Revolutions , from WebExhibits . English translation of part of Book I . River Campus Libraries , Book of the Month December 2005 : De revolutionibus orbium coelestium De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ( 1543 ) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ( 1566 ) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress ( hide ) Nicolaus Copernicus Scientific career Copernican heliocentrism Copernican Revolution Works Commentariolus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Locationes mansorum desertorum Monetae cudendae ratio Translations of Theophylact Simocatta Family Lucas Watzenrode the Elder ( grandfather ) Lucas Watzenrode ( uncle ) Related Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe Astronomer Copernicus , or Conversations with God Copernicus Law Copernican principle Monuments Chicago Montreal Toruń Kraków Warsaw Copernicium VIAF : 305991592 LCCN : n86827078 GND : 4518712 - 5 SUDOC : 061716677 BNF : cb15103703q ( data ) NLA : 36532295 BNE : XX3385674 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium&oldid=799678905 '' Categories : 1543 books 1543 in science History of astronomy Astronomy books 16th - century Latin books Memory of the World Register Works by Nicolaus Copernicus Copernican Revolution Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote on the revolution of heavenly bodies
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"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times."
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"Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus"
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List of first overall National Football League draft picks
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List of first overall National Football League Draft Picks - wikipedia List of first overall National Football League Draft Picks This is a list of first overall National Football League draft picks . The National Football League draft is an annual sports draft in which NFL teams select newly eligible players for their rosters . To be eligible , a player must be out of high school at least three years . Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL draft . The draft rules were last updated in 2009 . The team with the worst record the previous year picks first , the next - worst team second , and so on . Teams also have the option to trade with another team to move up to a better draft position . Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular - season record , with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule . Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams , based on their round of elimination ( wild card , division , conference , and Super Bowl ) . From 1947 through 1958 the first selection was awarded by a random draw . The team which received this `` bonus '' pick forfeited its selection in the final round of the draft . The winner of the `` bonus pick '' was eliminated from the draw in future years . By 1958 all twelve clubs in the league at the time had received a bonus choice and the system was abolished . Before the merger agreements in 1966 , the American Football League ( AFL ) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft . This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues , along with the subsequent drafting of the same player in each draft . As part of the merger agreement on June 8 , 1966 , the two leagues held a multiple round `` Common Draft '' . Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970 , the `` Common Draft '' simply became the NFL Draft . Through the 2018 NFL draft , 83 players have been selected first overall , with the most recent being Baker Mayfield . The Indianapolis Colts -- formerly the Baltimore Colts -- have made the most first overall selections in history with seven . Of the first overall draft picks , 43 have been selected to a Pro Bowl and of those 43 , twelve have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . While the Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in U.S. college football , only 21 of those Heisman winners have been selected first overall in the NFL draft . Only five first overall draft pick players have been selected the NFL Rookie of the Year : Earl Campbell ( 1978 ) ; Billy Sims ( 1980 ) ; George Rogers ( 1981 ) ; Sam Bradford ( 2010 ) ; and Cam Newton ( 2011 ) . Contents 1 Key 2 List of first overall picks 3 Statistics 4 First overall draft picks per team 5 First overall draft picks by school 6 First overall draft picks by position 7 Notes 8 References 9 See also Key ( edit ) Back Kicker NT Nose tackle Center LB Linebacker FB Fullback DB Defensive back Punter HB Halfback DE Defensive end QB Quarterback WR Wide receiver DT Defensive tackle RB Running back Guard End Offensive tackle TE Tight end * Selected to a Pro Bowl ‡ Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( all were also selected to a Pro Bowl ) List of first overall Picks ( edit ) Tom Harmon was selected with the first overall pick in 1941 by the Chicago Bears . Billy Cannon was the first pick in the 1960 NFL draft . O.J. Simpson was drafted first overall by Buffalo Bills in 1969 . John Elway was the first pick in the 1983 NFL draft . Orlando Pace was drafted first overall by the St. Louis Rams in 1997 . Cam Newton was the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL draft . The Indianapolis Colts chose Andrew Luck with the first overall pick in 2012 . First overall draft picks Year Name Position College Team Notes 1936 Jay Berwanger HB Chicago Philadelphia Eagles Heisman Trophy ( 1935 ) 1937 Sam Francis FB Nebraska Philadelphia Eagles -- 1938 Corbett Davis FB Indiana Cleveland Rams -- 1939 Ki Aldrich * TCU Chicago Cardinals NFL All - Star Game ( 1939 , 1942 ) 1940 George Cafego HB Tennessee Chicago Cardinals -- 1941 Tom Harmon HB Michigan Chicago Bears Heisman Trophy ( 1940 ) 1942 Bill Dudley HB Virginia Pittsburgh Steelers NFL All - Star Game ( 1950 , 1951 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1966 ) NFL MVP ( 1946 ) 1943 Frank Sinkwich HB Georgia Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy ( 1942 ) 1944 Angelo Bertelli QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks Heisman Trophy ( 1943 ) 1945 Charley Trippi HB Georgia Chicago Cardinals Pro Bowl ( 1952 , 1953 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1968 ) NFL Champion ( 1947 ) 1946 Frank Dancewicz QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks -- 1947 Bob Fenimore HB Oklahoma A&M Chicago Bears -- 1948 Harry Gilmer * QB Alabama Washington Redskins Pro Bowl ( 1950 , 1952 ) 1949 Chuck Bednarik C , LB Penn Philadelphia Eagles Pro Bowl ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1960 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1967 ) NFL Champion ( 1949 , 1960 ) 1950 Leon Hart * Notre Dame Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy ( 1949 ) Pro Bowl ( 1951 ) 1951 Kyle Rote * HB SMU New York Giants Pro Bowl ( 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 ) 1952 Bill Wade * QB Vanderbilt Los Angeles Rams Pro Bowl ( 1958 , 1963 ) 1953 Harry Babcock Georgia San Francisco 49ers -- 1954 Bobby Garrett QB Stanford Cleveland Browns -- 1955 George Shaw QB Oregon Baltimore Colts NFL Champion ( 1958 ) 1956 Gary Glick DB Colorado A&M Pittsburgh Steelers -- 1957 Paul Hornung HB Notre Dame Green Bay Packers Heisman Trophy ( 1956 ) Pro Bowl ( 1959 , 1960 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1986 ) NFL Champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 ) Super Bowl champion ( I ) NFL MVP ( 1961 ) 1958 King Hill QB Rice Chicago Cardinals -- 1959 Randy Duncan QB Iowa Green Bay Packers -- 1960 Billy Cannon RB LSU Los Angeles Rams Heisman Trophy ( 1959 ) 1961 Tommy Mason * RB Tulane Minnesota Vikings Pro Bowl ( 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) 1962 Ernie Davis RB Syracuse Washington Redskins Heisman Trophy ( 1961 ) 1963 Terry Baker QB Oregon State Los Angeles Rams Heisman Trophy ( 1962 ) 1964 Dave Parks * WR Texas Tech San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) 1965 Tucker Frederickson * RB Auburn New York Giants Pro Bowl ( 1965 ) 1966 Tommy Nobis * LB Texas Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl ( 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 ) 1967 Bubba Smith * DE Michigan State Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl ( 1970 , 1971 ) Super Bowl champion ( V ) 1968 Ron Yary USC Minnesota Vikings Pro Bowl ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2001 ) 1969 O.J. Simpson RB USC Buffalo Bills Heisman Trophy ( 1968 ) Pro Bowl ( 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1985 ) NFL MVP ( 1973 ) 1970 Terry Bradshaw QB Louisiana Tech Pittsburgh Steelers Pro Bowl ( 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1989 ) Super Bowl champion ( IX , X , XIII , XIV ) Super Bowl MVP ( XIII , XIV ) NFL MVP ( 1978 ) 1971 Jim Plunkett QB Stanford New England Patriots Heisman Trophy ( 1970 ) Super Bowl champion ( XV , XVIII ) Super Bowl MVP ( XV ) 1972 Walt Patulski DE Notre Dame Buffalo Bills -- 1973 John Matuszak DE Tampa Houston Oilers Super Bowl champion ( XI , XV ) Ed Jones * DE Tennessee State Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 ) Super Bowl champion ( XII ) Steve Bartkowski * QB California Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl ( 1980 , 1981 ) 1976 Lee Roy Selmon DE Oklahoma Tampa Bay Buccaneers Pro Bowl ( 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) 1977 Ricky Bell RB USC Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- 1978 Earl Campbell RB Texas Houston Oilers Heisman Trophy ( 1977 ) Pro Bowl ( 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1991 ) NFL MVP ( 1979 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1978 ) 1979 Tom Cousineau LB Ohio State Buffalo Bills -- 1980 Billy Sims * RB Oklahoma Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy ( 1978 ) Pro Bowl ( 1980 , 1981 , 1982 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1980 ) 1981 George Rogers * RB South Carolina New Orleans Saints Heisman Trophy ( 1980 ) Pro Bowl ( 1981 , 1982 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXII ) Rookie of the Year ( 1981 ) 1982 Kenneth Sims DE Texas New England Patriots -- John Elway QB Stanford Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2004 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXII , XXXIII ) Super Bowl MVP ( XXXIII ) NFL MVP ( 1987 ) 1984 Irving Fryar * WR Nebraska New England Patriots Pro Bowl ( 1985 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 ) 1985 Bruce Smith DE Virginia Tech Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl ( 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) 1986 Bo Jackson * RB Auburn Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy ( 1985 ) Pro Bowl ( 1990 ) Vinny Testaverde * QB Miami ( FL ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy ( 1986 ) Pro Bowl ( 1996 , 1998 ) 1988 Aundray Bruce LB Auburn Atlanta Falcons -- 1989 Troy Aikman QB UCLA Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2006 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXVII , XXVIII , XXX ) Super Bowl MVP ( XXVII ) 1990 Jeff George QB Illinois Indianapolis Colts -- 1991 Russell Maryland * DT Miami ( FL ) Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl ( 1993 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXVII , XXVIII , XXX ) 1992 Steve Emtman DE Washington Indianapolis Colts -- 1993 Drew Bledsoe * QB Washington State New England Patriots Pro Bowl ( 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI ) 1994 Dan Wilkinson DT Ohio State Cincinnati Bengals -- 1995 Ki - Jana Carter RB Penn State Cincinnati Bengals -- Keyshawn Johnson * WR USC New York Jets Pro Bowl ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXVII ) 1997 Orlando Pace Ohio State St. Louis Rams Pro Bowl ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2016 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXIV ) 1998 Peyton Manning * QB Tennessee Indianapolis Colts Pro Bowl ( 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) Super Bowl champion ( XLI , 50 ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLI ) NFL MVP ( 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 ) 1999 Tim Couch QB Kentucky Cleveland Browns -- 2000 Courtney Brown DE Penn State Cleveland Browns -- 2001 Michael Vick * QB Virginia Tech Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2010 ) 2002 David Carr QB Fresno State Houston Texans Super Bowl champion ( XLVI ) 2003 Carson Palmer * QB USC Cincinnati Bengals Heisman Trophy ( 2002 ) Pro Bowl ( 2005 , 2006 , 2015 ) Eli Manning * QB Ole Miss San Diego Chargers Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) Super Bowl champion ( XLII , XLVI ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLII , XLVI ) 2005 Alex Smith * QB Utah San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl ( 2013 , 2016 , 2017 ) 2006 Mario Williams * DE North Carolina State Houston Texans Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 ) 2007 JaMarcus Russell QB LSU Oakland Raiders -- 2008 Jake Long * Michigan Miami Dolphins Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) 2009 Matthew Stafford * QB Georgia Detroit Lions Pro Bowl ( 2014 ) Sam Bradford QB Oklahoma St. Louis Rams Heisman Trophy ( 2008 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2010 ) 2011 Cam Newton * QB Auburn Carolina Panthers Heisman Trophy ( 2010 ) Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2013 , 2015 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2011 ) NFL MVP ( 2015 ) 2012 Andrew Luck * QB Stanford Indianapolis Colts Pro Bowl ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) 2013 Eric Fisher Central Michigan Kansas City Chiefs -- 2014 Jadeveon Clowney * DE South Carolina Houston Texans Pro Bowl ( 2016 , 2017 ) 2015 Jameis Winston * QB Florida State Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy ( 2013 ) Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) 2016 Jared Goff * QB California Los Angeles Rams Pro Bowl ( 2017 ) 2017 Myles Garrett DE Texas A&M Cleveland Browns -- 2018 Baker Mayfield QB Oklahoma Cleveland Browns Heisman Trophy ( 2017 ) Statistics ( edit ) The following teams have never had the first overall pick Denver Broncos Jacksonville Jaguars Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks Eight teams have made the playoffs in the same season in which they made the first overall selection in the draft . They were the 1968 Minnesota Vikings , 1978 Houston Oilers , 1982 New England Patriots , 1991 Dallas Cowboys , 2004 San Diego Chargers , 2008 Miami Dolphins , 2012 Indianapolis Colts , and 2013 Kansas City Chiefs . No team has ever gone from the first overall pick to a Super Bowl win in the same season . The Minnesota Vikings lost Super Bowl IV the year after they had the first overall pick . First overall Draft Picks per team ( edit ) The Indianapolis Colts and the Los Angeles Rams have each held the first overall pick a total of seven times , the most of any NFL team . This includes the Colts ' time in Baltimore and the Rams ' time in Cleveland and St. Louis . Only four teams in the league have never held the first overall pick in the NFL draft : the Denver Broncos , the Jacksonville Jaguars , the Seattle Seahawks and the Baltimore Ravens . The Boston Yanks are the only defunct franchise to have held a first overall pick . Team Total number Year ( s ) Notes Ref Indianapolis Colts 7 1955 , 1967 , 1983 , 1990 1992 , 1998 , 2012 3 as the Baltimore Colts 4 as the Indianapolis Colts Los Angeles Rams 7 1938 , 1952 , 1960 1963 , 1997 , 2010 , 2016 1 as the Cleveland Rams 2 as the St. Louis Rams 4 as the Los Angeles Rams Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5 1976 , 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 2015 Also had first selection in the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players . Cleveland Browns 5 1954 , 1999 , 2000 , 2017 , 2018 Arizona Cardinals 1939 , 1940 , 1945 , 1958 4 as the Chicago Cardinals Detroit Lions 1943 , 1950 , 1980 , 2009 Atlanta Falcons 1966 , 1975 , 1988 , 2001 Buffalo Bills 1969 , 1972 , 1979 , 1985 Also had first selection in the 1961 AFL Draft New England Patriots 1971 , 1982 , 1984 , 1993 Also had first selection in the 1964 AFL Draft ( as the Boston Patriots ) Philadelphia Eagles 1936 , 1937 , 1949 Pittsburgh Steelers 1942 , 1956 , 1970 San Francisco 49ers 1953 , 1964 , 2005 Dallas Cowboys 1974 , 1989 , 1991 Cincinnati Bengals 1994 , 1995 , 2003 Houston Texans 2002 , 2006 , 2014 Chicago Bears 1941 , 1947 Boston Yanks 1944 , 1946 Washington Redskins 1948 , 1962 New York Giants 1951 , 1965 Green Bay Packers 1957 , 1959 Minnesota Vikings 1961 , 1968 Tennessee Titans 1973 , 1978 2 as the Houston Oilers New Orleans Saints 1981 New York Jets Also had first selection in the 1965 AFL Draft San Diego Chargers Oakland Raiders 2007 Also had first selection in the 1962 AFL Draft Miami Dolphins 2008 Also had first selection in the 1966 AFL Draft Carolina Panthers 2011 Kansas City Chiefs 2013 Also had first selection in the 1963 AFL Draft First overall draft picks by school ( edit ) School Total number Year ( s ) Notre Dame 5 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1957 , 1972 USC 5 1968 , 1969 , 1977 , 1996 , 2003 Oklahoma 1976 , 1980 , 2010 , 2018 Georgia 1943 , 1945 , 1953 , 2009 Auburn 1965 , 1986 , 1988 , 2011 Stanford 1954 , 1971 , 1983 , 2012 Texas 1966 , 1978 , 1982 Ohio State 1979 , 1994 , 1997 Nebraska 1937 , 1984 Miami ( FL ) 1987 , 1991 Tennessee 1940 , 1998 Penn State 1995 , 2000 Virginia Tech 1985 , 2001 LSU 1960 , 2007 Michigan 1941 , 2008 South Carolina 1981 , 2014 California 1975 , 2016 Chicago 1936 Indiana 1938 TCU 1939 Virginia 1942 Oklahoma State 1947 Alabama 1948 Penn 1949 SMU 1951 Vanderbilt 1952 Oregon 1955 Colorado State 1956 Rice 1958 Iowa 1959 Tulane 1961 Syracuse 1962 Oregon State 1963 Texas Tech 1964 Michigan State 1967 Louisiana Tech 1970 Tampa 1973 Tennessee State UCLA 1989 Illinois 1990 Washington 1992 Washington State 1993 Kentucky 1999 Fresno State 2002 Ole Miss Utah 2005 North Carolina State 2006 Central Michigan 2013 Florida State 2015 Texas A&M 2017 First overall draft picks by position ( edit ) First overall selections by position played Position Number of selections Last year selected Quarterbacks 31 2018 Running backs 23 1995 Defensive linemen 15 2017 Offensive linemen 7 2013 Wide receivers Linebackers 1988 Defensive backs 1956 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In American and Canadian football , a back is a player who is lined up behind the linemen , the players who line up closest to the line of scrimmage . Jump up ^ Jay Berwanger did not sign with the Philadelphia Eagles . The Eagles traded his rights to the Chicago Bears ; he did not sign with them either . Jump up ^ Billy Cannon signed with the AFL team Houston Oilers rather than the Los Angeles Rams . Jump up ^ Ernie Davis was subsequently traded to the Cleveland Browns after being drafted by the Washington Redskins . ^ Jump up to : Because of the NFL -- AFL merger agreement , the history of the AFL is officially recognized by the NFL and therefore this list includes the Common Draft for the years 1967 , 1968 , and 1969 . Jump up ^ The Buffalo Bills were a part of the AFL when they selected Simpson with the first overall pick in the 1969 draft . The Bills joined the NFL the next year , in 1970 . Jump up ^ Tom Cousineau chose to sign with the CFL team Montreal Alouettes over the Buffalo Bills . Jump up ^ John Elway was subsequently traded to the Denver Broncos after being drafted by the Baltimore Colts . Jump up ^ College seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL were not eligible for the regular draft . Instead the NFL held a three round special draft on June 5 , 1984 . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Steve Young first overall in that draft . Jump up ^ Bo Jackson did not sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and chose to enter the 1987 NFL draft the following year . Jump up ^ The Cleveland Browns -- via the Buffalo Bills originally -- possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Bernie Kosar in the 1985 Supplemental Draft , the pick was subsequently given to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Jump up ^ The Dallas Cowboys originally possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Steve Walsh in the 1989 Supplemental Draft , the pick was given to the Indianapolis Colts who originally held the second overall pick . Jump up ^ Eli Manning was subsequently traded to the New York Giants after being drafted by the San Diego Chargers . References ( edit ) General `` Heisman Winners '' . Heisman Trophy . All Things Media LLC . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` All Time Number 1 Draft Picks '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Players drafted between 1936 and 2013 , in the 1st round , with the 1st pick '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Heisman Memorial Trophy Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` NFL Hall of Fame Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Super Bowl History '' . National Football League . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . `` Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Draft order to change for playoff teams '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , John ; Marini , Matt , eds. ( 2013 ) . Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . p. 525 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 603 - 20980 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft History : 1940 's '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cross , B. Duane ( 2001 - 01 - 22 ) . `` The AFL : A Football Legacy '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade : 1961 -- 1970 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Time Changes for 2008 NFL Draft '' . NFL . 2008 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ki Aldrich NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Dudley NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Trippi NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Chicago Cardinals '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gilmer NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Bednarik NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Hart NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Rote NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Wade NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Baltimore Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Hornung NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Mason NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Parks NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tucker Frederickson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Nobis NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bubba Smith NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Baltimore Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Yary NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` O.J. Simpson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry Bradshaw NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Oakland Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Los Angeles Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Oakland Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Too Tall Jones NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Roy Selmon NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earl Campbell NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Sims NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` George Rogers NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Washington Redskins '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Elway NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Denver Broncos '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Denver Broncos '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Irving Fryar NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Smith NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Jackson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Troy Aikman NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1995 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Maryland NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 New England Patriots '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Keyshawn Johnson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Pace NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 St. Louis Rams '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton Manning NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Indianapolis Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Jackson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eli Manning NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 New York Giants '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New York Giants '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Williams NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Long NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Luck NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Yanks Draft History '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Rams Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Mr. Irrelevant -- the list of last overall National Football League draft picks National Football League Draft NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks&oldid=841610568 '' Categories : National Football League first overall draft picks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time a running back was the 1st overall pick in the nfl draft
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[
"\nFirst overall draft picks\n\n\nYear\n\nName\n\nPosition\n\nCollege\n\nTeam\n\nNotes\n\n\n1936\n\nJay Berwanger[A 2]\n\nHB\n\nChicago\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\nHeisman Trophy (1935)\n\n\n1937\n\nSam Francis\n\nFB\n\nNebraska\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\n—\n\n\n1938\n\nCorbett Davis\n\nFB\n\nIndiana\n\nCleveland Rams\n\n—\n\n\n1939\n\nKi Aldrich*\n\nC\n\nTCU\n\nChicago Cardinals\n\nNFL All-Star Game (1939, 1942)[7]\n\n\n1940\n\nGeorge Cafego\n\nHB\n\nTennessee\n\nChicago Cardinals\n\n—\n\n\n1941\n\nTom Harmon\n\nHB\n\nMichigan\n\nChicago Bears\n\nHeisman Trophy (1940)\n\n\n1942\n\nBill Dudley‡\n\nHB\n\nVirginia\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\n\nNFL All-Star Game (1950, 1951)[8]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1966)[8]NFL MVP (1946)[8]\n\n\n1943\n\nFrank Sinkwich\n\nHB\n\nGeorgia\n\nDetroit Lions\n\nHeisman Trophy (1942)\n\n\n1944\n\nAngelo Bertelli\n\nQB\n\nNotre Dame\n\nBoston Yanks\n\nHeisman Trophy (1943)\n\n\n1945\n\nCharley Trippi‡\n\nHB\n\nGeorgia\n\nChicago Cardinals\n\nPro Bowl (1952, 1953)[9]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1968)[9]NFL Champion (1947)[10]\n\n\n1946\n\nFrank Dancewicz\n\nQB\n\nNotre Dame\n\nBoston Yanks\n\n—\n\n\n1947\n\nBob Fenimore\n\nHB\n\nOklahoma A&M\n\nChicago Bears\n\n—\n\n\n1948\n\nHarry Gilmer*\n\nQB\n\nAlabama\n\nWashington Redskins\n\nPro Bowl (1950, 1952)[11]\n\n\n1949\n\nChuck Bednarik‡\n\nC, LB\n\nPenn\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\nPro Bowl (1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1960)[12]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1967)[12]NFL Champion (1949, 1960)[13][14]\n\n\n1950\n\nLeon Hart*\n\nE\n\nNotre Dame\n\nDetroit Lions\n\nHeisman Trophy (1949) Pro Bowl (1951)[15]\n\n\n1951\n\nKyle Rote*\n\nHB\n\nSMU\n\nNew York Giants\n\nPro Bowl (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956)[16]\n\n\n1952\n\nBill Wade*\n\nQB\n\nVanderbilt\n\nLos Angeles Rams\n\nPro Bowl (1958, 1963)[17]\n\n\n1953\n\nHarry Babcock\n\nE\n\nGeorgia\n\nSan Francisco 49ers\n\n—\n\n\n1954\n\nBobby Garrett\n\nQB\n\nStanford\n\nCleveland Browns\n\n—\n\n\n1955\n\nGeorge Shaw\n\nQB\n\nOregon\n\nBaltimore Colts\n\nNFL Champion (1958)[18]\n\n\n1956\n\nGary Glick\n\nDB\n\nColorado A&M\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\n\n—\n\n\n1957\n\nPaul Hornung‡\n\nHB\n\nNotre Dame\n\nGreen Bay Packers\n\nHeisman Trophy (1956)Pro Bowl (1959, 1960)[19]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1986)[19]NFL Champion (1961, 1962, 1965)[20][21][22]Super Bowl champion (I)[23]NFL MVP (1961)[19]\n\n\n1958\n\nKing Hill\n\nQB\n\nRice\n\nChicago Cardinals\n\n—\n\n\n1959\n\nRandy Duncan\n\nQB\n\nIowa\n\nGreen Bay Packers\n\n—\n\n\n1960\n\nBilly Cannon[A 3]\n\nRB\n\nLSU\n\nLos Angeles Rams\n\nHeisman Trophy (1959)\n\n\n1961\n\nTommy Mason*\n\nRB\n\nTulane\n\nMinnesota Vikings\n\nPro Bowl (1962, 1963, 1964)[24]\n\n\n1962\n\nErnie Davis[A 4]\n\nRB\n\nSyracuse\n\nWashington Redskins\n\nHeisman Trophy (1961)\n\n\n1963\n\nTerry Baker\n\nQB\n\nOregon State\n\nLos Angeles Rams\n\nHeisman Trophy (1962)\n\n\n1964\n\nDave Parks*\n\nWR\n\nTexas Tech\n\nSan Francisco 49ers\n\nPro Bowl (1964, 1965, 1966)[25]\n\n\n1965\n\nTucker Frederickson*\n\nRB\n\nAuburn\n\nNew York Giants\n\nPro Bowl (1965)[26]\n\n\n1966\n\nTommy Nobis*\n\nLB\n\nTexas\n\nAtlanta Falcons\n\nPro Bowl (1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972)[27]\n\n\n1967[A 5]\n\nBubba Smith*\n\nDE\n\nMichigan State\n\nBaltimore Colts\n\nPro Bowl (1970, 1971)[28]Super Bowl champion (V)[29]\n\n\n1968[A 5]\n\nRon Yary‡\n\nT\n\nUSC\n\nMinnesota Vikings\n\nPro Bowl (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977)[30]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2001)[30]\n\n\n1969[A 5]\n\nO. J. Simpson‡\n\nRB\n\nUSC\n\nBuffalo Bills[A 6]\n\nHeisman Trophy (1968)Pro Bowl (1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976)[31]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1985)[31]NFL MVP (1973)[31]\n\n\n1970\n\nTerry Bradshaw‡\n\nQB\n\nLouisiana Tech\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\n\nPro Bowl (1975, 1978, 1979)[32]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1989)[32]Super Bowl champion (IX, X, XIII, XIV)[33][34][35][36]Super Bowl MVP (XIII, XIV)[32]NFL MVP (1978)[32]\n\n\n1971\n\nJim Plunkett\n\nQB\n\nStanford\n\nNew England Patriots\n\nHeisman Trophy (1970)Super Bowl champion (XV, XVIII)[37][38]Super Bowl MVP (XV)[39]\n\n\n1972\n\nWalt Patulski\n\nDE\n\nNotre Dame\n\nBuffalo Bills\n\n—\n\n\n1973\n\nJohn Matuszak\n\nDE\n\nTampa\n\nHouston Oilers\n\nSuper Bowl champion (XI, XV)[37][40]\n\n\n1974\n\nEd Jones*\n\nDE\n\nTennessee State\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\nPro Bowl (1981, 1982, 1983)[41]Super Bowl champion (XII)[42]\n\n\n1975\n\nSteve Bartkowski*\n\nQB\n\nCalifornia\n\nAtlanta Falcons\n\nPro Bowl (1980, 1981)[43]\n\n\n1976\n\nLee Roy Selmon‡\n\nDE\n\nOklahoma\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n\nPro Bowl (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984)[44]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1995)[44]\n\n\n1977\n\nRicky Bell\n\nRB\n\nUSC\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n\n—\n\n\n1978\n\nEarl Campbell‡\n\nRB\n\nTexas\n\nHouston Oilers\n\nHeisman Trophy (1977)Pro Bowl (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983)[45]Pro Football Hall of Fame (1991)[45]NFL MVP (1979)[45] Rookie of the Year (1978)\n\n\n1979\n\nTom Cousineau[A 7]\n\nLB\n\nOhio State\n\nBuffalo Bills\n\n—\n\n\n1980\n\nBilly Sims*\n\nRB\n\nOklahoma\n\nDetroit Lions\n\nHeisman Trophy (1978)Pro Bowl (1980, 1981, 1982)[46] Rookie of the Year (1980)\n\n\n1981\n\nGeorge Rogers*\n\nRB\n\nSouth Carolina\n\nNew Orleans Saints\n\nHeisman Trophy (1980)Pro Bowl (1981, 1982)[47]Super Bowl champion (XXII)[48] Rookie of the Year (1981)\n\n\n1982\n\nKenneth Sims\n\nDE\n\nTexas\n\nNew England Patriots\n\n—\n\n\n1983\n\nJohn Elway‡[A 8]\n\nQB\n\nStanford\n\nBaltimore Colts\n\nPro Bowl (1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998)[49]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2004)[49]Super Bowl champion (XXXII, XXXIII)[50][51]Super Bowl MVP (XXXIII)[49]NFL MVP (1987)[49]\n\n\n1984[A 9]\n\nIrving Fryar*\n\nWR\n\nNebraska\n\nNew England Patriots\n\nPro Bowl (1985, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997)[52]\n\n\n1985\n\nBruce Smith‡\n\nDE\n\nVirginia Tech\n\nBuffalo Bills\n\nPro Bowl (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)[53]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2009)[53]\n\n\n1986\n\nBo Jackson*[A 10]\n\nRB\n\nAuburn\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers[A 11]\n\nHeisman Trophy (1985)Pro Bowl (1990)[54]\n\n\n1987\n\nVinny Testaverde*\n\nQB\n\nMiami (FL)\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n\nHeisman Trophy (1986)Pro Bowl (1996, 1998)[55]\n\n\n1988\n\nAundray Bruce\n\nLB\n\nAuburn\n\nAtlanta Falcons\n\n—\n\n\n1989\n\nTroy Aikman‡\n\nQB\n\nUCLA\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\nPro Bowl (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996)[56]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2006)[56]Super Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]Super Bowl MVP (XXVII)[56]\n\n\n1990\n\nJeff George\n\nQB\n\nIllinois\n\nIndianapolis Colts[A 12]\n\n—\n\n\n1991\n\nRussell Maryland*\n\nDT\n\nMiami (FL)\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\nPro Bowl (1993)[60]Super Bowl champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX)[57][58][59]\n\n\n1992\n\nSteve Emtman\n\nDE\n\nWashington\n\nIndianapolis Colts\n\n—\n\n\n1993\n\nDrew Bledsoe*\n\nQB\n\nWashington State\n\nNew England Patriots\n\nPro Bowl (1994, 1996, 1997, 2002)[61]Super Bowl champion (XXXVI)[62]\n\n\n1994\n\nDan Wilkinson\n\nDT\n\nOhio State\n\nCincinnati Bengals\n\n—\n\n\n1995\n\nKi-Jana Carter\n\nRB\n\nPenn State\n\nCincinnati Bengals\n\n—\n\n\n1996\n\nKeyshawn Johnson*\n\nWR\n\nUSC\n\nNew York Jets\n\nPro Bowl (1998, 1999, 2001)[63]Super Bowl champion (XXXVII)[64]\n\n\n1997\n\nOrlando Pace‡\n\nT\n\nOhio State\n\nSt. Louis Rams\n\nPro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)[65]Pro Football Hall of Fame (2016)[65]Super Bowl champion (XXXIV)[66]\n\n\n1998\n\nPeyton Manning*\n\nQB\n\nTennessee\n\nIndianapolis Colts\n\nPro Bowl (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014)[67]Super Bowl champion (XLI, 50)[68]Super Bowl MVP (XLI)[67]NFL MVP (2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2013)[67]\n\n\n1999\n\nTim Couch\n\nQB\n\nKentucky\n\nCleveland Browns\n\n—\n\n\n2000\n\nCourtney Brown\n\nDE\n\nPenn State\n\nCleveland Browns\n\n—\n\n\n2001\n\nMichael Vick*\n\nQB\n\nVirginia Tech\n\nAtlanta Falcons\n\nPro Bowl (2002, 2004, 2005, 2010)[69]\n\n\n2002\n\nDavid Carr\n\nQB\n\nFresno State\n\nHouston Texans\n\nSuper Bowl champion (XLVI)\n\n\n2003\n\nCarson Palmer*\n\nQB\n\nUSC\n\nCincinnati Bengals\n\nHeisman Trophy (2002)Pro Bowl (2005, 2006, 2015)[70]\n\n\n2004\n\nEli Manning*[A 13]\n\nQB\n\nOle Miss\n\nSan Diego Chargers\n\nPro Bowl (2008, 2011, 2012, 2015)[71]Super Bowl champion (XLII, XLVI)[72][73]Super Bowl MVP (XLII, XLVI)[71]\n\n\n2005\n\nAlex Smith*\n\nQB\n\nUtah\n\nSan Francisco 49ers\n\n Pro Bowl (2013, 2016, 2017)\n\n\n2006\n\nMario Williams*\n\nDE\n\nNorth Carolina State\n\nHouston Texans\n\nPro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2013,2014)[74]\n\n\n2007\n\nJaMarcus Russell\n\nQB\n\nLSU\n\nOakland Raiders\n\n—\n\n\n2008\n\nJake Long*\n\nT\n\nMichigan\n\nMiami Dolphins\n\nPro Bowl (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)[75]\n\n\n2009\n\nMatthew Stafford*\n\nQB\n\nGeorgia\n\nDetroit Lions\n\nPro Bowl (2014)\n\n\n2010\n\nSam Bradford\n\nQB\n\nOklahoma\n\nSt. Louis Rams\n\nHeisman Trophy (2008) Rookie of the Year (2010)\n\n\n2011\n\nCam Newton*\n\nQB\n\nAuburn\n\nCarolina Panthers\n\nHeisman Trophy (2010)Pro Bowl (2011, 2013, 2015)[76] Rookie of the Year (2011)NFL MVP (2015)\n\n\n2012\n\nAndrew Luck*\n\nQB\n\nStanford\n\nIndianapolis Colts\n\nPro Bowl (2012, 2013, 2014)[77]\n\n\n2013\n\nEric Fisher\n\nT\n\nCentral Michigan\n\nKansas City Chiefs\n\n—\n\n\n2014\n\nJadeveon Clowney*\n\nDE\n\nSouth Carolina\n\nHouston Texans\n\nPro Bowl (2016, 2017)\n\n\n2015\n\nJameis Winston*\n\nQB\n\nFlorida State\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n\nHeisman Trophy (2013) Pro Bowl (2015)\n\n\n2016\n\nJared Goff*\n\nQB\n\nCalifornia\n\nLos Angeles Rams\n\nPro Bowl (2017)\n\n\n2017\n\nMyles Garrett\n\nDE\n\nTexas A&M\n\nCleveland Browns\n\n—\n\n\n2018\n\nBaker Mayfield\n\nQB\n\nOklahoma\n\nCleveland Browns\n\nHeisman Trophy (2017)\n"
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"1995"
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Peace Corps
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Peace Corps - wikipedia Peace Corps Jump to : navigation , search Agency overview Formed March 1 , 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961 - 03 - 01 ) Headquarters Washington , D.C. , U.S. Employees 7,000 Annual budget $398 million ( 2018 fiscal year ) Agency executive Josephine K. Olsen , Director Parent agency US Government Website www.peacecorps.gov The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government . The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance , helping people outside the United States to understand American culture , and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries . The work is generally related to social and economic development . Each program participant , a Peace Corps Volunteer , is an American citizen , typically with a college degree , who works abroad for a period of two years after three months of training . Volunteers work with governments , schools , non-profit organizations , non-government organizations , and entrepreneurs in education , business , information technology , agriculture , and the environment . After 24 months of service , volunteers can request an extension of service . The program was established by Executive Order 10924 , issued by President John F. Kennedy on March 1 , 1961 , announced by televised broadcast March 2 , 1961 , and authorized by Congress on September 21 , 1961 , with passage of the Peace Corps Act ( Pub. L. 87 -- 293 ) . The act declares the program 's purpose as follows : To promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps , which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve , under conditions of hardship if necessary , to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower . From 1961 to 2015 , nearly 220,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps and served in 141 countries . The Peace Corps shows `` the willingness of Americans to work at the grassroots level in order to help underdeveloped countries meet their needs '' . The Peace Corps has affected the way people of other countries view Americans , how Americans view other countries , and how Americans view their own country . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1950 -- 1959 1.2 1960 -- 1969 1.3 1970 -- 1999 1.4 2000 -- present 2 International presence 3 Application Process 4 Initiatives 4.1 Eradicating malaria in Africa 4.2 Environment 4.3 Peace Corps Response 4.4 Education and languages 5 Laws governing the Peace Corps 5.1 Executive orders 5.2 Laws 5.3 Code of Federal Regulations 5.4 Limitations on former volunteers 5.5 Time limits on employment 6 Union representation 7 Leadership 7.1 Directors 7.2 Inspector General 8 In the news 9 Criticism 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) 1950 -- 1959 ( edit ) John F. Kennedy greets volunteers on August 28 , 1961 Following the end of World War II , various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries . In December 1951 Representative John F. Kennedy ( D - Massachusetts ) suggested to a group that `` young college graduates would find a full life in bringing technical advice and assistance to the underprivileged and backward Middle East ... In that calling , these men would follow the constructive work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years . '' In 1952 Senator Brien McMahon ( D - Connecticut ) proposed an `` army '' of young Americans to act as `` missionaries of democracy '' . Privately funded nonreligious organizations began sending volunteers overseas during the 1950s . While Kennedy is credited with the creation of the Peace Corps as president , the first initiative came from Senator Hubert H. Humphrey , Jr . ( D - Minnesota ) , who introduced the first bill to create the Peace Corps in 1957 -- three years before the University of Michigan speech . In his autobiography The Education of a Public Man , Humphrey wrote , There were three bills of particular emotional importance to me : the Peace Corps , a disarmament agency , and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty . The President , knowing how I felt , asked me to introduce legislation for all three . I introduced the first Peace Corps bill in 1957 . It did not meet with much enthusiasm . Some traditional diplomats quaked at the thought of thousands of young Americans scattered across their world . Many senators , including liberal ones , thought it silly and an unworkable idea . Now , with a young president urging its passage , it became possible and we pushed it rapidly through the Senate . It is fashionable now to suggest that Peace Corps Volunteers gained as much or more , from their experience as the countries they worked . That may be true , but it ought not demean their work . They touched many lives and made them better . Peace Corps headquarters at 1111 20th Street , NW in downtown Washington , D.C. Only in 1959 , however , did the idea receive serious attention in Washington when Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Wisconsin proposed a `` Point Four Youth Corps '' . In 1960 , he and Senator Richard L. Neuberger of Oregon introduced identical measures calling for a nongovernmental study of the idea 's `` advisability and practicability '' . Both the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee endorsed the study , the latter writing the Reuss proposal into the pending Mutual Security legislation . In this form it became law in June 1960 . In August the Mutual Security Appropriations Act was enacted , making available US $10,000 for the study , and in November ICA contracted with Maurice Albertson , Andrew E. Rice , and Pauline E. Birky of Colorado State University Research Foundation for the study . 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) John F. Kennedy was the first to announce the idea for such an organization during the 1960 presidential campaign , on October 14 , 1960 , at a late - night speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on the steps of the Michigan Union . He later dubbed the proposed organization the `` Peace Corps . '' A brass marker commemorates the place where Kennedy stood . In the weeks after the 1960 election , the study group at Colorado State University released their feasibility a few days before Kennedy 's Presidential Inauguration in January 1961 . Critics opposed the program . Kennedy 's opponent , Richard M. Nixon , predicted it would become a `` cult of escapism '' and `` a haven for draft dodgers . '' Others doubted whether recent graduates had the necessary skills and maturity for such a task . The idea was popular among students , however , and Kennedy pursued it , asking respected academics such as Max Millikan and Chester Bowles to help him outline the organization and its goals . During his inaugural address , Kennedy again promised to create the program : `` And so , my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country '' . President Kennedy in a speech at the White House on June 22 , 1962 , `` Remarks to Student Volunteers Participating in Operation Crossroads Africa '' , acknowledged that Operation Crossroads for Africa was the basis for the development of the Peace Corps . `` This group and this effort really were the progenitors of the Peace Corps and what this organization has been doing for a number of years led to the establishment of what I consider to be the most encouraging indication of the desire for service not only in this country but all around the world that we have seen in recent years '' . The Peace Corps website answered the question `` Who Inspired the Creation of the Peace Corps ? '' , acknowledging that the Peace Corps were based on Operation Crossroads Africa founded by Rev. James H. Robinson . Executive Order 10924 Establishment of the Peace Corps John F. Kennedy 's announcement of the establishment of the Peace Corps Problems playing this file ? See media help . On March 1 , 1961 , Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps . Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World , Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the stereotype of the `` Ugly American '' and `` Yankee imperialism , '' especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia . Kennedy appointed his brother - in - law , Sargent Shriver , to be the program 's first director . Shriver fleshed out the organization with the help of Warren Wiggins and others . Shriver and his think tank outlined the organization 's goals and set the initial number of volunteers . The Peace Corps began recruiting in July 1962 ; Bob Hope cut radio and television announcements hailing the program . A leading Peace Corps critic was U.S. Representative Otto Passman of Louisiana 's 5th congressional district , based about Monroe . Critics called Passman `` Otto the Terrible '' for trying to thwart the program by reducing its funding to minimal levels . Ultimately , it would be President Nixon , who despite his previous skepticism rescued the Peace Corps after 1969 from Passman 's congressional knife . Until about 1967 , applicants had to pass a placement test of `` general aptitude '' ( knowledge of various skills needed for Peace Corps assignments ) and language aptitude . After an address from Kennedy , who was introduced by Rev. Russell Fuller of Memorial Christian Church , Disciples of Christ , on August 28 , 1961 , the first group of volunteers left for Ghana and Tanzania , known as Tanganyika at the time . The program was formally authorized by Congress on September 22 , 1961 , and within two years over 7,300 volunteers were serving in 44 countries . This number increased to 15,000 in June 1966 , the largest number in the organization 's history . The organization experienced controversy in its first year of operation . On October 13 , 1961 , a postcard from a volunteer named Margery Jane Michelmore in Nigeria to a friend in the U.S. described her situation in Nigeria as `` squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions . '' However , this postcard never made it out of the country . The University of Ibadan College Students Union demanded deportation and accused the volunteers of being `` America 's international spies '' and the project as `` a scheme designed to foster neocolonialism . '' Soon the international press picked up the story , leading several people in the U.S. administration to question the program . Nigerian students protested the program , while the American volunteers sequestered themselves and eventually began a hunger strike . After several days , the Nigerian students agreed to open a dialogue with the Americans . Fragment of a 1965 in - country identification card . 1970 -- 1999 ( edit ) In July 1971 , President Richard Nixon , an opponent of the program , brought the Peace Corps under the umbrella agency ACTION . President Jimmy Carter , an advocate of the program , said that his mother , who had served as a nurse in the program , had `` one of the most glorious experiences of her life '' in the Peace Corps . In 1979 , he made it fully autonomous in an executive order . This independent status was further secured by 1981 legislation making the organization an independent federal agency . In 1976 , Deborah Gardner was found murdered in her home in Tonga , where she was serving in the Peace Corps . Dennis Priven , a fellow Peace Corps worker , was later charged with the murder by the Tonga government . He was found not guilty by reason of insanity , and was sentenced to serve time in a mental institution in Washington D.C. Privan was never admitted to any institution , and the handling of the case has been heavily criticized . The main criticism has been that the Peace Corps seemingly worked to keep one of its volunteers from being found guilty of murder , due to the reflection it would have on the organization . 2000 -- present ( edit ) Although the earliest volunteers were typically thought of as generalists , the Peace Corps had requests for technical personnel from the start . For example , geologists were among the first volunteers requested by Ghana , an early volunteer host . An article in Geotimes ( a trade publication ) in 1963 , reviewed the program , with a follow - up history of Peace Corps geoscientists appearing in that publication in 2004 . During the Nixon Administration the Peace Corps included foresters , computer scientists , and small business advisors among its volunteers . In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan appointed director Loret Miller Ruppe , who initiated business - related programs . For the first time , a significant number of conservative and Republican volunteers joined the Corps , as the organization continued to reflect the evolving political and social conditions in the United States . Funding cuts during the early 1980s reduced the number of volunteers to 5,380 , its lowest level since the early years . Funding increased in 1985 , when Congress began raising the number of volunteers , reaching 10,000 in 1992 . Peace Corps trainees swearing in as volunteers in Madagascar , April 26 , 2006 . After the 2001 September 11 attacks , which alerted the U.S. to growing anti-U.S. sentiment in the Middle East , President George W. Bush pledged to double the size of the organization within five years as a part of the War on Terrorism . For the 2004 fiscal year , Congress increased the budget to US $325 million , US $30 million above that of 2003 but US $30 million below the President 's request . As part of an economic stimulus package in 2008 , President Barack Obama proposed to double the size of the Peace Corps . However , as of 2010 , the amount requested was insufficient to reach this goal by 2011 . In fact , the number of applicants to the Peace Corps has declined steadily from a high of 15,384 in 2009 to 10,091 in 2012 . Congress raised the 2010 appropriation from the US $373 million requested by the President to US $400 million , and proposed bills would raise this further for 2011 and 2012 . According to former director Gaddi Vasquez , the Peace Corps is trying to recruit more diverse volunteers of different ages and make it look `` more like America '' . A Harvard International Review article from 2007 proposes to expand the Peace Corps , revisit its mission and equip it with new technology . In 1961 only 1 % of volunteers were over 50 , compared with 5 % today . Ethnic minorities currently comprise 19 % of volunteers . 35 % of the U.S. population are Hispanic or non-White . In 2009 , Casey Frazee , who was sexually assaulted while serving in South Africa , created First Response Action , an advocacy group for a stronger Peace Corps response for volunteers who are survivors or victims of physical and sexual violence . In 2010 , concerns about the safety of volunteers were illustrated by a report , compiled from official public documents , listing hundreds of violent crimes against volunteers since 1989 . In 2011 , a 20 / 20 investigation found that `` more than 1,000 young American women have been raped or sexually assaulted in the last decade while serving as Peace Corps volunteers in foreign countries . '' International presence ( edit ) Countries served by Peace Corps Volunteers as of 2009 . Countries formerly served . Prime Minister George Cadle Price and a Peace Corps volunteer , Belize , 1976 During its history , Peace Corps Volunteers have worked in the following countries : Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Belize ( since 1962 ) Bolivia ( 1962 -- 1971 , 1990 -- 2008 ) Brazil ( 1962 -- 1981 ) Chile ( 1961 -- 1982 , 1991 -- 1998 ) Colombia ( 1961 -- 1981 , since 2010 ) Costa Rica ( since 1963 ) Dominica ( since 1961 ) Dominican Republic ( since 1962 ) Ecuador ( since 1962 ) El Salvador ( 1962 -- 1980 , 1993 -- 2016 ) Grenada ( since 1961 ) Guatemala ( since 1963 ) Guyana ( 1966 -- 1971 , since 1995 ) Haiti ( 1982 -- 1987 , 1990 -- 1991 , 1996 -- 2005 ) Honduras ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Jamaica ( since 1962 ) Mexico ( since 2004 ) Nicaragua ( 1968 -- 1979 , since 1991 ) Panama ( 1963 -- 1971 , since 1990 ) Paraguay ( since 1966 ) Peru ( 1962 -- 1974 , since 2002 ) Saint Lucia ( since 1961 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( since 1961 ) Surinam ( 1995 -- 2013 ) Uruguay ( 1963 -- 1973 , 1991 -- 1997 ) Venezuela ( 1962 -- 1976 ) Europe and central Asia Albania ( 1992 -- 1997 , since 2003 ) Armenia ( since 1992 ) Azerbaijan ( 2003 -- 2016 ) Bosnia - Herzegovina ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Bulgaria ( 1991 -- 2013 ) Cyprus ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Czech Republic ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Estonia ( 1992 -- 2002 ) Georgia ( since 2001 ) Hungary ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Kazakhstan ( 1993 -- 2011 ) Latvia ( 1992 -- 2002 ) Lithuania ( 1992 -- 2002 ) Kyrgyzstan ( since 1993 ) Kosovo ( since 2014 ) Macedonia ( since 1996 ) Malta ( 1970 -- 1975 , 1990 -- 1998 ) Moldova ( since 1993 ) Poland ( 1990 -- 2001 ) Romania ( 1991 -- 2013 ) Russia ( 1992 -- 2003 ) Slovakia ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Turkmenistan ( 1993 -- 2013 ) Turkey ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Uzbekistan ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Ukraine ( since 1992 ) Middle East and north Africa Bahrain ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Iran ( 1962 -- 1976 ) Jordan ( 1997 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 2015 ) Libya ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Morocco ( since 1963 ) Oman ( 1973 -- 1983 ) Tunisia ( 1962 -- 1996 , 2013 ) Yemen ( 1973 -- 1994 ) Subsaharan Africa Benin ( since 1968 ) Botswana ( 1966 -- 1997 , since 2003 ) Burkina Faso ( 1967 -- 1987 , 1995 - 2017 ) Burundi ( 1983 -- 1993 ) Cape Verde ( 1988 -- 2013 ) Cameroon ( since 1962 ) Chad ( 1966 -- 1979 , 1987 -- 1998 , 2003 -- 2006 ) Comoros ( 1988 -- 1995 , since 2015 ) Congo ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Central African Republic ( 1972 -- 1996 ) Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1970 -- 1991 ) Equatorial Guinea ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Eritrea ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Ethiopia ( 1962 -- 1977 , 1995 -- 1999 , since 2007 ) Gabon ( 1963 -- 1968 , 1973 -- 2005 ) Gambia ( since 1967 ) Ghana ( since 1961 ) Guinea ( 1963 -- 1966 , 1969 -- 1971 , since 1985 ) Guinea - Bissau ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Ivory Coast ( 1962 -- 1981 , 1990 -- 2003 ) Kenya ( since 1964 ) Lesotho ( since 1967 ) Liberia ( 1962 -- 1990 , since 2008 ) Madagascar ( since 1993 ) Malawi ( 1963 -- 1976 , since 1978 ) Mali ( 1971 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2015 ) Mauritius ( 1969 -- 1976 ) Mauritania ( 1966 -- 1967 , 1971 -- 2011 ) Mozambique ( since 1998 ) Namibia ( since 1990 ) Niger ( 1962 -- 2011 ) Nigeria ( 1961 -- 1976 , 1992 -- 1995 ) Rwanda ( 1975 -- 1993 , since 2008 ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Senegal ( since 1963 ) Seychelles ( 1974 -- 1995 ) Sierra Leone ( 1962 -- 1994 , since 2010 ) Somalia ( 1962 -- 1970 ) South Africa ( since 1997 ) Sudan ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Swaziland ( 1969 -- 1996 , since 2003 ) Tanzania ( 1961 -- 1969 , since 1979 ) Togo ( since 1962 ) Uganda ( 1964 -- 1972 , 1991 -- 1999 , since 2001 ) Zambia ( since 1994 ) Zimbabwe ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Asia Afghanistan ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Bangladesh ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Cambodia ( since 2007 ) China ( since 1993 ) East Timor ( 2002 -- 2006 , since 2015 ) India ( 1961 -- 1976 ) Indonesia ( 1963 -- 1965 , since 2010 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 1983 ) Mongolia ( since 1991 ) Myanmar ( since 2016 ) Nepal ( 1962 -- 2004 , since 2012 ) Pakistan ( 1961 -- 1967 , 1988 -- 1991 ) Philippines ( 1961 -- 1990 , since 1992 ) South Korea ( 1966 -- 1981 ) Sri Lanka ( 1962 -- 1964 , 1967 -- 1970 , 1983 -- 1998 ) Thailand ( since 1962 ) Oceania Fiji ( 1968 -- 1998 , since 2003 ) Cook Islands ( 1982 -- 1995 ) Marshall Islands ( 1966 -- 1996 ) Solomon Islands ( 1971 -- 2000 ) Kiribati ( 1974 -- 2008 ) Micronesia ( since 1966 ) Niue ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1981 -- 2001 ) Samoa ( since 1967 ) Tonga ( since 1967 ) Tuvalu ( 1977 -- 1997 ) Vanuatu ( since 1990 ) Application process ( edit ) The application for the Peace Corps takes up to one hour unless one talks to a recruiter and the applicant must be at least 18 years old and a U.S. citizen , and must apply 9 to 12 months before they want to leave . They must go through an interview . Initiatives ( edit ) The Peace Corps aims to educate community members on the different illnesses that are present in developing countries as well as what treatments exist in order prevent these illnesses from spreading . Volunteers are also often there in order to teach community members about modern agricultural techniques in order for them to more effectively produce food for themselves and each other ( Peace Corps ) . The Corps is also a proponent of equal education and moves to allow for equal education opportunities for girls in countries like Liberia and Ethiopia ( USAID ) . Volunteers are often educators and experts in other fields so as better to help the people of the community learn and grow ( Peace Corps ) . `` Let Girls Learn '' U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , 05 August 2016 , Accessed : 13 November 2016 https://www.usaid.gov/letgirlslearn Peace Corps , Peace Corps , 2016 , https://www.peacecorps.gov/ Accessed 10 November 2016 Eradicating malaria in Africa ( edit ) The Corps launched its initiative to engage volunteers in malaria control efforts in 2011 . The initiative , which grew out of malaria prevention programs in Peace Corps Senegal , now includes volunteers in 24 African countries . Environment ( edit ) The Corps offers a variety of environmental programs . Needs assessments determine which programs apply to each country . Programs include effective and efficient forms of farming , recycling , park management , environmental education , and developing alternative fuel sources . Volunteers must have some combination of academic degrees and practical experience . The three major programs are Protected - Areas Management , Environment Education or Awareness , and Forestry . In Protected areas management , volunteers work with parks or other programs to teach resource conservation . Volunteer activities include technical training , working with park staff on wildlife preservation , organizing community - based conservation programs for sustainable use of forests or marine resources , and creating activities for raising revenue to protect the environment . Environment Education or Awareness focuses on communities that have environmental issues regarding farming and income . Programs include teaching in elementary and secondary schools ; environmental education to youth programs ; creation of environmental groups ; support forest and marine resource sustainability ; ways of generating money ; urban sanitation management ; and educating farmers about soil conservation , forestry , and vegetable gardening . Forestry programs help communities conserve natural resources through projects such as soil conservation , flood control , creation of sustainable fuels , agroforestry ( e.g. , fruit and vegetable production ) , alley cropping , and protection of biodiversity . Peace Corps Response ( edit ) Peace Corps Response , formerly named the Crisis Corps , was created by Peace Corps Director Mark Gearan in 1996 . Gearan modeled the Crisis Corps after the National Peace Corps Association 's successful Emergency Response Network ( ERN ) of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers willing to respond to crises when needed . ERN emerged in response to the 1994 Rwandan genocide . On November 19 , 2007 Peace Corps Director Ronald Tschetter changed Crisis Corps 's name to Peace Corps Response . The change to Peace Corps Response allowed Peace Corps to include projects that did not rise to the level of a crisis . The program deploys former volunteers on high - impact assignments that typically range from three to twelve months in duration . Peace Corps Response volunteers generally receive the same allowances and benefits as their Peace Corps counterparts , including round - trip transportation , living and readjustment allowances , and medical care . Minimum qualifications include completion of at least one year of Peace Corps service , including training , in addition to medical and legal clearances . The Crisis Corps title was retained as a unique branch within Peace Corps Response , designed for volunteers who are deployed to true `` crisis '' situations , such as disaster relief following hurricanes , earthquakes , floods , volcanic eruptions and other catastrophes . Education and languages ( edit ) Peace Corps has created resources for teachers in the US and abroad to teach 101 languages . Resources vary by language , and include text , recordings , lesson plans and teaching notes . Laws governing the Peace Corps ( edit ) Executive Orders ( edit ) Peace Corps was originally established by Executive Order , and has been modified by several subsequent executive orders including : 1961 -- 10924 -- Establishment and administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State ( Kennedy ) 1962 -- 11041 -- Continuance and administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State ( Kennedy ) 1963 -- 11103 -- Providing for the appointment of former Peace Corps volunteers to the civilian career services ( Kennedy ) 1971 -- 11603 -- Assigning additional functions to the Director of ACTION ( Nixon ) 1979 -- 12137 -- The Peace Corps ( Carter ) Laws ( edit ) Federal laws governing the Peace Corps are contained in Title 22 of the United States Code -- Foreign Relations and Intercourse , Chapter 34 -- The Peace Corps . Public laws are passed by Congress and the President and create or modify the U.S. Code . The first public law establishing Peace Corps in the US Code was The Peace Corps Act passed by the 87th Congress and signed into law on September 22 , 1961 . Several public laws have modified the Peace Corps Act , including : Pub. L. 87 -- 293 , 75 Stat. 612 , enacted September 22 , 1961 -- The Peace Corps Act Pub. L. 88 -- 200 , 77 Stat. 359 , enacted December 13 , 1963 Pub. L. 89 -- 134 , 79 Stat. 549 , enacted August 24 , 1965 Pub. L. 89 -- 554 , 80 Stat. 378 , enacted September 6 , 1966 Pub. L. 89 -- 572 , 80 Stat. 764 , enacted September 13 , 1966 Pub. L. 91 -- 99 , 83 Stat. 166 , enacted October 29 , 1969 Pub. L. 91 -- 352 , 84 Stat. 464 , enacted July 24 , 1970 Pub. L. 94 -- 130 , 89 Stat. 684 , enacted November 14 , 1975 -- Bill to carry into effect certain provisions of the Patent Cooperation Treaty , and for other purposes . Pub. L. 95 -- 331 , 92 Stat. 414 , enacted August 2 , 1978 -- Peace Corps Act Amendments Pub. L. 96 -- 465 , 94 Stat. 2071 , enacted October 17 , 1980 -- The Foreign Service Act of 1980 Pub. L. 97 -- 113 , 95 Stat. 1519 , enacted December 29 , 1981 -- International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 Pub. L. 99 -- 83 , 99 Stat. 190 , enacted August 8 , 1985 -- International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 Pub. L. 99 -- 514 , 100 Stat. 2085 , enacted October 22 , 1986 -- Tax Reform Act of 1986 Pub. L. 102 -- 565 , 106 Stat. 4265 , enacted October 28 , 1992 -- A bill to amend the Peace Corps Act to authorize appropriations for the Peace Corps for FY1993 and to establish Peace Corps foreign exchange fluctuations account , and for other purposes . Pub. L. 105 -- 12 , 111 Stat. 23 , enacted April 30 , 1997 -- The Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997 Pub. L. 106 -- 30 , 113 Stat. 55 , enacted May 21 , 1999 -- Peace Corps Act , FY2002 , 2003 Authorization Bill Peace Corps Reauthorization Act of 2008 at Congress.gov Code of federal Regulations ( edit ) The Peace Corps is subject to Federal Regulations as prescribed by public law and executive order and contained in Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations under Chapter 3 . Limitations on former volunteers ( edit ) Former members of the Peace Corps may not be assigned to military intelligence duties for a period of 4 years following Peace Corps service . Furthermore , they are forever prohibited from serving in a military intelligence posting to any country in which they volunteered . Time limits on employment ( edit ) Peace Corps employees receive time - limited appointments , and most employees are limited to a maximum of five years of employment . This time limit was established to ensure that Peace Corps ' staff remain fresh and innovative . A related rule specifies that former employees can not be re-employed until after the same amount of time that they were employed . Volunteer service is not counted for the purposes of either rule . Union representation ( edit ) Non-supervisory domestic employees are represented by the American Federation of State , County , and Municipal Employees ( AFSCME ) Local 3548 . The Federal Labor Relations Agency certified the Union on May 11 , 1983 . About 500 domestic employees are members . The current collective bargaining agreement became effective on April 21 , 1995 . Leadership ( edit ) Directors ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 3 , 2018 , President Donald Trump nominated Josephine `` Jody '' Olson as the 20th director of the Peace Corps. . Olson has a long history with the agency , serving as Acting Director in 2009 , Deputy Director from 2002 - 2009 , Chief of Staff from 1989 - 1992 , Regional Director , North Africa Near East , Asia , Pacific from 1981 - 1984 , and Country Director in Togo from 1979 - 1981 . Olsen also served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Tunisia from 1966 - 1968 . Director Service Dates Appointed by Notes R. Sargent Shriver 1961 -- 1966 Kennedy President Kennedy appointed Shriver three days after signing the executive order . Volunteers arrived in five countries during 1961 . In just under six years , Shriver developed programs in 55 countries with more than 14,500 volunteers . Jack Vaughn 1966 -- 1969 Johnson Vaughn improved marketing , programming , and volunteer support as large numbers of former volunteers joined the staff . He also promoted volunteer assignments in conservation , natural resource management , and community development . Joseph Blatchford 1969 -- 1971 Nixon Blatchford served as head of the new ACTION agency , which included the Corps . He created the Office of Returned Volunteers to help volunteers serve in their communities at home , and initiated New Directions , a program emphasizing volunteer skills . Kevin O'Donnell 1971 -- 1972 Nixon O'Donnell's appointment was the first for a former Peace Corps country director ( Korea , 1966 -- 70 ) . He fought budget cuts , and believed strongly in a non-career Peace Corps . 5 Donald Hess 1972 -- 1973 Nixon Hess initiated training of volunteers in the host country where they would eventually serve , using host country nationals . The training provided more realistic preparation , and costs dropped for the agency . Hess also sought to end the down - sizing of the Peace Corps . 6 Nicholas Craw 1973 -- 1974 Nixon Craw sought to increase the number of volunteers in the field and to stabilize the agency 's future . He introduced a goal - setting measurement plan , the Country Management Plan , which gained increased Congressional support and improved resource allocation across the 69 participating countries . 7 John Dellenback 1975 -- 1977 Ford Dellenback improved volunteer health care available . He emphasized recruiting generalists . He believed in committed applicants even those without specific skills and instead training them for service . 8 Carolyn R. Payton 1977 -- 1978 Carter Payton was the first female director and the first African American . She focused on improving volunteer diversity . 9 Richard F. Celeste 1979 -- 1981 Carter Celeste focused on the role of women in development and increased women and minority participation , particularly for staff positions . He invested heavily in training , including the development of a worldwide core curriculum . 10 Loret Miller Ruppe 1981 -- 1989 Reagan Ruppe was the longest - serving director and championed women in development roles . She launched the Competitive Enterprise Development program , the Caribbean Basin Initiative , the Initiative for Central America and the African Food Systems Initiative . 11 Paul Coverdell 1989 -- 1991 G.H.W. Bush Coverdell established two programs with a domestic focus . World Wise Schools enabled U.S. students to correspond with overseas volunteers . Fellows / USA assisted Returned Peace Corps volunteers in pursuing graduate studies while serving local communities . 12 Elaine Chao 1991 -- 1992 G.H.W. Bush Chao was the first Asian American director . She expanded Peace Corps ' presence in Eastern Europe and Central Asia by establishing the first Peace Corps programs in Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia , and other newly independent countries . 13 Carol Bellamy 1993 -- 1995 Clinton Bellamy was the first RPCV ( Returned Peace Corps volunteer ) ( Guatemala 1963 -- 65 ) to be director . She reinvigorated relations with former volunteers and launched the Corps ' web site . 14 Mark D. Gearan 1995 -- 1999 Clinton Gearan established the Crisis Corps , a program that allows former volunteers to help overseas communities recover from natural disasters and humanitarian crises . He supported expanding the corps and opened new volunteer programs in South Africa , Jordan , Bangladesh and Mozambique . 15 Mark L. Schneider 1999 -- 2001 Clinton Schneider was the second RPCV ( El Salvador , 1966 -- 68 ) to head the agency . He launched an initiative to increase volunteers ' participation in helping prevent the spread of HIV / AIDS in Africa , and also sought volunteers to work on information technology projects . 16 Gaddi Vasquez 2002 -- 2006 G.W. Bush Gaddi H. Vasquez was the first Hispanic American director . His focus was to increase volunteer and staff diversity . He also led the establishment of a Peace Corps program in Mexico . 17 Ron Tschetter September 2006 -- 2008 G.W. Bush The third RPCV to head the agency , Tschetter served in India in the mid-1960s . He launched an initiative known as the `` 50 and Over , '' to increase the participation of older men and women . 18 Aaron S. Williams August 2009 -- September 2012 Obama Aaron S. Williams became director on August 24 , 2009 . Mr. Williams is the fourth director to have served as a volunteer . Williams cited personal and family considerations as the reason for his stepping down as Peace Corps Director on September 17 , 2012 . 19 Carrie Hessler - Radelet September 2012 -- 2017 Obama Carrie Hessler - Radelet became acting Director of the Peace Corps in September 2012 . Previously , Hessler - Radelet served as deputy director of the Peace Corps from June 23 , 2010 , until her appointment as acting Director . From 1981 -- 83 , she served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Western Samoa with her husband , Steve . She was confirmed as Director on June 5 , 2014 . 20 Josephine K. Olsen February 2018 -- Trump Jody Olsen was confirmed Director of the Peace Corps on February 27 , 2018 . Olsen previously served the Peace Corps as Acting Director in 2009 , Deputy Director from 2002 - 2009 , Chief of Staff from 1989 - 1992 , Regional Director , North Africa Near East , Asia , Pacific from 1981 - 1984 , and Country Director in Togo from 1979 - 1981 . Olsen also served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Tunisia from 1966 - 1968 . Inspector General ( edit ) The Peace Corps Office of Inspector General is authorized by law to review all programs and operations of the Peace Corps . The OIG is an independent entity within the Peace Corps . The inspector general ( IG ) reports directly to the Peace Corps Director . In addition , the IG reports to Congress semiannually with data on OIG activities . The OIG serves as the law enforcement arm of the Peace Corps and works closely with the Department of State , the Department of Justice , and other federal agencies OIG has three sections to conduct its functions : Audit -- Auditors review functional activities of the Peace Corps , such as contract compliance and financial and program operations , to ensure accountability and to recommend improved levels of economy and efficiency ; Evaluations -- Evaluators analyze the management and program operations of the Peace Corps at both overseas posts and domestic offices . They identify best practices and recommend program improvements and ways to accomplish Peace Corps ' mission and strategic goals . Investigations -- Investigators respond to allegations of criminal or administrative wrongdoing by Peace Corps Volunteers , Peace Corps personnel , including experts and consultants , and by those who do business with the Peace Corps , including contractors . From 2006 -- 07 , H. David Kotz was the Inspector General . In the News ( edit ) At a meeting of the House Foreign Affairs Committee in 2011 , Peace Corps volunteers shared their experiences of violence and sexual assault . At this meeting , it was found that between 2000 -- 2009 there have been several cases of rape or attempted rape , and about 22 women are sexually assaulted each year . The case of murdered Peace Corps volunteer Kate Puzey was discussed . The Peace Corps has gained attention in the media and their directors have been attacked for how they handled this situation . Kate Puzey 's mother was one of those to make a comment at the meeting about how badly the situation with her daughter had been handled . One woman claimed that her country 's director had blamed her for getting raped , while other victims have also been similarly blamed . Criticism of how Peace Corps has responded to sexual assaults against volunteers culminated in the appointment of Kellie Green as the agency 's first Director of the Office Of Victims Advocacy in 2011 . Green was eventually pushed out of her position in April 2015 for purportedly `` creating a hostile work environment '' . Greene maintains that Peace Corps retaliated against her for pressing agency officials to fully comply with their responsibilities towards volunteers who have been victims of sexual assault . A Change.org petition demanding that Green be reinstated began circulating among former volunteers in December 2015 . In 2009 , the most recent year reported , 69 % of Peace Corps crime victims were women , 88 % were under 30 , and 82 % were Caucasian . Worldwide , there were 15 cases of rape / attempted rape and 96 cases of sexual assault reported for a total of 111 sexual crimes committed against female Peace Corps volunteers . This was all shared on ABC news 20 / 20 . The majority of women who join the Peace Corps are in their mid-twenties . In 62 % of the more than 2,900 assault cases since 1990 , the victim was identified as being alone . In 59 % of assault cases , the victim was identified as a woman in her 20s . At that time the media began to report all these numbers and facts . The Peace Corps has also been in the media for the topic of abortion . Women who have been raped in foreign countries while volunteering have wanted to get abortions . They then realize that Peace Corps had no program that would help them . Peace Corps volunteers get paid $200 to $350 a month . Abortions can typically cost around $470 . This makes it difficult for women who want an abortion . Since 1979 , it has been prohibited for federal funds to cover abortion costs for Peace Corps volunteers . Even in instances of life endangerment , rape and incest , volunteers are not financially covered . 433 Peace Corps volunteers were interviewed and it was reported that many thought the funding ban on abortion coverage should be removed . This was a two - month interview with no eligibility restrictions . Abortion is such a controversial topic that this just made it much more difficult for the Peace Corps to handle . Volunteers do receive health care , including prescription medications , routine examinations , and emergency care , free of charge . These services are provided in - country through a Peace Corps Medical Officer . Peace Corps volunteers do n't make much money , which adds to this issue in the news . The abortion topic is very active in the Peace Corps , because when volunteers become pregnant for any reason , they can no longer be volunteers , and a significant number of them want to remain volunteers . Many volunteers have the same or very similar story . Criticism ( edit ) Critics and criticisms of Peace Corps include Robert L. Strauss of Foreign Policy , an article by a former volunteer describing assaults on volunteers from 1992 to 2010 , an ABC news report on 20 / 20 , a Huffington Post article on former Peace Corps volunteers speaking out on rapes , and About. com 's article on rape and assault in the Peace Corps . In the Reagan Administration , in 1986 , an article in the Multinational Monitor looked critically at the Peace Corps . On a positive note , the writer praises the Corps for aspects saying that it is `` not in the business of transferring massive economic resources . Rather it concentrates on increasing productivity and encouraging self - reliance in villages that are often ignored by large - scale development agencies , '' and notes the `` heavy emphasis on basic education '' by the Corps . `` Many returned volunteers complain that the Peace Corps does little to promote or make use of their rich experiences once they return ... ( A ) Peace Corps volunteer is sent in ... ( to ) relieve ... the local government from having to develop policies that assure equitable distribution of health care ... During the early years there were many failures in structure and programming ... Some critics charge that the Peace Corps is only a somewhat ineffective attempt to counter damage done to the U.S. image abroad by its aggressive military and its unscrupulous businesses ... Many observers and some returned volunteers charge that , in addition to public relations for the United States , Peace Corps programs serve to legitimize dictators ... When he began evaluating the Corps in the 1960s , Charlie Peters found `` they were training volunteers to be junior diplomats . Giving them a course in American studies , world affairs and communism ... Although it seems unlikely that the Peace Corps is used in covert operations , wittingly or not it is often used in conjunction with U.S. military interests ... In a review of the Peace Corps in March the House Select Committee on Hunger praised the agency for effective work in the areas of agriculture and conservation , while recommending that the Corps expand its African Food Systems Initiative , increase the number of volunteers in the field , recruit more women , and move to depoliticize country dictatorships . '' The author suggests that `` the poor should be encouraged to organize a power base to gain more leverage with the powers - that - be '' by the Peace Corps and that `` The Peace Corps is the epitome of Kennedy 's Camelot mythology . It is a tall order to expect a small program appended to an immense superpower , to make a difference , but it is a goal worth striving for . '' In December 2003 , a report by the Brookings Institution praised the Peace Corps but proposed changes . These include relabeling Peace Corps volunteers in certain countries , greater host country ownership , reverse volunteers ( have volunteers from the host country in the U.S. ) , and multilateral volunteers . The Brookings Institution wrote that a `` one - year service commitment ( for the Baby Boom generation ) could make the Peace Corps more attractive to older Americans , possibly combined with the option of returning to the same site or country after a three - month break '' and customized placement to a specific country would increase the number of people volunteering . In a critique by The Future of Freedom Foundation , James Bovard mixes history of the Peace Corps with current interpretations . He writes that in the 1980s , `` The Peace Corps 's world - saving pretensions were a joke on American taxpayers and Third World folks who expected real help . '' He goes on to criticize the difference in rhetoric and action of Peace Corps volunteers , even attacking its establishment as `` the epitome of emotionalism in American politics . '' Using snippets of reports , accounts of those in countries affected by the Peace Corps and even concluded that at one point `` some Peace Corps agricultural efforts directly hurt Third World poor . '' At the end of the article , Bovard noted that all Peace Corps volunteers he had talked with conceded they have not helped foreigners ... but he acknowledges that `` Some Peace Corps volunteers , like some Americans who volunteer for religion missions abroad , have truly helped foreigners . '' BoingBoing editor Xeni Jardin describes criticism of the agency 's response to assault : `` A growing number of ex-Peace Corps volunteers are speaking out about having survived rape and other forms of sexual assault while assigned overseas . They say the agency ignored their concerns for safety or requests for relocation , and tried to blame rape victims for their attacks . Their stories , and support from families and advocates , are drawing attention from lawmakers and promises of reform from the agency '' . Among 8,655 volunteers there are on average 22 Peace Corps women reported being the victims of rape or attempted rape each year . In popular culture ( edit ) Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention have a song named `` Who Needs the Peace Corps ? '' on their 1968 album We 're Only in It for the Money . In popular culture , the Peace Corps has been used as a comedic plot device in such movies as Airplane ! , Christmas with the Kranks , Shallow Hal , and Volunteers or used to set the scene for a historic era , as when Frances `` Baby '' Houseman tells the audience she plans to join the Peace Corps in the introduction to the movie Dirty Dancing . The Peace Corps has also been documented on film and examined more seriously and in more depth . The 2006 documentary film Death of Two Sons , directed by Micah Schaffer , juxtaposes the deaths of Amadou Diallo , a Guinean - American who was gunned down by four New York City policemen with 41 bullets , and Peace Corps volunteer Jesse Thyne who lived with Amadou 's family in Guinea and died in a car crash there . Jimi Sir , released in 2007 , is a documentary portrait of volunteer James Parks ' experiences as a high school science , math and English teacher during the last 10 weeks of his service in Nepal . James speaks Nepali fluently and shows a culture where there are no roads , vehicles , electricity , plumbing , telephone or radio . The movie El Rey , directed and written by Antonio Dorado in 2004 , attacks corrupt police , unscrupulous politicians and half - hearted revolutionaries but also depicts the urban legend of Peace Corps Volunteers `` training '' native Colombians how to process coca leaves into cocaine . In the 1969 film , Yawar Mallku / Sangre de cóndor / Blood of the Condor , Bolivian director Jorge Sanjinés portrayed Peace Corps volunteers in the camp as arrogant , ethnocentric , and narrow - minded imperialists out to destroy Indian culture . One particularly powerful scene showed Indians attacking a clinic while the volunteers inside sterilized Indian women against their will . The film is thought to be at least partially responsible for the expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971 . Peace Corps volunteer Fred Krieger who was serving in Bolivia at the time said , `` It was an effective movie -- emotionally very arousing -- and it directly targeted Peace Corps volunteers . I thought I would be lynched before getting out of the theatre . To my amazement , people around me smiled courteously as we left , no one commented , it was just like any other movie . '' In 2016 , Peace Corps partnered with jewelry retailer Alex and Ani to create cord bracelets to raise money for the Peace Corps ' Let Girls Learn Fund . See also ( edit ) List of notable Peace Corps Volunteers AmeriCorps Language education List of Language Self - Study Programs Peace Corps Memorial Provincial Reconstruction Team United States Cultural Exchange Programs British Romanian Educational Exchange CUSO Doctors Without Borders EU Aid Volunteers European Voluntary Service Fredskorpset International Voluntary Services JICA ( Japan International Cooperation Agency ) Korea International Cooperation Agency United Nations Volunteers Voluntary Service Overseas World Vision References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MS 281 COMPLETION OF SERVICE DATE ADVANCEMENT AND EXTENSION OF SERVICE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . files.peacecorps.gov. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hall , Michael R . `` The Impact of the U.S. Peace Corps at Home and Abroad '' . search.proquest.com . ProQuest . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Leamer , Laurence ( 2001 ) . The Kennedy Men : 1901 -- 1963 . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 688 - 16315 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` POINT FOUR ' HOE ARMY ' SOUGHT BY M'MAHON '' . The New York Times . January 26 , 1952 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert H ( 1991 ) . `` The Education of a Public Man '' . ISBN 9780816618972 . ^ Jump up to : Gerber , Anna ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Tops in Peace Corps Volunteers , again '' . SOURCE , Colorado State University . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New Frontiers for American Youth : Perspective on the Peace Corps . Public Affairs Press . 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Guide too the Peace Corps Collections '' . Colorado State University Special Collections . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy '' . Peace Corps . November 20 , 2013 ( 1960 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Albertson , Maurice L. , Pauline E. Birky , and Andrew E. Rice . 1961 . The Peace Corps Final Report . Colorado State University Research Foundation , Fort Collins . January , 1961 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching With Documents : Founding Documents of the Peace Corps . '' National Archives and Records Administration . ^ Jump up to : Megan Gibson . `` Top 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Peace Corps '' ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Time . ^ Jump up to : James Tobin . `` JFK at the Union : The Unknown Story of the Peace Corps Speech . '' National Peace Corps Association / University of Michigan . Jump up ^ The Avalon Project ( 1997 ) . `` Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ June 22 , 1962 Remarks to Student Volunteers Participating in Operation Crossroads Africa . http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8730 Jump up ^ ( 2005 ) `` Who Inspired the Creation of the Peace Corps '' . Peace Corps Online . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 10924 : Establishment of the Peace Corps . ( 1961 ) '' . Ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organization of American Historians '' . Historycooperative.org . June 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Billy Hathorn , `` Otto Passman , Jerry Huckaby , and Frank Spooner : The Louisiana Fifth Congressional District Campaign of 1976 '' , Louisiana History : The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association , Vol . LIV , No. 3 ( Summer 2013 ) , p. 337 Jump up ^ http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf Jump up ^ `` US History -- The Peace Corps '' . Peace Corps Online . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Corps Girl Stirs Anger In Nigeria by Alleging ' Squalor ' '' . New York Times . October 16 , 1961 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The infamous Peace Corps postcard '' . Peace Corps Writers . 2007 . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Postcard to Friend Reporting ' Primitive Living ' Leads to Protest by Students '' . New York Times . October 16 , 1961 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` RIFT ON PEACE CORPS HEALING IN NIGERIA '' . New York Times . November 7 , 1961 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Yee , Daniel ( 2005 ) . `` Jimmy Carter said his mother 's service in the Peace Corps as a nurse when she was 70 years old `` was one of the most glorious experiences of her life . '' `` . Peace Corps Online . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , . Jump up ^ Weiss , Philip ( May 21 , 2005 ) . `` Deborah Gardner 's death -- Murder in the Peace Corps -- Dennis Priven '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hastings , David , ed. , 2004 . Geoscientists in the Peace Corps . Geotimes , August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - Fact Sheet National Service 070408 FINAL. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://feed.vocativ.com/peace-corps-applications-lowest-in-a-decade-doing-good-is-great-but-young-people-want-jobs/ Jump up ^ `` The Obameter : Double the Peace Corps -- Obama promise No. 221 : '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boston -- AP ( March 4 , 2006 ) . `` Peace Corps eyes recruitment of minorities , older Americans , peace , corps , percent -- Regional News -- WRGB CBS 6 Albany '' . 42.652579 ; - 73.756232 : Cbs6albany.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Technologies of Peace -- Harvard International Review '' . Hir.harvard.edu . May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts What Is Peace Corps ? Learn About Peace Corps Peace Corps '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States -- Selected Population Profile in the United States ( White alone , not Hispanic or Latino ) '' . 2009 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eden Stiffman ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Peace Corps Under Fire '' . First Response Action . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Michigan Review . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Sheppard ( 2011 ) . `` Violent Crimes Against Peace Corps Volunteers '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Corps Gang Rape : Volunteer Says U.S. Agency Ignored Warnings '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ peacecorpswiki.org -- wiki page last substantially updated at 26 October 2009 Jump up ^ peacecorpswiki.org/Category : Country -- Peace Corps ' sorted list that includes all countries served and formerly served Jump up ^ `` Countries '' . Peace Corps . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cuerpos de Paz de EE. UU . se van por la inseguridad '' ( in Spanish ) . elsalvador.com . January 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Peace Corps cuts Honduras role amid security fears '' . London : BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries '' . Peace Corps . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Stout , David . `` The U.S. Peace Corps Has Suspended Operations in Jordan '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.peacecorps.gov/news/library/peace-corps-burkina-faso-volunteers-evacuated-safely/ Jump up ^ `` One must be 18 years old and a U.S. Citizen to apply '' . Peacecorps . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hessler - Radelet , Carrie ; Ziemer , Tim ; ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) `` Peace Corps Volunteers Extend Malaria Efforts to Villages and Towns Across Africa '' , Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Africa : Prevention Focus of Peace Corps ' World Malaria Day Events '' , AllAfrica.com. 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Environment What Do Volunteers Do ? Peace Corps '' . Peacecorps.gov . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Environment Education or Awareness What Do Volunteers Do ? Peace Corps '' . Peacecorps.gov . September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forestry What Do Volunteers Do ? Peace Corps '' . Peacecorps.gov . September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peace Corps Hotline . `` Crisis Corps : Opportunity to serve again '' by Melinda Bridges . November 1 , 2002 . ( PDF ) Archived November 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arnold , David . `` Helping Rwanda . '' WorldView , Spring 1995 , Vol. 8 , No. 2 . pg. 21 Jump up ^ `` Peace Corps `` Peace Corps Press Release '' November 19 , 2007 `` . Peacecorps.gov . November 19 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Corps Language Courses '' . www.livelingua.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Streit , Eric . `` The Peace - Corps Courses '' . fsi-languages.yojik.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` Executive Order 10924 -- Establishment and Administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State , '' March 1 , 1961 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` Executive Order 11041 , '' August 6 , 1962 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § § 2501 -- 2523 Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 94th Congress ( 1975 -- 1976 ) -- H.R. 6334 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 95th Congress ( 1977 -- 1978 ) -- H.R. 11877 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 96th Congress ( 1979 -- 1980 ) -- H.R. 6790 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 97th Congress ( 1981 -- 1982 ) -- S. 1196 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 99th Congress ( 1985 -- 1986 ) -- S. 960 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 99th Congress ( 1985 -- 1986 ) -- H.R. 3838 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 102nd Congress ( 1991 -- 1992 ) -- S. 3309 -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . October 28 , 1992 . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ12.pdf Jump up ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ030.pdf Jump up ^ `` Enlisted Assignments and Utilization Management , Army Regulation 614 -- 200 '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Army . February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Browse Titles Page '' . Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.peacecorps.gov/news/library/president-donald-j-trump-nominates-jody-olsen-be-director-peace-corps/ Jump up ^ Peace Corps . `` Aaron S. Williams to Step Down as Peace Corps Director '' . peacecorps.gov . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peace Corps . `` Director '' . peacecorps.gov . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Office of the Inspector General . `` Major Functions of OIG '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H. David Kotz Named New Inspector General at SEC ( SEC ) '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . December 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graves , Lucia . `` The Huffington Post '' . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Peace Corps volunteers petition to reinstate sexual assault victims ' advocate who was pushed out '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lowen , Linda . `` Rape , Sexual Assault of Women in the Peace Corps -- Are Women Safe ? Part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` How Peace Corps Volunteers Are Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ `` No Exceptions : Documenting the Abortion Experiences of US Peace Corps Volunteers '' . Jan 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Think Again : The Peace Corps '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Coyne Babbles -- Crime And The Peace Corps Volunteer -- Not A Novel ! '' . peacecorpsworldwide.org . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Raped While a Peace Corps Volunteer -- ABC News '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Lucia ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Peace Corps Volunteers Speak Out About Rape , Violence '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Linda Lowen . `` Is the Peace Corps Dangerous for Women ? '' . About.com News & Issues . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Peace Corps '' . multinationalmonitor.org . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lex Rieffel ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Reconsidering the Peace Corps '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Failures of the Peace Corps '' . fff.org . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Corps Volunteers Speak Out on Rape '' . The New York Times . May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Corps volunteers speak out against `` gross mismanagement of sexual assault complaints '' `` . Boing Boing . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New York Daily News . `` Disappointed Diallo ma '' by Nicole Bode . November 27 , 2006 . The original link is dead . An archival link is available here . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Jimi Sir an American Peace Corps volunteer in Nepal '' December 18 , 2004 `` . Jimisir.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald . `` Popular film revives Peace Corps rumors : The top movie in Colombia is about the origins of the cocaine trade with an unexpected villain : the U.S. Peace Corps . '' by Steven Dudley . November 6 , 2004 . Archive link . Jump up ^ Amigos de Bolivia y Peru . `` Sacrificial Llama ? The Expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971 '' by James F. Siekmeier . The original story is a dead link . An archival copy is available here . Jump up ^ http://www.peacecorps.gov/media/forpress/press/2631/ Further reading ( edit ) Czernek , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Summary of studies done of returned Peace Corps volunteers ( RPCVs ) In March 2011 , the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15 - minute program on the Peace Corps and its 50th anniversary . A transcript and MP3 of the program , intended for English learners , can be found at `` Peace Corps at 50 : Same Mission of Aid , Just Smaller '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Records of the Peace Corps in the National Archives ( Record Group 490 ) John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington , D.C. ) John F. Kennedy International Airport ( New York ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( London ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Dallas ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Portland , Oregon ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) John F. Kennedy School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) John F. Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → VIAF : 167877081 ISNI : 0000 0001 2288 911X GND : 117456 - 3 SNAC : w6rw1bp3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_Corps&oldid=832938176 '' Categories : Peace Corps Appropriate technology organizations Government agencies established in 1961 International volunteer organizations Presidency of John F. 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where does the peace corps get its funding
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"After the 2001 September 11 attacks, which alerted the U.S. to growing anti-U.S. sentiment in the Middle East, President George W. Bush pledged to double the size of the organization within five years as a part of the War on Terrorism. For the 2004 fiscal year, Congress increased the budget to US$325 million, US$30 million above that of 2003 but US$30 million below the President's request."
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Nepal
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Nepal - Wikipedia Nepal This article is about the country . For other uses , see Nepal ( disambiguation ) . Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ( Nepali ) Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl Flag Emblem Motto : जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी ( Sanskrit ) Mother and Motherland are Greater than Heaven ( English ) Anthem : सयौं थुँगा फूलका ( Nepali ) Made of Hundreds of Flowers ( English ) Capital and largest city Kathmandu 28 ° 10 ′ N 84 ° 15 ′ E / 28.167 ° N 84.250 ° E / 28.167 ; 84.250 Coordinates : 28 ° 10 ′ N 84 ° 15 ′ E / 28.167 ° N 84.250 ° E / 28.167 ; 84.250 Official languages Nepali ( Official at National level including in 6 Provinces ) Maithili and Bhojpuri ( Official in 1 Federal State and Co-official at National level ) English ( de-facto lingua franca and medium in legal documents ) Recognised national languages Awadhi Bhojpuri Bajjika Doteli Gurung Kiranti Limbu Magar Maithili Newar Rai Sherpa Tamang Tharu Urdu Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) Ethnic demography ( show ) 16.6 % Chhetri 12.2 % Bahun 7.1 % Magar 6.6 % Tharu 5.8 % Tamang 5 % Newar 4.8 % Kami 4.4 % Muslims 4 % Yadav 2.3 % Rai 2 % Gurung 1.8 % Damai / Dholi 1.6 % Thakuri 1.5 % Limbu 1.4 % Sarki 1.4 % Teli 1.3 % Chamar / Harijan 1.2 % Koiri / Kushwaha 19 % Other Religion 81.3 % Hinduism 9 % Buddhism 4.4 % Islam 3 % Kirant 1.4 % Christianity 0.4 % Animism 0.5 % Irreligion Demonym Nepalese Government Federal parliamentary republic President Bidhya Devi Bhandari Vice President Nanda Kishor Pun Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli Chief Justice Om Prakash Mishra ( Acting ) Assembly Chairman Ganesh Prasad Timilsina House Speaker Krishna Bahadur Mahara Legislature Federal Parliament Upper house National Assembly Lower house House of Representatives Formation Kingdom declared 25 September 1768 State declared 18 May 2006 Republic declared 29 May 2008 Area Total 147,181 km ( 56,827 sq mi ) ( 93rd ) Water ( % ) 2.8 Population 2016 estimate 28,982,771 ( 48th ) 2011 census 26,494,504 Density 180 / km ( 466.2 / sq mi ) ( 62nd ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $74.020 billion Per capita $2,573 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $24.067 billion ( ( 107th ) ) Per capita $837 Gini ( 2010 ) 32.8 medium HDI ( 2016 ) 0.558 medium 144th Currency Nepalese rupee ( NPR ) Time zone Nepal Standard Time ( UTC + 05 : 45 ) DST not observed Drives on the left Calling code + 977 ISO 3166 code NP Internet TLD . np . नेपाल Nepal ( / nəˈpɔːl / ( listen ) ; Nepali : नेपाल Nepāl ( neˈpal ) ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( Nepali : सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl ) , is a landlocked country in South Asia . It is located mainly in the Himalayas but also includes parts of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . With an estimated population of 26.4 million , it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area . It borders China in the north and India in the south , east , and west while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the nation 's capital and largest city . Nepal is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language . The name `` Nepal '' is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age , the era in which Hinduism was founded , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The centrally located Kathmandu Valley was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders . The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture . By the 18th century , the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal . The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire , under its Rana dynasty of premiers . The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and colonial India . Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 , but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs , in 1960 and 2005 . The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the proclamation of a secular republic in 2008 , ending the world 's last Hindu monarchy . The Constitution of Nepal , adopted in 2015 , establishes Nepal as a federal secular parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces . Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955 , and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and the People 's Republic of China in 1960 . Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , of which it is a founding member . Nepal is also a member of the Non Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative . The military of Nepal is the fifth largest in South Asia ; it is notable for its Gurkha history , particularly during the world wars , and has been a significant contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient 2.2 Medieval 2.3 Kingdom of Nepal ( 1768 -- 2008 ) 2.4 Republic of Nepal ( 2008 -- present ) 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Geology 3.3 Environment 4 Politics 4.1 Government 4.2 Subdivisions 4.3 Foreign relations and military 5 Economy 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Energy 6.2 Transport 6.3 Telecommunications and mass media 6.4 Science and technology 6.5 Community forestry 7 Crime and law enforcement 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religion 8.3 Education 8.4 Health 8.5 Largest cities 9 Culture 9.1 Holidays and festivals 9.2 Cuisine 9.3 Sports 9.4 Units of measurement 10 In popular media 10.1 Books 10.2 Films 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Local legends have it that a Hindu sage named `` Ne '' established himself in the valley of Kathmandu in prehistoric times , and that the word `` Nepal '' came into existence as the place was protected ( `` pala '' in Pali ) by the sage `` Nemi '' . It is mentioned in Vedic texts that this region was called Nepal centuries ago . According to the Skanda Purana , a rishi called `` Nemi '' used to live in the Himalayas . In the Pashupati Purana , he is mentioned as a saint and a protector . He is said to have practised meditation at the Bagmati and Kesavati rivers and to have taught there . The name of the country is also identical in origin to the name of the Newar people . The terms `` Nepāl '' , `` Newār '' , `` Newāl '' and `` Nepār '' are phonetically different forms of the same word , and instances of the various forms appear in texts in different times in history . Nepal is the learned Sanskrit form and Newar is the colloquial Prakrit form . A Sanskrit inscription dated 512 CE found in Tistung , a valley to the west of Kathmandu , contains the phrase `` greetings to the Nepals '' indicating that the term `` Nepal '' was used to refer to both the country and the people . It has been suggested that `` Nepal '' may be a Sanskritization of `` Newar '' , or `` Newar '' may be a later form of `` Nepal '' . According to another explanation , the words `` Newar '' and `` Newari '' are vulgarisms arising from the mutation of P to V , and L to R . History Main article : History of Nepal Lumbini , listed as the birthplace of Gautama Buddha by the UNESCO World Heritage Convention Ancient Neolithic tools found in the Kathmandu Valley indicate that people have been living in the Himalayan region for at least eleven thousand years . Nepal is first mentioned in the late Vedic Atharvaveda Pariśiṣṭa as a place exporting blankets , and in the post-Vedic Atharvashirsha Upanishad . In Samudragupta 's Allahabad Pillar it is mentioned as a border country . The Skanda Purana has a separate chapter known as `` Nepal Mahatmya '' , which explains in more detail about the beauty and power of Nepal . Nepal is also mentioned in Hindu texts such as the Narayana Puja . Legends and ancient texts that mention the region now known as Nepal reach back to the 30th century BC . The Gopal Bansa were likely one of the earliest inhabitants of Kathmandu valley . The earliest rulers of Nepal were the Kiratas ( Kirata Kingdom ) , peoples often mentioned in Hindu texts , who ruled Nepal for many centuries . Various sources mention up to 32 Kirati kings . Around 500 BCE , small kingdoms and confederations of clans arose in the southern regions of Nepal . From one of these , the Shakya polity , arose a prince who later renounced his status to lead an ascetic life , founded Buddhism , and came to be known as Gautama Buddha ( traditionally dated 563 -- 483 BCE ) . By 250 BCE , the southern regions had come under the influence of the Maurya Empire of North India and later became a vassal state under the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE . There is a quite detailed description of the kingdom of Nepal in the account of the renowned Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk Xuanzang , dating from about 645 CE . Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley are important sources for the history of Nepal . The kings of the Lichhavi dynasty have been found to have ruled Nepal after the Kirat monarchical dynasty . The context that `` Suryavansi Kshetriyas had established a new regime by defeating the Kirats '' can be found in some genealogies and Puranas . It is not clear yet when the Lichhavi dynasty was established in Nepal . According to the opinion of Baburam Acharya , the prominent historian of Nepal , Lichhavies established their independent rule by abolishing the Kirati state that prevailed in Nepal around 250 CE . The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late 8th century , and was followed by a Newar or Thakuri era . Thakuri kings ruled over the country up to the middle of the 12th century CE ; King Raghav Dev is said to have founded the ruling dynasty in October 869 CE . King Raghav Dev also started the Nepal Sambat . Medieval Main articles : Malla ( Nepal ) and Khasa kingdom Tara , ca . 13th century , Nepal , Walters Art Museum Basantpur royal complex In the early 12th century , leaders emerged in far western Nepal whose names ended with the Sanskrit suffix malla ( `` wrestler '' ) . These kings consolidated their power and ruled over the next 200 years , until the kingdom splintered into two dozen petty states . Another Malla dynasty beginning with Jayasthiti emerged in the Kathmandu valley in the late 14th century , and much of central Nepal again came under a unified rule . In 1482 , the realm was divided into three kingdoms : Kathmandu , Patan , and Bhaktapur . Kingdom of Nepal ( 1768 -- 2008 ) Main article : Kingdom of Nepal A ceremonial crown of Nepalese royalty Sino - Nepalese War King Tribhuvan giving an audience to British general Claude Auchinleck at the royal palace in Kathmandu , 1945 Elvis Presley with King Mahendra and Queen Ratna of Nepal in 1960 Prime Minister of Israel David Ben Gurion and Prime Minister of Nepal B.P. Koirala In the mid-18th century , Prithvi Narayan Shah , a Gorkha king , set out to put together what would become present - day Nepal . He embarked on his mission by securing the neutrality of the bordering mountain kingdoms . After several bloody battles and sieges , notably the Battle of Kirtipur , he managed to conquer the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 . A detailed account of Prithvi Narayan Shah 's victory was written by Father Giuseppe , an eyewitness to the war . The Gorkha control reached its height when the North Indian territories of the Kumaon and Garhwal Kingdoms in the west to Sikkim in the east came under Nepalese control . A dispute with Tibet over the control of mountain passes and inner Tingri valleys of Tibet forced the Qing Emperor of China to start the Sino - Nepali War compelling the Nepali to retreat and pay heavy reparations to Peking . Rivalry between the Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company over the control of states bordering Nepal eventually led to the Anglo - Nepali War ( 1815 -- 16 ) . At first , the British underestimated the Nepali and were soundly defeated until committing more military resources than they had anticipated needing . They were greatly impressed by the valour and competence of their adversaries . Thus began the reputation of Gurkhas as fierce and ruthless soldiers . The war ended in the Sugauli Treaty , under which Nepal ceded recently captured lands as well as the right to recruit soldiers . Madhesis , having supported the East India Company during the war , had their lands gifted to Nepal . Factionalism inside the royal family led to a period of instability . In 1846 , a plot was discovered revealing that the reigning queen had planned to overthrow Jung Bahadur Kunwar , a fast - rising military leader . This led to the Kot massacre ; armed clashes between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains around the country . Jung Bahadur Kunwar emerged victorious and founded the Rana dynasty , later known as Jung Bahadur Rana . The king was made a titular figure , and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary . The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted them during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( and later in both World Wars ) . Some parts of the Terai region populated with non-Nepali peoples were gifted to Nepal by the British as a friendly gesture because of her military help to sustain British control in India during the rebellion . In 1923 , the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship that superseded the Sugauli Treaty of 1816 . Legalized slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924 . Nevertheless , an estimated 234,600 people are enslaved in modern - day Nepal , or 0.82 % of the population . Debt bondage even involving debtors ' children has been a persistent social problem in the Terai . Rana rule was marked by tyranny , debauchery , economic exploitation and religious persecution . In the late 1940s , newly emerging pro-democracy movements and political parties in Nepal were critical of the Rana autocracy . Meanwhile , with the invasion of Tibet by China in the 1950s , India sought to counterbalance the perceived military threat from its northern neighbour by taking pre-emptive steps to assert more influence in Nepal . India sponsored both King Tribhuvan ( ruled 1911 -- 55 ) as Nepal 's new ruler in 1951 and a new government , mostly comprising the Nepali Congress , thus terminating Rana hegemony in the kingdom . After years of power wrangling between the king and the government , King Mahendra ( ruled 1955 -- 72 ) scrapped the democratic experiment in 1959 , and a `` partyless '' Panchayat system was made to govern Nepal until 1989 , when the `` Jan Andolan '' ( People 's Movement ) forced King Birendra ( ruled 1972 -- 2001 ) to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament that took seat in May 1991 . In 1991 -- 92 , Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 Bhutanese citizens of Nepali descent , most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since . In 1996 , the Communist Party of Nepal started a violent bid to replace the royal parliamentary system with a people 's republic . This led to the long Nepali Civil War and more than 12,000 deaths . On 1 June 2001 , there was a massacre in the royal palace . King Birendra , Queen Aishwarya and seven other members of the royal family were killed . The alleged perpetrator was Crown Prince Dipendra , who allegedly committed suicide ( he died three days later ) shortly thereafter . This outburst was alleged to have been Dipendra 's response to his parents ' refusal to accept his choice of wife . Nevertheless , there is speculation and doubts among Nepali citizens about who was responsible . Following the carnage , King Birendra 's brother Gyanendra inherited the throne . On 1 February 2005 , King Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers to quash the violent Maoist movement , but this initiative was unsuccessful because a stalemate had developed in which the Maoists were firmly entrenched in large expanses of countryside but could not yet dislodge the military from numerous towns and the largest cities . In September 2005 , the Maoists declared a three - month unilateral ceasefire to negotiate . In response to the 2006 democracy movement , King Gyanendra agreed to relinquish sovereign power to the people . On 24 April 2006 the dissolved House of Representatives was reinstated . Using its newly acquired sovereign authority , on 18 May 2006 the House of Representatives unanimously voted to curtail the power of the king and declared Nepal a secular state , ending its time - honoured official status as a Hindu Kingdom . On 28 December 2007 , a bill was passed in parliament to amend Article 159 of the constitution -- replacing `` Provisions regarding the King '' by `` Provisions of the Head of the State '' -- declaring Nepal a federal republic , and thereby abolishing the monarchy . The bill came into force on 28 May 2008 . Republic of Nepal ( 2008 -- present ) The Unified Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) won the largest number of seats in the Constituent Assembly election held on 10 April 2008 , and formed a coalition government , which included most of the parties in the CA . Although acts of violence occurred during the pre-electoral period , election observers noted that the elections themselves were markedly peaceful and `` well - carried out '' . Dr. Ram Baran Yadav , the first President of Nepal The newly elected Assembly met in Kathmandu on 28 May 2008 , and , after a polling of 564 constituent Assembly members , 560 voted to form a new government , with the monarchist Rastriya Prajatantra Party , which had four members in the assembly , registering a dissenting note . At that point , it was declared that Nepal had become a secular and inclusive democratic republic , with the government announcing a three - day public holiday from 28 -- 30 May . The king was thereafter given 15 days to vacate Narayanhity Palace so it could reopen as a public museum . Nonetheless , political tensions and consequent power - sharing battles have continued in Nepal . In May 2009 , the Maoist - led government was toppled and another coalition government with all major political parties barring the Maoists was formed . Madhav Kumar Nepal of the Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) was made the Prime Minister of the coalition government . In February 2011 the Madhav Kumar Nepal Government was toppled and Jhala Nath Khanal of the Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist -- Leninist ) was made the Prime Minister . In August 2011 the Jhala Nath Khanal Government was toppled and Baburam Bhattarai of the Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) was made the Prime Minister . The political parties were unable to draft a constitution in the stipulated time . This led to dissolution of the Constituent Assembly to pave way for new elections to strive for a new political mandate . In opposition to the theory of separation of powers , then Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi was made the chairman of the caretaker government . Under Regmi , the nation saw peaceful elections for the constituent assembly . The major forces in the earlier constituent assembly ( namely CPN Maoists and Madhesi parties ) dropped to distant 3rd and even below . In February 2014 , after consensus was reached between the two major parties in the constituent assembly , Sushil Koirala was sworn in as the new prime minister of Nepal . On 25 April 2015 , a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal . Two weeks later , on 12 May , another earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 hit Nepal , which left more than 8,500 people dead and about 21,000 , injured . In 20 September 2015 , a new constitution , the `` Constitution of Nepal 2015 '' ( Nepali : नेपालको संविधान २०७२ ) was announced by President Ram Baran Yadav in the constituent assembly . The constituent assembly was transformed into a legislative parliament by the then - chairman of that assembly . The new constitution of Nepal has changed Nepal practically into a federal democratic republic by making 7 unnamed states . In October 2015 , Bidhya Devi Bhandari was nominated as the first female president . Geography Main article : Geography of Nepal A map of Nepal . A topographic map of Nepal . Nepal map of Köppen climate classification . Nepal is of roughly trapezoidal shape , 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) long and 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) wide , with an area of 147,181 km ( 56,827 sq mi ) . See ( ( List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 100,000 to 1,000,000 km List of territories by size ) ) for the comparative size of Nepal . It lies between latitudes 26 ° and 31 ° N , and longitudes 80 ° and 89 ° E . Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas : Himal , Pahad and Terai . These ecological belts run east -- west and are vertically intersected by Nepal 's major , north to south flowing river systems . The southern lowland plains or Terai bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . Terai is a lowland region containing some hill ranges . The plains were formed and are fed by three major Himalayan rivers : the Kosi , the Narayani , and the Karnali as well as smaller rivers rising below the permanent snowline . This region has a subtropical to tropical climate . The outermost range of foothills called Sivalik Hills or Churia Range , cresting at 700 to 1,000 metres ( 2,300 to 3,280 ft ) , marks the limit of the Gangetic Plain ; however broad , low valleys called Inner Tarai Valleys ( Bhitri Tarai Uptyaka ) lie north of these foothills in several places . Pahad is a mountain region that does not generally contain snow . The mountains vary from 800 to 4,000 metres ( 2,600 to 13,100 ft ) in altitude with progression from subtropical climates below 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) to alpine climates above 3,600 metres ( 11,800 ft ) . The Lower Himalayan Range , reaching 1,500 to 3,000 metres ( 4,900 to 9,800 ft ) , is the southern limit of this region , with subtropical river valleys and `` hills '' alternating to the north of this range . Population density is high in valleys but notably less above 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) and very low above 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) , where snow occasionally falls in winter . Himal is the mountain region containing snow and situated in the Great Himalayan Range ; it makes up the northern part of Nepal . It contains the highest elevations in the world including 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) height Mount Everest ( Sagarmāthā in Nepali ) on the border with China . Seven other of the world 's `` eight - thousanders '' are in Nepal or on its border with China : Lhotse , Makalu , Cho Oyu , Kangchenjunga , Dhaulagiri , Annapurna and Manaslu . Climate Nepal has five climatic zones , broadly corresponding to the altitudes . The tropical and subtropical zones lie below 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) , the temperate zone 1,200 to 2,400 metres ( 3,900 to 7,900 ft ) , the cold zone 2,400 to 3,600 metres ( 7,900 to 11,800 ft ) , the subarctic zone 3,600 to 4,400 metres ( 11,800 to 14,400 ft ) , and the Arctic zone above 4,400 metres ( 14,400 ft ) . Nepal experiences five seasons : summer , monsoon , autumn , winter and spring . The Himalaya blocks cold winds from Central Asia in the winter and forms the northern limit of the monsoon wind patterns . In a land once thickly forested , deforestation is a major problem in all regions , with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems . Nepal is popular for mountaineering , having some of the highest and most challenging mountains in the world , including Mount Everest . Technically , the southeast ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb , so most climbers prefer to trek to Everest through Nepal . Nepal 's highest mountains Mountain Height Section Location Mount Everest ( Highest in world ) 8,848 m 29,029 ft Khumbu Mahalangur Khumjung VDC , Solukhumbu District , Sagarmatha Zone ( Nepal - China Border ) Kangchenjunga ( 3rd highest ) 8,586 m 28,169 ft Northern Kanchenjunga Lelep VDC / Yamphudin VDC , Taplejung District , Mechi Zone ( Nepal - Sikkim Border ) Lhotse ( 4th highest ) 8,516 m 27,940 ft Everest Group Khumjung VDC , Solukhumbu District , Sagarmatha Zone ( Nepal - China Border ) Makalu ( 5th highest ) 8,462 m 27,762 ft Makalu Mahalangur Makalu VDC , Sankhuwasabha District , Kosi Zone ( Nepal - China Border ) Cho Oyu ( 6th highest ) 8,201 m 26,906 ft Khumbu Mahalangur Khumjung VDC , Solukhumbu District , Sagarmatha Zone ( Nepal - China Border ) Dhaulagiri ( 7th highest ) 8,167 m 26,795 ft Dhaulagiri Mudi VDC / Kuinemangale VDC , Myagdi District , Dhawalagiri Zone Manaslu ( 8th highest ) 8,156 m 26,759 ft Mansiri Samagaun VDC , Gorkha District / Dharapani VDC , Manang District , Gandaki Zone Annapurna ( 10th highest ) 8,091 m 26,545 ft Annapurna Ghandruk VDC , Kaski District , Gandaki Zone / Narchyang VDC , Myagdi District , Dhawalagiri Zone Geology Main article : Geology of Nepal Edmund Hillary ( New Zealand ) and Tenzing Norgay ( Nepal ) were the first to reach the summit of Everest . The collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia , which started in the Paleogene period and continues today , produced the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau . Nepal lies completely within this collision zone , occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc , nearly one third of the 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) - long Himalayas . The Indian plate continues to move north relative to Asia at about 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) per year . This is about twice the speed at which human fingernails grow , which is very fast given the size of the blocks of Earth 's crust involved . As the strong Indian continental crust subducts beneath the relatively weak Tibetan crust , it pushes up the Himalayan Mountains . This collision zone has accommodated huge amounts of crustal shortening as the rock sequences slide one over another . Based on a study published in 2014 , of the Main Frontal Thrust , on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region . A study from 2015 found a 700 - year delay between earthquakes in the region . The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress transfer , the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 earthquake are connected -- following a historic earthquake pattern . Erosion of the Himalayas is a very important source of sediment , which flows to the Indian Ocean via several great rivers : the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra River systems . Environment The dramatic differences in elevation found in Nepal result in a variety of biomes , from tropical savannas along the Indian border , to subtropical broadleaf and coniferous forests in the Hill Region , to temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests on the slopes of the Himalaya , to montane grasslands and shrublands and rock and ice at the highest elevations . At the lowest elevations is the Terai - Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion . These form a mosaic with the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests , which occur from 500 to 1,000 metres ( 1,600 to 3,300 ft ) and include the Inner Terai Valleys . Himalayan subtropical pine forests occur between 1,000 and 2,000 metres ( 3,300 and 6,600 ft ) . Above these elevations , the biogeography of Nepal is generally divided from east to west by the Gandaki River . Ecoregions to the east tend to receive more precipitation and to be more species - rich . Those to the west are drier with fewer species . From 1,500 to 3,000 metres ( 4,900 to 9,800 ft ) , are temperate broadleaf forests : the eastern and western Himalayan broadleaf forests . From 3,000 to 4,000 metres ( 9,800 to 13,100 ft ) are the eastern and western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests . To 5,500 metres ( 18,000 ft ) are the eastern and western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows . Landscapes and Climates of Nepal NASA Landsat - 7 Image of Nepal . Nepal shares its boundaries with India and China Mount Everest , the highest peak on earth , lies on the Nepal - China border Barun Valley , one of many valleys in the Himalaya created by glacier flows . View of Khartuwa village from Thakuri village of Sitalpati , Shankhuwasabha , eastern Nepal . The Annapurna range of the Himalayas . Phoksundo Lake Kali Gandaki Gorge is one of the deepest gorges on earth . Marshyangdi Valley Wind erosion in Kalopani A field in Terai Phulchowki Hill Hills view of Ghorahi , Dang View of mountains Cascade view of mountains from Jiri , Nepal View of mountain from Jiri , Nepal Politics Main article : Politics of Nepal Main office holders Bidhya Devi Bhandari , President of Nepal since 29 October 2015 Khadga Prasad Oli , Prime Minister since 15 February 2018 Nepal has seen rapid political changes during the last three decades . Up until 1990 , Nepal was a monarchy under executive control of the King . Faced with a communist movement against absolute monarchy , King Birendra , in 1990 , agreed to a large - scale political reform by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of the government . Nepal 's legislature was bicameral , consisting of a House of Representatives called the Pratinidhi Sabha and a National Council called the Rastriya Sabha . The House of Representatives consisted of 205 members directly elected by the people . The National Council had 60 members : ten nominated by the king , 35 elected by the House of Representatives , and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns . The legislature had a five - year term but was dissolvable by the king before its term could end . All Nepali citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote . The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers ( the cabinet ) . The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister . The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister . Governments in Nepal tended to be highly unstable , falling either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch , on the recommendation of the prime minister , according to the constitution ; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991 . A popular democratic movement in April 2006 brought about a change in the nation 's governance : an interim constitution was promulgated , with the King giving up power , and an interim House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members after the new government held peace talks with the Maoist rebels . The number of parliamentary seats was also increased to 330 . In April 2007 , the Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) joined the interim government of Nepal . In December 2007 , the interim parliament passed a bill making Nepal a federal republic , with a president as head of state . Elections for the constitutional assembly were held on 10 April 2008 ; the Maoist party led the results but did not achieve a simple majority of seats . The new parliament adopted the 2007 bill at its first meeting by an overwhelming majority , and King Gyanendra was given 15 days to leave the Royal Palace in central Kathmandu . He left on 11 June . On 26 June 2008 , the prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala , who had served as Acting Head of State since January 2007 , announced that he would resign on the election of the country 's first president by the Constituent Assembly . The first round of voting , on 19 July 2008 , saw Parmanand Jha win election as Nepali vice-president , but neither of the contenders for president received the required 298 votes and a second round was held two days later . Ram Baran Yadav of the Nepali Congress party defeated Maoist - backed Ram Raja Prasad Singh with 308 of the 590 votes cast . Koirala submitted his resignation to the new president after Yadav 's swearing - in ceremony on 23 July 2008 . Prachanda speaking at a rally in Pokhara . On 15 August 2008 , Maoist leader Prachanda ( Pushpa Kamal Dahal ) was elected Prime Minister of Nepal , the first since the country 's transition from a monarchy to a republic . On 4 May 2009 , Dahal resigned over on - going conflicts with regard to the sacking of the Army chief . Since Dahal 's resignation , the country has been in a serious political deadlock with one of the big issues being the proposed integration of the former Maoist combatants , also known as the People 's Liberation Army , into the national security forces . After Dahal , Jhala Nath Khanal of CPN ( UML ) was elected the Prime Minister . Khanal was forced to step down as he could not succeed in carrying forward the Peace Process and the constitution writing . On August 2011 , Maoist Babu Ram Bhattarai became third Prime Minister after the election of constituent assembly . On 24 May 2012 , Nepals 's Deputy PM Krishna Sitaula resigned . On 27 May 2012 , the country 's Constituent Assembly failed to meet the deadline for writing a new constitution for the country . Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai announced that new elections would be held thar later year . `` We have no other option but to go back to the people and elect a new assembly to write the constitution , '' he said in a nationally televised speech . One of the main obstacles has been disagreement over whether the states that will be created will be based on ethnicity . This election was delayed by the Election Commission for a year , eventually occurring in late 2013 and electing the country 's Second Constituent Assembly . This assembly promulgated the extant Constitution of Nepal in 2015 . Nepal is one of the few countries in Asia to abolish the death penalty . Nepal is the only Asian country where the possibility of same - sex marriage has been proposed in the high court and in the legislature although same - sex marriage currently does not exist in Nepal ( see also LGBT rights in Nepal and Same - sex marriage in Nepal ) . The decision was based on a seven - person government committee study , and enacted through Supreme Court 's ruling November 2008 . The ruling granted full rights for LGBT individuals , including the right to marry , and Nepalese now can get citizenship as a third gender rather than male or female as authorised by Nepal 's Supreme Court in 2007 . Government Main articles : Government of Nepal and Constitution of Nepal Nepal is governed according to the Constitution of Nepal , which came into effect on 20 September 2015 , replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007 . The Constitution was drafted by the Second Constituent Assembly following the failure of the First Constituent Assembly to produce a constitution in its mandated period . The constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal . It defines Nepal as having multi-ethnic , multi-lingual , multi-religious , multi-cultural characteristics with common aspirations of people living in diverse geographical regions , and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to the national independence , territorial integrity , national interest , and prosperity of Nepal . All Nepali people collectively constitute the nation . Entrance to Singha Durbar , the seat of the Nepali government in Kathmandu The Constitution of Nepal has defined three organs of the government . Executive : The form of governance of Nepal is a multi-party , competitive , federal democratic republican parliamentary system based on plurality . The executive power of Nepal rests with the Council of Ministers in accordance with the Constitution and Nepali law . The President appoints the parliamentary party leader of the political party with the majority in the House of Representatives as a Prime Minister , and a Council of Ministers is formed in his / her chairmanship . The executive power of the provinces , pursuant to the Constitution and laws , is vested in the Council of Ministers of the province . The executive power of the province shall be exercised by the province Head in case of absence of the province Executive in a State of Emergency or enforcement of Federal rule . Every province has a ceremonial Head as the representative of the Federal government . The President appoints a Governor for every province . The Governor exercises the rights and duties as specified in the constitution or laws . The Governor appoints the leader of the parliamentary party with the majority in the Provincial Assembly as the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers are formed under the chairpersonship of the Chief Minister . Legislative : The Legislature of Nepal , called Federal Parliament , consisting of two Houses , namely the House of Representatives and the National Assembly . Except when dissolved earlier , the term of House of Representatives is five years . The House of Representatives consist of 275 members : 165 members elected through the first - past - the - post electoral system consisting of one member from each of the one hundred and sixty five electoral constituencies formed by dividing Nepal into 165 constituencies based on geography and population ; 110 elected from proportional representation electoral system where voters vote for parties , while treating the whole country as a single electoral constituency . The National Assembly is a permanent house . The tenure of members of National Assembly is six years . The National Assembly consists of 59 members : 56 members elected from an Electoral College , comprising members of provincial Assembly and chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of Village councils and Mayors and Deputy Mayors of Municipal councils , with different weights of votes for each , with eight members from each state , including at least three women , one Dalit , and one person with a disability or a member of a minority . 3 members , including at least one woman , are to be nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Government of Nepal . A Pradesh Sabha or Provincial Assembly is the unicameral legislative assembly for a federal province . The term for the Provincial Assembly is five years , except when dissolved earlier . Judicial : Powers relating to justice in Nepal are exercised by courts and other judicial institutions in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution , other laws , and recognised principles of justice . Nepal has a unitary three - tier independent judiciary that comprises the Supreme Court , headed by the Chief Justice of Nepal , 7 High Courts , and a large number of trial courts . Subdivisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Nepal As of 3 April 2018 , Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 77 districts . It has 753 local units . There are 6 metropolises , 11 sub-metropolises , 276 municipal councils , and 460 village councils for official works . The constitution grants 22 absolute powers to the local units while they share 15 more powers with the central and state governments . Province 7 Karnali Province 5 Gandaki Province 3 Province 2 Province 1 No . Provinces Capital Districts Area ( km ) Population ( 2011 ) Density ( people / km ) Province No. 1 Biratnagar 14 25,905 km 4,534,943 175 Province No. 2 Janakpur 8 9,661 km 5,404,145 559 Province No. 3 Hetauda 13 20,300 km 5,529,452 272 Gandaki Pradesh Pokhara 11 21,504 km 2,413,907 112 5 Province No. 5 Butwal 12 22,288 km 4,891,025 219 6 Karnali Pradesh Birendranagar 10 27,984 km 1,168,515 41 7 Province No. 7 Dhangadhi 9 19,539 km 2,552,517 130 Total Nepal Kathmandu 77 147,181 km 26,494,504 180 Foreign relations and military Main articles : Foreign relations of Nepal and Nepalese Armed Forces Embassy of Nepal in Washington , D.C. Gurkha Memorial , London Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbors , India and China . In accordance with a long - standing treaty , Indian and Nepali citizens may travel to each other 's countries without a passport or visa . Nepali citizens may work in India without legal restriction . The Indian Army maintains seven Gorkha regiments consisting of Gorkha troops recruited mostly from Nepal . However , in the years since the Government of Nepal has been communised and dominated by socialists , and India 's government has been controlled by more right - wing parties , India has been remilitarising the `` porous '' Indo - Nepali border to stifle the flow of Islamist groups . Nepal established relations with the People 's Republic of China on 1 August 1955 , and relations since have been based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence . Nepal has aided China in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , and China has provided economic assistance for Nepali infrastructure . Both countries have cooperated to host the 2008 Summer Olympics summit of Mt . Everest . Nepal has assisted in curbing anti-China protests from the Tibetan diaspora . Nepal 's military consists of the Nepali Army , which includes the Nepali Army Air Service . The Nepali Police Force is the civilian police and the Armed Police Force Nepal is the paramilitary force . Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enlistment is 18 years . Nepal spends $99.2 million ( 2004 ) on its military -- 1.5 % of its GDP . Much of the equipment and arms are imported from India . Consequently , the US provided M16s , M4s , and other Colt weapons to combat communist ( Maoist ) insurgents . The standard - issue battle rifle of the Nepali army is the Colt M16 . In the new regulations by Nepali Army , female soldiers have been barred from participating in combat situations and fighting in the frontlines of war . However , they are allowed to be a part of the army in sections like intelligence , headquarters , signals , and operations . Economy Main article : Economy of Nepal A proportional representation of Nepal 's exports . The Mountain Museum in Pokhara , the country 's second largest city and a hub of tourism in Nepal Terraced rice farming in Nepal Nepalese silver currency , 1695 Nepalese Chamber of Commerce , Lhasa , 1955 Nepal 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) for 2012 was estimated at over $17.921 billion ( adjusted to nominal GDP ) . In 2010 , agriculture accounted for 36.1 % , services comprised 48.5 % , and industry 15.4 % of Nepal 's GDP . While agriculture and industry are contracting , the contribution by the service sector is increasing . Agriculture employs 76 % of the workforce , services 18 % and manufacturing and craft - based industry 6 % . Agricultural produce -- mostly grown in the Terai region bordering India -- includes tea , rice , corn , wheat , sugarcane , root crops , milk , and water buffalo meat . Industry mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce , including jute , sugarcane , tobacco , and grain . Its workforce of about 10 million suffers from a severe shortage of skilled labour . Nepal 's economic growth continues to be adversely affected by the political uncertainty . Nevertheless , real GDP growth was estimated to increase to almost 5 percent for 2011 -- 2012 . This is an improvement from the 3.5 percent GDP growth in 2010 -- 2011 and would be the second - highest growth rate in the post-conflict era . Sources of growth include agriculture , construction , financial and other services . The contribution of growth by consumption fuelled by remittances has declined since 2010 / 2011 . While remittance growth slowed to 11 percent ( in Nepali Rupee terms ) in 2010 / 2011 , it has since increased to 37 percent . Remittances are estimated to be equivalent to 25 -- 30 percent of GDP . Inflation has been reduced to a three - year low of 7 percent . The proportion of poor people has declined substantially since 2003 . The percentage of people living below the international poverty line ( people earning less than US $1.25 per day ) has halved in seven years . At this measure of poverty the percentage of poor people declined from 53.1 % in 2003 / 2004 to 24.8 % in 2010 / 2011 . With a higher poverty line of US $2 per - capita per day , poverty declined by one - quarter to 57.3 % . However , the income distribution remains grossly uneven . Kathmandu street vendors In a recent survey , Nepal has performed extremely well in reducing poverty along with Rwanda and Bangladesh as the percentage of poor dropped to 44.2 percent of the population in 2011 from 64.7 percent in 2006 -- 4.1 percentage points per year , which means that Nepal has made improvement in sectors like nutrition , child mortality , electricity , improved flooring and assets . If the progress of reducing poverty continues at this rate , then it is predicted that Nepal will halve the current poverty rate and eradicate it within the next 20 years . The spectacular landscape and diverse , exotic cultures of Nepal represent considerable potential for tourism , but growth in the industry has been stifled by political instability and poor infrastructure . Despite these problems , in 2012 the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 598,204 , a 10 % increase on the previous year . The tourism sector contributed nearly 3 % of national GDP in 2012 and is the second - biggest foreign income earner after remittances . The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working - age population . Thus many Nepali citizens move to other countries in search of work . Destinations include India , Qatar , the United States , Thailand , the United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia , Japan , Brunei Darussalam , Australia , and Canada . Nepal receives $50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill and bravery . As of 2010 , the total remittance value is around $3.5 billion . In 2009 alone , the remittance contributed to 22.9 % of the nation 's GDP . A long - standing economic agreement underpins a close relationship with India . The country receives foreign aid from the UK , India , Japan , the US , the EU , China , Switzerland , and Scandinavian countries . Poverty is acute ; per - capita income is around $1,000 . The distribution of wealth among the Nepali is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries : the highest 10 % of households control 39.1 % of the national wealth and the lowest 10 % control only 2.6 % . The government 's budget is about $1.153 billion , with an expenditure of $1.789 billion ( FY 20005 / 06 ) . The Nepali rupee has been tied to the Indian rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years . Since the loosening of exchange rate controls in the early 1990s , the black market for foreign exchange has all but disappeared . The inflation rate has dropped to 2.9 % after a period of higher inflation during the 1990s . Nepal 's exports of mainly carpets , clothing , hemp , leather goods , jute goods and grain total $822 million . Import commodities of mainly gold , machinery and equipment , petroleum products and fertiliser total US $2 billion . European Union ( EU ) ( 46.13 % ) , the US ( 17.4 % ) , and Germany ( 7.1 % ) are its main export partners . The European Union has emerged the largest buyer of Nepali ready - made garments ( RMG ) . Exports to the EU accounted for `` 46.13 percent of the country 's total garment exports '' . Nepal 's import partners include India ( 47.5 % ) , the United Arab Emirates ( 11.2 % ) , China ( 10.7 % ) , Saudi Arabia ( 4.9 % ) , and Singapore ( 4 % ) . Besides having landlocked , rugged geography , few tangible natural resources and poor infrastructure , the ineffective post-1950 government and the long - running civil war are also factors in stunting the nation 's economic growth and development . Infrastructure Energy Main article : Energy in Nepal Middle Marshyandi Hydroelectricity Dam . Nepal has significant potential to generate hydropower , which it plans to export across South Asia The bulk of the energy in Nepal comes from fuel wood ( 68 % ) , agricultural waste ( 15 % ) , animal dung ( 8 % ) , and imported fossil fuels ( 8 % ) . Except for some lignite deposits , Nepal has no known oil , gas or coal deposits . All commercial fossil fuels ( mainly oil and coal ) are either imported from India or from international markets routed through India and China . Fuel imports absorb over one - fourth of Nepal 's foreign exchange earnings . Only about 1 % energy need is fulfilled by electricity . The perennial nature of Nepali rivers and the steep gradient of the country 's topography provide ideal conditions for the development of some of the world 's largest hydroelectric projects . Current estimates put Nepal 's economically feasible hydropower potential to be approximately 83,000 MW from 66 hydropower project sites . However , currently Nepal has been able to exploit only about 600 MW from 20 medium to large hydropower plants and a number of small and micro hydropower plants . There are 9 major hydropower plants under construction , and additional 27 sites considered for potential development . Only about 40 % of Nepal 's population has access to electricity . There is a great disparity between urban and rural areas . The electrification rate in urban areas is 90 % , whereas the rate for rural areas is only 5 % . Power cuts of up to 22 hours a day take place in peak demand periods of winter and the peak electricity demand is almost the double the capability or dependable capacity . The position of the power sector remains unsatisfactory because of high tariffs , high system losses , high generation costs , high overheads , over staffing , and lower domestic demand . Transport Main article : Transport in Nepal Means of transport in mountain area Nepal remains isolated from the world 's major land , air and sea transport routes although , within the country , aviation is in a better state , with 47 airports , 11 of them with paved runways ; flights are frequent and support a sizable traffic . The hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two - thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive . In 2007 there were just over 10,142 km ( 6,302 mi ) of paved roads , and 7,140 km ( 4,437 mi ) of unpaved road , and one 59 km ( 37 mi ) railway line in the south . More than one - third of its people live at least a two hours walk from the nearest all - season road . Only recently all district headquarters ( except for Simikot and Dunai ) became reachable by road from Kathmandu . In addition , around 60 % of the road network and most rural roads are not operable during the rainy season . The only practical seaport of entry for goods bound for Kathmandu is Kolkata in West Bengal state of India . Internally , the poor state of development of the road system makes access to markets , schools , and health clinics a challenge . Telecommunications and mass Media According to the Nepal Telecommunication Authority MIS May 2012 report , there are seven operators and the total voice telephony subscribers including fixed and mobile are 16,350,946 , which gives a penetration rate of 61.42 % . The fixed telephone service account for 9.37 % , mobile for 64.63 % , and other services ( LM , GMPCS ) for 3.76 % of the total penetration rate . Similarly , the numbers of subscribers to data / internet services are 4,667,536 , which represents 17.53 % penetration rate . Most of the data service is accounted by GPRS users . Twelve months earlier the data / internet penetration was 10.05 % , thus this represents a growth rate of 74.77 % . Not only has there been strong subscriber growth , especially in the mobile sector , but there was evidence of a clear vision in the sector , including putting a reform process in place and planning for the building of necessary telecommunications infrastructure . Most importantly , the Ministry of Information and Communications ( MoIC ) and the telecom regulator , the National Telecommunications Authority ( NTA ) , have both been very active in the performance of their respective roles . Despite all the effort , there remained a significant disparity between the high coverage levels in the cities and the coverage available in the underdeveloped rural regions . Progress on providing some minimum access had been good . Of a total of 3,914 village development committees across the country , 306 were unserved by December 2009 . In order to meet future demand , it was estimated that Nepal needed to invest around US $135 million annually in its telecom sector . In 2009 , the telecommunication sector alone contributed to 1 % of the nation 's GDP . As of 30 September 2012 , Nepal has 1,828,700 Facebook users . As of 2007 , the state operates two television stations as well as national and regional radio stations . There are roughly 30 independent TV channels registered , with only about half in regular operation . Nearly 400 FM radio stations are licensed with roughly 300 operational . According to the 2011 census , the percentage of households possessing radio was 50.82 % , television 36.45 % , cable TV 19.33 % , computer 7.23 % . According to the Press Council Nepal , as of 2012 there are 2,038 registered newspapers in Nepal , among which 514 are in publication . In 2013 , Reporters Without Borders ranked Nepal at 118th place in the world in terms of press freedom . Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in Nepal Erected by King Bhupatindra Malla in 1702 , Nyatapola is an important tourist attraction in the historical city of Bhaktapur . Historical kingdoms that existed in the Kathmandu valley are found to have made use of some clever technologies in numerous areas such as architecture , agriculture , civil engineering , water management , etc . The Gopals and Abhirs , who ruled the valley up until c. 1000 BC , used temporary materials for construction such as bamboo , hay , timber , etc . The Kirat period ( 700 BC -- 110 AD ) employed the technology of brick firing as well as produced quality woolen shawls . Similarly , stupas , idols , canals , self - recharging ponds , reservoirs , etc. constructed during the Lichhavi era ( 110 -- 879 AD ) are intact to this day , which manifests the ingenuity of traditional architecture . Moreover , the Malla period ( 1200 -- 1768 AD ) saw an impressive growth in architecture , on par with its advanced contemporaries . An archetypal example of Malla architecture is Nyatapola , a five - storied , 30 - metre tall temple in Bhaktapur , which has strangely survived at least four major earthquakes , including the April 2015 Nepal earthquake . Nepal was a late entrant into the modern world of science and technology . Nepal 's first institution of higher education , Tri-Chandra College , was established by Chandra Shumsher in 1918 . The college introduced science at the Intermediate level a year later , marking the genesis of formal science education in the country . However , the college was not accessible to the general public , but only to a handful of members of the Rana regime . Throughout the Rana regime that lasted for well over a century , Nepal was effectively isolated from the rest of the world . Owing to this isolation , Nepal was relatively untouched by and unfamiliar of social transformations brought about by the British invasion in India and the Industrial Revolution in the West . However , after the advent of democracy and abolition of Rana regime in 1951 , Nepal broke free from the shackles of self - imposed isolation and opened up to the outside world . This opening marked the initiation of S&T activities in the country . An underdeveloped country , Nepal is plagued with problems such as poverty , illiteracy , unemployment , and the like . Consequently , science and technology have invariably lagged behind in the priority list of the government . On the other hand , citing poor university education at home , tens of thousands of Nepali students leave the country every year , with half of them never returning . These factors have been huge deterrents to the development of science and technology in Nepal . Community Forestry The Community Forestry Program in Nepal is a participatory environmental governance that encompasses well - defined policies , institutions , and practices . The program addresses the twin goals of forest conservation and poverty reduction . As more than 70 percent of Nepal 's population depends on agriculture for their livelihood , community management of forests has been a critically important intervention . Through legislative developments and operational innovations over three decades , the program has evolved from a protection - oriented , conservation - focused agenda to a much more broad - based strategy for forest use , enterprise development , and livelihood improvement . By April 2009 , one - third of Nepal 's population was participating in the program , directly managing more than one - fourth of Nepal 's forest area . The immediate livelihood benefits derived by rural households bolster strong collective action wherein local communities actively and sustainably manage forest resources . Community forests also became the source of diversified investment capital and raw material for new market - oriented livelihoods . Community forestry shows traits of political , financial , and ecological sustainability , including an emergence of a strong legal and regulatory framework , and robust civil society institutions and networks . However , a continuing challenge is to ensure equitable distribution of benefits to women and marginalised groups . Lessons for replication emphasise experiential learning , establishment of a strong civil society network , flexible regulation to encourage diverse institutional modalities , and responsiveness of government and policymakers to a multistakeholder collaborative learning process . Crime and law enforcement Main article : Law enforcement in Nepal See also : Directorate of Military Intelligence , Nepal ; National Investigation Department of Nepal ; and Human trafficking in Nepal Law enforcement in Nepal is primarily the responsibility of the Nepali Police Force , which is the national police of Nepal . It is independent of the Nepali Army . In the days of its establishment , Nepal Police personnel were mainly drawn from the armed forces of the Nepali Congress Party that fought against the feudal Rana autocracy in Nepal . The Central Investigation Bureau ( CIB ) and National Investigation Department of Nepal ( NID ) are the investigation agencies of Nepal . They have offices in all 75 administrative districts , including regional offices in five regions and zonal offices in 14 zones . Numbers vary from three to five members at each district level in rural districts , and numbers can be higher in urban districts . They have both Domestic and International surveillance units , which mainly deals with cross border terrorists , drug trafficking and money laundering . A 2010 survey estimated about 46,000 hard drug users in the country , with 70 % of the users to be within the age group of 15 to 29 . The same survey also reported that 19 % of the users had been introduced to hard drugs when they were less than 15 years old ; and 14.4 % of drug users were attending school or college . Only 12 of the 17 municipalities studied had any type of rehabilitation centre . There has been a sharp increase in the seizure of drugs such as hashish , heroin and opium in the past few years ; and there are indications that drug traffickers are trying to establish Nepal as a transit point . Human trafficking and child labour are major problems in Nepal . Nepali victims are trafficked within Nepal , to India , the Middle East , and other areas such as Malaysia and forced to become prostitutes , domestic servants , beggars , factory workers , mine workers , circus performers , child soldiers , and others . Sex trafficking is particularly rampant within Nepal and to India , with as many as 5,000 to 10,000 women and girls trafficked to India alone each year . Capital punishment was abolished in Nepal in 1997 . In 2008 , the Nepali government abolished the Haliya system of forced labour , freeing about 20,000 people . However , the effectiveness of this has been questioned by the Asian Legal Resource Centre . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Nepal Nepalese gentlemen in 1940 Nepalese women dancing for Teej Population density map of Nepal Comparison Of Nepal Population According to the 2011 census , Nepal 's population grew from 9 million people in 1950 to 26.5 million . From 2001 to 2011 , the average family size declined from 5.44 to 4.9 . The census also noted some 1.9 million absentee people , over a million more than in 2001 ; most are male labourers employed overseas , predominantly in South Asia and the Middle East . This correlated with the drop in sex ratio from 94.41 as compared to 99.80 for 2001 . The annual population growth rate is 1.35 % . The citizens of Nepal are known as Nepali or Nepalese . The country is home to people of many different national origins . As a result , Nepalese do not equate their nationality with ethnicity , but with citizenship and allegiance . Although citizens make up the majority of Nepalese , non-citizen residents , dual citizens , and expatriates may also claim a Nepalese identity . Nepal is multicultural and multiethnic country because it became a country by occupying several small kingdoms such as Mustang , Videha ( Mithila ) , Madhesh , and Limbuwan in the 18th century . The oldest settlements in Mithila and Tharuhat are Maithil . Northern Nepal is historically inhabited by Kirants Mongoloid , Rai and Limbu people . The mountainous region is sparsely populated above 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) , but in central and western Nepal ethnic Sherpa and Lamapeople inhabit even higher semi-arid valleys north of the Himalaya . The Nepali speaking Khas people mostly inhabit central and southern regions . Kathmandu Valley , in the middle hill region , constitutes a small fraction of the nation 's area but is the most densely populated , with almost 5 percent of the nation 's population . The Nepali are descendants of three major migrations from India , Tibet , and North Burma and the Chinese state of Yunnan via Assam . Among the earliest inhabitants were the Kirat of east mid-region , Newars of the Kathmandu Valley , aboriginal Tharus of Tharuhat , Despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the Madhesh ( southern plains ) in recent years , the majority of Nepalese still live in the central highlands ; the northern mountains are sparsely populated . Kathmandu , with a population of over 2.6 million ( metropolitan area : 5 million ) , is the largest city in the country and the cultural and economic heart . According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , Nepal hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers in 2007 numbering approximately 130,000 . Of this population , approximately 109,200 persons were from Bhutan and 20,500 from People 's Republic of China . The government of Nepal restricted Bhutanese refugees to seven camps in the Jhapa and Morang districts , and refugees were not permitted to work in most professions . At present , the United States is working towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US . Population Structure Data Size Population 26,494,504 ( 2011 ) Growth rate 1.35 % Population below 14 Years old 34.19 % Population of age 15 to 59 54.15 % Population above 60 8.13 % Median age ( average ) 20.07 Median age ( male ) 19.91 Median age ( females ) 20.24 Ratio ( male : female ) 100 : 94.16 Life expectancy ( average ) ( reference : ) 66.16 Years Life expectancy ( male ) 64.94 Life expectancy ( female ) 67.44 Literacy rate ( average ) 65.9 % Literacy rate ( male ) 75.1 % Literacy rate ( female ) 57.4 % A Nepalese Tibetan monk Languages Main article : Languages of Nepal Nepal 's diverse linguistic heritage stems from three major language groups : Indo - Aryan , Tibeto - Burman , and various indigenous language isolates . The major languages of Nepal ( percent spoken as native language ) according to the 2011 census are Nepali ( 44.6 % ) , Maithili ( 11.7 % ) , Bhojpuri ( 6.0 % ) , Tharu ( 5.8 % ) , Tamang ( 5.1 % ) , Nepal Bhasa ( 3.2 % ) , Bajjika ( 3 % ) and Magar ( 3.0 % ) , Doteli ( 3.0 % ) , Urdu ( 2.6 % ) , Awadhi ( 1.89 % ) , and Sunwar . Nepal is home to at least four indigenous sign languages . Derived from Sanskrit , Nepali is written in Devanagari script . Nepali is the official language and serves as lingua franca among Nepali of different ethnolinguistic groups . The regional languages Maithili , Awadhi , Bhojpuri and rarely Urdu of Nepali Muslims are spoken in the southern Madhesh region . Many Nepali in government and business speak Maithili as the main language and Nepali as their de facto lingua franca . Varieties of Tibetan are spoken in and north of the higher Himalaya where standard literary Tibetan is widely understood by those with religious education . Local dialects in the Terai and hills are mostly unwritten with efforts underway to develop systems for writing many in Devanagari or the Roman alphabet . Religion Main article : Religion in Nepal Religion in Nepal ( 2011 ) religion percent Hindu 81.3 % Buddhist 9.0 % Muslim 4.4 % Folk 3.0 % Christian 1.42 % Other 0.9 % Sadhus in Pashupatinath Temple The significant majority of the Nepalese population follows Hinduism . Shiva is regarded as the guardian deity of the country . Nepal is home to the famous Lord Shiva temple , the Pashupatinath Temple , where Hindus from all over the world come for pilgrimage . According to Hindu mythology , the goddess Sita of the epic Ramayana , was born in the Mithila Kingdom of King Janaka Raja . Lumbini is a Buddhist pilgrimage site and UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Kapilavastu district . Traditionally it is held to be the birthplace in about 563 B.C. of Siddhartha Gautama , a Kshatriya caste prince of the Sakya clan , who as the Buddha Gautama , founded Buddhism . The holy site of Lumbini is bordered by a large monastic zone , in which only monasteries can be built . All three main branches of Buddhism exist in Nepal and the Newa people have their own branch of the faith . Buddhism is also the dominant religion of the thinly populated northern areas , which are mostly inhabited by Tibetan - related peoples , such as the Sherpa . The Buddha , born as a Hindu , is also said to be a descendant of Vedic Sage Angirasa in many Buddhist texts . The Buddha 's family surname is associated with Gautama Maharishi . Differences between Hindus and Buddhists have been minimal in Nepal due to the cultural and historical intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs . Moreover , traditionally Buddhism and Hinduism were never two distinct religions in the western sense of the word . In Nepal , the faiths share common temples and worship common deities . Among other natives of Nepal , those more influenced by Hinduism were the Magar , Sunwar , Limbu and Rai and the Gurkhas . Hindu influence is less prominent among the Gurung , Bhutia , and Thakali groups who employ Buddhist monks for their religious ceremonies . Most of the festivals in Nepal are Hindu . The Machendrajatra festival , dedicated to Hindu Shaiva Siddha , is celebrated by many Buddhists in Nepal as a main festival . As it is believed that Ne Muni established Nepal , some important priests in Nepal are called `` Tirthaguru Nemuni '' . Islam is a minority religion in Nepal , with 4.2 % of the population being Muslim according to a 2006 Nepali census . Mundhum , Christianity and Jainism are other minority faiths . Education Main article : Education in Nepal The overall literacy rate ( for population age 5 years and above ) increased from 54.1 % in 2001 to 65.9 % in 2011 . The male literacy rate was 75.1 % compared to the female literacy rate of 57.4 % . The highest literacy rate was reported in Kathmandu district ( 86.3 % ) and lowest in Rautahat ( 41.7 % ) . While the net primary enrollment rate was 74 % in 2005 ; in 2009 , that enrollment rate was 90 % . However , increasing access to secondary education ( grade 9 -- 12 ) remains a major challenge , as evidenced by the low net enrollment rate of 24 % at this level . More than half of primary students do not enter secondary schools , and only one - half of them complete secondary schooling . In addition , fewer girls than boys join secondary schools and , among those who do , fewer complete the 10th grade . Nepal has seven universities : Tribhuvan University , Kathmandu University , Pokhara University , Purbanchal University , Mahendra Sanskrit University , Far - western University , and Agriculture and Forestry University . Some newly proposed universities are Lumbini Bouddha University , and Mid-Western University . Some fine scholarship has emerged in the post-1990 era . Health Main article : Health in Nepal Kunde Hospital in remote Himalayan region Public health and health care services in Nepal are provided by both the public and private sectors and fare poorly by international standards . According to 2011 census , more than one - third ( 38.17 % ) of the total households do not have a toilet . Tap water is the main source of drinking water for 47.78 % of households , tube well / hand pump is the main source of drinking water for about 35 % of households , while spout , uncovered well / kuwa , and covered well / kuwa are the main source for 5.74 % , 4.71 % , and 2.45 % respectively . Based on 2010 World Health Organization ( WHO ) data , Nepal ranked 139th in life expectancy in 2010 with the average Nepali living to 65.8 years . Diseases are more prevalent in Nepal than in other South Asian countries , especially in rural areas . Leading diseases and illnesses include diarrhea , gastrointestinal disorders , goitres , intestinal parasites , leprosy , visceral leishmaniasis and tuberculosis . About 4 out of 1,000 adults aged 15 to 49 had human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , and the HIV prevalence rate was 0.5 % . Malnutrition also remains very high : about 47 % of children under five are stunted , 15 percent wasted , and 36 percent underweight , although there has been a declining trend for these rates over the past five years , they remain alarmingly high . In spite of these figures , improvements in health care have been made , most notably in maternal - child health . In 2012 , the under - five infant mortality was estimated to be 41 out of every 1000 children . Overall Nepal 's Human Development Index ( HDI ) for health was 0.77 in 2011 , ranking Nepal 126 out of 194 countries , up from 0.444 in 1980 . Largest cities Largest cities or towns in Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration ( 1 ) Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Kathmandu Pokhara Kathmandu Province No. 3 975,453 11 Tulsipur Province No. 5 141,528 Lalitpur Bharatpur Pokhara Gandaki 414,141 12 Itahari Province No. 1 140,517 Lalitpur Province No. 3 284,922 13 Nepalgunj Province No. 5 138,951 Bharatpur Province No. 3 280,502 14 Butwal Province No. 5 138,741 5 Birgunj Province No. 2 240,922 15 Dharan Province No. 1 137,705 6 Biratnagar Province No. 1 214,662 16 Kalaiya Province No. 2 123,659 7 Janakpur Province No. 2 159,468 17 Jitpur Simara Province No. 2 117,496 8 Ghorahi Province No. 5 156,164 18 Mechinagar Province No. 1 111,797 9 Hetauda Province No. 3 152,875 19 Budhanilkantha Province No. 3 107,918 10 Dhangadhi Province No. 7 147,741 20 Gokarneshwar Province No. 3 107,351 Culture Main articles : Culture of Nepal and Music of Nepal The Nepalese actress and UN Goodwill Ambassador Manisha Koirala Folklore is an integral part of Nepali society . Traditional stories are rooted in the reality of day - to - day life , tales of love , affection and battles as well as demons and ghosts and thus reflect local lifestyles , culture , and beliefs . Many Nepali folktales are enacted through the medium of dance and music . Most houses in the rural lowlands of Nepal are made up of a tight bamboo framework and walls of a mud and cow - dung mix . These dwellings remain cool in summer and retain warmth in winter . Houses in the hills are usually made of unbaked bricks with thatch or tile roofing . At high elevations construction changes to stone masonry and slate may be used on roofs . Nepal 's flag is the only national flag in the world that is not rectangular in shape . The constitution of Nepal contains instructions for a geometric construction of the flag . According to its official description , the red in the flag stands for victory in war or courage , and is also the colour of the rhododendron , the national flower of Nepal . Red also stands for aggression . The flag 's blue border signifies peace . The curved moon on the flag is a symbol of the peaceful and calm nature of Nepali , while the sun represents the aggressiveness of Nepali warriors . Holidays and festivals Main article : List of festivals in Nepal With 36 days a year , Nepal is the country that enjoys the most number of public holidays in the world . The Nepali year begins in 1st of Baisakh in official Hindu Calendar of the country , the Bikram Sambat , which falls in mid-April and is divided into 12 months . Saturday is the official weekly holiday . Main annual holidays include the Martyr 's Day ( 18 February ) , and a mix of Hindu and Buddhist festivals such as Dashain in autumn , Tihar in mid-autumn and Chhath in late autumn . During Swanti , the Newars perform the Mha Puja ceremony to celebrate New Year 's Day of the lunar calendar Nepal Sambat . Being a Secular country Nepal has holiday on main festivals of minority religions in the nation too . Cuisine Main article : Nepalese cuisine The national cuisine of Nepal is Dhindo and Gundruk. The staple Nepali meal is dal bhat . Dal is a lentil soup , and is served over bhat ( boiled rice ) , with tarkari ( curried vegetables ) together with achar ( pickles ) or chutni ( spicy condiment made from fresh ingredients ) . It consists of non-vegetarian as well as vegetarian items . Mustard oil is a common cooking medium and a host of spices , including cumin , coriander , black pepper , sesame seeds , turmeric , garlic , ginger , methi ( fenugreek ) , bay leaves , cloves , cinnamon , chilies and mustard seeds are used in cooking . Momo is a type of steamed dumpling with meat or vegetable fillings , and is a popular fast food in many regions of Nepal . Sports Main article : Sports in Nepal Association football is the most popular sport in Nepal and was first played during the Rana dynasty in 1921 . The one and only international stadium in the country is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium where the national team plays its home matches . Cricket has been gaining popularity since the last decade . Since the establishment of the national team , Nepal has played its home matches on the Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground . The national team has since won the 2012 ICC World Cricket League Division Four and the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three simultaneously , hence qualifying for 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . They also qualified for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh , and this qualification has been the farthest the team have ever made in an ICC event . On 28 June 2014 , the ICC awarded T20I status to Nepal , who took part and performed exceptionally well in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . Nepal had already played three T20I matches before gaining the status , as ICC had earlier announced that all matches at the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 would have T20I status . Nepal won the 2014 ICC World Cricket League Division Three held in Malaysia and qualified for the 2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two . Nepal finished fourth in the 2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two in Namibia and qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . But Nepal failed to secure promotion to Division One and qualification to 2015 -- 17 ICC Intercontinental Cup after finishing third in the round - robin stage . Basanta Regmi became the first bowler to take 100 wickets in the World Cricket League . He achieved this feat after taking 2 wickets against Netherlands in the tournament . After finishing 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two at second place Nepal claims the place in 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . On 15 March 2018 Nepal claimed One Day International ( ODI ) status for the first time with their win over Papua New Guinea in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier play off encounter . Units of measurement Main article : Nepalese customary units of measurement Although the country has adopted the metric system as its official standard since 1968 , traditional units of measurement are still commonplace . The customary units of area employed in the Terai region -- such as katha , bigha , etc. -- sound similar to those used elsewhere in South Asia . However , they vary markedly in size , as they seem to have been standardised to different measures of area . For instance , a katha in Nepal is arbitrarily set at 338.63 m , while a katha in Bangladesh means about 67 m of land area . In addition to native ones , imperial units pertaining to length ( specifically inch and foot ) and metric units such as kilogram and litre are also fairly common in everyday trade and commerce . In popular Media Some notable books and films set against the backdrop of Nepal include : Books Suyin , Han ( 1958 ) . The Mountain Is Young . Matthiessen , Peter ( 1978 ) . The Snow Leopard . Thapa , Manjushree ( 2001 ) . The Tutor of History . Wilson - Howarth , Jane ( 2007 ) . A Glimpse of Eternal Snows . Films See also : List of foreign films shot in Nepal The Golden Child ( 1986 ) Seven Years in Tibet ( 1997 ) Little Buddha ( 1993 ) Kathmandu ( 2012 ) Everest ( 2015 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Gallery Holi festival celebrations in Nepal Pashupatinath Temple Traditional Pahadi folk dress Nepal cricket team Musicians playing devotional songs One of the Rani palace of Nepal Urban Newari cuisine Nepali Momos Saping Siddhi Ganesh Temple See also Outline of Nepal Human rights in Nepal Gender inequality in Nepal References Jump up ^ `` Nepal '' . Ethnologue . 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Reprint : Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers , New Delhi . 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Monarchy : Thakuri Dynasty '' . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Monarchy : Thakuri Dynasty '' . royalnepal.synthasite.com . Jump up ^ Giuseppe , Father ( 1799 ) . `` Account of the Kingdom of Nepal '' . Asiatick Researches . London : Vernor and Hood . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : lawrence , harris , george ; division , library of congress . federal research ; matles , savada , andrea . `` Nepal and Bhutan : country studies '' . Jump up ^ Tucci , Giuseppe. ( 1952 ) . Journey to Mustang , 1952 . Trans . by Diana Fussell . 1st Italian edition , 1953 ; 1st English edition , 1977 . 2nd edition revised , 2003 , p. 22 . Bibliotheca Himalayica . ISBN 99933 - 0 - 378 - X ( South Asia ) ; ISBN 974 - 524 - 024 - 9 ( Outside of South Asia ) . Jump up ^ Kevin Bales ; et al. `` Nepal '' . The Global Slavery Index 2016 . The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. 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Jump up ^ Chamlagain Deepak and Daigoro Hayashi , `` Neotectonic Fault Analysis by 2D Finite Element Modeling for Studying the Himalayan Fold and Thrust belt in Nepal '' , University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , 1 -- 16 , 14 July 2006 . Jump up ^ F. Jouanne et al. , `` Current Shortening Across the Himalayas of Nepal '' , Geophys.J.Int. , 154 , 1 -- 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Pandey M.R , R.P. Tandukar , J.P. Avouac , J. Vergne and Th . Heritier , `` Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a Local Seismic Network '' , Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , 17 , 703 -- 712 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Bilham et al. , 1998 ; Pandey et al. , 1995 . Jump up ^ L. Bollinger ; S.N. Sapkota ; P. Tapponnier ; Y . Klinger ; M. Rizza ; J. Van der Woerd ; D.R. Tiwari ; R. Pandey ; A. Bitri ; S. Bes de Berc ( 2014 ) . `` Return period of great Himalayan earthquakes in Eastern Nepal : evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the Main Frontal Thrust '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . doi : 10.1002 / 2014JB010970 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal quake ' followed historic pattern ' '' . BBC . 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Summerfield & Hulton , 1994 ; Hay , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal 's election The Maoists triumph '' . The Economist. 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Thomas ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Nepal abolishes monarchy as King Gyanendra given fortnight to vacate palace '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Presidentofnepal.com '' . Presidentofnepal.com . Archived from the original on 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaphle , Anup ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` Long stalemate after Maoist victory disrupts life in Nepal '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal '' . BBC News . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sitauala , Gurung resign from govt '' . Ekantipur . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal PM calls new elections after constitution failure '' . CBC News . 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty Statistics 2006 '' . Amnestyusa.org . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Progress in new Republic of Nepal '' . Starobserver.com.au. 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal ' Third Gender ' IDs Issued For Minorities '' . Huffington Post . 22 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CA approves ceremonial prez , bicameral legislature '' . Kanptipur Media Group . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Provincial parliaments will be unicameral . `` The CA also approved a mixed electoral system for parliamentary election with 60 percent directly elected and 40 percent proportionally elected . '' Jump up ^ Post Report . `` 744 new local units come into effect - General - The Kathmandu Post '' . Kathmandupost.ekantipur.com . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Thottam , Jyoti ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Nepal : Caught Between China and India '' . Time . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Zheng , Xianglin ( 15 August 2008 ) . `` China - Nepal relations are an example of friendly coexistence between countries of different size '' . Nepal News . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Haviland , Charles ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` Nepal Arrests Tibetan Protesters '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Armed Police Force Nepal '' . Apf.gov.np . Archived from the original on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Vaughn , Bruce ( 1 March 2005 ) . `` Nepal : Background and U.S. Relations '' ( PDF ) . The Air University , U.S. Air Force . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Dahal , Phanindra ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` New Army service rule bars women from combat duties '' . The Kathmandu Post . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Bank : Nepal at a glance , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Status Paper United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012 ( Rio + 20 ) Synopsis '' ( PDF ) . National Planning Commission of Nepal. 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Bank : Nepal - Country Overview 2012 '' . World Bank . 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Communications Pvt. Ltd '' . Nepalnews.com . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh , Nepal , Rwanda top India in reducing poverty -- study '' . Reuters India . 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Tracy ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` World poverty is shrinking rapidly , new index reveals '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal welcomed 598,204 tourists in 2012 '' . Travel Biz News . 4 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ethirajan , Anbarasan . `` Nepal seeks to attract more tourists from Asian nations '' . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Migration and Remittance Factbook 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : World Bank . `` Migration and Remittance Factbook 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DFID 's bilateral programme in Nepal '' . The International Development Committee of the House of Commons . 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK should cut aid to Nepal if `` endemic '' corruption persists : report `` . Reuters. 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook -- Nepal '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EU as Nepal 's largest exporter '' . ktm2day . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nepal : Economy '' . MSN Encarta . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Development Failure : A Critical Review of Three Analyses of Development in Nepal '' . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Development Failure : The Development - Conflict Nexus '' . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydropower in Nepal '' . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy sector in Nepal '' . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Power and People '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Electricity Supply and Tariff Rates in South Asian Countries '' ( PDF ) . 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Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Community Forestry in Nepal '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NEPAL : Community forest value untapped '' . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Police Department '' . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Graeme ( 2010 ) . Crime and Punishment around the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 171 . ISBN 9780313351341 . Jump up ^ `` NEPAL : Corruption in Nepal -- Curse or Crime ? '' . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INTERPOL Kathmandu '' . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Organized Crime on Governance in Developing Countries : A Case Study of Nepal '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Survey on Hard Drug Users in Nepal : A Practice for Policy Analysis and Advocacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Narconon Nepal '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . 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Abc.net.au. 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Haliya bonded labour slavery system must be abolished without further delay '' . Alrc.net . Archived from the original on 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Refugee Survey 2008 '' . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Jayshi , Damakant ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` NEPAL : Tibetans Warned of Deportation to China '' . Inter Press Service . Archived from the original on 9 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Life expectancy at birth -- Demographics '' . Indexmundi.com. 26 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Anthologia anthropologica . The native races of Asia and Europe ; by James George Frazer , Sir ; Robert Angus Downie Jump up ^ Novak , Charles M. ( 1992 ) . `` A Portrait of Buddhism in Licchavi Nepal '' . Buddhist Himalaya : A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods . Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. 4 ( 1 , 2 ) . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Life of Buddha as Legend and History , by Edward Joseph Thomas Jump up ^ P. 95 A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms By James Legge ^ Jump up to : `` A Country Study : Nepal '' . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals of Nepal '' . Nepalhomepage.com . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ p. 885 Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 10 By James Hastings Jump up ^ Wright , p. 107 , History of Nepal : With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal Jump up ^ `` NEPAL IN FIGURES 2006 -- Government of Nepal '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Nepaljain.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` WHO Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal -- Overview '' . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Trend in Health Status '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Health Services in Nepal '' . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HDI Trend '' . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nepali Times Issue No. 561 ( 8 July 2011 -- 14 July 2011 ) '' . Nepalitimes.com . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Description '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ compare this copy of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal Archived 1 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jha , Manish ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Regular breaks '' . Nepali Times . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football at the heart of the Himalayas '' . FIFA.com. 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football History in Nepal '' . ANFA . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GoalNepal.com -- ANFA Starts Location - Hunt For International Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Grounds in Nepal '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airee , Vesawkar carry Nepal to Div 3 title '' . Espn Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 T20 WC Fixtures '' . 27 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Results of ICC Board meeting in Melbourne '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal , Netherlands get T20 international status '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big stage for two debutants '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pun , Malla and Budhaayer shine as Nepal wins Pepsi ICC World Cricket League Division 3 '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard of 3rd Place Playoff : Kenya v Nepal , WCL Division Two 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya and Nepal will take their places in the ICC World Cricket League Championship '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Redemption for Netherlands , regret for Nepal '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WCL Division Two 2015 Points Table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regmi completes 100 wickets in WCL '' . The Himalayan Times . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal make cricket history after securing ODI status '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Biggest day in Nepal cricket history ' - Khadka '' . ESPNcricinfo. 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Measurement and Weight Act , 1968 '' . Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Further reading Shaha , Rishikesh ( 1992 ) . Ancient and Medieval Nepal . New Delhi : Manohar Publications . ISBN 81 - 85425 - 69 - 8 . Tiwari , Sudarshan Raj ( 2002 ) . The Brick and the Bull : An account of Handigaun , the Ancient Capital of Nepal . Himal Books . ISBN 99933 - 43 - 52 - 8 . `` India Nepal Open Border '' . Nepal Democracy . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . `` Football at the heart of the Himalaya '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 9 September 2005 . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . `` Nepal : Information Portal '' . Explore Nepal . Retrieved 1 September 2007 . Haven , Cynthia ( 24 August 2010 ) . `` The Best Memoir You Never Heard Of : `` Shadow Over Shangri - La '' `` . San Francisco Chronicle . `` Nepal : A state under siege '' . The South Asian : Featured Articles . Archived from the original on 31 December 2004 . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . `` Nepal : Basic Fact Sheet '' . Nepal homepage . Archived from the original on 24 May 2005 . Retrieved 23 September 2005 . Sharma , Sushil ( 29 August 2005 ) . `` Jailed ex-PM in Nepal court plea '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 September 2005 . `` Nepal 's new emblem '' . Citizen Journalism Nepal . Archived from the original on 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Hagmuller , Gotz ( 2003 ) . Patan Museum : The Transformation of a Royal Palace in Nepal . London : Serindia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 906026 - 58 - 8 . Dixit , Kunda ( 2006 ) . A people war : Images of the Nepal conflict 1996 -- 2006 . Kathmandu : nepa - laya . Crossette , Barbara ( 1995 ) . So Close to Heaven : The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 74363 - 4 . Bista , Dor Bahadur ( 1967 ) . People of Nepal . Department of Publicity , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Nepal . ISBN 99933 - 0 - 418 - 2 . Whelpton , John ( 2005 ) . A History of Nepal . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521804707 . Michael Hutt , ed. , Himalayan ' people 's war ' : Nepal 's Maoist rebellion , London : C. Hurst , 2004 Matthiessen , Peter ( 1993 ) . The Snow Leopard . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 00 - 272025 - 6 . Simpson , Joe ( 1997 ) . Storms of Silence . Mountaineers Books . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 512 - 3 . Upadhyay , Samrat ( 2001 ) . Arresting God in Kathmandu . Mariner Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 04371 - 3 . Joseph R. Pietri ( 2001 ) . The King of Nepal . Indianapolis , IN : Indiana Creative Arts . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11928 - X . Herzog , Maurice ( 1951 ) . Annapurna . The Lyons Press . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 549 - 2 . Murphy , Dervla ( 1968 ) . The Waiting Land : A Spell in Nepal . Transatlantic Arts . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 1745 - 1 . Rishikesh Shaha ( 2001 ) . Modern Nepal : A Political History . Manohar Publishers and Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 403 - 1 . Jane Wilson - Howarth ( 2012 ) . A Glimpse of Eternal Snows : a family 's journey of love and loss in Nepal . Bradt Travel Guides , UK . p. 390 . ASIN B009S7FHU4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 435 - 8 . Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal . -- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development , Kathmandu , March 2011 External links Find more aboutNepalat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Official website of the Government of Nepal Official Site of Nepal Tourism Board General information Nepal from the BBC News `` Nepal '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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4 HDS : 3422 LCCN : n79091522 NARA : 10035749 NDL : 00568106 SUDOC : 030730759 VIAF : 253570691 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepal&oldid=854295377 '' Categories : Nepal Federal constitutional republics Former monarchies of Asia Historical Hindu kingdoms Landlocked countries Least developed countries Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Mount Everest Nepali - speaking countries and territories Newar South Asian countries States and territories established in 1768 Countries in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 215 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 08 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many states are there in the nepal
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"As of 3 April 2018, Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 77 districts. It has 753 local units. \nThere are 6 metropolises, 11 sub-metropolises, 276 municipal councils, and 460 village councils for official works. The constitution grants 22 absolute powers to the local units while they share 15 more powers with the central and state governments.[90]\n"
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Backflow prevention device
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Backflow prevention device - wikipedia Backflow prevention device This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In this situation , dirty water from the hillside pool will back - siphon or back - flow down the hosepipe and into the clean water tank . To prevent this from happening , the house 's external tap should be fitted with a backflow prevention device . A backflow prevention device is used to protect potable water supplies from contamination or pollution due to backflow . In water supply systems , water is normally maintained at a significant pressure to enable water to flow from the tap , shower , or other fixture . Water pressure may fail or be reduced when a water main bursts , pipes freeze , or there is unexpectedly high demand on the water system ( for example , when several fire hydrants are opened ) . Reduced pressure in the pipe may allow contaminated water from the soil , from storage , or from other sources to be drawn up into the system . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Preventive devices 3 Regulatory requirements 4 Partial list of backflow prevention devices 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Terminology ( edit ) Backflow means the undesirable reversal of flow of a liquid , gas , or suspended solid into the potable water supply ; a backflow preventer is designed to keep this from happening . Points at which a potable water system connects with a non-potable water system are called cross connections . Such connections occur naturally in appliances such as clothes washers and dishwashers , but they must be carefully designed and installed to prevent backflow . Another common location for a backflow preventer is the connection of a fire sprinkler system to a water main , to prevent pressurized water from flowing from the fire suppression system into the public water supply . Back - siphonage occurs when higher pressure fluids , gases , or suspended solids move to an area of lower pressure fluids . For example , when a drinking straw is used to consume a beverage , suction reduces the pressure of fluid inside the straw , causing liquid to move from the cup to inside the straw and then into the drinker 's mouth . A significant drop of pressure in a water delivery system creates a similar suction , pulling possibly undesirable material into the system . This is an example of an indirect cross-connection . Back - pressure occurs for example when air is blown through the straw and bubbles begin to erupt at the submerged end . If instead of air , natural gas had been forced into a potable water tank , the gas in turn could be carried to a kitchen faucet . This is an example of a direct cross-connection , with undesirable material being pushed into the system . Back pressure can force an undesirable contaminant to enter potable water piping . Sources of back pressure may be boilers , heat exchanging equipment , power washing equipment , fire sprinklers , or pumps in the water distribution system . In some cases there may be an almost continuous risk of overcoming the static water pressure in the piping . To reduce the risk of contamination , a backflow preventer can be fitted . A backflow preventer is also important when potentially toxic chemicals are used , for instance for commercial / industrial descaling of boilers , or when chemical bleaches are used for residential power washing . A closely related device is the backwater valve , which is designed to prevent sewage from backing up into a building and causing basement flooding . Preventive devices ( edit ) Backflow prevention device The simplest , most reliable way to provide backflow prevention is to provide an air gap . An air gap is simply an open vertical space between any device that connects to a plumbing system ( like a valve or faucet ) and any place where contaminated water can collect or pool . A simple air gap has no moving parts , other than flowing water . Many plumbing codes specify a minimum air gap distance required for various circumstances , such as a drain connection for a dishwasher , e.g. , BS 6282 . Alternatively , a specialized backflow preventer valve may be installed at strategic locations in the plumbing system wherever there is a risk of contaminated fluids entering the water supply pipes . These valves are used where there is not sufficient vertical clearance or physical space to install an air gap , or when pressurized operation or other factors rule out use of an air gap . Because these valves use moving parts , they are often required to be inspected or tested periodically . Regulatory requirements ( edit ) To prevent contamination due to back pressure , many health regulatory regimes require an air gap or mechanical backflow prevention assembly between the delivery point of mains water and local storage or use . Where submerged mains inflow is permitted , a backflow prevention assembly is required , which protects the potable water system from contamination hazards . A check valve is a basic form of backflow prevention , but often more complex devices are required because check valves are not considered to be reliable , when compared to more sophisticated devices with redundancies and reduced - pressure zones . In many countries . approved backflow prevention assemblies are required by law , and must be installed in accordance with plumbing or building codes . A typical backflow assembly has test cocks and shut - off valves , and must be tested when installed , if relocated or repaired , and also on a periodic basis . In the US , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) holds local water suppliers responsible for maintaining a certain amount of purity in potable water systems . Many states and / or local municipalities require annual testing of backflow prevention assemblies . In most cases , the law requires a double check ( DC ) , reduced pressure principle device ( RP ) device , or an air gap when backflow prevention is mandated . Partial list of backflow prevention devices ( edit ) Air gap Atmospheric vacuum breaker ( AVB ) Check valve ( usually not a legally approved method of backflow prevention ) Chemigation valve ( primarily used in agriculture ) Double check valve , or double check valve assembly ( DCVA ) Pressure vacuum breaker assembly ( PVB ) Reduced pressure zone device ( RPZ ) Spill resistant pressure vacuum breaker assembly ( SPVB ) Vacuum breaker See also ( edit ) Backflow ( plumbing ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Backwater Valve Installation '' . Absolute Draining & Plumbing . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Water Supply ( Water Fittings ) Regulations 1999 '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Drinking Water & Backflow Prevention magazine The American Backflow Prevention Association Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research Backflow and prevention Backflow prevention methods Atmospheric vacuum breaker Air gap Check valve Chemigation valve Double check valve Hydrostatic loop Pressure vacuum breaker Reduced pressure zone device Vacuum breaker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backflow_prevention_device&oldid=837906870 '' Categories : Plumbing Irrigation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 18 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the most reliable method for preventing blackflow
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[
"The simplest, most reliable way to provide backflow prevention is to provide an air gap. An air gap is simply an open vertical space between any device that connects to a plumbing system (like a valve or faucet) and any place where contaminated water can collect or pool. A simple air gap has no moving parts, other than flowing water. Many plumbing codes specify a minimum air gap distance required for various circumstances, such as a drain connection for a dishwasher, e.g., BS 6282.\n"
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"an air gap"
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Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep
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Now I lay me down to sleep - wikipedia Now I lay me down to sleep Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World War I poster of the United States Now I lay me down to sleep is a classic children 's bedtime prayer from the 18th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Other versions 3 In popular culture 4 References Text ( edit ) Perhaps the earliest version was written by Joseph Addison in an essay appearing in The Spectator on 8th March 1711 . It says : When I lay me down to Sleep , I recommend my self to His care ; when I awake , I give my self up to His Direction , Amen . A later version printed in The New England Primer goes : Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep , If I should die before I ' wake , I pray the Lord my soul to take . Other versions ( edit ) Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep , His Love to guard me through the night , And wake me in the morning 's light . Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . May the angels watch me through the night , and keep me in their blessed sight . Amen Lord I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep , thy angels watch me through the night , And keep me safe till morning 's light . Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . Angels watch me through the night , And wake me with the morning light . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . Guide me through the starry night , Wake me when the sun shines bright . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep , I pray the Lord my soul to keep . Guide me safely through the night , Wake me with the morning light . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep . I pray the Lord my soul to keep . When in the morning light I wake , Show me the path of love to take . Amen ( Additional third verse ) If I should live another day I pray the Lord to guide my way . Amen Now I lay me down to sleep . I pray the Lord my soul to keep . For if I die before I wake , that 's one less test I have to take . It is sometimes combined with the `` Black Paternoster '' , one version of which goes : Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , Bless the bed that I lie on . Four corners to my bed , Four angels round my head ; One to watch and one to pray And two to bear my soul away . In popular culture ( edit ) Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep ( organization ) is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not - for - profit organization that offers complimentary remembrance photography to families grieving after a stillbirth or the death of an infant . If I Die Before I Wake is the title of a 1938 crime novel written by Sherwood King which served as the basis of the Orson Welles film The Lady from Shanghai . Shel Silverstein parodied the prayer in his 1981 book A Light in the Attic with a poem titled Prayer of the Selfish Child . Aerosmith paraphrases the prayer as `` Now I lay me down to sleep , goodnight / Pray the Lord my soul to keep tonight '' in their song `` Darkness '' . Frankie Knuckles and Jamie Principle open their classic Chicago House track `` Baby Wants to Ride '' with the first part of this prayer . Sky Ferreira paraphrases the lyric as `` and laid awake , / Pray the Lord my soul to take '' in her song `` Sad Dream '' Kid Cudi paraphrases the lyric as `` And if I die before I wake , / I pray the Lord my soul to take '' in his song `` The Prayer '' Kanye West paraphrases the lyric as `` As I lay me down to sleep '' in his song Only One Metallica paraphrases the lyric as `` Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray the lord my soul to keep / And if I die before I wake / Pray the lord my soul to take '' in their song `` Enter Sandman '' Megadeth paraphrases the lyric as `` And if I die before I wake / Pray the lord my soul to take '' in their song `` Go to Hell '' Aloe Blacc paraphrases the lyric as `` And Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray the Lord my soul to keep / And if I die before I wake / there must be a mistake , Lord take me back '' in his song `` Take Me Back '' TobyMac paraphrases the lyric as `` If I should die before I wake / I pray the Lord my soul to take / And if I should get a peaceful sleep / I wan na wake at my Father 's feet '' in his song `` Captured '' The Civil Wars paraphrase the lyric as `` Still ca n't lay me down to sleep / If I die before I wake / I know the Lord my soul wo n't take '' in their song Barton Hollow . In the 1984 slasher movie A Nightmare on Elm Street Nancy Thompson , played by Heather Langenkamp , recites the prayer before going to sleep to confront Freddy Krueger in the Dream World . A little girl recites the prayer to keep herself safe from the monster she sees in the 1986 slasher movie Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives . Sir Psycho Sexy by Red Hot Chili Peppers uses an alternate version of the rhyme . Christina Aguilera paraphrases the lyrics as `` Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray we 'll meet inside my dreams / If I should go before I wake / I pray our souls will join again '' in her song `` Little Dreamer '' . In Michael Grant 's book , `` Plague '' , Dekka recites this prayer with Hunter in his last moments before Sam euthanises him with a deadly beam of light because of the `` greenies '' , parasites which were eating Hunter alive . Snoop Dogg interpolates the whole prayer in his song `` Murder Was the Case '' from his debut album , Doggystyle . HIM paraphrases the lyrics with some different words in their song `` Buried Alive By Love , `` If I should die before I wake / Pray no one my soul to take / If I wake before I die , / Rescue me with your smile '' from their album Love Metal . Frank Wilson samples part of the prayer in his Northern Soul song `` Do I Love You , Indeed I Do '' . Notorious B.I.G. paraphrases the lyrics as `` Now I lay me down to sleep / Pray the Lord my soul to keep / If I should die before I wake / I pray the Lord my soul to take '' in the title song of his album `` Ready To Die '' . Dalton Trumbo uses the sentence `` Now I lay me down to sleep '' in his book Johnny Got His Gun , in both sections Book I : The Dead and Book II : The Living . 2Pac paraphrases the lyrics as `` Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray the Lord my guns to keep / If I die before I wake / I pray the Lord my soul to take '' in the song `` When Thugz Cry '' , which was scrapped from the album The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory and put at the end on his demo album The Don Killuminati : The 3 Day Theory . The song later appears on one of 2Pac 's posthumous albums ; Until The End of Time , and also featured in his posthumous documentary film , Tupac : Resurrection . G - Eazy paraphrases the lyrics as `` Yeah , lonely nights I laid awake / Pray to lord , my soul to take '' in his song `` Me , Myself & I '' . The song `` Crazy World '' from the 1991 album `` House of Exile '' by Lucky Dube includes the entire prayer . OPM uses a variation of the prayer on their 2000 album Menace to Sobriety for `` Heaven Is A Halfpipe '' as `` If I die before I wake at least in heaven I can skate '' Pirates of the Mississippi uses a variation of the prayer on their song `` Feed Jake , '' a country hit in 1991 . During the first part of each chorus -- as `` Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray the Lord my soul to keep / If I die before I wake / Feed Jake , he 's been a good dog '' -- an elderly man express hope that if something should happen to him and his dog ( the titular Jake ) survives him , Jake will be taken care of . Sweethearts of the Rodeo use the prayer in the bridge of their song `` Midnight Girl / Sunset Town , '' a country hit in 1987 , to express a young woman 's restlessness of living in a small , backroads town with old - fashioned values ( `` Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray the Lord my soul to keep / If I should die ' fore the world turns ' round / Lord , do n't leave me in this one horse town ... `` ) . In The Simpsons episode `` Lisa 's First Word , '' a 3 - year - old Bart goes to bed in a new - but - poorly designed clown bed created by Bart 's father , Homer . As a frightened Bart tries to go to sleep , he imagines the headboard -- one that because of its poor design resembles an evil clown -- coming to life and with evil cackling reciting the line , `` If you should die before you wake ... `` . In the 1940 MGM animated short Puss Gets the Boot , Jinx the mouse recites the prayer as he gets caught by Jasper the cat after his scheme fails . Ernest Hemingway wrote a short story titled `` Now I Lay Me '' . In the 2001 Survival horror game Silent Hill 2 , the prayer is backmasked into one of its ending songs `` The Reverse Will '' The character of Stuart Larkin , played by Michael McDonald ( comedian ) on Mad TV , recites the prayer near the beginning of a sketch referred to as `` Stuart and the Tooth Fairy '' . Belgica Wave Party uses the New England Primer version of the rhyme in their song `` The Wave '' . blackbear references the poem in his song `` do re mi '' Ice Nine Kills uses `` Now I lay her down to sleep Her soul is mine , and mine to keep If she dies before she wakes , I 'll find another soul to take '' as an alternative version in their song `` Communion of the Cursed '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New England Primer , 1750 ed. , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Debbie Trafton O'Neal ; Nancy Munger ( 1994 ) , Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep : Action Prayers , Poems , and Songs for Bedtime , Augsburg Books , p. 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 2602 - 4 Jump up ^ James Limburg ( 2006 ) , Encountering Ecclesiastes : a book for our time , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3047 - 0 Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860088 - 7 , pp. 357 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage - Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep '' . Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep . Jump up ^ `` The Lady from Shanghai ( 1948 ) - Articles - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Frankie Knuckles - Baby wants to ride . 30 May 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Sky Ferreira - Sad Dream ( Official Video ) . 30 October 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Kid Cudi - The Prayer Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` As I lay me down to sleep / I hear her speak to me '' . Genius . Jump up ^ `` ENTER SANDMAN LYRICS - METALLICA '' . Jump up ^ Megadeth - Go To Hell . 12 March 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ALOE BLACC - TAKE ME BACK LYRICS '' . SongLyrics.com . Jump up ^ `` CAPTURED LYRICS - TOBYMAC '' . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Wars - Barton Hollow Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers - Sir Psycho Sexy Lyrics - SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera - Little Dreamer Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Now I lay me down to sleep / I pray the Lord , my soul to keep / If I should die , before I wake / I pray the Lord , my soul to take '' . Genius . Jump up ^ `` Him - Buried Alive By Love Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Do I Love You ( Indeed I Do ) '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Yeah , lonely nights I laid awake / Pray to lord , my soul to take '' . Genius . Jump up ^ LUCKY DUBE - Crazy World . 14 December 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` OPM - Heaven Is A Halfpipe '' . Jump up ^ Silent Hill 2 OST - ' The Reverse Will ' ( Backmasked ) . 6 November 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIDJDkbutGk Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPQNi-paxDk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_I_Lay_Me_Down_to_Sleep&oldid=815974569 '' Categories : Christian prayer Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2011 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the prayer now i lay me down to sleep
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"Perhaps the earliest version was written by Joseph Addison in an essay appearing in The Spectator[citation needed]on 8th March 1711. It says:[citation needed]"
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"Joseph Addison"
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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development - wikipedia United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Jump to : navigation , search `` Housing and Urban Development '' redirects here . For the area of study , see Urban planning . United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Seal of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Flag of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Robert C. Weaver Federal Building , Department Headquarters Agency overview Formed September 9 , 1965 ; 52 years ago ( 1965 - 09 - 09 ) Preceding agency Housing and Home & Finance Agency Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Robert C. Weaver Federal Building , 451 7th Street SW , Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ 2.17 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 21.03 '' W / 38.8839361 ° N 77.0225083 ° W / 38.8839361 ; - 77.0225083 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 2.17 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 21.03 '' W / 38.8839361 ° N 77.0225083 ° W / 38.8839361 ; - 77.0225083 Employees 8,416 ( 2014 ) Annual budget $32.6 Billion ( 2014 ) Agency executives Ben Carson , Secretary Pam Patenaude , Deputy Secretary Website hud.gov The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( Commonly known as HUD ) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government . Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency , it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965 , as part of the `` Great Society '' program of President Lyndon Johnson , to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Agencies 2.1 Agencies 2.2 Offices 2.3 Corporation 3 Organizational structure 3.1 Major programs 3.2 Office of Inspector General 3.3 Budget and staffing 4 Operations 5 Criticisms 6 Related legislation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The department was established on September 9 , 1965 , when Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act into law . It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8 , sixty days following the date of enactment . The actual implementation was postponed until January 13 , 1966 , following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems . HUD is administered by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . Its headquarters is located in the Robert C. Weaver Federal Building . Some important milestones for HUD 's development include : June 27 , 1934 -- The National Housing Act creates the Federal Housing Administration , which helps provide mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA - approved lenders . September 1 , 1937 -- Housing Act of 1937 creates the United States Housing Authority , which helps enact slum - clearance projects and construction of low - rent housing . February 3 , 1938 -- The National Housing Act Amendments of 1938 is signed into law . The law creates the Federal National Mortgage Association ( FNMA ) , which provides a secondary market to the Federal Housing Administration . February 24 , 1942 -- Executive Order 9070 , Establishing the National Housing Agency . The Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Home Loan Bank Board , The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation , The United States Housing Authority , defense housing under the Federal Works Agency , the War Department , the Navy Department , the Farm Security Administration , the Defense Homes Corporation , the Federal Loan Administration , and the Division of Defense Housing Coordination were consolidated . The National Housing Agency would be made up of three units , each with its own commissioner . The units were the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration , and the United States Housing Authority . July 27 , 1947 -- The Housing and Home Finance Agency is established through Reorganization Plan Number 3 . July 15 , 1949 -- The Housing Act of 1949 is enacted to help eradicate slums and promote community development and redevelopment programs . August 2 , 1954 -- The Housing Act of 1954 establishes comprehensive planning assistance . September 23 , 1959 -- The Housing Act of 1959 allows funds for elderly housing . September 2 , 1964 -- The Housing Act of 1964 allows rehabilitation loans for homeowners . August 10 , 1965 -- The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 instituted several major expansions in federal housing programs . September 1965 -- HUD is created as a cabinet - level agency by the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act . April 1968 -- The Fair Housing Act is passed to ban discrimination in housing . During 1968 -- The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 establishes the Government National Mortgage Association ( Ginnie Mae ) . August 1969 -- The Brooke Amendment establishes that low income families only pay no more than 25 percent of their income for rent . August 1974 -- Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 allows community development block grants and help for urban homesteading . October 1977 -- The Housing and Community Act of 1977 sets up Urban Development Grants and continues elderly and handicapped assistance . July 1987 -- The Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act gives help to communities to deal with homelessness . It includes the creation of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness of which HUD is a member . February 1988 -- The Housing and Community Development Act provides for the sale of public housing to resident management corporations . October 1992 -- The HOPE VI program starts to revitalize public housing and how it works . October 1992 -- The Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 codifies within its language the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 that creates the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight , and mandates HUD to set goals for lower income and underserved housing areas for the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . 1992 -- Federal Housing Enterprises ' Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 creates HUD Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight to provide public oversight of FNMA and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) . 1993 -- Henry G. Cisneros is named Secretary of HUD by President William J. Clinton , January 22 . Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community program becomes law as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 . 1995 -- `` Blueprint for Reinvention of HUD '' proposes sweeping changes in public housing reform and FHA , consolidation of other programs into three block grants . 1996 -- Homeownership totals 66.3 million American households , the largest number ever . 1997 -- Andrew M. Cuomo is named by President Clinton to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , the first appointment ever from within the Department . 1998 -- HUD opens Enforcement Center to take action against HUD - assisted multifamily property owners and other HUD fund recipients who violate laws and regulations . Congress approves Public Housing reforms to reduce segregation by race and income , encourage and reward work , bring more working families into public housing , and increase the availability of subsidized housing for very poor families . 2000 -- America 's homeownership rate reaches a new record - high of 67.7 percent in the third quarter of 2000 . A total of 71.6 million American families own their homes - more than at any time in American history . 2001 -- Mel Martinez , named by President George W. Bush to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , is unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 23 , 2001 . 2004 -- Alphonso Jackson , named by President George W. Bush to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , is unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 31 , 2004 . Mr. Jackson is the first Deputy Secretary to subsequently be named Secretary . 2007 -- HUD initiates program providing seller concessions to buyers of HUD homes , allowing them to use a down payment of $100 . 2013 -- HUD announces it will `` close its offices on May 24 and possibly six other days '' as a result of the budget sequestration in 2013 . Agencies ( edit ) Agencies ( edit ) Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Offices ( edit ) Center for Faith - Based and Neighborhood Partnerships ( HUD ) Departmental Enforcement Center Office of Community Planning and Development Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations Office of Equal Employment Opportunity ( 1 ) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Office of Field Policy and Management Office of the General Counsel Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control Office of Hearings and Appeals Office of Labor Relations Office of Policy Development and Research Office of Public Affairs Office of Public and Indian Housing Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Office of Sustainable Housing and Communities Corporation ( edit ) Government National Mortgage Association ( Ginnie Mae ) Organizational structure ( edit ) Major programs ( edit ) The major program offices are : Community Planning and Development : Many major affordable housing and homelessness programs are administered under Community Planning and Development . These include the Community Development Block Grants ( CDBG ) , the HOME program , Shelter Plus Care , Emergency Shelter Grants ( ESG ) , Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy program ( Mod Rehab SRO ) , and Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS ( HOPWA ) . Housing : This office is responsible for the Federal Housing Administration ; mission regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ; regulation of manufactured housing ; administration of multifamily housing programs , including Supportive Housing for the Elderly ( Section 202 ) and Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities ( Section 811 ) ; and Healthcare facility loan insurance . Public and Indian Housing : This office administers the public housing program HOPE VI , the Housing Choice Voucher Program ( formerly -- yet more popularly -- known as Section 8 ) , Project - Based Vouchers , and individual loan programs housing block grants for Indian tribes , Native Hawaiians and Alaskans . Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity : This office enforces Federal laws against discrimination based on race , color , religion , national origin , sex , disability and familial status . Policy Development and Research ( PD&R ) : This office is responsible for maintaining current information on housing needs , market conditions , and existing programs , as well as conducting research on priority housing and community development issues through the HUD USER Clearinghouse . Government National Mortgage Association ( Ginnie Mae ) Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control . Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing ( developed in 1998 ) Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Congress enacted the Inspector General Act of 1978 to ensure integrity and efficiency in government . The Inspector General is appointed by the President and subject to Senate confirmation . The Inspector General is responsible for conducting and supervising audits , investigations , and inspections relating to the programs and operations of HUD . The OIG is to examine , evaluate and , where necessary , critique these operations and activities , recommending ways for the Department to carry out its responsibilities in the most effective , efficient , and economical manner possible . The mission of the Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) is to : Promote the integrity , efficiency and effectiveness of HUD programs and operations to assist the Department in meeting its mission Detect and prevent waste , fraud , and abuse Seek administrative sanctions , civil recoveries and / or criminal prosecution of those responsible for waste , fraud and abuse in HUD programs and operations The OIG accomplishes its mission by conducting investigations pertinent to its activities ; by keeping Congress , the Secretary , and the public fully informed of its activities , and by working with staff ( in this case of HUD ) in achieving success of its objectives and goals . David A. Montoya , who was sworn in on December 1 , 2011 , is the current Inspector General . Budget and staffing ( edit ) The Department of Housing and Urban Development was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $48.3 billion . The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Program Funding ( in billions ) Discretionary Spending Management and Administration $1.9 Public and Indian Housing $28.7 Community Planning and Development $6.8 Housing Programs $11.7 Offsetting Receipts ( $8.3 ) Mandatory Spending Mandatory Programs $7.3 TOTAL $48.3 Operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 203 ( k ) program offers low down payment loans to primary resident owner occupants or nonprofit groups to buy and renovate a house . One of the most successful HUD programs over the years has been the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program . Each year since 1992 , HUD has included in its Notice of Fund Availability ( NOFA ) , a specific allocation of dollars to allow sponsors and owners of HUD multifamily housing for the elderly the opportunity to hire a Service Coordinator . The Service Coordinator provides case management and coordinative services to elderly residents , particularly to those who are `` frail '' and `` at - risk '' allowing them to remain in their current residence . As a result , thousands of senior citizens throughout the United States have been given the opportunity to continue to live independently instead of in an institutional facility such as a nursing home . Professional organizations such as the American Association of Service Coordinators provide support to HUD Service Coordinator through education , training , networking and advocacy . HUD has experimented with Enterprise Zones granting economic incentives to economically depressed urban areas , but this function has largely been taken over by states . Due to HUD 's lending practices , it occasionally takes possession of a home when a lender it insures forecloses . Such properties are then generally sold off to the highest bidder through the HUD auction process . Buyers of HUD homes as their primary residences who make a full - price offer to HUD using FHA - insured mortgage financing receive seller concessions from HUD enabling them to use only a $100 down payment . Criticisms ( edit ) A scandal arose in the 1990s when at least 700 houses were sold for profit by real estate speculators taking the loans ; at least 19 were arrested . The scandal devastated the Brooklyn and Harlem housing market and with $70 million in HUD loans going into default . Critics said that HUD 's lax oversight of their program allowed the fraud to occur . and in 1997 , the HUD Inspector General issued a report saying : `` The program design encourages risky property deals , land sale and refinance schemes , overstated property appraisals , and phony or excessive fees . '' In June 1993 , HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros admitted that `` HUD has in many cases exacerbated the declining quality of life in America . '' In 1996 , Vice President Al Gore , referring to public housing projects , declared that , `` These crime - infested monuments to a failed policy are killing the neighborhoods around them '' . HUD Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing Roberta Achtenberg has been quoted as saying `` ... HUD walks a tightrope between free speech and fair housing . We are ever mindful of the need to maintain the proper balance between these rights . '' Libertarian critic James Bovard commented that , `` The more aggressive HUD becomes , the fewer free speech rights Americans have . Many words and phrases are now effectively forbidden in real estate ads ... Apparently , there are two separate versions of the Bill of Rights -- one for private citizens and the other for federal bureaucrats and politicians '' . In 2006 , The Village Voice called HUD `` New York City 's worst landlord '' and `` the # 1 worst in the United States '' based upon decrepit conditions of buildings and questionable eviction practices . In September 2010 , HUD started auctioning off delinquent home mortgage loans , defined as at least 90 days past due , to the highest bidder . It sold 2,000 loans in six national auctions . In 2012 , this sale was massively increased under a `` Distressed Asset Stabilization Program '' ( DASP ) , and the 100,000 loans sold as of 2014 have netted 8.8 billion for the FHA , rebuilding cash reserves that had been depleted by loan defaults . The second stated and eponymous objective is to stabilize communities , by requiring purchasers to service the loans in a manner that stabilizes the surrounding communities by getting the loans to re-perform , renting the home to the borrower , gifting the property to a land bank or paying off the loans in full . An audit published August 2014 found `` only about 11 percent of the loans sold through DASP ( were ) considered ' re-performing ' '' . `` Rather than defaulting -- ( FHA ) keeps many of the properties they 're tied to from going through the typical foreclosure process . As a result , the FHA might actually be diverting housing stock from first - time homebuyers , the very group it was formed to serve ... '' Related legislation ( edit ) 1944 -- Servicemen 's Readjustment Act , Pub. L. 78 -- 346 1949 -- Housing Act , Pub. L. 81 -- 171 1950 -- Housing Act , Pub. L. 81 -- 475 1951 -- Defense Housing Act , Pub. L. 82 -- 139 1952 -- 550 Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act , Pub. L. 82 -- 325 1954 -- Housing Act , Pub. L. 83 -- 560 1959 -- Housing Act , Pub. L. 86 -- 372 1962 -- Senior Citizens Housing Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 723 1965 -- Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 117 1965 -- Department of Housing and Urban Development Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 174 1968 -- Housing and Urban Development Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 448 1974 -- Housing and Urban Development Act , Pub. L. 93 - 383 1976 -- Housing and Urban Development Act , Pub. L. 94 - 375 1986 -- Tax Reform Act of 1986 , Pub. L. 99 - 514 Low - Income Housing Tax Credit 1987 -- Housing and Community Development Act of 1987 , Pub. L. 100 -- 242 1987 -- Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 77 1989 -- Department of Housing and Urban Development Reform Act of 1989 , Pub. L. 101 -- 235 1990 -- Cranston - Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 625 1992 -- Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 , Pub. L. 102 -- 550 Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 , U.S. Code : Title 12 , Chapter 46 2009 -- American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , abbreviated ARRA , Pub. L. 111 -- 5 Repairing and modernizing public housing , including increasing the energy efficiency of units , $4 billion to the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Affirmatively furthering fair housing Mortgage Discrimination Moving to Opportunity Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations Data.gov USAFacts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 89 -- 174 Jump up ^ Basic Congressional and Presidential Actions Establishing Major HUD - related Programs . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Jump up ^ The Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Jump up ^ `` § 1701a . -- Short title of amendment of 1938 . - US § 1701a . -- Short title of amendment of 1938 . - US Code : : Justia '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` HUD Interactive Timeline '' . www.huduser.org . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 9070 Establishing the National Housing Agency '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Reckard , Scott ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) . `` HUD to shut down offices as a result of sequester '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Center for Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Departmental Enforcement Center / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Congressional / Intergovernmental Relations / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Field Policy / Management / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` General Counsel / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Office of Hearings and Appeals / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` null '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` HUDUser.gov - HUD USER '' . www.huduser.org . Jump up ^ `` Public Affairs / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Small / Disadvantaged Business Utilization / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` null '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Project Based Vouchers - HUD '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` Section 184 Indian Home Loan Guarantee Program - HUD '' . portal.hud.gov . Jump up ^ `` OIG Mission Statement '' HUD Office of the Inspector General Jump up ^ `` OIG Key Principal Staff '' HUD Office of the Inspector General Jump up ^ `` OIG Senior Staff Bios - David A. Montoya Inspector General '' HUD Office of the Inspector General Jump up ^ 2016 Department of Housing and Urban Development Congressional Justification , pg 1 - 2 , United States Department of Housing and Urban Development , Accessed 2015 - 06 - 19 Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) . `` HUD Scraps Cuomo Remedy for Harlem Housing Scandal '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HUD : The Horror Movie '' . The Village Voice. 2006 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( 2001 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Housing Pledge by Cuomo Faces an Uncertain Future '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC 's 10 Worst Landlords '' . The Village Voice. 2006 - 07 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ ENGELBERG , STEPHEN ( 1993 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Leader of H.U.D. Assesses It Harshly '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ James Bovard ( 2000 ) . Feeling Your Pain : The Explosion and Abuse Of Government Power in the Clinton - Gore Years . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 167 , 175 , 176 . 0 - 312 - 23082 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Kurlyandchik ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Feds accused of selling out neighborhoods to Wall St. firms '' . Mark Kurlyandchik . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website HUD in the Federal Register Agencies under the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Headquarters : Robert C. 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Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development&oldid=830785030 '' Categories : United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 1965 establishments in Washington , D.C. Public housing in the United States Urban planning in the United States United States federal executive departments Real estate in the United States Government agencies established in 1965 Housing ministries Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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united states department of housing and urban development grants
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[
"\nCommunity Planning and Development: Many major affordable housing and homelessness programs are administered under Community Planning and Development. These include the Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), the HOME program, Shelter Plus Care, Emergency Shelter Grants (ESG), Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy program (Mod Rehab SRO), and Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA).\nHousing: This office is responsible for the Federal Housing Administration; mission regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; regulation of manufactured housing; administration of multifamily housing programs, including Supportive Housing for the Elderly (Section 202) and Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities (Section 811); and Healthcare facility loan insurance.\nPublic and Indian Housing: This office administers the public housing program HOPE VI, the Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly – yet more popularly – known as Section 8), Project-Based Vouchers,[20] and individual loan programs housing block grants[21] for Indian tribes, Native Hawaiians and Alaskans.\nOffice of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity: This office enforces Federal laws against discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability and familial status.\nPolicy Development and Research (PD&R): This office is responsible for maintaining current information on housing needs, market conditions, and existing programs, as well as conducting research on priority housing and community development issues through the HUD USER Clearinghouse.\nGovernment National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)\nHealthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control.\nPartnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (developed in 1998)\n",
"\nCommunity Planning and Development: Many major affordable housing and homelessness programs are administered under Community Planning and Development. These include the Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), the HOME program, Shelter Plus Care, Emergency Shelter Grants (ESG), Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy program (Mod Rehab SRO), and Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA).\nHousing: This office is responsible for the Federal Housing Administration; mission regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; regulation of manufactured housing; administration of multifamily housing programs, including Supportive Housing for the Elderly (Section 202) and Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities (Section 811); and Healthcare facility loan insurance.\nPublic and Indian Housing: This office administers the public housing program HOPE VI, the Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly – yet more popularly – known as Section 8), Project-Based Vouchers,[20] and individual loan programs housing block grants[21] for Indian tribes, Native Hawaiians and Alaskans.\nOffice of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity: This office enforces Federal laws against discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability and familial status.\nPolicy Development and Research (PD&R): This office is responsible for maintaining current information on housing needs, market conditions, and existing programs, as well as conducting research on priority housing and community development issues through the HUD USER Clearinghouse.\nGovernment National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)\nHealthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control.\nPartnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (developed in 1998)\n",
"\nCommunity Planning and Development: Many major affordable housing and homelessness programs are administered under Community Planning and Development. These include the Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), the HOME program, Shelter Plus Care, Emergency Shelter Grants (ESG), Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy program (Mod Rehab SRO), and Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA).\nHousing: This office is responsible for the Federal Housing Administration; mission regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; regulation of manufactured housing; administration of multifamily housing programs, including Supportive Housing for the Elderly (Section 202) and Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities (Section 811); and Healthcare facility loan insurance.\nPublic and Indian Housing: This office administers the public housing program HOPE VI, the Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly – yet more popularly – known as Section 8), Project-Based Vouchers,[20] and individual loan programs housing block grants[21] for Indian tribes, Native Hawaiians and Alaskans.\nOffice of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity: This office enforces Federal laws against discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability and familial status.\nPolicy Development and Research (PD&R): This office is responsible for maintaining current information on housing needs, market conditions, and existing programs, as well as conducting research on priority housing and community development issues through the HUD USER Clearinghouse.\nGovernment National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)\nHealthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control.\nPartnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (developed in 1998)\n"
] |
[
"Community Development Block Grants (CDBG)",
"Emergency Shelter Grants (ESG)",
"individual loan programs housing block grants[21] for Indian tribes, Native Hawaiians and Alaskans"
] |
4098753080394138145
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National Consumers League
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National Consumers League - wikipedia National Consumers League National Consumers League Label - 1899 The National Consumers League , founded in 1899 , is an American consumer organization . The National Consumers League is a private , nonprofit advocacy group representing consumers on marketplace and workplace issues . The NCL provides government , businesses , and other organizations with the consumer 's perspective on concerns including child labor , privacy , food safety , and medication information . The organization was chartered in 1899 by social reformers Jane Addams and Josephine Lowell . Its first general secretary was Florence Kelley . Under Kelley 's direction , the League 's early focus was to oppose the harsh , unregulated working conditions many Americans were forced to endure . The founding principles of the NCL are : `` That the working conditions we accept for our fellow citizens should be reflected by our purchases , and that consumers should demand safety and reliability from the goods and services they buy . '' The league 's focus continues to be to promote a fair marketplace for workers and consumers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Florence Kelley 2 Current leadership 3 Educational campaigns 4 Programs 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Florence Kelley ( edit ) Part of exhibit , N.Y.C.L. and Consumers League regarding the working conditions of the people who made clothing Under Kelley 's leadership , the League established labeling certifying that products were made under fair working conditions , protected workers from exploitation by employers , promoted food inspection and advocated for child labor restrictions , the limiting of work hours and establishing minimum wage laws for women . Kelley was opposed to sweatshops and for the minimum wage , eight - hour workdays , and children 's rights . In founding the National Consumers League in 1899 , one of Kelley 's strong concerns was that the league oppose sweatshop labor . Kelley also worked to establish a work - day limited to eight hours . In 1907 she participated in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon , which sought to overturn limits to the hours female workers could work in non-hazardous professions . Kelley helped file the `` Brandeis Brief '' , which included sociological and medical evidence of the hazards of working long hours , and set the precedent of the Supreme Court 's recognition of sociological evidence , which was used to great effect later in the case `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . Current leadership ( edit ) Sally Greenberg , formerly a senior attorney at Consumers Union ( CU ) , is the executive director of the National Consumers League . Greenberg has worked with members of Congress , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , other federal agencies , the media and consumer safety organizations to shape policy on such issues as product safety , auto safety , and legal and liability reform . Educational campaigns ( edit ) Current NCL educational campaigns include : Choose To Lose , NCL 's brand new survey conducted by Harris Interactive finds that while many Americans think they 're `` lighter '' than they are , most are not being told by a doctor they need to lose weight . NCL 's 2007 Five Worst Teen Jobs warns youth and parents about the dangers of some summer jobs . Over one million youth have been injured on the job since the release of the NIOSH Report on Deficiencies in Federal Child Labor Protections . Second annual Corporate Social Responsibility survey conducted with Fleishman - Hillard Inc , examined the expectations that the public has of corporate America and the factors that drive those beliefs and attitudes . Programs ( edit ) LifeSmarts ( www.LifeSmarts.org ) is a free program designed to teach teenagers consumer rights and responsibilities as they pertain to health , finance , technology , and the environment . Fraud.org is a reporting platform through which the National Consumers League collects information about scams , extracts trends from data , and forwards reports to law enforcement . The Child Labor Coalition ( www.StopChildLabor.org ) was formed in 1989 to combat child labor and protect teen workers from health and safety hazards . It is co-chaired by the National Consumers League and the American Federation of Teachers . Script Your Future ( www.ScriptYourFuture.org ) is a public awareness initiative which teaches patients undergoing long - term prescription therapy the importance of communicating with healthcare professionals and following regimens carefully . See also ( edit ) Antitrust Better Business Bureau Class action Consumer complaint Fairtrade labelling Mandatory labelling Planned obsolescence / Product recall Unfair competition Mabel Cory Costigan , vice president and lobbyist for NCL in the 20th century Further reading ( edit ) Josephine Goldmark , et al . `` The Work of the National Consumers ' League . During the Year Ending March 1 , 1910 , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 36 , Supplement ( Sept 1910 ) pp 1 -- 75 in JSTOR , primary source References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Consumers League ( 2009 ) . A Brief Look Back on 100 + Years of Advocacy . nclnet.org . Retrieved on : 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Kish Sklar , `` Florence Kelley '' , Women Building Chicago , 1790 - 1990 : A Biographical Dictionary , Rima Lunin Schultz and Adele Hast , eds. , Indiana University Press , Bloomington , Indiana , 2001 , p. 463 Jump up ^ Margolin , C.R. ( 1978 ) `` Salvation versus Liberation : The Movement for Children 's Rights in a Historical Context , '' Social Problems . 254 . ( April ) , pp. 441 - 452 Jump up ^ Sklar , p. 464 Jump up ^ Sklar , pp. 465 Jump up ^ Alan Miller , `` LifeSmarts Competition aims to teach students practical life knowledge '' , KFYR - TV , 2017 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ Nathan Grimm , `` Sources : personal info of nearly 300 Alton Steel employees compromised '' , The Telegraph , 2017 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ Green America , `` Green America and The Child Labor Coalition Warn of Curtis Ellis Heading DOL 's Bureau of International Labor Affairs '' , PR Newswire , 2017 - 05 - 18 Jump up ^ Damita Thomas , `` NEOMED College of Pharmacy Wins National Awards '' , Patch Media , 2017 - 05 - 31 External links ( edit ) National Consumers League - official website National Consumers ' League Records. Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute , Harvard University . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Consumers_League&oldid=848449981 '' Categories : Consumer organizations in the United States Child labor in the United States Organizations established in 1899 1891 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 23 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what was the purpose of the national consumers league quizlet
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[
"The organization was chartered in 1899 by social reformers Jane Addams and Josephine Lowell. Its first general secretary was Florence Kelley. Under Kelley's direction, the League's early focus was to oppose the harsh, unregulated working conditions many Americans were forced to endure. The founding principles of the NCL are: \"That the working conditions we accept for our fellow citizens should be reflected by our purchases, and that consumers should demand safety and reliability from the goods and services they buy.\" The league's focus continues to be to promote a fair marketplace for workers and consumers.[1]\n"
] |
[
"That the working conditions we accept for our fellow citizens should be reflected by our purchases, and that consumers should demand safety and reliability from the goods and services they buy"
] |
-7977991452140738014
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Lethal Weapon (TV series)
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Lethal Weapon ( TV series ) - wikipedia Lethal Weapon ( TV series ) Lethal Weapon Genre Comedy - drama Buddy cop Action Police procedural Based on Lethal Weapon by Shane Black Developed by Matt Miller Starring Damon Wayans Clayne Crawford Jordana Brewster Keesha Sharp Kevin Rahm Johnathan Fernandez Chandler Kinney Dante Brown Michelle Mitchenor Seann William Scott Theme music composer Vo Williams Composer ( s ) Josh Kramon Ben Decter Tree Adams Robert Lydecker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Matt Miller Dan Lin Jennifer Gwartz McG Producer ( s ) Kelly Van Horn Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Ramsey Nickell David Moxness Editor ( s ) Matt Barber Running time 42 - 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Good Session Productions Lin Pictures ( seasons 1 & 2 ) Rideback ( season 3 ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Fox Original release September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Lethal Weapon is an American buddy cop action comedy - drama television series developed by Matt Miller and based on the film series of the same name created by Shane Black . The show premiered on Fox on September 21 , 2016 and has run for two seasons , with a third season upcoming . For its first two seasons , Lethal Weapon starred Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh and Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs , mismatched detective partners who were also the main characters in the film series , originally played by Mel Gibson and Danny Glover . The series includes other characters directly or loosely inspired by characters from the films , including Leo Getz ( played by Thomas Lennon ) - a close friend of Riggs and Murtaugh . In May 2018 , amidst reports of bad behavior and incidents of hostility to the cast and crew on the show 's set , Crawford was fired from the show . It was subsequently reported he will be replaced by Seann William Scott , as a yet unnamed character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 International broadcast 5 Production 5.1 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Roger Murtaugh , an aging detective with a wife and three children , is partnered with Martin Riggs , a younger , somewhat unstable detective whose wife and unborn child were recently murdered . While Riggs ' devil - may - care methods of collaring criminals puts his and Murtaugh 's lives in danger on a regular basis , the two are able to develop a respect and friendship . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh , a senior Los Angeles Police Department Detective who returns to the force after recovering from a heart attack and is partnered with Texas transfer Martin Riggs . He is married with three children ( two teenagers and a toddler ) . He is a native of Inglewood , California , and currently resides in Sherman Oaks . He carries a Heckler & Koch USP as his duty weapon , in early episodes , and later switches to a Glock . In `` Family Ties '' , Murtaugh is promoted to Captain after Avery decides to step down in order to run for office . He was originally played by Danny Glover in the film series . Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , a Navy SEAL - turned - police officer from El Paso , Texas . He moves to Los Angeles after the death of his wife and unborn child , transferring from the El Paso County Sheriff 's Office to the LAPD 's Robbery - Homicide Division . Riggs lives in a trailer on the beach , drives a 1977 Ford F - 350 , and his weapon of choice is the Beretta 92F , much similar to his movie counterpart . He was originally played by Mel Gibson in the film series . Seann William Scott ( season 3 ) Jordana Brewster as Dr. Maureen Cahill , the police department 's psychologist who treats Det . Riggs ( and occasionally Det . Murtaugh ) . Although sometimes she is referred to as a psychiatrist and prescribes drugs ( for example in `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' ) . The character is based on Dr. Stephanie Woods played by Mary Ellen Trainor in the film series . Keesha Sharp as Trish Murtaugh , Det . Murtaugh 's loving wife and mother of his three children who works as a defense attorney . In the season one episode `` As Good As It Getz '' , Trish quits her job after being passed over for managing partner at her law firm . She was originally played by Darlene Love in the film series . Kevin Rahm as Captain Brooks Avery ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , the Commanding Officer of Robbery - Homicide Division . Before his promotion , Capt . Avery was partners with Det . Murtaugh . In `` Lawmen '' , it is revealed that years ago he and a Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department deputy ( Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) planted evidence to convict a murderer after previous evidence was excluded from trial ; he was prepared to resign over the incident when it came to light , but Murtaugh convinced him to stay because if his impropriety was revealed it would mean that all of Avery 's cases ( many of which he worked with Murtaugh ) would be reviewed if not overturned entirely . In `` Family Ties '' , he decides to retire from the force in order to run for office . The character is based on Captain Ed Murphy played by Steve Kahan in the film series . Johnathan Fernandez as Bernard Scorsese , a medical examiner , forensic scientist and aspiring screenwriter who works alongside Dets . Murtaugh and Riggs . Michelle Mitchenor as Detective Sonya Bailey , a fellow detective with Robbery - Homicide Division . She is partnered with Det . Alex Cruz during the first season and Det . Zach Bowman during the second season . Chandler Kinney as Riana Murtaugh , Det . Murtaugh 's teenage daughter . The character is based on Rianne Murtaugh , played by Traci Wolfe in the film series . Dante Brown as Roger `` RJ '' Murtaugh Jr. , Det . Murtaugh 's teenage son . He graduated from high school at the end of season 1 and briefly attended college before dropping out during season 2 . The character is based on Nick Murtaugh , played by Damon Hines in the film series . Recurring ( edit ) Thomas Lennon as Leo Getz , a comedic ambulance - chasing lawyer who once worked in the District Attorney 's office before being fired . He befriends Murtaugh ( and to a lesser extent , Riggs ) after he witnesses a client 's murder , and is put under their protection . His friendship with the duo is strengthened in the second - season episode `` Let it Ride '' where he works with them again and Murtaugh assures Leo that they do n't have to be on a case to be friends . Getz is partially inspired by the character of the same name played by Joe Pesci in the film series . Hilarie Burton as Karen Palmer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , a DEA agent who sometimes works with Riggs and Murtaugh on drug trafficking cases , and is also Riggs ' love interest . The two break up early in season 2 . Floriana Lima as Miranda Riggs ( née Delgado ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Det . Riggs ' late wife , who is seen in flashbacks . Originally from the Los Angeles area , she moved to Texas when she married Riggs , and after her death , he moved to LA and joined the LAPD . The character is based on Victoria Riggs from the film series , although she was never seen as she had already died before the events of the first film . Richard Cabral as Detective Alejandro `` Alex '' Cruz ( season 1 ) , formerly an undercover officer with the LAPD 's Gang Division who once worked at the Robbery - Homicide Division . Tony Plana as Ronnie Delgado ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , the Los Angeles City Attorney and Det . Riggs ' father - in - law . He is stabbed in prison in the Season 2 episode `` Diggin ' Up Dirt '' , and dies in the hospital . Andrew Patrick Ralston as Jim McNeile , a dentist and neighbor of the Murtaughs . Michelle Hurd as Gina Santos ( season 2 ) , a police big shot who arrives to take control of the division as chief , superseding the authority of Captain Avery . She and Murtaugh had previously partnered as detectives on a stakeout . Andrew Creer as Detective Zach Bowman ( season 2 ) , a young detective who starts working at the precinct . He is soon partnered with Bailey . Leo Getz condescendingly calls them `` The B - team '' , which the naïve Bowman thinks is because their last names both start with `` B '' . Kristen Gutoskie as Molly Hendricks ( season 2 ) , Riggs ' childhood friend and the ex-wife of his old best friend Jake , who has been in and out of prison . Riggs and Molly have a brief relationship that Riggs ends when he sees his work is putting Molly and her son in danger . They later are able to reconcile . Rex Linn as Nathan Riggs ( season 2 ) , Martin Riggs ' abusive father . Chase Mangum as Young Martin Riggs ( season 2 ) Sophia Woodward as Young Molly Hendricks ( season 2 ) Duncan Joiner as Ben ( season 2 ) , Molly 's son via her ex-husband Jake . Peter Coventry Smith as Garrett Riggs ( season 2 ) , Riggs ' half - brother . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Average U.S. viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 18 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 6.54 22 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 4.11 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' McG Story by : Matt Miller & Shane Black Teleplay by : Matt Miller September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) T15. 10138 7.93 A slightly unhinged widower and former Navy SEAL lands a job as a police officer in Los Angeles where he is partnered with a veteran detective who is trying to maintain a low stress level in his life . `` Surf N Turf '' McG Matt Miller September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) T13. 20102 7.23 Murtaugh and Riggs are sent to deal with a noise complaint at a party . And when they arrive there are shots fired . They chase the shooter only he was killed . They go back to the Captain who is with an ATF agent who tells them the weapon that was used is strictly for military use , which means someone got their hands on some and are trying to sell it . Riggs upon looking over what happened does n't think the one who was killed is the target . They think it 's someone else , a woman . They track her down and learn she 's from Russia and pregnant . She tells them that a few months ago she got involved with a guy and she caught him trying to unload the guns and when he saw her , he tried to kill her that 's why she ran . And evidently , the shooter was there to sell the gun when he saw her and told probably the guy she was there , who told him to take care of her . They put her in protective custody while they try to find out were the guns came from . Murtaugh finally learns about Riggs and his wife . `` Best Buds '' Steve Boyum Gene Hong October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T13. 20103 6.62 Riggs and Murtaugh follow a violent case involving a drug cartel , theft , two killings and , unfortunately , Murtaugh 's old T.O. , Ned Brower . As the case unfolds , it turns out that Ned is more involved than just driving the cash , which leaves Murtaugh with an inevitably dangerous decision to make . Looking for back - up , the duo turns to Cruz for help . In the midst of all the chaos , Riggs continues to depend on outside vices , rather than face the reality of Miranda 's death , while Murtaugh and Trish struggle to find alone time . Miranda Riggs appears as a vision to Riggs early in the episode and at the very end he remembers walking up to her parents home with her for the first time . `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' Jason Ensler Adele Lim October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T13. 20104 6.84 A string of burglaries hits close to home for Murtaugh when one occurs in his own neighborhood , and it gets just as personal for Riggs when another break - in ends in a casualty . Meanwhile , Roger Junior connects with an old friend who might be twisted up in some criminal action of his own . 5 5 `` Spilt Milk '' Larry Teng Seamus Kevin Fahey October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T13. 20105 6.66 Murtaugh delves deep into the psyche of a former navy seal who is wanted for criminal activity , and draws parallels between him and his partner , Riggs , who also served in the military . Riggs ' connection to the suspect threatens to interfere with the case , but it also forces him to open up to Murtaugh . 6 6 `` Ties That Bind '' Antonio Negret Erik Mountain November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T13. 20106 7.02 When Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a high - profile case surrounding the murder of a young model , they uncover a vicious secret behind the locked mansion gates of one of LA 's wealthiest families . Riggs gets a jolt from his past when he discovers that an old friend of his wife has ties to the case . Back at home , Murtaugh is shocked to hear that his daughter is sending provocative photos to her new boyfriend . 7 7 `` Fashion Police '' Rob Seidenglanz Kyle Warren November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T13. 20107 6.60 As Riggs and Murtaugh examine the murder of one of L.A. 's fashion expeditors , they follow a trail of evidence that leads them to an ongoing and exceptionally dangerous underground investigation led by the DEA agent Karen Palmer ( Hilarie Burton ) . In the meantime , Trish and the kids are off visiting colleges , leaving Murtaugh to a `` bender '' of his own , while Riggs has trouble sleeping through the night due to his all - too - real dreams of Miranda . 8 8 `` Can I Get a Witness ? '' Jason Ensler Amanda Green November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T13. 20108 6.43 When a million dollar casino heist takes a deadly turn , Riggs befriends the only credible witness , an eight - year - old boy , and takes him into his care . On the flip side , Murtaugh pulls some dangerous stunts in an attempt to prove to everyone that he can be a motorcycle guy . Meanwhile , Riggs contemplates what to do with the money he received from selling his home in Texas . 9 9 `` Jingle Bell Glock '' Steve Boyum Joe Smith December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T13. 20110 6.26 The whole precinct 's holiday celebrations are cut short when they 're called to examine a ruthless homicide linked to Eddie Flores ( Raul Casso ) , the deranged nephew of a notable drug lord who has a previous history with Riggs . The holiday season weighs heavily on Riggs , who flashes back to past Christmas with his former wife , Miranda . Murtaugh is also a little preoccupied with his neighbor 's obnoxious holiday decorations . 10 10 `` Homebodies '' Michael Fields Alex Taub January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) T13. 20111 6.30 Riggs and Murtaugh end up in the middle of a turf war as they investigate the murder of a millennial `` designer drug '' dealer . 11 11 `` Lawmen '' Sylvain White Andy Callahan January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) T13. 20109 6.48 Riggs and Murtaugh are pitted against the LA Sheriff 's department . 12 12 `` Brotherly Love '' Uta Briesewitz Stacy A. Littlejohn January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) T13. 20112 6.29 Riggs and Murtaugh get involved with a notorious auto theft ring after a car containing a large amount of cocaine is stolen from the impound lot . 13 13 `` The Seal is Broken '' Nathan Hope Adele Lim & Gene Hong January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T13. 20113 6.28 Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a series of violent crimes targeting members of the same church ; the anniversary of Miranda 's death weighs on Riggs ; Trish and Roger butt heads with R.J. 14 14 `` The Murtaugh File '' Matt Barber Seamus Kevin Fahey February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T13. 20114 6.25 A car crash reveals that Cahill is the target of a murderous stalker ; Riggs finds Murtaugh 's file in Cahill 's office and becomes obsessed with finding out about his past ; Roger and Trish discover their daughter has a fake ID . 15 15 `` As Good As It Getz '' Nick Copus Rob Wright February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T13. 20115 6.37 Riggs and Murtaugh are forced to work with DEA agent Karen Palmer again , to protect Leo Getz , an ambulance - chasing attorney who was linked to the Cartel . As the three delve further into the case , they begin to realize that Leo may not be the only one with a target on his back . In the meantime , Riggs begins to view Agent Palmer in a new light while Murtaugh is left worried after Trish makes a spontaneous decision . 16 16 `` Unnecessary Roughness '' Bethany Rooney Laura Putney & Margaret Easley February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T13. 20116 6.26 A murder involving a high school football phenomenon draws Riggs and Murtaugh into the lucrative - and corrupt - world of college recruiting . Meanwhile , Murtaugh considers a big change in his professional life , and Riggs contemplates an even bigger shift in his personal life , as he spends more time with DEA Agent Karen Palmer . 17 17 `` A Problem Like Maria '' Rob Bailey Alex Taub March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) T13. 20117 5.93 Riggs and Murtaugh team up again with DEA Agent Karen Palmer , and together they gain inside knowledge of dangerous new cartel operations . As Riggs ' attachment to Palmer deepens , so do his impulsive actions , further worrying Captain Avery and Delgado . In the meantime , Trish explores the potential of an amazing new career opportunity . 18 18 `` Commencement '' Steve Boyum Matt Miller & Kyle Warren March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T13. 20118 6.02 After making a startling discovery that pertains to Miranda 's death , Riggs heads to Mexico and the cartel in search of answers . Worried about Riggs , Murtaugh is seen driving into the night to Mexico . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` El Gringo Loco '' Steve Boyum Matt Miller & Kyle Warren September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) T13. 20701 4.37 Murtaugh intercepts Riggs just as he is preparing to shoot and kill Tito Flores , the drug lord responsible for Miranda 's death . He convinces Riggs to bring Tito back to the U.S. alive , in the trunk of Murtaugh 's car . When they prepare to turn Tito over to U.S. authorities , however , they open the trunk and discover Tito has been shot in the head and killed . 20 `` Dancing in September '' Rob Bailey Alex Taub October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) T13. 20702 4.10 Riggs and Murtaugh respond to the death of a plastic surgeon , drawing them into a case involving an illegal drug ring run out of a wellness clinic . The case has Riggs reconnecting with Agent Karen Palmer , who has been given desk work at the DEA ever since she leaked the Tito Flores file to Riggs . Karen , blind - sided by her greed to get out of the desk work , hijacks the investigation by interfering with Riggs job only to realize that she is not as efficient as she thinks she is . Begrudgingly , she blames Riggs for it . Riggs , knowing her ego , says he is sorry even though he knows that it was not his fault . Elsewhere , RJ is packing for college and seems reluctant to live on campus , until he learns that his dorm building is co-ed , which then has dad and mom concerned . 21 `` Born to Run '' Nathan Hope Stacy A. Littlejohn October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20703 3.89 Riggs and Murtaugh , along with young detective Zach Bowman ( Andrew Creer ) , investigate when the bodyguard of famous pop singer Shaye ( Joanna Levesque ) is murdered . The detectives uncover a secret relationship between Shaye and the bodyguard , along with an even bigger secret in Shaye 's past . Meanwhile , Riggs and Palmer struggle to find normalcy in their relationship . 22 `` Flight Risk '' Omar Madha Seamus Kevin Fahey October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20704 3.79 A lifelong con man ( Adrian Pasdar ) robs the passengers on a private plane at gunpoint while it is airborne , then leaps out with a parachute , taking a victim with him . Riggs and Murtaugh learn that the con man is dying and wanted one last haul to help his daughter after he 's gone , but one stolen item ( a briefcase full of uncut diamonds ) has attracted a group of violent criminals . Meanwhile , Santos questions Avery 's ability to lead , given his top detectives ' penchant for danger . 23 5 `` Let it Ride '' Eric Laneuville Rob Wright Story by Bryce Dallas Howard November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20705 4.06 Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a death that occurs moments before the victim 's bet wins a horse race . The victim is Howard , a friend of Leo Getz . While it appears that Howard had a stroke , Getz is convinced it 's murder , which Scorcese later proves to be true . Meanwhile , the city tows Riggs ' trailer off the beach , bringing back painful childhood memories of being evicted . 24 6 `` Gold Rush '' Steve Boyum Terence Paul Winter November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20706 3.84 Riggs helps his childhood friend Jake ( Linds Edwards ) get paroled from prison , but it soon becomes apparent that Jake is up to no good again . Noticing that Riggs gives Jake a lot of leeway , Murtaugh asks his partner if he owes his old pal a favor . Elsewhere , Murtaugh tries to find out which of his family members left a marijuana joint in a package of cookies , while Bailey gives Bowman a hard time just because he rejected her after she accidentally sent him a sext . 25 7 `` Birdwatching '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Elizabeth Davis Beall November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20707 3.86 Riggs and Murtaugh work on the case of a dead surfer who just came into town from San Diego the day before . Bailey and Bowman help , and Bailey wonders why Bowman is treated like a hero in the beach town . Meanwhile , Murtaugh becomes suspicious of Trish 's relationship with her charity ball co-chair `` Scott '' , until he learns it is ex-NBA star Scottie Pippen . Also , Riggs deals with recurring nightmares . 26 8 `` Fork - Getta - Bout - It '' Matt Barber Michael C. Martin & Joe Smith November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20708 4.89 Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a murder involving a couple and a New York mobster , Frank Truno . Scorsese reveals a movie script he has been writing , after he found out that the case revolves around the mafia . However , Murtaugh dislikes the way Scorsese accurately portrays him as one of the characters . Meanwhile , Riggs is taken aback when his childhood friend Molly ( Kristen Gutoskie ) suggests that they could have been romantically involved . 27 9 `` Fools Rush In '' Eric Laneuville Kyle Warren & Eileen Jones December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T13. 20709 4.50 Jonah ( Derek Richardson ) , a man with schizophrenia who believes that Elvis Presley is alive and controlling Hollywood 's traffic , is running away from Riggs and Murtaugh after being suspected of murder . However , when he proves his theory , Riggs and Murtaugh must stop an organized heist conducted by men dressing as Presley . At the same time , Murtaugh tries to get his daughter into at an esteemed pre-school and Riggs gets scared when his relationship with Molly becomes romantic . 28 10 `` Wreck the Halls '' Steve Boyum Katie Varney December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) T13. 20710 4.08 Murtaugh is ready for his family holiday in Hawaii until Diego , a young man he once helped , is murdered . Riggs and Murtaugh confront Grant Davenport ( Martin Donovan ) , the president of an American upper class club where Diego was employed , who has ties to the Aryan fraternity . However , their confrontation causes the fraternity to ambush both of them . Murtaugh manages to subdue his attackers , but Riggs is only able to escape because of his father 's assistance . 29 11 `` Funny Money '' Nathan Hope Alex Taub January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) T13. 20711 4.55 Riggs and Murtaugh take on a counterfeiting ring and are joined on the case by veteran Secret Service Agent Peterson ( Ernie Hudson ) . A group of three teenagers inadvertently get involved when they witness a shooting and run off with the phony cash and plates . One of the teenagers named Ty ( Nathan Davis Jr . ) strikes a chord with Riggs after revealing he 's homeless . Meanwhile , Riggs brings home a dog for Ben and Molly . Molly later finds the dog dead with its neck snapped . Sensing it 's a message from his father , Riggs goes to confront him in prison . Also , Roger and Trish learn that RJ has been cutting classes at college . 30 12 `` Diggin ' Up Dirt '' Maja Vrvilo Seamus Kevin Fahey & Joe Smith January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) T13. 20712 4.26 Shortly after Gene Nakahara ( C.S. Lee ) meets with Trish and an uninvited Leo Getz to announce he is running against Councilman Sean O'Brien ( Michael Reilly Burke ) for Mayor of Los Angeles , Gene is killed when his car blows up . Riggs and Murtaugh learn of a private investigator named Serrano ( Tim Kang ) who works as a `` fixer '' for high - profile people and investigate that angle , while Trish and Leo work behind the scenes to reveal skeletons in O'Brien's closet . Riggs also learns that his late wife Miranda once visited Serrano to get info on Riggs ' father . 31 13 `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' Rob Bailey Zev Borow January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T13. 20713 5.03 Dr. Cahill begins to question her abilities when two patients of hers die in separate incidents , until it is learned that they were briefly roommates in the same psych facility . Riggs and Murtaugh uncover corruption in the facility related to the medications both patients were taking . At the same time , Santos ( Michelle Hurd ) learns that Riggs had an anger incident caught on tape in which he destroyed the deputy mayor 's car , and requests that Cahill sign an affidavit confirming that Riggs is still fit for duty . Elsewhere , Trish and Roger see that RJ has become depressed and withdrawn after dropping out of college , and decide to take their son to a therapist . 32 14 `` Double Shot of Baileys '' John Behring Stacy A. Littlejohn January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20714 4.55 Detective Bailey 's younger sister Jess ( Alisha Wainwright ) inadvertently gets caught up with a drug mob when she and her boyfriend use her waitress position at a high - end night club to steal a man 's wallet . After the boyfriend is killed over the wallet 's contents , Bailey walks a thin line between her obligation to the law and protecting her sister . Elsewhere , Murtaugh helps Riana spy on her boyfriend , whom she accuses of cheating , while Riggs loses his truck after a night of heavy drinking . 33 15 `` An Inconvenient Ruth '' Larry Teng Kyle Warren February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T13. 20715 4.35 A elderly drifter named Ruthie ( Swoosie Kurtz ) is present at a jewelry store robbery , and becomes a key witness in the case . In the process , she and Riggs , who has recently vowed to stay sober , bond over their alcoholism . Meanwhile Murtaugh , fresh off being called `` grandpa '' at the playground while with his toddler , starts acting like Riggs and takes dangerous risks to prove he 's not getting old . This gets him on Trish 's bad side . 34 16 `` Ruthless '' Silver Tree Carlos Jacott February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T13. 20716 4.13 Riggs and Murtaugh track a group of criminals who stole numerous guns during a shoot - up at a police buy - back event . They locate and capture the group 's leader , Booker ( Sheaun McKinney ) , only to learn that he 's working undercover for ATF . Avery learns from Booker 's boss that Booker is a bit of a loose cannon , much like Riggs . Meanwhile , Riggs learns a little more about Ruthie 's past and family situation , as Roger and Trish continue to fight at home . 35 17 `` The Odd Couple '' Larry Teng Elizabeth Davis Beall & Eileen Jones March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T13. 20717 4.00 With Riggs trying to get Murtaugh to make up with Trish and get out of his trailer , the two only make things worse when they ruin a public building implosion for Trish 's latest project . An angry Trish tells the two that her client , grocery store magnate Henry Butler ( Michael McGrady ) , now wants to bail on the project . Riggs convinces Butler to stay in town by inviting him to dinner . Riggs and Murtaugh discover that Butler is the man behind the murder , and Trish eventually also learns that her client is dirty . This leads to a wild adventure when Riggs and Murtagh board Butler 's private jet as he 's trying to flee . Later on , Riggs confesses that he wants more out of their relationship , but Molly insists that Riggs must first resolve the issues with his father . 36 18 `` Frankie Comes to Hollywood '' John Behring David Fury April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T13. 20718 4.14 About 16 years ago , Frankie Kelso ( Jude Ciccolella ) , a contract killer , decided to show mercy on Murtaugh after the latter tried to arrest him at the scene of a hit . In the present , Murtaugh notices Kelso 's signature at the scene of another killing . He captures Kelso , but the latter is able to get the upper hand and take Murtaugh hostage . Kelso insists that he is retired and that someone framed him for the recent crime . Riggs recognizes the name of one of Kelso 's mob connections as someone who spent time in prison with his father , Nathan ( Rex Linn ) . Riggs then reluctantly contacts his father to get the information he needs to save Murtaugh . However , his action caused the mobs to declare war on Riggs ' father by attacking him in prison . 37 19 `` Leo Getz Hitched '' Nick Copus Rob Wright April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T13. 20719 3.59 Leo is getting married to Nina ( Shakira Barrera ) , an ex-con , but she bails on the day of the wedding . Riggs and Murtaugh find her with a group of criminals trying to unload a bag of cocaine that `` fell into '' her purse at a high - stakes poker game run by a known mobster . At the same time , Riggs learns that Molly met with her ex-husband Jake , who is still a fugitive , and that Jake was at the same poker game . When Riggs catches up with Jake , the latter reveals he is planning to rob the safe at the poker game with two other conspirators . Elsewhere , Murtaugh is distraught over finding a positive pregnancy test in the trash can outside his home . 38 20 `` Jesse 's Girl '' Clayne Crawford Seamus Kevin Fahey & Joe Smith April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T13. 20720 4.28 A break - in at a mansion turns deadly , and Roger and Trish are surprised to learn that Riana may be involved . It turns out that Phoebe , the sister of Riana 's new boyfriend Jesse ( Daniel DiVenere ) , is in possession of stolen diamonds from the heist and has become a target . Meanwhile , Riggs tries to be a good father figure for Ben , as he recalls the things he and Molly discussed in their teen years . 39 21 `` Family Ties '' Nick Copus Alex Taub May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20721 3.09 With Avery away at a conference , Murtaugh is appointed interim captain . His first case involves the kidnapping of Lisa Conlon , wife of a pharmaceutical magnate . Riggs is forced to get his father involved when its revealed that the Aryan Fraternity of Texas ( AFT ) is behind the crime . In the process , Riggs learns that he has a 19 - year - old half - brother , Garrett ( Peter Coventry Smith ) , who is assisting the AFT . In exchange for his help , Riggs ' father is let out of prison early . His comments to Riggs suggests that he plotted the whole kidnapping to get an early release . Meanwhile , Commissioner Debra tells Murtaugh that he is being promoted to full - time captain , as Avery will not be returning . 40 22 `` One Day More '' Steve Boyum Matt Miller & Katie Varney May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20722 3.15 While Murtaugh visits Riggs , the latter 's trailer is shot up by two men on motorcycles . The investigation leads back to Grant Davenport where Riggs and Murtaugh discover that Riggs ' father is the former 's bodyguard . Later on , a suspect tells Riggs that Murtaugh was the target of the shootout and Trish 's senior partner in her workplace has been laundering money for the AFT . Riggs ' father immediately kidnaps Trish . Riggs and Murtaugh releases Riggs ' half - brother to exchange him for Trish . During the exchange , Murtaugh manages to save Trish , Riggs ' kills his father and Riggs ' half - brother escapes . Afterwards , during a celebration party , Riggs tells Trish that he is moving back to Texas with Molly and Ben . However , during a visit to his wife 's grave , Riggs ' half - brother shows up and shoots Riggs in the chest . International broadcast ( edit ) In United Kingdom , ITV started airing the series beginning on March 3 , 2017 . Its viewing figures remained consistent with around 2.5 million tuning in each week . Series 2 started January 12 , 2018 . In Australia , the Nine Network premiered the series on January 29 , 2017 . In the Philippines , it premiered on June 10 , 2017 on ABS - CBN and ended on September 9 , 2017 . Only 14 episodes were aired . In Hong Kong , the TVB Pearl premiered the series with switchable dual - language in original English and local Cantonese version on October 11 , 2017 . In India , Zee Café premiered the first season on 29 September 2016 . Production ( edit ) The series was ordered on May 10 , 2016 and premiered on Fox on September 21 , 2016 . On October 12 , 2016 , Fox picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . On February 22 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a 22 - episode second season , which premiered on September 26 , 2017 . On May 13 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 13 - episode third season , with Seann William Scott replacing Clayne Crawford as the series ' lead , playing a new character . Casting ( edit ) On February 12 , 2016 , Damon Wayans was cast as Roger Murtaugh . On February 19 , 2016 , Golden Brooks was cast as Trish Murtaugh . On March 3 , 2016 , Jordana Brewster was cast as Dr. Maureen Cahill . On March 7 , 2016 , Kevin Rahm was cast as Captain Avery . On March 10 , 2016 , Clayne Crawford was cast as Martin Riggs . On March 15 , 2016 , Chandler Kinney was cast as Riana Murtaugh . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that Keesha Sharp would take over the role of Trish Murtaugh from Brooks . Also on March 17 , Johnathan Fernandez was cast as Scorsese . When the pilot was picked up to series , Johnathan Fernandez was made a series regular . Though showrunner Matt Miller has expressed interest in making Leo Getz ( Thomas Lennon ) a series regular at some point , the character is confirmed to be making frequent guest appearances throughout season two . In May 2018 , it was reported that Crawford had been dismissed from the show for on - set behavioral issues , and that the producers were looking to replace him for a potential third season . On May 13 , 2018 , Seann William Scott was cast as the new co-lead ahead of a third season renewal and will be playing a new character . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Lethal Weapon has received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5.35 / 10 based on 40 reviews . The consensus says , `` Lethal Weapon 's overly polished production values and tired narrative are somewhat overcome by solid chemistry between its two leads . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a weighted average of 56 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 18 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 7.93 March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 6.02 2016 -- 17 35 8.63 2.2 / 8 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 4.37 May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 3.15 2017 -- 18 90 5.38 1.3 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 13 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 ) TBA TBA ( TBA ) TBA 2018 -- 19 TBD TBD TBD Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 21 , 2016 2.2 / 8 7.93 1.0 3.16 3.2 11.09 `` Surf N Turf '' September 28 , 2016 2.0 / 8 7.23 0.8 2.68 2.8 9.91 `` Best Buds '' October 5 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.62 0.9 2.62 2.6 9.24 `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' October 12 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.84 0.9 N / A 2.8 N / A 5 `` Spilt Milk '' October 19 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.66 0.9 2.81 2.6 9.47 6 `` Ties That Bind '' November 9 , 2016 1.8 / 6 7.02 0.8 2.62 2.6 9.64 7 `` Fashion Police '' November 16 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.60 0.8 2.64 2.5 9.25 8 `` Can I Get a Witness ? '' November 30 , 2016 1.6 / 6 6.43 0.8 2.75 2.4 9.17 9 `` Jingle Bell Glock '' December 7 , 2016 1.4 / 5 6.26 0.8 2.75 2.2 9.00 10 `` Homebodies '' January 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 6.30 0.8 2.82 2.3 9.03 11 `` Lawmen '' January 11 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.48 0.7 2.40 2.1 8.88 12 `` Brotherly Love '' January 18 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.29 0.8 2.54 2.2 8.83 13 `` The Seal is Broken '' January 25 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.28 0.8 2.70 2.2 8.98 14 `` The Murtaugh File '' February 8 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.25 N / A 2.44 N / A 8.69 15 `` As Good As It Getz '' February 15 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.37 0.7 2.52 2.1 8.89 16 `` Unnecessary Roughness '' February 22 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.26 0.7 2.57 2.1 8.83 17 `` A Problem Like Maria '' March 8 , 2017 1.2 / 5 5.93 0.7 2.36 1.9 8.28 18 `` Commencement '' March 15 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.02 0.7 2.55 2.0 8.57 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` El Gringo Loco '' September 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.37 N / A 2.75 N / A 7.12 `` Dancing in September '' October 3 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.10 N / A 2.66 N / A 6.76 `` Born to Run '' October 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.89 N / A 2.59 N / A 6.48 `` Flight Risk '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.79 N / A 2.63 N / A 6.42 5 `` Let it Ride '' November 7 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.06 0.7 2.76 1.7 6.81 6 `` Gold Rush '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.84 N / A 2.54 N / A 6.40 7 `` Birdwatching '' November 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.86 0.6 2.53 1.6 6.39 8 `` Fork - Getta - Bout - It '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.89 0.7 2.44 1.7 7.34 9 `` Fools Rush In '' December 5 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.50 0.7 2.45 1.7 6.95 10 `` Wreck the Halls '' December 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Funny Money '' January 2 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Diggin ' Up Dirt '' January 9 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.26 0.7 2.70 1.7 6.95 13 `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' January 16 , 2018 1.2 / 4 5.03 N / A 2.47 N / A 7.50 14 `` Double Shot of Baileys '' January 23 , 2018 1.2 / 4 4.55 0.6 2.67 1.8 7.22 15 `` An Inconvenient Ruth '' February 6 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.35 0.7 2.80 1.8 7.15 16 `` Ruthless '' February 27 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.13 N / A 2.68 N / A 6.81 17 `` The Odd Couple '' March 6 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.00 N / A 2.48 N / A 6.48 18 `` Frankie Comes to Town '' April 10 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.14 0.6 2.36 1.5 6.50 19 `` Leo Getz Hitched '' April 17 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.59 0.6 2.44 1.4 6.02 20 `` Jesse 's Girl '' April 24 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.28 0.6 2.10 1.5 6.38 21 `` Family Ties '' May 1 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` One Day More '' May 8 , 2018 0.8 / 4 3.15 N / A 2.34 N / A 5.49 DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Lethal Weapon : Season 1 18 September 19 , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' Making History ' , ' Pitch ' , ' The Mick ' & ' APB ' Get Fox Series Orders '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` Lethal Weapon : Seann William Scott Replaces Clayne Crawford , Clearing the Way for Season 3 Renewal at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Star Clayne Crawford Out as Producers Scramble to Recast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down slightly : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' ITV locks up Lethal Weapon acquisition '' . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon Season 1 '' . 9Now . Nine Entertainment Co . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Lethal Weapon '' . TV Tonight . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon on ABS - CBN '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . YouTube . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Cafe to premier 5 new shows '' . exchange4media . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Gets Order For 5 More Episodes In Season 1 From Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Renewed For Season 2 By Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including ' Empire , ' ' The Gifted , ' ' The Orville ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's ' Lethal Weapon ' Renewed for Season 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Season 3 Renewal After Casting Shakeup Comes With Caveat -- A Shorter Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot Ordered By Fox ; Damon Wayans Starring , McG Directing '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot : Golden Brooks Cast '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot : Jordana Brewster To Co-Star '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' : Kevin Rahm To Co-Star In Fox Pilot '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' : Clayne Crawford To Star As Mel Gibson 's Martin Riggs In Fox Pilot '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Casts Chandler Kinney ; Sarayu Blue Joins ' No Tomorrow ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Fox Pilot : Keesha Sharp Set For Co-Starring Role In Recasting '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Obenson , Tambay A. ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Keesha Sharp Replaces Golden Brooks in ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot + Johnathan Fernandez Joins Cast '' . Indiewire . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot Casts Johnathan Fernandez ; Tommy Savas In ' The Fluffy Shop ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon 's Fox Renewal On The Line Over Co-Lead Clayne Crawford 's Behavior '' . Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/damon-wayans-claims-clayne-crawford-caused-his-onset-injury/ Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon ( 2016 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist ' top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon - ' The Complete 1st Season ' Press Release : Date , Cost , Box for DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lethal Weapon on IMDb hide Lethal Weapon Films Lethal Weapon ( Soundtrack ) ( 1987 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) Lethal Weapon 4 ( 1998 ) Television Lethal Weapon ( Episodes ) Characters Martin Riggs Roger Murtaugh Songs `` Cheer Down '' `` It 's Probably Me '' `` Runaway Train '' Games Video game Pinball hide Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lethal_Weapon_(TV_series)&oldid=845688851 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American crime television series American action television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Fox network shows Police procedural television series Television programs based on films Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Los Angeles Lethal Weapon Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 13 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays riggs father on lethal weapon tv show
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"\nThomas Lennon as Leo Getz, a comedic ambulance-chasing lawyer who once worked in the District Attorney's office before being fired. He befriends Murtaugh (and to a lesser extent, Riggs) after he witnesses a client's murder, and is put under their protection. His friendship with the duo is strengthened in the second-season episode \"Let it Ride\" where he works with them again and Murtaugh assures Leo that they don't have to be on a case to be friends. Getz is partially inspired by the character of the same name played by Joe Pesci in the film series.\nHilarie Burton as Karen Palmer (seasons 1–2), a DEA agent who sometimes works with Riggs and Murtaugh on drug trafficking cases, and is also Riggs' love interest. The two break up early in season 2.\nFloriana Lima as Miranda Riggs (née Delgado) (seasons 1–2), Det. Riggs' late wife, who is seen in flashbacks. Originally from the Los Angeles area, she moved to Texas when she married Riggs, and after her death, he moved to LA and joined the LAPD. The character is based on Victoria Riggs from the film series, although she was never seen as she had already died before the events of the first film.\nRichard Cabral as Detective Alejandro \"Alex\" Cruz (season 1), formerly an undercover officer with the LAPD's Gang Division who once worked at the Robbery-Homicide Division.\nTony Plana as Ronnie Delgado (seasons 1–2), the Los Angeles City Attorney and Det. Riggs' father-in-law. He is stabbed in prison in the Season 2 episode \"Diggin' Up Dirt\", and dies in the hospital.\nAndrew Patrick Ralston as Jim McNeile, a dentist and neighbor of the Murtaughs.\nMichelle Hurd as Gina Santos (season 2), a police big shot who arrives to take control of the division as chief, superseding the authority of Captain Avery. She and Murtaugh had previously partnered as detectives on a stakeout.\nAndrew Creer as Detective Zach Bowman (season 2), a young detective who starts working at the precinct. He is soon partnered with Bailey. Leo Getz condescendingly calls them \"The B-team\", which the naïve Bowman thinks is because their last names both start with \"B\".\nKristen Gutoskie as Molly Hendricks (season 2), Riggs' childhood friend and the ex-wife of his old best friend Jake, who has been in and out of prison. Riggs and Molly have a brief relationship that Riggs ends when he sees his work is putting Molly and her son in danger. They later are able to reconcile.\nRex Linn as Nathan Riggs (season 2), Martin Riggs' abusive father.\nChase Mangum as Young Martin Riggs (season 2)\nSophia Woodward as Young Molly Hendricks (season 2)\nDuncan Joiner as Ben (season 2), Molly's son via her ex-husband Jake.\nPeter Coventry Smith as Garrett Riggs (season 2), Riggs' half-brother.\n"
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"Rex Linn"
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I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)
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I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I Can Only Imagine '' Single by MercyMe from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley MercyMe singles chronology `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 2x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . As of March 2018 , it has sold 2.5 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 2x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . MercyMe singles Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=836889505 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote i can only imagine by mercy me
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[
"\"I Can Only Imagine\" (sometimes shortened to \"Imagine\") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album."
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[
"Bart Millard"
] |
7171357286103335716
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2015 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)
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2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( December ) - wikipedia 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( December ) Jump to : navigation , search 2015 Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic CFP Semifinal at the Cotton Bowl Classic 80th Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic Michigan State Spartans Alabama Crimson Tide ( 12 − 1 ) ( 12 − 1 ) Big Ten SEC 0 38 Head coach : Mark Dantonio Head coach : Nick Saban AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP Total Michigan State 0 0 0 0 0 Alabama 0 10 21 7 38 Date December 31 , 2015 Season 2015 Stadium AT&T Stadium Location Arlington , Texas MVP QB Jake Coker ( Alabama ) CB Cyrus Jones ( Alabama ) Referee Mike DeFee ( Big XII ) Attendance 82,812 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Heather Cox , and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Brad Sham , Danny Kanell and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) Nielsen ratings ( 18.5 Million viewers ) Cotton Bowl Classic < 2015 ( Jan . ) 2017 > 2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game < 2015 Rose 2016 Fiesta > The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31 , 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas . The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship . It was one of the 2015 -- 16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season . The game was broadcast on ESPN , ESPN Deportes , ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio . It was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic . Alabama defeated Michigan State 38 -- 0 and later won the National Championship by defeating Clemson in the National Championship game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Game summary 2.1 Scoring summary 2.2 Statistics 3 References Teams ( edit ) The Cotton Bowl acted as one of the two College Football Playoff semifinal games . The two teams selected for the game were No. 2 Alabama and No. 3 Michigan State . Michigan State returned to the Cotton Bowl after defeating Baylor in a non-playoff version of the bowl game on January 1 , 2015 . Michigan State became just the third school in history to play in the same bowl twice in a calendar year , joining Auburn , which played in the Gator Bowl on January 1 and December 31 , 1954 , and Oklahoma , which played in the Sugar Bowl on January 1 and December 31 , 1972 . The game was a rematch of the 2011 Capital One Bowl , where Alabama easily beat Michigan State 49 -- 7 . Game summary ( edit ) After Oklahoma lost to Clemson 17 -- 37 in the Orange Bowl Semifinal , Michigan State was throttled by Alabama 38 -- 0 . A tight first half saw Alabama take a 10 -- 0 lead into half time . Near the end of the second quarter , Michigan State had its best drive of the night , but all - time winningest MSU quarterback , Connor Cook , was intercepted by Cyrus Jones . Alabama scored a touchdown on the opening possession of the second half and MSU turned the ball over on its first possession . Alabama could not capitalize on the turnover , but did return MSU 's next punt for a touchdown , putting the game out of reach at 24 -- 0 with a little over three minutes remaining in the third quarter . MSU 's offense could not muster any points and were held to a total of 249 yards . Cook finished the night with zero touchdowns and two interceptions . Alabama defeated Clemson 45 -- 40 for the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP MICH ST ALA 5 : 36 6 80 2 : 38 ALA Derrick Henry 1 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 0 7 1 : 25 7 43 2 : 39 ALA 47 - yard field goal by Adam Griffith 0 10 10 : 36 9 75 4 : 24 ALA Calvin Ridley 6 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Coker , Adam Griffith kick good 0 17 3 : 24 - - - ALA Punt returned 57 yards for touchdown by Cyrus Jones , Adam Griffith kick good 0 24 2 : 20 50 0 : 09 ALA Calvin Ridley 50 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Coker , Adam Griffith kick good 0 31 7 : 52 69 0 : 09 ALA Derrick Henry 11 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 0 38 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 0 38 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Michigan State Alabama First Downs 16 21 Total offense , plays - yards 65 -- 239 66 -- 440 Rushes - yards ( net ) 26 -- 29 35 -- 154 Passing yards ( net ) 210 286 Passes , Comp - Att - Int 19 -- 39 -- 2 25 -- 31 -- 0 Time of Possession 27 : 04 32 : 56 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic : Michigan State vs. Alabama Stats '' . Stat Broadcast . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama routs Michigan State to reach College Football Playoff final '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff bound : MSU ranked No. 3 to play Alabama in Cotton Bowl '' . 2015 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Michigan State stuns No. 4 Baylor 42 - 41 in Cotton Bowl '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cotton Bowl History , Scores , Results '' . www.collegefootballpoll.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cotton Bowl by the numbers : Alabama , Michigan State meet in CFP semifinals '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State vs. Alabama - Game Recap - December 31 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama vs. Clemson - Game Recap - January 11 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . 2015 -- 16 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 19 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 19 ) Camellia ( Dec. 19 ) Cure ( Dec. 19 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 19 ) Miami Beach ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 22 ) Poinsettia ( Dec. 23 ) GoDaddy ( Dec. 23 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 24 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) St. Petersburg ( Dec. 26 ) Sun ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 26 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 26 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 28 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 29 ) Russell Athletic ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Texas ( Dec. 29 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 30 ) Belk ( Dec. 30 ) Music City ( Dec. 30 ) Holiday ( Dec. 30 ) Peach ( Dec. 31 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Fiesta ( Jan. 1 ) Rose ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( Jan. 1 ) TaxSlayer ( Jan. 2 ) Liberty ( Jan. 2 ) Alamo ( Jan. 2 ) Cactus ( Jan. 2 ) College Football Playoff games : Orange ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) Cotton ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 11 ) All - Star Games : East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 23 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 23 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 30 ) Cotton Bowl Classic History & conference tie - ins History Cotton Bowl AT&T Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Playoff At - Large Group of Five Games 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1966 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2015 2017 2017 Notes There was a Cotton Bowl Classic in January and December in 1966 , 2015 and 2017 There was no Cotton Bowl Classic in 1967 or 2016 The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its December 2015 edition College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Michigan State Spartans bowl games 1938 Orange Bowl 1954 Rose Bowl 1956 Rose Bowl 1966 Rose Bowl 1984 Cherry Bowl 1985 Hall of Fame Classic 1988 Rose Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Aloha Bowl 1990 John Hancock Bowl 1993 Liberty Bowl 1995 Independence Bowl 1996 Sun Bowl 1997 Aloha Bowl 2000 Florida Citrus Bowl 2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2003 Alamo Bowl 2007 Champs Sports Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2010 Alamo Bowl 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2012 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 2014 Rose Bowl 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Jan ) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2017 Holiday Bowl Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Cotton_Bowl_Classic_(December)&oldid=837274651 '' Categories : 2015 -- 16 NCAA football bowl games 2015 -- 16 College Football Playoff Cotton Bowl Classic Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Michigan State Spartans football bowl games 2015 in sports in Texas 21st century in Arlington , Texas December 2015 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who did alabama play in 2015 bowl game
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[
"The 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2015 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The 80th Cotton Bowl Classic was a College Football Playoff semifinal between Alabama and Michigan State with the winner to compete in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season."
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"Michigan State"
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The Next Iron Chef
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The Next Iron Chef - wikipedia The Next Iron Chef This article is about the Food Network USA show . For the Vietnamese show , see The Next Iron Chef Vietnam . For other uses , see Iron Chef ( disambiguation ) . The Next Iron Chef Genre Reality television Cooking show Starring Alton Brown Mark Dacascos Judges Michael Ruhlman ( season 1 ) Andrew Knowlton ( season 1 ) Donatella Arpaia ( season 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Jeffrey Steingarten ( season 2 ) Anya Fernald ( season 2 ) Michael Symon ( season 3 -- 4 ) Simon Majumdar ( season 3 -- 5 ) Judy Joo ( season 4 ) Geoffrey Zakarian ( season 5 ) Composer ( s ) Craig Marks Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 38 Production Location ( s ) New York City Munich , Germany Paris , France Los Angeles Tokyo Las Vegas Running time 60 -- 90 minutes Release Original network Food Network Original release October 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 07 ) -- December 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 23 ) Chronology Related shows Iron Chef Iron Chef America Iron Chef Gauntlet Iron Chef Showdown External links Website The Next Iron Chef is a limited - run series on the Food Network that aired its fifth season in 2012 . Each season is a stand - alone competition to select a chef to be designated an Iron Chef , who will appear on the Food Network program Iron Chef America . In Season 1 , eight chefs from around the United States battled to be the next Iron Chef . The show debuted Sunday , October 7 , 2007 , and the hosts were Alton Brown and `` The Chairman '' , Mark Dacascos . Challenges one through five of the competition were held at the Culinary Institute of America . Challenges six and seven took place in Munich , Germany and Paris , France respectively . The final challenge took place at the Food Network studios in New York City , on the Iron Chef America set . The winner of The Next Iron Chef was Cleveland restaurant chef Michael Symon . Season 2 premiered on October 4 , 2009 , and featured ten chefs battling to be the newest Iron Chef . The show was based in Los Angeles before traveling to Tokyo for two episodes , and again hosted by Alton Brown and `` The Chairman '' Mark Dacascos . Following a final battle in Kitchen Stadium , Chicago - born Ecuadorian - American chef Jose Garces , was selected the newest Iron Chef . Garces debuted as an Iron Chef on January 17 , 2010 , when he squared off against Seattle chef Rachel Yang . Food Network began airing commercials for the third season of The Next Iron Chef in July 2010 . It was later announced in an internet press release that Alton Brown and judge Donatella Arpaia would return for season 3 . Completing the judges panel are food writer and broadcaster Simon Majumdar and current Iron Chef Michael Symon . Season 3 began airing on October 3 , 2010 on Food Network . The winner of season 3 was Marc Forgione . Chef Forgione engaged in his first battle on November 28 , 2010 . By November 30 , 2010 , Next Iron Chef 's music composer Craig Marks released the soundtrack `` Iron Chef America & The Next Iron Chef '' , which contains themes from all seasons of both shows . During Season 4 , the eliminated chefs were interviewed during the week following the episode airdate on ABC 's The Chew . The first castoff was interviewed on November 1 , 2011 . Season 5 aired from November 4 , 2012 to December 23 , 2012 and was called The Next Iron Chef : Redemption . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judges 2 Season 1 : 2007 2.1 Contestants 2.2 Judges 2.3 Contestant progress 2.4 Results 2.4. 1 Episode 1 2.4. 2 Episode 2 2.4. 3 Episode 3 2.4. 4 Episode 4 2.4. 5 Episode 5 2.4. 6 Episode 6 3 Season 2 : 2009 3.1 Contestants 3.2 Judges 3.3 Contestant progress 3.4 Results 3.4. 1 Episode 1 3.4. 2 Episode 2 3.4. 3 Episode 3 3.4. 4 Episode 4 3.4. 5 Episode 5 3.4. 6 Episode 6 3.4. 7 Episode 7 3.4. 8 Episode 8 4 Season 3 : 2010 4.1 Contestants 4.2 Judges 4.3 Contestant progress 4.4 Results 4.4. 1 Episode 1 : Ingenuity 4.4. 2 Episode 2 : Innovation 4.4. 3 Episode 3 : Resourcefulness 4.4. 4 Episode 4 : Transformation 4.4. 5 Episode 5 : Respect 4.4. 6 Episode 6 : Inspiration 4.4. 7 Episode 7 : Seduction 4.4. 8 Episode 8 : Honor 5 Season 4 : 2011 : Super Chefs 5.1 Contestants 5.2 Judges 5.3 Contestant progress 5.4 Results 5.4. 1 Episode 1 : Resourcefulness 5.4. 2 Episode 2 : Transformation 5.4. 3 Episode 3 : Ingenuity 5.4. 4 Episode 4 : Improvisation 5.4. 5 Episode 5 : Storytelling 5.4. 6 Episode 6 : Risk 5.4. 7 Episode 7 : Passion 5.4. 8 Episode 8 : Pressure 6 Season 5 : 2012 : Redemption 6.1 Contestants 6.2 Judges 6.3 Contestant progress 6.4 Results 6.4. 1 Episode 1 : Resourcefulness 6.4. 2 Episode 2 : Innovation 6.4. 3 Episode 3 : Simplicity 6.4. 4 Episode 4 : Transformation 6.4. 5 Episode 5 : Risk 6.4. 6 Episode 6 : Fusion 6.4. 7 Episode 7 : Transcendence 6.4. 8 Episode 8 : Passion and Respect 7 Vietnamese version 8 References Judges ( edit ) Judges Seasons 5 Donatella Arpaia Michael Ruhlman Andrew Knowlton Jeffrey Steingarten Anya Fernald Simon Majumdar Michael Symon Judy Joo Geoffrey Zakarian Season 1 : 2007 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) John Besh ( New Orleans , LA ) ; defeated Mario Batali in Battle Andouille in Season 3 of Iron Chef America . Chris Cosentino ( San Francisco , CA ) ; lost to Batali in Battle Garlic , in Season 4 . Jill Davie ( Santa Monica , CA ) Chef de Cuisine at Josie in Santa Monica , California , and co-host of Fine Living 's Shopping with Chefs . Traci Des Jardins ( San Francisco , CA ) ; defeated Batali in Battle Shrimp in Season 2 . Gavin Kaysen ( San Diego , CA ) Chef de Cuisine at El Bizcocho at the Rancho Bernardo Inn in California . Morou Ouattara ( Washington , D.C. ) who lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Peas in Season 3 . Aarón Sanchez ( New York , NY ) who tied Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Black Bass in Season 2 . Michael Symon ( Cleveland , OH ) who lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Asparagus in Season 2 . Judges ( edit ) The contest was judged by food writer Michael Ruhlman , Bon Appétit restaurant editor Andrew Knowlton , and restaurateur Donatella Arpaia . Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode 5 6 Comments Challenge 5 6 7 8 Symon IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN WIN The Next Iron Chef Besh IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elimin : Attain Greatness Cosentino IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT Elimin : Lead and Inspire Sanchez WIN IN IN IN IN OUT Elimin : Pressure Ouattara IN IN IN IN OUT Elimin : Resourcefulness Kaysen IN IN IN IN OUT Davie IN IN IN OUT Elimin : Simplicity and Innovation Des Jardins IN OUT Elimin : Speed and Artistry ( WIN ) The chef won the series ( WIN ) The chef won the challenge . ( OUT ) The chef lost that week 's Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition . Results ( edit ) Episode 1 ( edit ) Challenge 1 : Speed A speed challenge in which chefs are required to debone a chicken , fillet a salmon , open enough coconuts to produce two cups of coconut milk , shuck six oysters and clams , french a rack of lamb , and slice off a 4 - inch ( 100 mm ) strip of daikon thin enough to read newsprint through within 15 minutes . WINNER : Aarón Sanchez Challenge 2 : Artistry Chefs are challenged to make desserts : one with any available ingredient and the second featuring savory ingredients . Each chef selects one of the following savory ingredients : catfish , tripe , beef shoulder , chorizo , duck confit , bacon , salmon roe , or squid based on the order of their finish in the Speed challenge . The chefs are not allowed to use butter , sugar , or cheese unless they make it themselves . WINNER : John Besh ELIMINATED : Traci Des Jardins First aired : October 7 , 2007 Episode 2 ( edit ) Challenge 3 : Simplicity The chefs have 30 minutes to prepare six one - bite ( amuse - bouche ) dishes that best exemplify their style of cooking . Because of his win in the Artistry challenge in Episode 1 , Chef Besh is given the advantage of selecting his ingredients first , and also selecting the order in which the chefs present their dishes . The chefs serve as judges for each other 's dishes . Chef Sanchez misunderstands the rules and fails to finish plating more than a single serving of his dish , deciding during the judging to give his dish to Chef Besh for tasting . WINNER : Michael Symon Challenge 4 : Innovation After a brief introduction to the special ingredients and appliances ( and with some tutelage by chef Wylie Dufresne in a special guest appearance ) , the chefs have 90 minutes to `` play '' with these items in order to incorporate them into their cooking style . The chefs then have 90 minutes to prepare a dish using innovative ingredients ( e.g. , xanthan gum , liquid nitrogen ) and innovative appliances ( e.g. , thermal immersion circulator , Anti-griddle ) to prepare a single dish for the judges . With his win in Challenge 1 of this round , Chef Symon is able to select his ingredients first and had a dedicated set of cooking equipment , while the other contestants have to share a common set . WINNER : Chris Cosentino ELIMINATED : Jill Davie First aired : October 14 , 2007 Episode 3 ( edit ) Challenge 5 : Resourcefulness ( Double Elimination ) The chefs are divided into pairs . Each chef selects ingredients for his partner and places the ingredients in a sealed cooler . The chefs are taken outdoors , where each chef has 60 minutes to prepare two dishes with the items located in his cooler and the limited ingredients at his individual station . In addition , the chefs are only able to use a single charcoal grill to cook their dishes . With his win in the previous challenge , Chris Cosentino is given the privilege of deciding the pairings of contestants . WINNER : Michael Symon ELIMINATED : Gavin Kaysen and Morou Ouattara First aired : October 21 , 2007 Episode 4 ( edit ) Challenge 6 : Creativity Under Pressure The remaining four chefs learn that they will be traveling to Germany for this week 's challenge . At the Munich airport , the chefs are taken to Lufthansa 's catering facilities where their next challenge is to create the ultimate first class meal for passengers , to be finished and presented to the first class cabin of a long - haul jet . They have 90 minutes to prepare a minimum of three dishes . WINNER : Michael Symon ELIMINATED : Aarón Sanchez First aired : October 28 , 2007 Episode 5 ( edit ) Challenge 7 : Lead and Inspire The remaining three chefs continue the overseas portion of the competition as they fly to Paris for the next challenge . The chefs must create a meal representing their interpretations of classic American foods , to be served at a dinner hosted by the United States Ambassador to France , with guests including a number of noted French culinary figures . WINNER : Neither remaining chef was declared the winner . ELIMINATED : Chris Cosentino First aired : November 4 , 2007 Episode 6 ( edit ) Challenge 8 : Attain Greatness The final competition tales the form of a head - to - head competition in Kitchen Stadium in a traditional Iron Chef America battle . The secret ingredient was swordfish . Judges Ruhlman , Knowlton and Arpaia are replaced in the on - air tasting portion of the judging by current Iron Chefs Bobby Flay , Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto . The three judges and the three Iron Chefs collaborate to determine the winner . WINNER : Michael Symon ELIMINATED : John Besh First aired : November 11 , 2007 Season 2 : 2009 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) Nate Appleman ( Executive Chef and partner , Pulino 's Bar and Pizzeria , New York City ) ; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Suckling Pig in Season 7 Dominique Crenn ( Chef de Cuisine , Luce at The Intercontinental Hotel , San Francisco ) Brad Farmerie ( Executive Chef , Double Crown , Madam Geneva , PUBLIC , The Monday Room , New York City ) ; defeated Cat Cora in Battle Maple Syrup in Season 7 Amanda Freitag ( Executive Chef , The Harrison , New York City ) ; lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Alaskan King Crab in Season 7 Jose Garces ( Executive Chef and owner , Amada , Tinto , Distrito , Chifa , Village Whiskey , Garces Trading Company , JG Domestic , Philadelphia ; Mercat a la Planxa , Chicago ) ; defeated Bobby Flay in Battle Melon in Season 6 Eric Greenspan ( Executive Chef and owner , The Foundry on Melrose , Los Angeles ) Jehangir Mehta ( Executive Chef and owner , Graffiti , New York City ) ; lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Coconut in Season 7 Seamus Mullen ( Executive Chef and partner , Boqueria Flatiron and Boqueria Soho , New York City ) Holly Smith ( Chef and owner , Cafe Juanita , Poco Carretto Gelato , Kirkland , WA ) Roberto Trevino ( Executive Chef and owner , Budatai , San Juan , Puerto Rico ) ; lost to Mario Batali in Battle Catfish in Season 1 Judges ( edit ) The judges are restaurateur Donatella Arpaia , food author and long - time Iron Chef America judge Jeffrey Steingarten and sustainable food expert Anya Fernald . Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode 5 6 7 8 Comments Challenge 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Garces WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN IN WIN The Next Iron Chef Mehta IN IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT Elim : Imagination Mullen IN IN IN WIN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Integrity Freitag IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Umami Appleman IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN OUT Elim : Pressure Trevino IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN OUT Crenn IN IN IN IN WIN IN OUT Elim : Adaptability Farmerie IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Innovation Smith IN IN IN OUT Elim : Simplicity and Interpretation Greenspan IN OUT Elim : Memory and Fearlessness ( WIN ) The chef won the series ( WIN ) The chef won the challenge . ( OUT ) The chef lost that week 's Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition . Results ( edit ) Episode 1 ( edit ) Challenge 1 : Memory The Chairman presents each chef with an ingredient associated with their past , and challenges them to make a dish , to be presented family - style , that represents who they are . WINNER : Jose Garces Challenge 2 : Fearlessness The Chairman assigns each chef an exotic ingredient he or she may not have used before . Exercising his advantage , Chef Garces was allowed to exchange the ingredients of two chefs : Chef Crenn and Chef Mullen . WINNER : Nate Appleman ( Unlaid Eggs ) ELIMINATED : Eric Greenspan ( Grasshoppers ) First aired : October 4 , 2009 Episode 2 ( edit ) Challenge 3 : Simplicity In this challenge , the Chairman gives each chef the choice of one traditional cooking vessel from one of a variety of countries ; each is designed for a one - pot style of cooking . After 45 minutes of cook time , the contestants must taste and judge their fellow competitors ' dishes . WINNER : Jehangir Mehta Challenge 4 : Interpretation In the next challenge , Alton Brown assigns each chef a specific traditional dish from one of three countries ; Greece , France and Italy . Each chef is given one hour to create their own interpretation of the dish they were assigned . WINNER : Seamus Mullen ELIMINATED : Holly Smith First aired : October 11 , 2009 Episode 3 ( edit ) Challenge 5 : Innovation , Part I In this challenge , the chefs are sent in pairs to various restaurants in the Los Angeles area where they must taste the restaurant 's signature dish , and then are tasked to duplicate the dish from scratch in 10 minutes . The owners of the restaurant determine which of the two competitors ' dishes are closest to the original . The winner is allotted an additional 5 minutes in the next challenge . Assignments : Vietnamese : Beef Pho ( Chefs Crenn and Garces ) Korean : Dolsot - bibimbap ( Chefs Appleman and Mullen ) Thai : Green Curry with Fish Balls ( Chefs Freitag and Mehta ) Chinese : Pork and Vegetarian Dumplings ( Chefs Trevino and Farmerie ) WINNERS : Chefs Appleman , Crenn , Frietag and Trevino Challenge 6 : Innovation , Part II The chefs must use inspiration from their visit to local restaurants to re-interpret a traditional American dish . WINNER : Seamus Mullen ELIMINATED : Brad Farmerie First aired : October 18 , 2009 Episode 4 ( edit ) Challenge 7 : Adaptability The Chairman presents the chefs with a challenge to test their ability to adapt : prepare two Mexican - inspired dishes , one sweet and one savory , using a surprise ingredient : tamarind imported from Mexico . Each chef has 90 minutes total to shop at Los Angeles 's Grand Central Market and to cook their dishes . Late in the cooking period , host Alton Brown added a twist , when he conveyed the Chairman 's wish to have a drink featuring tamarind added to the meal . WINNER : Jehangir Mehta ELIMINATED : Dominique Crenn First aired : October 25 , 2009 Episode 5 ( edit ) Challenge 8 : Pressure , Part I An Indian chef tests how well the remaining contenders perform under pressure . The chefs are to make a one - bite vegetarian representation of the taste of India . As winner of the previous challenge , Chef Mehta has first choice of ingredients . WINNER : Nate Appleman Challenge 9 : Pressure , Part II The chefs are to make a 5 course Indian dinner . This is a double - elimination challenge . As winner of the previous challenge , Chef Appleman has first choice of the protein ingredients and takes all of the red snapper . WINNER : Jose Garces ELIMINATED : Roberto Trevino and Nate Appleman The remaining 4 chefs receive plane tickets to travel to Tokyo where the next episode takes place . First aired : November 1 , 2009 Episode 6 ( edit ) Challenge 10 : Umami ( Deliciousness ) , Part I : Yakitori The chefs must create five yakitori , each with umami . Guest Judge : Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto WINNER : Jehangir Mehta Challenge 11 : Umami ( Deliciousness ) , Part II : Five Flavors of Rice The chefs must create five dishes featuring five flavors : sweet , sour , salty , bitter and umami . Each dish must feature rice in some fashion , and be served in a traditional Japanese Bentō box . Guest Judge : Dr. Yukio Hattori , Director of the Hattori Nutrition College . Dr. Hattori was a commentator on the original Japanese Iron Chef . WINNER : Jose Garces ELIMINATED : Amanda Freitag First aired : November 8 , 2009 Episode 7 ( edit ) Challenge 12 : Integrity Personal expression through food . Guest Judges : The Chairman , Dr. Yukio Hattori FINALISTS : Jose Garces , Jehangir Mehta ELIMINATED : Seamus Mullen First aired : November 15 , 2009 Episode 8 ( edit ) Challenge 13 : Imagination The final challenge was a traditional head - to - head Iron Chef battle . The secret ingredient was racks and ribs , and featured beef , pork and buffalo meat . Guest Judges : The Chairman , Masaharu Morimoto , Bobby Flay , Michael Symon WINNER : Jose Garces ELIMINATED : Jehangir Mehta First aired : November 22 , 2009 Season 3 : 2010 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) Marco Canora ( chef and owner of Hearth , Terroir and Terroir TriBeca in New York City ) Bryan Caswell ( chef and owner of Reef , Stella Sola and Little Bigs in Houston , Texas ) Maneet Chauhan ( chef at Vermillion in Chicago , Illinois and New York ) , lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Leeks in Season 8 Mary Dumont ( Executive Chef at Harvest in Cambridge , Massachusetts ) , lost to Cat Cora in Battle Milk and Cream in Season 5 Duskie Estes ( chef and owner of Zazu Restaurant and Farm , Bovolo and Black Pig Meat Company in Sonoma County , California ) Marc Forgione ( chef and owner of Marc Forgione in New York ) , sous chef for Laurent Tourondel , winner of Battle Goat Cheese in Season 3 Andrew Kirschner ( Executive chef at Wilshire in Santa Monica , California ) Mario Pagán ( chef and owner of Chayote and Lemongrass in Puerto Rico ) Celina Tio ( chef and owner of Julian in Kansas City , Missouri ) Ming Tsai ( chef and owner of Blue Ginger in Wellesley , Massachusetts ) , defeated Bobby Flay in Battle Duck in Season 1 Judges ( edit ) The judges are restaurateur Donatella Arpaia , food writer and broadcaster Simon Majumdar and current Iron Chef Michael Symon , winner of the Season 1 competition . Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode 5 6 7 8 Comments Challenge 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Forgione IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN The Next Iron Chef Canora IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT Elim : Honor Tsai IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN OUT Elim : Seduction Tio IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Caswell IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Inspiration Chauhan IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Respect Estes WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Transformation Dumont IN IN IN IN IN OUT Elim : Resourcefulness Pagán IN IN IN OUT Elim : Innovation Kirschner IN OUT Elim : Ingenuity ( WIN ) The chef won the series . ( WIN ) The chef won the challenge . ( OUT ) The chef lost that week 's Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition . Results ( edit ) Episode 1 : ingenuity ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredient : Bread ) : Each chef must make a sandwich expressing his or her culinary style WINNER : Duskie Estes Chairman 's Challenge : Cook a dish on the beach , using tropical ingredients . Their dish must feature the one food they would want to have on a deserted island . As the winner of the Secret Ingredient Challenge , Chef Estes was able to have a five - minute advantage to grab ingredients from the `` pantry '' and start cooking . WINNER : Ming Tsai ELIMINATED : Andrew Kirschner First aired : October 3 , 2010 Episode 2 : innovation ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredients : Coffee and Donuts ) : Create a breakfast transforming these two ingredients . WINNER : Maneet Chauhan DISADVANTAGE : Mary Dumont Chairman 's Challenge : Roadside diner classics As the winner of the previous challenge , Maneet Chauhan was able to assign the dishes to prepare to each chef . Mary Dumont , having come in last , received a one - minute penalty assessed at the beginning . WINNER : Marc Forgione ELIMINATED : Mario Pagán First aired : October 10 , 2010 Episode 3 : resourcefulness ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredients : Pickles ) : Create a `` portable snack '' expressing the ingredient 's versatility . WINNER : Marc Forgione DISADVANTAGE : Duskie Estes Chairman 's Challenge : Create two dishes that revolve around the fishes the chefs caught . Chefs who were short on fish were also allowed to use sardines as a focus ingredient too . As the winner of the previous challenge , Marc Forgione was able to replace one of his caught fishes with someone else . He replaced one of his scorpion fishes with Celina Tio 's caught snapper as a result . Duskie Estes , having come in last , received a one - minute penalty assessed at the beginning . WINNER : Marco Canora ELIMINATED : Mary Dumont First aired : October 17 , 2010 Episode 4 : transformation ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredients : Condiments ) : Each chef is assigned to transform a selected condiment , such as mayonnaise , ketchup , or ranch dressing , into a dish featuring the condiment . WINNER : Celina Tio DISADVANTAGE : Maneet Chauhan Chairman 's Challenge : At the San Diego County Fair , each chef must transform ingredients found at the fair 's concession stands into three dishes : one fried , one on a stick , and one grilled . All dishes must be prepared on a large outdoor grill . As the winner of the previous challenge , Celina Tio had a five - minute head start in the 30 - minute hunt for ingredients on the fair grounds . Maneet Chauhan , having come in last , received a one - minute penalty assessed at the beginning of cooking . WINNER : Celina Tio ELIMINATED : Duskie Estes First aired : October 24 , 2010 Episode 5 : Respect ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredient : Potatoes ) WINNER : Marco Canora DISADVANTAGE : Marc Forgione Chairman 's Challenge : Each chef was challenged to cook four dishes ; one each representing the northern , southern , eastern and western regions of the United States . WINNER : Ming Tsai ELIMINATED : Maneet Chauhan First aired : October 31 , 2010 Note : In this episode , Iron Chef Jose Garces served as a guest judge , substituting for fellow Iron Chef Michael Symon . Episode 6 : inspiration ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredient : Chocolate ) : The chefs were given two hours to create a dessert display . WINNER : Ming Tsai Chairman 's Challenge : Each chef was tasked with creating his or her own buffet display and was given 3 hours to create three hot and two cold entrees . As winner of the previous challenge , Ming Tsai was given a one - minute head start on selecting his ingredients . WINNER : Marco Canora ELIMINATED : Bryan Caswell ( This episode was originally intended to be a double elimination . However , because there was a three - way tie for the second chef to be eliminated , the remaining four chefs were allowed to continue to the next round . ) First aired : November 7 , 2010 Episode 7 : seduction ( edit ) Secret Ingredient Challenge ( Secret Ingredient : Liquor ) : Create a cocktail along with a suitable bar food snack to associate with the drink . WINNER : Marco Canora Chairman 's Challenge : Seduce the judges by creating three luxurious dishes featuring one luxury protein . Each chef selected a safe containing an unknown quality ingredient in turn , before collecting additional ingredients from four fine dining restaurants in 30 minutes . Marco Canora had the advantage to trade his unopened safe for another chef 's ingredient , along with selecting at which restaurant each chef will begin gathering ingredients . Canora traded his unopened safe for Tsai 's ingredient : Wagyū beef . WINNER : Marco Canora ELIMINATED : Celina Tio , Ming Tsai First aired : November 14 , 2010 Episode 8 : Honor ( edit ) Secret Ingredient : Thanksgiving Feast ( heritage turkey , white pekin duck , venison , lobster ) WINNER : Marc Forgione ELIMINATED : Marco Canora First aired : November 21 , 2010 Season 4 : 2011 : super chefs ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) Anne Burrell ( Host of Secrets of a Restaurant Chef and Worst Cooks in America , also sous - chef for Mario Batali on Iron Chef America ) ; while being partnered with Michael Symon both defeated Cat Cora and Robert Irvine in Battle Deep Freeze in Season 9 Michael Chiarello ( Owner of Bottega Restaurant , Napa Valley ; host of Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello ) Elizabeth Falkner ( Owner of Citizen Cake and Orson , San Francisco ) ; lost to Cat Cora in Battle Honey in Season 3 . Also has appeared on Food Network Challenge Alex Guarnaschelli ( Chef and Owner , Butter and The Darby , New York ; Host , Alex 's Day Off , Judge , Chopped ) ; lost to Cat Cora in Battle Farmers ' Market in Season 5 Chuck Hughes ( Chef and Owner , Garde Manger , Montreal ; Host , Chuck 's Day Off Cooking Channel ) ; defeated Bobby Flay in Battle Canadian Lobster in Season 9 Robert Irvine ( Chef and Owner , Robert Irvine 's eat ! , Hilton Head Island ; Host , Dinner : Impossible , Restaurant : Impossible , Worst Cooks in America ) ; has lost twice while being partnered on special holiday episodes of Iron Chef America Beau MacMillan ( Executive Chef , Sanctuary on Camelback Mountain , Phoenix ; Host , Worst Cooks in America ) ; defeated Bobby Flay in Battle American Kobe Beef in Season 3 Spike Mendelsohn ( Chef and Owner , Good Stuff Eatery , Washington D.C. ; Host , Kelsey & Spike Cook ( Food2.com ) ; contestant on Top Chef ( season 4 ) ) ; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Prosciutto in Season 8 Marcus Samuelsson ( Chef and Owner , Red Rooster Harlem , New York ; Judge , 24 Hour Restaurant Battle , Chopped , Next Food Network Star ) ; lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Corn in Season 6 Geoffrey Zakarian ( Chef and Owner , The National and The Lambs Club , New York ; Judge , 24 Hour Restaurant Battle , Chopped ) ; lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Sardines in Season 8 Judges ( edit ) The judges for season four were current Iron Chef Michael Symon , food writer and broadcaster Simon Majumdar , and Iron Chef Judy Joo from Iron Chef UK . Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode 5 6 7 8 Comments Zakarian WIN IN IN CO IN CO WIN WIN The Next Iron Chef Falkner IN IN WIN IN CO WIN CO OUT Elim : Pressure Chiarello IN CO IN WIN IN IN OUT Elim : Passion Guarnaschelli IN WIN IN IN IN IN OUT Burrell IN IN IN IN WIN OUT Elim : Risk Samuelsson CO IN IN IN OUT Elim : Storytelling MacMillan WIN IN CO OUT Elim : Improvisation Hughes IN IN OUT Elim : Ingenuity Irvine IN OUT Elim : Transformation Mendelsohn OUT Elim : Resourcefulness ( WIN ) The chef won the series . ( WIN ) The chef won the chairman 's challenge . ( CO ) The chef competed in and won the cook - off . ( OUT ) The chef lost that week 's elimination challenge and cook - off and was eliminated from the competition . Results ( edit ) Episode 1 : resourcefulness ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Primal : Heat and Meat '' Chefs are paired in teams of two , with Chef Spike choosing the teams . The teams are taken to a remote wilderness location , where they must butcher a half - hog , build a fire , and make two collaborative dishes that demonstrate resourcefulness . The least successful team is sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown . Teams Spike Mendelsohn and Marcus Samuelsson Anne Burrell and Robert Irvine Alex Guarnaschelli and Elizabeth Falkner Geoffrey Zakarian and Beau MacMillan Michael Chiarello and Chuck Hughes WINNERS : Geoffrey Zakarian and Beau MacMillan BOTTOM TWO : Spike Mendelsohn and Marcus Samuelsson Secret Ingredient Showdown : Scallops With the choice of two ingredients under red and black covers , the chefs agree upon a selection . Chefs Spike and Marcus chose the ingredient under the red cover , which was large sea scallops , while the other ingredient , hidden under the black cover , was canned tuna . They are given 30 minutes to produce one dish of Iron Chef quality using the selected ingredient . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Marcus Samuelsson ELIMINATED : Spike Mendelsohn First aired : October 30 , 2011 Episode 2 : transformation ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' The chefs are given 15 minutes to gather necessary ingredients from ballpark vendors and 60 minutes to transform two stadium classics at Petco Park . Because they won the first Chairman 's Challenge , Chefs Zakarian and MacMillan are given an additional five minutes for gathering ingredients . The two least successful chefs are sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown . WINNER : Alex Guarnaschelli BOTTOM TWO : Robert Irvine and Michael Chiarello Secret Ingredient Showdown : Peanuts CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Michael Chiarello ELIMINATED : Robert Irvine First Aired : November 6 , 2011 Episode 3 : ingenuity ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Let 's All Go to the Lobby '' The chefs are asked to create two dishes ( one sweet and one savory ) demonstrating ingenuity using movie theater candy in 60 minutes . Because she won the second Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Guarnaschelli is allowed to select her candy and chose the other chefs ' candy . The two least successful chefs are sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown . Ingredient Order : Chocolate Covered Raisins : Chef Guarnaschelli Malt Balls : Chef Falkner Popcorn : Chef Hughes Gummy Candy : Chef Chiarello Cinnamon Candy : Chef Zakarian Root Beer : Chef Burrell Chocolate Covered Caramels : Chef Samuelsson Sweet and Sour Candy : Chef MacMillan WINNER : Elizabeth Falkner BOTTOM TWO : Chuck Hughes and Beau MacMillan Secret Ingredient Showdown : Tofu CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Beau MacMillan ELIMINATED : Chuck Hughes First Aired : November 13 , 2011 Episode 4 : improvisation ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Food is Funny '' Comedian Kevin Nealon meets the chefs at the Improv Comedy Club and selects four mandatory ingredients the chefs must use : Octopus , Kumquats , Tortillas , and Marshmallows . The chefs must cook a dish using all four ingredients in 45 minutes . Because she won the third Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Falkner is given five extra minutes to start the preparation of her dish . The two least successful chefs are sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown . WINNER : Michael Chiarello BOTTOM TWO : Geoffrey Zakarian and Beau MacMillan Secret Ingredient Showdown : Coconuts CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Geoffrey Zakarian ELIMINATED : Beau MacMillan First Aired : November 20 , 2011 Episode 5 : storytelling ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` New York on a Plate '' The chefs create a culinary story based on a postcard drawing of New York City landmarks . Because he won the previous Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Chiarello is given the choice of landmarks . The chefs have 20 minutes to shop at the Grand Central Market and 45 minutes to cook for six people ( the original four judges , along with Iron Chef Marc Forgione and Chef Charlie Palmer ) at the Grand Central Terminal . The two least successful chefs are sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown . Landmark Order : Statue of Liberty : Chef Chiarello Times Square : Chef Zakarian Broadway : Chef Samuelsson Empire State Building : Chef Guarnaschelli Central Park : Chef Burrell Brooklyn Bridge : Chef Falkner WINNER : Anne Burrell BOTTOM TWO : Marcus Samuelsson and Elizabeth Falkner Secret Ingredient Showdown : Bagels CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Elizabeth Falkner ELIMINATED : Marcus Samuelsson First Aired : November 27 , 2011 Episode 6 : risk ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Food Auction '' The Chairman takes the chefs to an auction house in Chelsea , where they each place bids on the shortest amount of time in which they think they can create a dish with each ingredient presented . The fifth ingredient is given to the last remaining chef after all the other ingredients have been won . The chef with the last ingredient gets five minutes less than the lowest bid on any other ingredient . The lowest bid is 25 minutes by Chefs Chiarello and Falkner , therefore giving Chef Guarnaschelli 20 minutes to cook a leg of lamb . By winning the last Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Burrell is allowed to be the fourth taster and the least successful chef selected by Chef Burrell ( Chef Zakarian ) is sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown along with the other least successful chef chosen by the three regular judges . Ingredient Order : Canned Sardines : Chef Burrell ( 50 minutes ) Wagyu Beef : Chef Zakarian ( 30 minutes ) Maine Lobster : Chef Chiarello ( 25 minutes ) Tuna Jerky : Chef Falkner ( 25 minutes ) Leg of Lamb : Chef Guarnaschelli ( 20 minutes ) WINNER : Elizabeth Falkner BOTTOM TWO : Anne Burrell and Geoffrey Zakarian Secret Ingredient Showdown : Ponzu and Panko Bread Crumb Dessert CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Geoffrey Zakarian ELIMINATED : Anne Burrell First Aired : December 4 , 2011 Episode 7 : Passion ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Hamptons Beach Cookout '' The competitors cater a beach cookout for 20 guests , plus the judges , at the Montauk Yacht Club . The chefs are given $500 and two hours to source their own ingredients . Once completed , each chef is given two hours to prepare a three course seafood tasting menu that demonstrates their passion for food . Because she won the previous Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Falkner is given a 15 minute head start and a ride in a speedboat to her first location to gather ingredients . A winner is declared for this challenge , the least successful chef is eliminated , and the two remaining chefs go to the Secret Ingredient Showdown in Kitchen Stadium . WINNER ( advances to the Finale ) : Geoffrey Zakarian ELIMINATED : Alex Guarnaschelli Secret Ingredient Showdown : Three - Bite Crackers and Wine Appetizer Course CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Elizabeth Falkner ELIMINATED : Michael Chiarello First Aired : December 11 , 2011 Episode 8 : pressure ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Holiday Meal '' Chefs Falkner and Zakarian face a pressure - filled finale in Kitchen Stadium , where the secret ingredients are : Beef Crown Roast , Candy Canes , Clementines , Acorn & Butternut Squash , Salt Cod , Brussels Sprouts , Unfiltered Apple Cider and Parsnips . They must create three Christmas theme dishes with those ingredients for guest judges Bobby Flay and Masaharu Morimoto along with the regular three judges and the Chairman . During the course of the battle , the Chairman 's first surprise forces the chefs to use cranberries as another theme ingredient they must create a dish with . Also , he gives them the choice of one former competitor to cook with for 15 minutes on each side of the kitchen , and they both choose Chef Guarnaschelli . The Chairman 's second surprise given to the chefs is to create a frozen dessert using the ice cream machine . The Chairman 's final surprise is for each chef to make a `` holiday - themed '' cocktail served in a martini glass . WINNER : Geoffrey Zakarian ELIMINATED : Elizabeth Falkner First Aired : December 18 , 2011 Season 5 : 2012 : Redemption ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) Duskie Estes ( chef and owner of Zazu Restaurant and Farm , Bovolo and Black Pig Meat Company in Sonoma County , California ) ; Redemption from Season 3 Elizabeth Falkner ( Owner of Citizen Cake and Orson , San Francisco ) ; lost to Cat Cora in Battle Honey in Season 3 . Also has appeared on Food Network Challenge ; Redemption from Season 4 Alex Guarnaschelli ( Chef and Owner , Butter and The Darby , New York ; Host , Alex 's Day Off , Judge , Chopped ) ; lost to Cat Cora in Battle Farmers ' Market in Season 5 ; Redemption from Season 4 Spike Mendelsohn ( Chef and Owner , Good Stuff Eatery , Washington D.C. ; Host , Kelsey & Spike Cook ( Food2.com ) ; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Prosciutto in Season 8 ; Redemption from Season 4 Nate Appleman ( Executive Chef and partner , Pulino 's Bar and Pizzeria , New York City ) ; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Suckling Pig in Season 7 ; Redemption from Season 2 Amanda Freitag ( Executive Chef , The Harrison , New York City ) ; lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Alaskan King Crab in Season 7 ; Judge , Chopped ; Redemption from Season 2 Eric Greenspan ( Executive Chef and owner , The Foundry on Melrose , Los Angeles ) ; beat Bobby Flay in Battle Goose in Season 8 ; Redemption from Season 2 Jehangir Mehta ( Executive Chef and owner , Graffiti , New York City ) ; lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Coconut in Season 7 ; Redemption from Season 2 Marcel Vigneron ( Owner of the catering company Modern Global Tasting , Los Angeles , California ) Tim Love ( Executive Chef and owner , The Lonesome Dove Western Bistro , Fort Worth , Texas ) ; beat Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Chile in Season 4 Judges ( edit ) The judges for this season are : Iron Chef Geoffrey Zakarian , restaurateur Donatella Arpaia , and food writer Simon Majumdar . Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode 5 6 7 8 Comments Challenge 5 6 7 8 9 Guarnaschelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN CO IN WIN The Next Iron Chef Freitag IN CO WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN OUT Elim : Respect Appleman IN IN IN IN CO CO WIN OUT Elim : Passion Vigneron IN IN CO CO WIN IN OUT Elim : Transcendence Mehta IN WIN CO IN IN OUT Elim : Fusion Falkner IN CO CO WIN OUT Elim : Risk Mendelsohn CO IN IN OUT Elim : Transformation Greenspan IN IN OUT Elim : Simplicity Estes IN OUT Elim : Innovation Love OUT Elim : Resourcefulness ( WIN ) The chef won the series . ( WIN ) The chef won the chairman 's challenge . ( CO ) The chef competed in and won the cook - off . ( OUT ) The chef lost that week 's elimination challenge and cook - off and was eliminated from the competition . Results ( edit ) Episode 1 : resourcefulness ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Resourcefulness '' Chefs are brought to a beach and given an ingredient that they struggled with in a previous competition . Ingredients Alex Guarnaschelli : Lobster Amanda Freitag : Shiitake Mushrooms Duskie Estes : Calamari Elizabeth Falkner : Black Garlic Eric Greenspan : Grasshoppers Jehangir Mehta : Buffalo Marcel Vigneron : Avocado Nate Appleman : Banana Spike Mendelsohn : Scallops Tim Love : Kale WINNER : Alex Guarnaschelli BOTTOM TWO : Spike Mendelsohn and Tim Love Secret Ingredient Showdown : Pineapple The chefs have 30 minutes to create a dish featuring pineapple . Chef Love creates a dish of grilled quail , fried kale , and pickled pineapple . Chef Mendelsohn creates a Vietnamese - inspired sweet and sour branzino . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Spike Mendelsohn ELIMINATED : Tim Love First aired : November 4 , 2012 Episode 2 : innovation ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Innovation '' Chefs are divided into three groups of three , each of which has to develop an innovative version of a global dish - falafel , tacos , or banh mi . As the winning chef of the previous chairman 's challenge , Chef Guarnaschelli was allowed to assign each chef to a group . Groups Tacos : Alex Guarnaschelli , Spike Mendelsohn , Duskie Estes Banh Mi : Eric Greenspan , Nate Appleman , Elizabeth Falkner Falafel : Jehangir Mehta , Marcel Vigneron , Amanda Freitag WINNER : Jehangir Mehta ( Eric Greenspan and Alex Guarnaschelli were top in their respective groups ) BOTTOM THREE : Elizabeth Falkner , Amanda Freitag , and Duskie Estes Secret Ingredient Showdown : White bread The chefs have thirty minutes to make a dish highlighting plain white bread . Chef Freitag makes pork meatballs with parmesan breadcrumbs , Chef Estes makes egg yolk ravioli with bacon brown butter croutons and Chef Falkner makes a Monte Cristo sandwich with french toast ice cream . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Elizabeth Falkner and Amanda Freitag ELIMINATED : Duskie Estes First aired : November 11 , 2012 Episode 3 : simplicity ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Simplicity '' Each chef is photographed by food / chef photographer Todd Selby . The chefs are then split up into four groups of two , with each chef making an amuse bouche that reflects the personality of their opponent . The losing chef in each pairing must cook for their life . As the winner of the previous challenge , Chef Mehta splits up the chefs . Groups Alex Guarnaschelli and Marcel Vigneron Elizabeth Falkner and Amanda Freitag Nate Appleman and Eric Greenspan Jehangir Mehta and Spike Mendelsohn WINNER : Amanda Freitag ( Spike Mendelsohn , Alex Guarnaschelli and Nate Appleman won their respective matchups ) BOTTOM FOUR : Elizabeth Falkner , Jehangir Mehta , Marcel Vigneron and Eric Greenspan Secret Ingredient Showdown : Cereal The chefs must create a dish containing Kellogg 's Raisin Bran and Rice Krispies . Chef Vigneron makes a Rice Krispies and Raisin Bran treat with coconut ice cream , Chef Falkner makes a Rice Krispies and Raisin Bran tartufo bianco , Chef Greenspan makes a Rice Krispies crusted tuna over a Raisin Bran purée , and Chef Mehta makes a Rice Krispies crab cake and Raisin Bran chevda . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Elizabeth Falkner , Marcel Vigneron and Jehangir Mehta ELIMINATED : Eric Greenspan First aired : November 18 , 2012 Episode 4 : transformation ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Transformation '' Each chef is asked to transform a canned meat into a high - class dish . The chefs were told to choose from an assortment of cans on the table . Three of the cans only had a question mark on their labels . As the winner of the previous challenge , Chef Freitag chose last and was given the option to steal one of her opponent 's cans , forcing them to choose from whatever was left on the table , but she declined . Ingredients Vigneron : Canned Clams Mehta : Mystery Can ( Chicken ) Mendelsohn : Canned Vienna Sausage Guarnaschelli : Canned Spiced Ham Falkner : Mystery Can ( Roast Beef ) Appleman : Mystery Can ( Tuna ) Freitag : Canned Corned Beef WINNER : Elizabeth Falkner BOTTOM TWO : Marcel Vigneron and Spike Mendelsohn Secret Ingredient Showdown : Lobster The chefs have thirty minutes to make a dish highlighting lobster as the main ingredient . Chef Mendelsohn makes lobster laksa while Chef Vigneron makes lobster and mango salad . The chefs made the decision to plate their dishes on the same plate . This decision displeased the judges , to the point where they considered eliminating both chefs . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Marcel Vigneron ELIMINATED : Spike Mendelsohn First aired : November 25 , 2012 Episode 5 : risk ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Risk '' The chefs walk into an airplane hangar , where they each place bids on the shortest amount of time in which they think they can create a dish with each ingredient presented . The sixth ingredient is given to the last remaining chef after all the other ingredients have been won . The chef with the last ingredient gets five minutes less than the lowest bid on any other ingredient . The lowest bid is 25 minutes by Chef Mehta , therefore giving Chef Appleman 20 minutes to create a dish out of mortadella . By winning the last Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Falkner is allowed to be the fourth taster and the least successful chef selected by Chef Falkner ( Chef Appleman ) is sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown along with the other least successful chef chosen by the three regular judges . It is also noted here that the remaining five contestants next week will be going to Vegas . Ingredients Cow Heads : Marcel Vigneron ( 50 minutes ) Paiche : Elizabeth Falkner ( 50 minutes ) Bison Ribs : Alex Guarnaschelli ( 45 minutes ) Wheel of Parmesan : Amanda Freitag ( 40 minutes ) Ostrich Eggs : Jehangir Mehta ( 25 minutes ) Mortadella : Nate Appleman ( 20 minutes ) WINNER : Marcel Vigneron BOTTOM TWO : Nate Appleman and Elizabeth Falkner Secret Ingredient Showdown : Anchovies The chefs have thirty minutes to make a dish highlighting anchovies as the main ingredient . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Nate Appleman ELIMINATED : Elizabeth Falkner First aired : December 2 , 2012 Episode 6 : fusion ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Fusion '' The chefs arrive in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand and find out they will be attending a wedding . It is a wedding between two unlikely ingredients . As the winner of the previous challenge , Chef Vigneron gets to choose who gets what pairing he will use and decide the pairings to be used by the remaining chefs . They have 45 minutes to make a dish with the following pairings . Blue Cheese and Peanut Butter : Marcel Vigneron Bone Marrow and Rainbow Candies : Jehangir Mehta Clams and Strawberries : Nate Appleman Chicken Liver and Peppermint Candies : Alex Guarnaschelli Calamari and Miniature Marshmallows : Amanda Freitag WINNER : Amanda Freitag BOTTOM TWO : Nate Appleman and Jehangir Mehta Secret Ingredient Showdown : Shrimp The chefs have thirty minutes to make a dish highlighting shrimp as the main ingredient , while using a traditional Japanese teppanyaki grill . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Nate Appleman ELIMINATED : Jehangir Mehta First aired : December 9 , 2012 Episode 7 : transcendence ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenge : `` Transcendence '' The chefs are tasked to prepare a buffet featuring a mystery ingredient chosen by magician David Copperfield : bacon . Chef Freitag , as the winner of the previous challenge , splits the chefs into pairs . Amanda Freitag and Nate Appleman Alex Guarnaschelli and Marcel Vigneron WINNERS : Amanda Freitag and Nate Appleman BOTTOM TWO : Alex Guarnaschelli and Marcel Vigneron Secret Ingredient Showdown : Chocolate The chefs are asked to choose two types of Hershey 's candy and make a savory dish with a holiday theme . Chef Vigneron makes roasted lamb with eggplant camponata and white chocolate curry risotto . Chef Guarnaschelli makes duck breast and white chocolate , fennel and cherry salad with a fried duck heart and dark chocolate . CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Alex Guarnaschelli ELIMINATED : Marcel Vigneron First aired : December 16 , 2012 Episode 8 : Passion and Respect ( edit ) Chairman 's Challenges : `` Passion '' and `` Respect '' The season finale consists of two challenges of Passion and Respect . First in the Passion challenge , the remaining chefs are tasked to create in 45 minutes a dish using an ingredient one of the judges is passionate about . The two most successful chefs proceed to the finale in Kitchen Stadium , while the least successful chef is eliminated . Ingredients Farm - raised Chicken ( Geoffrey Zakarian ) : Amanda Freitag Haddock ( Simon Majumdar ) : Nate Appleman Sea Urchin ( Donatella Arpaia ) : Alex Guarnaschelli CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Amanda Freitag and Alex Guarnaschelli ELIMINATED : Nate Appleman In Kitchen Stadium , the final Respect challenge requires Chef Guarnaschelli and Chef Freitag to create three dishes in one hour , assisted by two sous chefs each . Each of their offerings must include two ingredients per dish that are staples in the dishes of three senior Iron Chefs : Iron Chef Bobby Flay , Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto , and Iron Chef Michael Symon . The Chefs are told to pay respect to the Iron Chefs ' signature flavors , while still cooking in their own style and showcasing their own abilities . Iron Chefs Flay , Morimoto , and Symon also appear as guest judges along with the three regular judges . Ingredients Bobby Flay : Corn , Avocado , Limes , Chili Peppers Masaharu Morimoto : Panko , Ponzu , Soy Sauce , Miso , Daikon Radish , Wasabi Michael Symon : Eggplant , Feta Cheese , Olives , Phyllo Dough WINNER : Alex Guarnaschelli ELIMINATED : Amanda Freitag First aired : December 23 , 2012 Vietnamese version ( edit ) A Vietnamese version of The Next Iron Chef premiered on November 18 , 2012 on VTV3 which also broadcasts Iron Chef Vietnam . It premiered a week after Iron Chef Vietnam ended the first series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Next Iron Chef '' . Food Network . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Battle Lines Are Drawn To Join ' Iron Chef ' Ranks '' . Multivu.prnewswire.com. 2010 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Upfronts 2012 : Food Network , Cooking Channel to Launch 22New Series - 2012 - 03 - 29 15 : 30 : 30 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Iron Chef '' . The Food Network . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` September 26 , 2006 The Chatterbox '' . Tablehopper . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Next Iron Chef '' . The Food Network . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . The Next Iron Chef / Iron Chef Gauntlet winners Michael Symon Jose Garces Marc Forgione Geoffrey Zakarian Alex Guarnaschelli Stephanie Izard Iron Chef Episodes 2012 revival episodes U.S. versions Iron Chef USA Iron Chef America Episodes The Next Iron Chef Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Iron Chef Gauntlet Iron Chef Showdown Other versions Iron Chef Australia Iron Chef Canada Iron Chef Indonesia Episodes Iron Chef UK Iron Chef Vietnam The Next Iron Chef Vietnam Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Next_Iron_Chef&oldid=846915626 '' Categories : Food Network series 2007 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American cooking television series Iron Chef 2012 American television series endings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who won the next iron chef super chefs in 2011
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[
"\n\n\nEpisode\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\nComments\n\n\nZakarian\n\nWIN\nIN\nIN\nCO\nIN\nCO\nWIN\nWIN\nThe Next Iron Chef\n\n\nFalkner\n\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nCO\nWIN\nCO\nOUT\nElim: Pressure\n\n\nChiarello\n\nIN\nCO\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\nElim: Passion\n\n\nGuarnaschelli\n\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\nBurrell\n\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nOUT\n\nElim: Risk\n\n\nSamuelsson\n\nCO\nIN\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\nElim: Storytelling\n\n\nMacMillan\n\nWIN\nIN\nCO\nOUT\n\nElim: Improvisation\n\n\nHughes\n\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\nElim: Ingenuity\n\n\nIrvine\n\nIN\nOUT\n\nElim: Transformation\n\n\nMendelsohn\n\nOUT\n\nElim: Resourcefulness\n"
] |
[
"Zakarian"
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Celtic F.C.
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Celtic FC - Wikipedia Celtic FC Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Celtic # Sports . Celtic Full name The Celtic Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Bhoys , The Celts , The Hoops Founded 6 November 1887 ; 129 years ago ( 1887 - 11 - 06 ) Ground Celtic Park Ground Capacity 60,411 Chairman Ian Bankier Manager Brendan Rodgers League Scottish Premiership 2016 -- 17 Scottish Premiership , 1st ( champions ) Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Chart of Celtic 's yearly table positions in the Scottish Football League from 1890 to the present The Celtic Football Club ( / ˈsɛltɪk / ) is a professional football club based in Glasgow , Scotland , which plays in the Scottish Premiership . The club was founded in 1887 with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow . They played their first match in May 1888 , a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5 -- 2 . Celtic established itself within Scottish football , winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century . The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine consecutive league titles and the European Cup . Celtic have won the Scottish league championship on 48 occasions , most recently in the 2016 -- 17 season , the Scottish Cup 37 times and the Scottish League Cup 16 times . The club 's greatest season was 1966 -- 67 , when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup , also winning the Scottish league championship , the Scottish Cup , the League Cup , and the Glasgow Cup . Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final , and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final . Celtic have a long - standing fierce rivalry with Rangers , and the clubs have become known as the Old Firm , seen by some as the world 's biggest football derby . The two clubs have dominated Scottish football , winning 102 league titles between them since the inception of Scottish league football in 1890 . The club 's fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide , and there are in excess of 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries . An estimated 80,000 fans travelled to Seville for the 2003 UEFA Cup Final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Crest and colours 3 Stadium 4 Supporters 4.1 The Old Firm and sectarianism 4.2 Irish republicanism 5 Celtic media 6 Influence on other clubs 7 Celtic and charity 8 Ownership and finances 8.1 Private company 8.2 McCann takeover and transition to plc 9 Players 9.1 First - team squad 9.2 Out on loan 9.3 Development and Youth squads 9.4 Former players 9.5 Club captains 9.6 Greatest ever team 10 Club officials 10.1 Board of directors 10.2 Management 10.3 Managerial history 11 Halls of Fame 11.1 Scotland Football Hall of Fame 11.2 Scotland Roll of Honour 11.3 Scottish Sports Hall of Fame 12 Honours 12.1 Domestic honours 12.2 Continental honours 12.3 Other awards 12.4 Doubles and trebles 13 Records 13.1 Club records 13.2 Individual records 14 Sponsors 15 Footnotes 16 References 17 External links History Main articles : History of Celtic F.C. ( 1887 -- 1994 ) and ( 1994 -- present ) Brother Walfrid , founder of Celtic FC Celtic Football Club was formally constituted at a meeting in St. Mary 's church hall in East Rose Street ( now Forbes Street ) , Calton , Glasgow , by Irish Marist Brother Walfrid on 6 November 1887 , with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the East End of Glasgow by raising money for the charity Walfrid had instituted , the Poor Children 's Dinner Table . Walfrid 's move to establish the club as a means of fund - raising was largely inspired by the example of Hibernian , which was formed out of the immigrant Irish population a few years earlier in Edinburgh . Walfrid 's own suggestion of the name Celtic ( pronounced Seltik ) was intended to reflect the club 's Irish and Scottish roots and was adopted at the same meeting . The club has the official nickname , The Bhoys . However , according to the Celtic press office , the newly established club was known to many as `` the bold boys '' . A postcard from the early 20th century that pictured the team and read `` The Bould Bhoys '' is the first known example of the unique spelling . The extra h imitates the spelling system of Gaelic , wherein the letter b is often accompanied by the letter h . A team photo from the early days of the club , before the adoption of the hooped jerseys . On 28 May 1888 , Celtic played their first official match against Rangers and won 5 -- 2 in what was described as a `` friendly encounter '' . Neil McCallum scored Celtic 's first ever goal . Celtic 's first kit consisted of a white shirt with a green collar , black shorts , and emerald green socks . The original club crest was a simple green cross on a red oval background . In 1889 Celtic reached the final of the Scottish Cup , this was their first season in the competition , but lost 2 -- 1 in the final . Celtic again reached the final of the Scottish Cup in 1892 , but this time were victorious after defeating Queen 's Park 5 -- 1 in the final , the club 's first major honour . Several months later the club moved to its new ground , Celtic Park , and in the following season won the Scottish League Championship for the first ever time . In 1895 , Celtic set the League record for the highest home score when they beat Dundee 11 -- 0 . In 1897 , the club became a Private limited company and Willie Maley was appointed as the first ' secretary - manager ' . Between 1905 and 1910 , Celtic won the Scottish League Championship six times in a row . In both 1907 and 1908 Celtic also won the Scottish Cup , this was the first time a Scottish club had ever won the Double . During World War I , Celtic won the league four times in a row , including 62 matches unbeaten between November 1915 and April 1917 . The mid-1920s saw the emergence of Jimmy McGrory as one of the most prolific goalscorers in British football history . Over a sixteen - year playing career , he scored 550 goals in 547 games ( including 16 goals for Clydebank during a season on loan in 1923 -- 24 ) , a British goal - scoring record to this day . In January 1940 , Willie Maley 's retirement was announced . He was 71 years old and had served the club in varying roles for nearly 52 years , initially as a player and then as secretary - manager . Jimmy McStay became manager of the club in February 1940 . He spent over five years in this role , although due to the Second World War no official competitive league football took place during this time . The Scottish Football League and Scottish Cup were suspended and in their place regional league competitions were set up . Celtic did not do particularly well during the war years , but did win the Victory in Europe Cup held in May 1945 as a one - off football tournament to celebrate Victory in Europe Day . Ex-player and captain Jimmy McGrory took over as manager in 1945 . Under McGrory , Celtic defeated Arsenal , Manchester United and Hibernian to win the Coronation Cup , a one - off tournament held in May 1953 to commemorate the coronation of Elizabeth II . He also led them to a League and Cup double in 1954 . On 19 October 1957 , Celtic defeated Rangers a record 7 -- 1 in the final of the Scottish League Cup at Hampden Park in Glasgow , retaining the trophy they had won for only the first time the previous year . The scoreline remains a record win in a British domestic cup final . The years that followed , however , saw Celtic struggle and the club won no more trophies under McGrory . Jock Stein in an Amsterdam hotel , ahead of a European Cup quarter - final against Ajax ( 1971 ) Former Celtic captain Jock Stein succeeded McGrory in 1965 . Stein guided Celtic to nine straight Scottish League wins from 1966 to 1974 , equalling the then world record , and a feat which was not matched again in Scotland until 1997 by Rangers . He won the Scottish Cup with Celtic in his first few months at the club , and then led them to the League title the following season . 1967 was Celtic 's annus mirabilis . The club won every competition they entered : the Scottish League , the Scottish Cup , the Scottish League Cup , the Glasgow Cup , and the European Cup . Under the leadership of Stein , the club defeated Inter Milan 2 -- 1 at the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon , on 25 May 1967 . Celtic thus became the first British team , and the first from outside Spain , Portugal and Italy to win the competition . They remain the only Scottish team to have reached the final . The players that day subsequently became known as the `` Lisbon Lions '' , all of whom were born within 30 miles of Glasgow . The following season Celtic lost to Racing Club of Argentina in the Intercontinental Cup . Celtic reached the European Cup Final again in 1970 , but were beaten 2 -- 1 by Feyenoord at the San Siro in Milan . The club continued to dominate Scottish football in the early 1970s , and their Scottish Championship win in 1974 was their ninth consecutive league title , equalling the joint world record held at the time by MTK Budapest and CSKA Sofia . Celtic enjoyed further domestic success in the 1980s , and in their Centenary season of 1987 -- 88 won a Scottish League Championship and Scottish Cup double . The club endured a slump in the early 1990s , culminating in the Bank of Scotland informing Celtic on 3 March 1994 that it was calling in the receivers as a result of the club exceeding a £ 5 million overdraft . However , expatriate businessman Fergus McCann wrested control of the club , and ousted the family dynasties which had controlled Celtic since its foundation . According to media reports , McCann took over the club minutes before it was to be declared bankrupt . McCann reconstituted the club business as a public limited company -- Celtic PLC -- and oversaw the redevelopment of Celtic Park into a 60,832 all - seater stadium . In 1998 , under Dutchman Wim Jansen Celtic won the title again and prevented Rangers from beating Celtic 's 9 - in - a-row record . Martin O'Neill , a former European Cup winner with Nottingham Forest , took charge of the club in June 2000 . Under his leadership , Celtic won three SPL championships out of five and in his first season in charge , the club also won the domestic treble , making O'Neill only the second Celtic manager to do so after Jock Stein . In 2003 , around 80,000 Celtic fans travelled to watch the club compete in the UEFA Cup Final in Seville . Celtic lost 3 -- 2 to Porto after extra time , despite two goals from Henrik Larsson during normal time . The conduct of the thousands of travelling Celtic supporters received widespread praise from the people of Seville and the fans were awarded Fair Play Awards from both FIFA and UEFA `` for their extraordinarily loyal and sporting behaviour '' . Gordon Strachan was announced as O'Neill's replacement in June 2005 and after winning the SPL title in his first year in charge , he became only the third Celtic manager to win three titles in a row . He also guided Celtic to their first UEFA Champions League knockout stage in 2006 -- 07 and repeated the feat in 2007 -- 08 before departing the club in May 2009 , after failing to win the SPL title . Tony Mowbray took charge of the club in June 2009 , and he was succeeded a year later by Neil Lennon . In November 2010 , Celtic set an SPL record for the biggest win in SPL history defeating Aberdeen 9 -- 0 at Celtic Park . Celtic celebrated their 125th anniversary in November 2012 , the same week as their Champions League match against Barcelona . Celtic won 2 -- 1 on the night to complete a memorable week , and eventually qualified from the group stages for the round of 16 . Celtic finished the season with the SPL and Scottish Cup double . The club clinched their third consecutive league title in March 2014 , with goalkeeper Fraser Forster setting a new record during the campaign of 1,256 minutes without conceding a goal in a league match . At the end of the season , manager Neil Lennon announced his departure from the club after four years in the role . Norwegian Ronny Deila was appointed manager of Celtic on 6 June 2014 . He went on to lead Celtic to two consecutive league titles and a League Cup , but the team 's performances in European competition were poor . After being eliminated from the Scottish Cup by Rangers in April 2016 , Deila announced he would leave the club at the end of the season . On 20 May 2016 , Brendan Rodgers was announced as Deila 's successor . Despite a shock first defeat in his first game in charge , his first season saw the team go on a long unbeaten run in domestic competitions , during which time the club won their 100th major trophy , defeating Aberdeen 3 -- 0 in the League Cup Final on 27 November 2016 . Celtic also clinched their sixth successive league title on 2 April 2017 , with a record eight league games to spare . As Celtic 's unbeaten domestic run continued , they subjected Rangers to their heaviest defeat at Ibrox since 1915 , 5 -- 1 , on 29 April . Celtic 's 2 -- 0 win over Hearts on 21 May saw them finish 30 points ahead of second - placed Aberdeen in the league , with a record 106 points , and the team became the first Scottish side to complete a top - flight season undefeated since Rangers in 1899 . Also , for their tifo in that game that commemorated the club 's European Cup win 50 years earlier , Celtic fans were awarded with the FIFA Fan Award on the 23rd of October 2017 . The award `` celebrates the best fan moment of November 2016 to August 2017 '' . On 27 May 2017 , Celtic clinched their fourth treble by defeating Aberdeen 2 -- 1 in the Scottish Cup final . The cup final win saw Celtic go through the entire domestic season unbeaten . Crest and colours For most of Celtic 's history their home strip has featured green and white horizontal hoops , but their original strip consisted of a white top with black shorts and black and green hooped socks . The top also featured the Marist Brothers ' badge on the right hand side , consisting of a green Celtic cross inside a red circle . In 1889 , the club changed to a green and white vertically striped top and for the next fourteen years this remained unchanged although the colour of the shorts alternated between white and black several times over this period . The top did not feature a crest . History of Celtic football strips 1888 1889 -- 1903 1903 -- 1932 1932 -- 1965 1965 onwards The club crest adopted on the team 's football shirts in 1977 , based on a badge originating from the 1930s . The special crest that was adopted in seasons 1987 -- 88 & 1988 -- 89 to celebrate the club 's centenary . In 1903 , Celtic adopted their now famous green and white hooped tops . The new design was worn for the first time on 15 August 1903 in a match against Partick Thistle . Black socks continued to be worn until the early 1930s , at which point the team switched to green socks . Plain white socks came into use in the mid 1960s , and white has been the predominant colour worn since then . The club began using a badge in the 1930s , featuring a four leaf clover logo surrounded by the club 's formal title , `` The Celtic Football and Athletic Coy. Ltd '' . However , it was not until 1977 that Celtic finally adopted the club crest on their shirts . The outer segment was reversed out , with white lettering on a green background on the team shirts . The text around the clover logo on the shirts was also shortened from the official club crest to `` The Celtic Football Club '' . For their centenary year in 1988 , a commemorative crest was worn , featuring the Celtic cross that appeared on their first shirts . The 1977 version was reinstated for season 1989 -- 90 . From 1945 onwards numbered shirts slowly came into use throughout Scotland , before becoming compulsory in 1960 . By this time Celtic were the last club in Britain to adopt the use of numbers on the team strip to identify players . The traditionalist and idealistic Celtic chairman , Robert Kelly , baulked at the prospect of the famous green and white hoops being disfigured , and as such Celtic wore their numbers on the players shorts . This unusual tradition survived until 1994 , although numbered shirts were worn in European competition from 1975 onwards . Celtic 's tradition of wearing numbers on their shorts rather than on the back of their shirts was brought to an end when the Scottish Football League instructed Celtic to wear numbers on their shirts from the start of the 1994 -- 95 season . Celtic responded by adding numbers to the top of their sleeves , however within a few weeks the football authorities ordered the club to attach them to the back of their shirts , where they appeared on a large white patch , breaking up the green and white hoops . Period Kit manufaturer Shirt sponsor 1960s -- 1984 Umbro none 1984 -- 1991 CR Smith 1991 -- 1992 Peoples 1992 -- 1993 none 1993 -- 1997 CR Smith 1997 -- 1999 Umbro 1999 -- 2003 NTL 2003 -- 2005 Carling 2005 -- 2010 Nike 2010 -- 2013 Tennents 2013 -- 2015 Magners 2015 -- 2016 New Balance 2016 -- Dafabet In 1984 Celtic took up shirt sponsorship for the first time , with Fife - based double glazing firm CR Smith having their logo emblazoned on the front of the team jersey . In season 1991 -- 92 , Celtic switched to Glasgow - based car sales company Peoples as sponsors . The club failed to secure a shirt sponsor for season 1992 -- 93 , and for the first time since the early 1980s Celtic took to the field in ' unblemished ' hoops . Perversely , despite the loss of marketing revenue , sales of the new unsponsored replica top increased dramatically . Celtic regained shirt sponsorship for season 1993 -- 94 , with CR Smith returning as shirt sponsors in a four - year deal . In 2005 the club severed their connection with Umbro , suppliers of their kits since the 1960s and entered into a contract with Nike . To mark the 40th anniversary of their European Cup win , a special crest was introduced for the 2007 -- 08 season . The star that represents this triumph was retained when the usual crest was reinstated the following season . In 2012 , a retro style kit was designed by Nike that included narrower hoops to mark the club 's 125th anniversary . A special crest was introduced with a Celtic knot design embroidered round the traditional badge . A third - choice strip based on the first ever strip from 1888 was also adopted for the season . In March 2015 , Celtic agreed a new kit deal with Boston - based sportswear manufacturer New Balance to replace Nike from the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . It is believed to be the biggest kit contract in the club 's history , outdoing the decade - long deal with Nike who paid Celtic £ 5 million a year to make their shirts . All of the kits for the 2017 -- 18 season pay tribute to the Lisbon Lions , with the kits having a line on each side to represent the handles of the European Cup . The kits also include a commemorative crest , designed specifically for the season . Stadium Main article : Celtic Park Statue of Jock Stein outside Celtic Park Celtic 's stadium is Celtic Park , which is in the Parkhead area of Glasgow . Celtic Park , an all - seater stadium with a capacity of 60,411 , is the largest football stadium in Scotland and the seventh - largest stadium in the United Kingdom , after Murrayfield , Old Trafford , Twickenham , Wembley , the London 2012 Olympic Stadium and the Millennium Stadium . It is commonly known as Parkhead or Paradise . Celtic opened the original Celtic Park in the Parkhead area in 1888 . The club moved to a different site in 1892 , however , when the rental charge was greatly increased . The new site was developed into an oval shaped stadium , with vast terracing sections . The record attendance of 83,500 was set by an Old Firm derby on 1 January 1938 . The terraces were covered and floodlights were installed between 1957 and 1971 . The Taylor Report mandated that all major clubs should have an all - seated stadium by August 1994 . Celtic was in a bad financial position in the early 1990s and no major work was carried out until Fergus McCann took control of the club in March 1994 . He carried out a plan to demolish the old terraces and develop a new stadium in a phased rebuild , which was completed in August 1998 . During this development , Celtic spent the 1994 -- 95 season playing at the national stadium Hampden Park , costing the club £ 500,000 in rent . The total cost of the new stadium on its completion was £ 40 million . Celtic Park has often been used as a venue for Scotland internationals and Cup Finals , particularly when Hampden Park has been unavailable . Before the First World War , Celtic Park hosted various other sporting events , including composite rules shinty - hurling , track and field and the 1897 Track Cycling World Championships . Open - air masses , and First World War recruitment drives have also been held there . Celtic Park has occasionally been used for concerts , including performances by The Who and U2 . A panoramic view of Celtic Park Supporters Main article : Celtic F.C. supporters In 2003 Celtic were estimated to have a fan base of nine million people , including one million in the USA and Canada . There are over 160 Celtic Supporters Clubs in over 20 countries around the world . An estimated 80,000 Celtic supporters , many without match tickets , travelled to Seville in Spain for the UEFA Cup Final in May 2003 . The club 's fans subsequently received awards from UEFA and FIFA for their behaviour at the match . In the 2010 -- 11 season , Celtic had the highest average home attendance of any Scottish club . They also had the 12th highest average league attendance out of all the football clubs in Europe . In October 2013 , French football magazine So Foot published a list of whom they considered the ' best ' football supporters in the world . Celtic fans were placed third , the only British supporters on the list , with the magazine highlighting their rendition of You 'll Never Walk Alone before the start of European ties at Celtic Park . On the 23rd of October 2017 , Celtic fans were awarded with the FIFA Fan Award for their tifo commemorating the 50th anniversary of the clubs European cup win . The award `` celebrates the best fan moment of November 2016 to August 2017 '' . The Old Firm and sectarianism Main articles : Old Firm and Sectarianism in Glasgow Celtic 's traditional rivals are Rangers ; collectively , the two clubs are known as the Old Firm . The two have dominated Scottish football 's history ; between them , they have won the Scottish league championship 101 times since its inception in 1890 -- all other clubs combined have won 19 championships . The two clubs are also by far the most supported in Scotland , with Celtic having the sixth highest home attendance in the UK during season 2014 -- 15 . Celtic have a historic association with the people of Ireland and Scots of Irish descent , both of whom are mainly Roman Catholic . Traditionally fans of rivals Rangers came from Scottish or Northern Irish Protestant backgrounds and support British Unionism . The clubs have attracted the support of opposing factions in the Troubles in Northern Ireland . Some supporters use songs , chants and banners at matches to abuse or show support for the Protestant or Catholic religions and proclaim support for Northern Irish paramilitary groups such as the IRA and UVF . There have been over 400 Old Firm matches played in major competitions ( League , Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup ) as of 31 December 2016 . The games have been described as having an `` atmosphere of hatred , religious tension and intimidation which continues to lead to violence in communities across Scotland . '' The rivalry has fuelled many assaults and even deaths on Old Firm Derby days . Admissions to hospital emergency rooms have been reported to increase ninefold over normal levels and in the period from 1996 to 2003 , eight deaths in Glasgow were directly linked to Old Firm matches , and hundreds of assaults . Both sets of fans fought on the pitch after Celtic 's victory in the 1980 Scottish Cup Final at Hampden Park . There was serious fan disorder during an Old Firm match played in May 1999 at Celtic Park ; missiles were thrown by Celtic fans , including one which struck referee Hugh Dallas , who needed medical treatment and a small number of fans invaded the pitch . Celtic have taken measures to reduce sectarianism . In 1996 , the club launched its Bhoys Against Bigotry campaign , later followed by Youth Against Bigotry to `` educate the young on having ... respect for all aspects of the community -- all races , all colours , all creeds '' . In March 2008 , UEFA investigated Celtic fans for alleged sectarian singing at a match against Barcelona . The case was dropped before the end of the month due to a lack of evidence . Irish republicanism Some groups of Celtic fans express their support for Irish republicanism and the Irish Republican Army by singing or chanting about them at matches . IRA chanting has been described as being offensive , but opinion is divided on whether they are sectarian . UEFA head of communications William Gaillard , when talking about the matter in 2006 , said that IRA chanting was a nationalist issue and was similar to fans of other clubs , such as Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , who support nationalist movements in their own countries . He also stated that only in Balkan countries , where some fans show support for organisations that had engaged in ethnic cleansing , was the situation different because these organisations were by their nature discriminatory . He said that this did not apply to the IRA . In 2008 and 2010 , there were protests by groups of fans over the team wearing the poppy symbol for Remembrance Day . Celtic expressed disapproval of these protests , saying they were damaging to the image of the club and its fans , and pledged to ban those involved . In November 2011 UEFA launched an investigation into Celtic about alleged `` illicit chanting '' involving pro-IRA songs during their Europa League tie against Rennes on 3 November 2011 . The hearing took place on 9 December 2011 , and the club was fined £ 12,700 for the offence . Also in November 2011 , the Scottish Premier League announced an investigation into Celtic over `` pro-IRA '' chanting by fans during a match against Hibernian the previous month . The investigation concluded on 5 December 2011 , with the SPL stating that `` It is not disputed that a small number of Celtic fans engaged in singing and chanting in support of the IRA '' . However , Celtic were deemed to have taken all `` reasonably practicable steps '' to try and prevent the behaviour so no action was taken against them . The SPL also stated that repeated condemnation of the chants by manager Neil Lennon as well as chief executive Peter Lawwell had been taken into consideration . Celtic media The Celtic View , the oldest football club magazine in the world In 1965 , Celtic began publishing The Celtic View , the oldest club magazine in football . It was the brainchild of future Chairman Jack McGinn who at the time was working in the circulation department of Beaverbrook Newspapers . McGinn himself edited the paper for the first few years , with circulation initially reaching around 26,000 copies . Today it is a 72 - page glossy magazine with over 6,000 weekly readers , and the top selling club magazine in the United Kingdom . In 2004 , Celtic launched their own digital TV channel called Celtic TV , which was available in the UK through Setanta Sports on satellite and cable platforms . Due to the collapse of Setanta in the UK in June 2009 , Celtic TV stopped broadcasting , although the club hoped to find a new broadcast partner . Since 2002 , Celtic 's Internet TV channel Channel67 ( previously known as Celtic Replay ) broadcast Celtic 's own content worldwide and offered live match coverage to subscribers outside the UK . It also provided three online channels . In 2011 , Celtic TV was relaunched as an online service and replaced Channel 67 . Influence on other clubs Due to Celtic 's large following , several clubs have decided to emulate or have been inspired by Celtic . As the club has a large following , especially in Northern Ireland , several clubs have been founded there by local Celtic fans . The most notable and successful was Belfast Celtic , formed in 1891 simply as Celtic . Upon incorporation as a limited company in 1901 , however , the club adopted the name `` Belfast Celtic '' , the title `` Celtic Football Club Ltd '' already being registered by the Glasgow club . Their home from the same year was Celtic Park on Donegall Road in west Belfast , known to the fans as Paradise . It was one of the most successful teams in Ireland until it withdrew from the Irish League in 1949 . Donegal Celtic , currently playing in the NIFL Premier Intermediate League , was established in 1970 , with the Celtic part being taken on due to the massive local following for Scotland 's Celtic and formerly Belfast Celtic . They are nicknamed The Wee Hoops and play at Donegal Celtic Park on Suffolk Road in Belfast . A club by the name of Lurgan Celtic was originally formed in 1903 , with the obvious slant of aiming towards the Roman Catholic community of the town , adopting the name and colours of the Glaswegian Celtic . The County Armagh club currently plays in the NIFL Championship . In the Republic of Ireland , both Tuam Celtic A.F.C. and Castlebar Celtic F.C. play at grounds called Celtic Park . Throughout Scotland and England , other clubs have been named after and adopted Celtic 's kit . These include the now defunct Scottish club Blantyre Celtic F.C. ; Irish club Listowel Celtic F.C. ; and English lower - league clubs Cleator Moor Celtic F.C. , which was founded in 1908 -- 09 by Irish immigrants employed in the local iron ore mines , Celtic Nation F.C. ( now defunct ) and West Allotment Celtic F.C. . Somerset club Yeovil Town F.C. , who traditionally wore an all - green shirt , modified their uniform to emulate Celtic 's , inspired by the Scottish club 's 2003 UEFA Cup run . Outwith the British Isles , South African club Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. , one of the most popular club in the country with a large fan base in the Free State , is also named after Celtic F.C. Founded in 1969 as Mangaung United , in 1984 , the then owner Molemela took over the club and changed the name to Bloemfontein Celtic . Based in Bloemfontein , they play in the Premier Soccer League . Celtic and Charity Celtic was initially founded to raise money for the poor in the East End of Glasgow and the club still retain strong charitable traditions today . In 1995 the Celtic Charity Fund was formed with the aim of `` revitalising Celtic 's charitable traditions '' and by September 2013 had raised over £ 5 million . The Charity Fund has since then merged with the Celtic Foundation , forming the Celtic FC Foundation , and continues to raise money for local , national and international causes . On 9 August 2011 Celtic held a testimonial match in honour of former player John Kennedy . Due to the humanitarian crisis in East Africa , the entire proceeds were donated to Oxfam . An estimated £ 300,000 was raised . Celtic hold an annual charity fashion show at Celtic Park . In 2011 the main beneficiaries were Breast Cancer Care Scotland . Yorkhill Hospital is another charity with whom Celtic are affiliated and in December 2011 the club donated £ 3000 to it . Chief Executive Peter Lawwell said that ; `` Celtic has always been much more than a football club and it is important that , at all times we play an important role in the wider community . The club is delighted to have enjoyed such a long and positive connection with Yorkhill Hospital . '' Ownership and finances Private company Celtic were formed in 1887 , and in 1897 the club became a Private Limited Company with a nominal share capital of 5000 shares at £ 1 each . The following year a further share issue of 5000 £ 1 shares was created to raise more capital for the club . The largest number of shares held at this time were by businessmen from the East End of Glasgow , notably James Grant , an Irish publican and engineer , James Kelly , one of the club 's original players now turned publican , and John Glass , a builder and major driving force in the early years of the club . His shares , upon his death in 1906 , then passed on to Thomas White . The Grant , Kelly and White shareholdings created the family `` dynasties '' that would dominate ownership of the club throughout the 20th century . James Kelly was one of Celtic 's early directors and also for a brief time , Chairman . His son Robert Kelly spent many years as Chairman , and further descendants Kevin Kelly and Michael Kelly went on to have prominent , if controversial , roles on the Celtic board . The late 1940s saw Robert Kelly , son of James Kelly , become chairman of the club after having been a director on the board since 1931 . Desmond White also joined the board around this time , upon the death of his father Thomas White . By the 1950s , a significant number of shares in the club had passed to Neil and Felicia Grant , who lived in Toomebridge , County Antrim . These shares accounted for over one - sixth of the club 's total issue . Club chairman Robert Kelly 's own family share - holding was of a similar size , and he used his close personal relationship with the Toomebridge Grants to ensure his power base at Celtic was unchallengeable . When Neil Grant died in the early 1960s , his shareholding passed to his sister Felicia , leaving her as the largest share - holder in Celtic . This gave rise to the myth amongst Celtic supporters of the `` old lady in Ireland '' who supposedly had the ultimate say in the running of the club . Celtic 's board of directors had a reputation of being very niggardly and authoritarian , as well as not showing loyalty to their players or managers . In particular they were known for continually selling their top players and not paying their staff enough , they also lacked ambition and many managers had run - ins with them due to this . Jimmy McGrory 's tenure as manager is largely considered a period of underachievement , but with Chairman Robert Kelly 's domineering influence in the running of the club , many questioned how much say McGrory ever had in team selection . Jock Stein 's time as manager ended on a sour note when he was offered a place on the Celtic board , but in a role involving the revival of ticket sales . Stein felt that this was demeaning , stating he was `` a football man , not a ticket salesman '' . He declined this offer and decided to stay in football management , joining Leeds United . Billy McNeill won a trophy in each of his five seasons as manager , but was still paid less than the managers of Rangers , Aberdeen and Dundee United . He left the club in June 1983 after his request for a contract and pay rise was publicly rebuffed by the board . McNeill moved on to manage Manchester City , stating that to remain at Celtic would have been humiliating . McNeill 's successor , Davie Hay , had his difficulties with the Celtic board too . When trying to sign players in 1987 to strengthen his squad to cope with high spending Rangers , the board refused to pay for them ; Chairman Jack McGinn was publicly quoted as saying that if Hay wanted these players , `` he will have to pay for them himself '' . By the end of the 1980s the Celtic board consisted of Chairman Jack McGinn and directors Kevin Kelly , Chris White , Tom Grant and Jimmy Farrell . Neither McGinn nor Farrell were members of the traditional family dynasties at Celtic : Farrell was a partner in the Shaughnessy law firm that had long standing connections with Celtic , and was invited to become a director at the club in 1964 ; McGinn was responsible for the setting up of the club newspaper The Celtic View in the 1960s and later became the club 's commercial manager . He was given a seat on the board and became Chairman in 1986 . In May 1990 former Lord Provost of Glasgow , Michael Kelly , and property developer Brian Dempsey were invited to join the Celtic board . Dempsey did not last long however , a dispute about a proposed relocation from Parkhead to Robroyston resulted in him being voted off the board five months later . McCann takeover and transition to plc Throughout the 1960s and 70s Celtic had been one of the strongest clubs in Europe . However , the directors failed to accompany the wave of economic development facing football in the 1980s , although the club continued to remain successful on the field , albeit limited to the domestic scene in Scotland . In 1989 , the club 's annual budget was £ 6.4 million , about a third as much as Barcelona , with a debt of around 40 % and on - field success deteriorating . In the early 1990s the situation began to worsen as playing success declined dramatically and the club slipped further into debt . In 1993 fans began organising pressure groups to protest against the board , one of the most prominent being `` Celts for Change '' . They strongly supported a takeover bid fronted by Canadian - based businessman Fergus McCann and former director Brian Dempsey . Football writer Jim Traynor likened McCann 's attempt to buy the club from the board as being like `` good against evil '' . Despite the club management 's obvious failure to move with the times , declining attendances and increasing unrest amongst supporters , the Kelly , White and Grant family groupings continued to jealously guard their control of Celtic . On 4 March 1994 , McCann bought Celtic for £ 9 million , finally wresting control from the family dynasties that had run the club for almost 100 years . When he bought the club it was reported to be within 24 hours of entering receivership due to exceeding a £ 5 million overdraft with the Bank of Scotland . He turned Celtic into a public limited company through a share issue which raised over £ 14 million , the most successful share issue in British football history . He also oversaw the building of a new stadium , the 60,000 seater Celtic Park , which cost £ 40 million and at the time was Britain 's largest capacity football club stadium . This allowed Celtic to progress as a club because over £ 20 million was being raised each year from season ticket sales . McCann had maintained from the outset that he would only be at Celtic for five years and in September 1999 he officially announced that his 50.3 % stake in Celtic was for sale . McCann had always wanted the ownership of Celtic to be spread as widely as possible and gave first preference to existing shareholders and season - ticket holders . This was to stop a new consortium taking over the club . 14.4 million shares were sold by McCann at a value of 280 pence each . McCann made £ 40 million out of this , meaning he left Celtic with a £ 31 million profit . During his tenure , turnover at Celtic rose by 385 % to £ 33.8 m and operating profits rose from £ 282,000 to £ 6.7 m . McCann was often criticised during his time at Celtic and many people disagreed with him over building a stadium which they thought Celtic could n't fill , not investing enough in the squad and being overly focused on finance . However , McCann was responsible for the financial recovery of the club and for providing a very good platform for it to build on . After he left Celtic , the club were able to invest in players and achieved much success such as winning The Treble in 2000 -- 01 and reaching the 2003 UEFA Cup Final . After McCann 's exit , Irish billionaire Dermot Desmond was left as the majority shareholder . He purchased 2.8 million of McCann 's shares to increase his stake in the club from 13 % to 20 % . In 2005 , Celtic issued a share offer designed to raise £ 15 million for the club , 50 million new shares were made available priced at 30p each . It was also revealed that majority sharholder Desmond would buy around £ 10 million worth of the shares . £ 10 million of the money raised was for building a new state - of - the - art training facility and youth academy , expanding the club 's global scouting network and investing in coaching and player development programmes . The rest of the money was to be used to reduce debt . Building a youth academy was important for Celtic to surpass both Hearts and Rangers who had superior youth facilities at the time . The share issue was a success and Celtic had more applicants than shares available , Celtic 's new Lennoxtown training centre was opened in October 2007 . Celtic have been ranked in the Deloitte Football Money League six times . This lists the top 20 football clubs in the world according to revenue . They were ranked between 2002 ( 2000 -- 01 season ) , 2006 ( 2004 -- 05 season ) and 2008 ( 2006 -- 07 season ) . Celtic 's financial results for 2011 showed that the club 's debt had been reduced from £ 5.5 million to £ 500,000 and that a pre-tax profit of £ 100,000 had been achieved , compared with a loss of over £ 2 million the previous year . Turnover also decreased by 15 % from £ 63 million to £ 52 million . In May 2012 , Celtic were rated 37th in Brand Finance 's annual valuation of the world 's biggest football clubs . Celtic 's brand was valued at $64 million ( £ 40.7 million ) , $15 million more than the previous year . It was the first time a Scottish club had been ranked in the top 50 . Matt Hannagan , Sports Brand Valuation Analyst at Brand Finance , said that Celtic were constrained by the amount of money they got from the SPL and that if they were in the Premiership then , due to their large fan base , they could be in the top 10 clubs in the world . Later that month David Low , the financial consultant who advised Fergus McCann on his takeover of Celtic in 1994 , said that Celtic 's ' enterprise value ' ( how much it would cost to buy the club ) was £ 52 million . Players First - team squad As of 31 August 2017 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Craig Gordon 5 DF Jozo Šimunović 6 MF Nir Bitton 7 MF Patrick Roberts ( on loan from Manchester City ) 8 MF Scott Brown ( captain ) 9 FW Leigh Griffiths 10 FW Moussa Dembélé 11 MF Scott Sinclair 12 DF Cristian Gamboa 14 MF Stuart Armstrong 15 MF Jonny Hayes 18 MF Tom Rogic 20 DF Dedryck Boyata 21 MF Olivier Ntcham No . Position Player 22 FW Odsonne Édouard ( on loan from Paris Saint - Germain ) 23 DF Mikael Lustig ( vice-captain ) 24 GK Dorus de Vries 26 MF Kundai Benyu 28 DF Erik Sviatchenko 35 DF Kristoffer Ajer 42 MF Callum McGregor 49 MF James Forrest 53 MF Liam Henderson 56 DF Anthony Ralston 59 DF Calvin Miller 63 DF Kieran Tierney 65 GK Conor Hazard 88 MF Eboue Kouassi Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 17 MF Ryan Christie ( at Aberdeen until 31 May 2018 ) 19 MF Scott Allan ( at Dundee until 31 May 2018 ) 43 DF Sam Wardrop ( at Dumbarton until 31 May 2018 ) 45 GK Ross Doohan ( at Morton until 4 January 2018 ) No . Position Player 50 DF Jamie McCart ( at St Mirren until 23 December 2018 ) 54 MF Jamie Lindsay ( at Ross County until 31 May 2018 ) -- FW PJ Crossan ( at Alloa Athletic until 4 January 2018 ) -- FW Nadir Çiftçi ( at Plymouth Argyle until 31 May 2018 ) Development and youth squads For Celtic 's development and youth squads , see Celtic Development and Youth squads . Former players For further information , see List of Celtic F.C. players for players with over 100 appearances or other stated notability , List of Celtic F.C. international footballers and Category : Celtic FC players for a general list of ex-players . Club captains For further information , see Celtic club captains List of Celtic F.C. captains Name Period James Kelly 1888 -- 1897 Dan Doyle 1897 -- 1899 Sandy McMahon 1899 -- 1903 Willie Orr 1903 -- 1906 Jimmy Hay 1906 -- 1911 Jim Young 1911 -- 1917 Alec McNair 1917 -- 1920 Willie Cringan 1920 -- 1923 Charlie Shaw 1923 -- 1925 Willie McStay 1925 -- 1929 Jimmy McStay 1929 -- 1934 Bobby Hogg 1934 -- 1935 Willie Lyon 1935 -- 1939 John McPhail 1948 -- 1953 Sean Fallon 1952 -- 1953 Name Period Jock Stein 1953 -- 1955 Bobby Evans 1955 -- 1957 Bertie Peacock 1957 -- 1961 Duncan MacKay 1961 -- 1963 Billy McNeill 1963 -- 1975 Kenny Dalglish 1975 -- 1977 Danny McGrain 1977 -- 1987 Roy Aitken 1987 -- 1990 Paul McStay 1990 -- 1997 Tom Boyd 1997 -- 2002 Paul Lambert 2002 -- 2004 Jackie McNamara 2004 -- 2005 Neil Lennon 2005 -- 2007 Stephen McManus 2007 -- 2010 Scott Brown 2010 -- present Greatest ever team SIMPSON McNEILL MURDOCH GEMMELL McGRAIN JOHNSTONE AULD McSTAY LARSSON DALGLISH LENNOX Greatest ever Celtic team The following team was voted the greatest ever Celtic team by supporters in 2002 : Ronnie Simpson Danny McGrain Tommy Gemmell Bobby Murdoch Paul McStay MBE Billy McNeill MBE -- Voted Celtic 's greatest ever captain Bertie Auld Jimmy Johnstone -- Voted Celtic 's greatest ever player Bobby Lennox MBE Kenny Dalglish MBE Henrik Larsson MBE -- Voted Celtic 's greatest ever foreign player Club officials Board of directors Position Name Chairman Ian Bankier Chief Executive Peter Lawwell Financial director Chris McKay Senior independent director Tom Allison Independent non-executive director Sharon Brown Independent non-executive director Dermot Desmond Independent non-executive director Eric J. Riley Independent non-executive director Brian Wilson Company secretary Michael Nicholson Management Position Name Manager Brendan Rodgers Assistant Manager Chris Davies First Team Coach John Kennedy Technical Assistant Kolo Touré Goalkeeping Coach Stevie Woods Head of Recruitment Lee Congerton Head of Performance Glen Driscoll Head of Youth and Academy Chris McCart Under 20 Coach Tommy McIntyre Head of Sports Science Jack Nayler Managerial history Main article : List of Celtic F.C. managers Name Period Willie Maley 1897 -- 1940 Jimmy McStay 1940 -- 1945 Jimmy McGrory 1945 -- 1965 Jock Stein 1965 -- 1978 Billy McNeill 1978 -- 1983 1987 -- 1991 David Hay 1983 -- 1987 Liam Brady 1991 -- 1993 Lou Macari 1993 -- 1994 Tommy Burns 1994 -- 1997 Name Period Wim Jansen 1997 -- 1998 Jozef Vengloš 1998 -- 1999 John Barnes 1999 -- 2000 Martin O'Neill 2000 -- 2005 Gordon Strachan 2005 -- 2009 Tony Mowbray 2009 -- 2010 Neil Lennon 2010 -- 2014 Ronny Deila 2014 -- 2016 Brendan Rodgers 2016 -- Halls of Fame Scotland Football Hall of Fame As of 3 April 2017 , 23 Celtic players and managers have entered the Scottish Football Hall of Fame : Bertie Auld Stevie Chalmers Paddy Crerand Kenny Dalglish MBE Jimmy Delaney Bobby Evans Tommy Gemmell Jimmy Johnstone Maurice Johnston Paul Lambert Henrik Larsson Bobby Lennox Willie Maley Danny McGrain Jimmy McGrory Billy McNeill Paul McStay Bobby Murdoch Charlie Nicholas Jock Stein CBE Ronnie Simpson Gordon Strachan John Thomson Scotland roll of honour The Scotland national football team roll of honour recognises players who have gained 50 or more international caps for Scotland . Inductees to have played for Celtic are : Roy Aitken ( 50 ) Tom Boyd ( 66 ) Scott Brown ( 48 ) Gary Caldwell ( 17 ) John Collins ( 32 ) Kenny Dalglish MBE ( 47 ) Danny McGrain ( 62 ) Paul McStay ( 76 ) Kenny Miller ( 7 ) Numbers in brackets indicate the number of caps the above players won whilst at Celtic . Scottish Sports Hall of Fame In the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame , five Celtic players have been selected , they are : Kenny Dalglish MBE Jimmy Johnstone Jimmy McGrory Billy McNeill MBE Jock Stein CBE Honours For a full list of honours including minor , reserve and youth competitions , see list of Celtic F.C. records and statistics § Honours . Domestic honours Trophy case at Celtic Park Scottish League Championship : 48 1892 -- 93 , 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1897 -- 98 , 1904 -- 05 , 1905 -- 06 , 1906 -- 07 , 1907 -- 08 , 1908 -- 09 , 1909 -- 10 , 1913 -- 14 , 1914 -- 15 , 1915 -- 16 , 1916 -- 17 , 1918 -- 19 , 1921 -- 22 , 1925 -- 26 , 1935 -- 36 , 1937 -- 38 , 1953 -- 54 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1969 -- 70 , 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Scottish Cup : 37 1891 -- 92 , 1898 -- 99 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1903 -- 04 , 1906 -- 07 , 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1911 -- 12 , 1913 -- 14 , 1922 -- 23 , 1924 -- 25 , 1926 -- 27 , 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1936 -- 37 , 1950 -- 51 , 1953 -- 54 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1968 -- 69 , 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1984 -- 85 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 Scottish League Cup : 16 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1969 -- 70 , 1974 -- 75 , 1982 -- 83 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Continental honours European Cup : Winners ( 1 ) : 1966 -- 67 Runners - up : 1969 -- 70 UEFA Cup Runners - up : 2002 -- 03 Intercontinental Cup Runners - up : 1967 Other awards BBC Sports Personality of the Year Team Award : 1 1967 France Football European Team of the Year : 1 1970 FIFA Fair Play Award : 1 2003 UEFA Fair Play Award : 1 2003 FIFA Fan Award : 1 2017 Awarded to the fans of Celtic . Doubles and trebles Scottish Cup , League Cup and League Title : 4 1966 -- 67 , 1968 -- 69 , 2000 -- 01 , 2016 -- 17 Scottish Cup and League Title : 12 1906 -- 07 , 1907 -- 08 , 1913 -- 14 , 1953 -- 54 , 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1973 -- 74 , 1976 -- 77 , 1987 -- 88 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 League Cup and League Title : 6 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 , 1969 -- 70 , 1997 -- 98 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup : 1 1974 -- 75 Records Main article : List of Celtic F.C. records and statistics Club Records See also : Celtic F.C. league record by opponent See also : Celtic F.C. in European football The Scottish Cup final win against Aberdeen in 1937 was attended by a crowd of 147,365 at Hampden Park in Glasgow , which remains a world record gate for a national cup final , and also the highest attendance for a club football match in Europe . Highest attendance for a European club competition match : Celtic v Leeds United in the European Cup semi-final , 15 April 1970 at Hampden Park , Glasgow . Official attendance 136,505 Record home attendance : 83,500 against Rangers on 1 January 1938 . A 3 -- 0 victory for Celtic UK record for an unbeaten run in professional football : 62 games ( 49 won , 13 drawn ) , from 13 November 1915 until 21 April 1917 -- a total of 17 months and four days in all ( they lost at home to Kilmarnock on the penultimate day of the season ) SPL record for an unbeaten run of home matches ( 77 ) , from 2001 to 2004 14 consecutive League Cup final appearances , from season 1964 / 65 to 1977 / 78 inclusive , a world record for successive appearances in the final of a major football competition World record for total number of goals scored in a season ( competitive games only ) : 196 ( season 1966 -- 67 ) Most goals scored in one Scottish top - flight league match by one player : 8 goals by Jimmy McGrory against Dunfermline in 9 -- 0 win on 14 January 1928 Highest score in a domestic British cup final : Celtic 7 -- 1 Rangers , Scottish League Cup Final 1957 Fastest hat - trick in European Club Football -- Mark Burchill vs Jeunesse Esch in 2000 ; 3 minutes ( between 12th minute and 15th minute ) , a record at the time Earliest SPL Championship won . Twice won with 6 games remaining , against Kilmarnock on 18 April 2004 and Hearts on 5 April 2006 Biggest margin of victory in the SPL. 9 -- 0 against Aberdeen , 6 November 2010 Celtic and Hibernian hold the record for the biggest transfer fee between two Scottish clubs . Celtic bought Scott Brown from Hibernian on 16 May 2007 for £ 4.4 m Most expensive export from Scottish football , Victor Wanyama to Southampton , July 2013 First weekly football club publication in the UK , The Celtic View First European club to field a player from the Indian sub-continent , Mohammed Salim Gil Heron , who signed for Celtic in 1951 , was the first black person to play professionally in Scotland ; his son Gil Scott - Heron rose to prominence in the 1970s as a hugely influential jazz and soul musician . Individual Records Record appearances ( all competitions ) : Billy McNeill , 822 from 1957 -- 1975 Record appearances ( League ) : Alec McNair , 583 from 1904 -- 1925 Most capped player for Scotland : 102 ( 47 whilst at Celtic ) , Kenny Dalglish Most international caps for Scotland while a Celtic player : 76 , Paul McStay Most caps won whilst at Celtic : 80 , Pat Bonner . Record scorer : Jimmy McGrory , 522 ( 1922 / 23 -- 1937 / 38 ) Record scorer in league : Jimmy McGrory , 396 Most goals in a season ( all competitions ) : Jimmy McGrory , 62 ( 1927 / 28 ) ( 47 in League , 15 in Cup competitions ) Most goals in a season ( league only ) : Jimmy McGrory , 50 ( 1935 / 36 ) Sponsors As of July 2017 , Celtic are sponsored by : Magners New Balance Phoenix Mitsubishi Intelligent Car Leasing Dafabet Ladbrokes Coca - Cola Clyde 1 Sky Sports Pol Roger Powerade BT Sport Eden Mill Laurie Ross Exsel Group Footnotes Jump up ^ Although the club was `` formally constituted '' in 1887 , no matches were played until 1888 . The latter date is listed by the club as their foundation date ; for example , on the club badge . Jump up ^ Newspaper reports at the time indicate that the officially returned attendance was given as 83,500 , with an estimated further 10,000 supporters locked out of the ground for safety reasons . However , the ground 's capacity was gauged at the time as being around 88,000 and several subsequent sources ( including the club 's official website ) have since revised the attendance up to 92,000 . References Jump up ^ Grove , Daryl ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` 10 Soccer Things You Might Be Saying Incorrectly '' . PasteSoccer . Paste . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/sport/other_football/15149515.Passion__pride__tradition_and_nastiness__Why_Old_Firm_match_is_greatest_derby_in_the_world/ Jump up ^ Coogan , Tim Pat ( 2002 ) . Wherever Green Is Worn : The Story of the Irish Diaspora . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6014 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wagg , Stephen ( 2002 ) . British football and social exclusion . Routledge . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5217 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1988 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Campbell & Woods 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Wilson 1988 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Thomas , Gareth . `` The Crest Dissected -- Celtic FC '' . 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Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . Celtic FC . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Sources Campbell , Tom ; Woods , Pat ( 1987 ) . The Glory & The Dream . Grafton Books . ISBN 0 - 586 - 20005 - 3 . Wilson , Brian ( 1988 ) . Celtic -- A Century With Honour . Willow Books . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218230 - 0 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) . Football Grounds of Britain . Collins Willow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Celtic F.C. . Official website Club information at Fitbastats.com Celtic F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results -- Upcoming fixtures Celtic F.C. Players Managers Under - 20s & Academy Records & Statistics Honours Head - to - head Current season History 1887 -- 1994 1994 -- present Celtic FC and World War I Lisbon Lions Seasons Europe Home stadium Celtic Park ( 1888 -- 92 ) Celtic Park ( 1892 -- present ) Hampden Park ( temporary , 1994 -- 95 ) Training ground Lennoxtown training centre Rivalries Old Firm People Players Managers Player of the Year International footballers The Invincibles The Quality Street Gang The Bhoys from Seville Supporters Green Brigade Songs The Celtic Song You 'll Never Walk Alone The Fields of Athenry Associated songs Media Celtic TV The Celtic View Affiliated teams Celtic Boys Club Women Under - 20s and Academy Related articles Celtic FC Foundation Celtic F.C. seasons 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 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01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Celtic F.C. matches Scottish Cup Finals 1889 1892 1893 1894 1899 1900 1901 1902 1904 1907 1908 1909 1911 1912 1914 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1931 1933 1937 1951 1954 1955 1956 1961 1963 1965 1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1977 1980 1984 1985 1990 1995 1999 2001 2002 2005 2007 2011 2013 2017 Scottish League Cup Finals 1956 1957 1964 1965 1966 1967 1969 ( April ) 1969 ( October ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1978 1982 1984 ( March ) 1986 1990 2000 2001 2003 2006 2009 2011 2012 2015 2016 ( November ) 2017 European Cup Finals 1967 1970 UEFA Cup Final 2003 Intercontinental Cup 1967 Other matches Coronation Cup Final ( 1953 ) CNE Cup of Champions ( 1968 ) Rangers 2 -- 2 Celtic ( 1987 ) 2007 MLS All - Star Game Lincoln Red Imps 1 -- 0 Celtic ( 2016 ) Scottish Professional Football League `` Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Divisions Premiership Championship League One League Two Cup competitions League Cup Challenge Cup 2017 -- 18 Premiership teams Aberdeen Celtic Dundee Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Kilmarnock Motherwell Partick Thistle Rangers Ross County St Johnstone 2017 -- 18 Championship teams Brechin City Dumbarton Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Greenock Morton Inverness Caledonian Thistle Livingston Queen of the South St Mirren 2017 -- 18 League One teams Airdrieonians Albion Rovers Alloa Athletic Arbroath Ayr United East Fife Forfar Athletic Queen 's Park Raith Rovers Stranraer 2017 -- 18 League Two teams Annan Athletic Berwick Rangers Clyde Cowdenbeath Edinburgh City Elgin City Montrose Peterhead Stenhousemuir Stirling Albion Former teams East Stirlingshire Seasons 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Broadcasters Clubs Foreign players Hat - tricks Managers Monthly awards Stadia Yearly awards Development League Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) `` Scottish Football League Premier Division ( 1975 -- 98 ) Scottish Premiership ( 2013 -- ) '' Former teams Aberdeen Celtic Dundee Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Gretna Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Kilmarnock Livingston Motherwell Partick Thistle Rangers Ross County St Johnstone St Mirren Seasons 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Clubs Stadia Foreign players Hat - tricks Yearly awards Monthly awards Reserve League Scottish Football League ( 1890 -- 2013 ) ≫ Scottish Professional Football League ( 2013 -- present ) Divisions Premier Division ( 1975 -- 1998 ) First Division ( 1975 -- 2013 ) Second Division ( 1975 -- 2013 ) Third Division ( 1994 -- 2013 ) Cup competitions League Cup Challenge Cup B Division Supplementary Cup Summer Cup Spring Cup Clubs Aberdeen Abercorn Airdrieonians ( 1878 ) Airdrieonians ( 2002 ) Albion Rovers Alloa Athletic Annan Athletic Arbroath Armadale Arthurlie Ayr Ayr Parkhouse Ayr United Bathgate Beith Berwick Rangers Bo'ness Brechin City Broxburn United Cambuslang Celtic Clackmannan Clyde Clydebank ( 1914 ) Clydebank ( 1965 ) Cowdenbeath Cowlairs Dumbarton Dumbarton Harp Dundee Dundee United Dundee Wanderers Dunfermline Athletic Dykehead East Fife East Stirlingshire Edinburgh City ( 1928 ) Elgin City Falkirk Forfar Athletic Galston Greenock Morton Gretna Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Helensburgh Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Johnstone Kilmarnock King 's Park Leith Athletic Linthouse Livingston Lochgelly United Meadowbank Thistle Mid-Annandale Montrose Motherwell Nithsdale Wanderers Northern Partick Thistle Peebles Rovers Peterhead Port Glasgow Athletic Queen of the South Queen 's Park Raith Rovers Rangers Renton Ross County Royal Albert Solway Star St Bernard 's St Johnstone St Mirren Stenhousemuir Stirling Albion Stranraer Third Lanark Thistle Vale of Leven Seasons 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Clubs Stadia Yearly awards Monthly awards Representative team European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Inter Milan 1964 -- 65 : Inter Milan 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 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Rangers F.C. Partick Thistle F.C. Clyde F.C. Queen 's Park F.C. Glasgow Warriors West of Scotland Cricket Club Hampden Park Hamilton Crescent Scottish Football Museum 2014 Commonwealth Games Old Firm Glasgow Rocks Attractions Ashton Lane Buchanan Street Burrell Collection Celtic Park Clyde Auditorium Concert Hall Gallery of Modern Art Glasgow Green Holmwood House Ibrox Stadium Museum of Transport Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Mitchell Library Pollok House Glasgow Science Centre Willow Tearooms Glasgow International Hilton Hotel List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow Health Gartnavel General Hospital Glasgow effect Glasgow Royal Infirmary Stobhill Hospital Western Infirmary Football in Glasgow League teams ( SPFL ) Celtic Clyde Partick Thistle Queen 's Park Rangers Other senior teams BSC Glasgow Amateur teams Drumchapel Amateurs Glasgow University Junior teams Ashfield Benburb Glasgow Perthshire Maryhill Petershill Pollok Rossvale St Anthony 's St Roch 's Shettleston Vale of Clyde Women 's teams Celtic Glasgow City Rangers Youth teams Celtic Boys Club Venues Cathkin Park Celtic Park Firhill Stadium Hampden Park Ibrox Stadium Lesser Hampden Lochburn Park Petershill Park Saracen Park Toryglen Regional Football Centre Other topics Old Firm Glasgow Cup Scottish Football Museum Teams in italics are no longer based in , or do not currently play home games in , Glasgow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_F.C.&oldid=807994370 '' Categories : Celtic F.C. 1888 establishments in Scotland Association football clubs established in 1888 Companies based in Glasgow Culture in Glasgow Diaspora sports clubs Football clubs in Scotland Publicly traded sports companies Irish diaspora in Scotland Scottish Cup winners Scottish Football League founder members Scottish Football League teams Scottish Premier League teams Scottish Professional Football League teams Football clubs in Glasgow Unrelegated association football clubs Scottish League Cup winners Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from April 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 07 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did celtic win 9 in a row
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"Former Celtic captain Jock Stein succeeded McGrory in 1965.[33] Stein guided Celtic to nine straight Scottish League wins from 1966 to 1974, equalling the then world record,[34] and a feat which was not matched again in Scotland until 1997 by Rangers.[35] He won the Scottish Cup with Celtic in his first few months at the club,[36] and then led them to the League title the following season.[37]"
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"1966 to 1974"
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Jesus, Take the Wheel
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Jesus , Take the Wheel - wikipedia Jesus , Take the Wheel Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' Single by Carrie Underwood from the album Some Hearts Released October 3 , 2005 ( U.S. ) Format Digital download Genre Country Christian Length 3 : 46 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Hillary Lindsey Gordie Sampson Brett James Producer ( s ) Mark Bright Carrie Underwood singles chronology `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( 2005 ) `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' ( 2005 ) `` Some Hearts '' ( 2005 ) `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( 2005 ) `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' ( 2005 ) `` Some Hearts '' ( 2005 ) Some Hearts track listing `` Some Hearts '' ( 3 ) `` Jesus , Take The Wheel '' ( 4 ) `` The Night Before ( Life Goes On ) '' ( 5 ) Music video `` Jesus , Take The Wheel '' at CMT.com `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' is a song written by Brett James , Hillary Lindsey , and Gordie Sampson , and recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood . It was released in October 2005 as the first single from Underwood 's debut album Some Hearts . The ballad tells of a woman seeking help from Jesus in an emergency , ultimately letting Jesus take control of her life . The country - Christian song became a crossover hit , spending six consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs , peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart and charting high on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . It also became a top twenty hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' won Grammys for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song , and it won Single of the Year at the 2005 Academy of Country Music Awards . The song ranked number four on CMT 's 40 Greatest Songs of the Decade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Performances 3 Music video 4 Reception 4.1 Charts and certifications 4.2 Awards and nominations 5 Notable performances 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song tells the story of a young mother who lives a hectic life . On a late - night Christmas Eve drive on a snow - covered road on her way to Cincinnati , Ohio , the woman begins sorting out her emotions and bemoans not having enough time to do the things that really matter . Then , her car hits a patch of black ice , causing the woman to lose control of her car . She panics , the car then crashes she slides across the ice . It ends up with her seeing her child safely asleep in the back `` sleeping like a rock '' and she prays to Jesus asking for forgiveness . Performances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Underwood gave her debut performance of the song at the 2005 Country Music Association Awards . On May 23 , 2006 , she again sang it at the 41st annual Academy of Country Music Awards , where she won the Single of the Year Award for the song . In April 2006 , she sang it on the CMT Awards , where `` Jesus , Take The Wheel '' won two major awards , Breakthrough Video of the Year and Female Video of the Year . During her Carrie Underwood : Live in Concert tour , she performed this song with other tracks on her debut album . Music video ( edit ) The music video features Underwood singing in various backgrounds such as , a living room , through shelves , standing by a wall , and sitting in a chair . A woman , a young couple , and an older couple are all shown through the video trying to ease a baby , fighting over bills and making up , and trying to feed his wife respectively . The music video for it was originally slated for release on November 4 , 2005 but was delayed and made available at a later date on Yahoo ! Launch . `` Jesus , Take The Wheel '' was nominated for Music Video of the Year at the 2006 Country Music Association Awards and was ranked No. 64 on CMT 's 100 Greatest Videos . Reception ( edit ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) The song debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , and eventually hit number one in January 2006 , spending six consecutive weeks at the top . It proved to be a crossover hit , eventually making it to number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and selling around 2,473,000 digital downloads . In August 2008 , `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' was certified Platinum , making Underwood the first country artist ever to have two songs hit Platinum Mastertone status . In February 2011 , `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' was certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA . Chart performance As of February 2016 , it has sold 2,473,000 copies in the U.S. Chart ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 23 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Country Songs 5 Certifications Country Certification Sales United States Digital : 3 × Platinum Mastertone : Platinum 2,473,000 Canada Gold 40,000 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Category Result 2006 Academy of Country Music Single of the Year Won 2006 Song of the Year Nominated 2006 Country Music Association Music Video of the Year Nominated 2006 Single of the Year Nominated 2006 Canadian Country Music Awards SOCAN Song of the Year Won 2006 CMT Music Awards Female Video of the Year Won 2006 Breakthrough Video of the Year Won 2006 Gospel Music Association Country Song of the Year Won 2007 Grammy Awards Best Female Country Vocal Performance Won 2007 Song of the Year Nominated 2007 Best Country Song Won Notable performances ( edit ) 2007 : American Idol season six contestant LaKisha Jones during the Country theme week 2009 : American Idol season eight contestant Danny Gokey during the Grand Ole Opry week 2011 : Vince Gill , during ACM Girls Night Out 2012 : American Idol season 11 contestant Hollie Cavanagh during the Personal Idols week 2012 : Kristin Chenoweth , featured in the GCB episode `` Hell Hath No Fury '' , released on its official soundtrack 2013 : Danielle Bradbery in season four of The Voice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Videos '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood 's ' Jesus , Take the Wheel ' Hits No. 1 '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : November 23 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Watch American Idol TV Show - ABC.com '' . ABC . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum : Carrie Underwood singles '' . RIAA.com . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 30 Digital Singles : February 22 , 2016 - RoughStock '' . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Carrie Underwood . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Carrie Underwood . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Album & Song Chart History - Christian Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Carrie Underwood . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hip - Hop and R&B Songs & Singles Charts '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilkening , Matthew ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Vince Gill Wins Carrie Underwood Over With ' Jesus , Take the Wheel ' Cover During ' ACM Girls Night Out ' Show '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` She Let Herself Go '' by George Strait Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single January 21 - February 25 , 2006 Succeeded by `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' by Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton ( hide ) Carrie Underwood songs Discography Awards and nominations Songs Some Hearts `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' `` Some Hearts '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' `` Before He Cheats '' `` Wasted '' Carnival Ride `` So Small '' `` All - American Girl '' `` Last Name '' `` Just a Dream '' `` I Told You So '' Play On `` Cowboy Casanova '' `` Temporary Home '' `` Undo It '' `` Mama 's Song '' Blown Away `` Good Girl '' `` Blown Away '' `` Two Black Cadillacs '' `` See You Again '' Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 `` Something in the Water '' `` Little Toy Guns '' Storyteller `` Smoke Break '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Church Bells '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Featured singles `` Just Stand Up ! '' ( with Artists Stand Up To Cancer ) `` Remind Me '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' ( with Aerosmith ) `` Somethin ' Bad '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` The Fighter '' ( with Keith Urban ) Other singles `` Inside Your Heaven '' Promotional singles `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Home Sweet Home '' `` There 's a Place for Us '' `` Chaser '' Other songs `` Eighteen Inches '' `` Ever Ever After '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus,_Take_the_Wheel&oldid=806380473 '' Categories : 2005 singles 2005 songs Canadian Country Music Association Song of the Year songs Arista Nashville singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Carrie Underwood songs Country ballads Music videos directed by Roman White Song recordings produced by Mark Bright ( record producer ) Songs about Jesus Songs written by Brett James Songs written by Gordie Sampson Songs written by Hillary Lindsey Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the song jesus take the wheel
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[
"\"Jesus, Take the Wheel\" is a song written by Brett James, Hillary Lindsey, and Gordie Sampson, and recorded by American country music artist Carrie Underwood. It was released in October 2005 as the first single from Underwood's debut album Some Hearts. The ballad tells of a woman seeking help from Jesus in an emergency, ultimately letting Jesus take control of her life."
] |
[
"Brett James, Hillary Lindsey, and Gordie Sampson"
] |
6597229527689580633
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List of NBA players with most championships
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List of NBA players with most championships - wikipedia List of NBA players with most championships Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics , an NBA record . This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a major professional basketball league in North America . It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport 's postseason . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution . However , in some rare occasion , the teams opted to give other commemorative items , such as wrist watches , instead of rings . The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness . Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13 - year playing career . He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year . Afterwards , he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years , including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966 . He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player - coach . Russell 's teammate , Sam Jones , won ten championships from 1959 to 1969 , the second most in NBA history . Four Celtics players , Tom Heinsohn , K.C. Jones , Satch Sanders and John Havlicek , won eight championships each . Two other Celtics , Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey , won seven championships each . Four players , Bob Cousy , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six championships each . Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s . George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA , and won five championships in the NBA . Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won championships with three different teams . Horry won seven championships : two with the Houston Rockets , three with the Los Angeles Lakers and another two with San Antonio Spurs . Salley 's four NBA titles came via two championships with the Detroit Pistons and one each with the Bulls and the Lakers . Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times . Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons . Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s , and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s . Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row , each having participated in three - peats , Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Pos Guard Forward Center * Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref . Bill Russell * 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ) K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) 7 Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 ) 10 Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) 14 George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 ) Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 ) Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 ) Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) 27 Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ) Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 ) Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 ) John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 ) Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 ) Manu Ginóbili 16 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Tony Parker ^ 17 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA champions List of NBA championship head coaches Notes ( edit ) Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics . Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers , in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics , and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics . Sanders was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a contributor . Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury . Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar in 1971 . He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010 . Nelson was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a coach . Kerr won additional championships in 2015 , 2017 and 2018 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors . Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers . Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury , but remained on the roster until after the Finals . References ( edit ) General `` Most NBA Championships Won '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson , lord of the rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ May , Peter ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Havlicek does n't have eight rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aron , Jaime ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mavs against Cuban 's idea not to give title rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Debate Over Brady 's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Russell Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Sanders NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Havlicek NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Horry NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Cousy NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horry adds to ring collection '' . NBC Sports . NBC Universal . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Salley NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jr. , David L. ( February 2007 ) . Basketball Championships ' Most Wanted . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 1 - 59797 - 014 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Pep Saul NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kerr NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bil Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Mikan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Pollard NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slater Martin NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Nelson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Harper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Fisher NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sharman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Perdue NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horace Grant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com LL . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Tom `` Satch '' Sanders `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Hit Celtic Hopes '' . The Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . January 12 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Jabbar ( Alcindor ) Is The Name '' . The Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . September 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bonk , Thomas ( August 29 , 1985 ) , `` Wilkes Waived , Ending an 8 - Year Laker Career '' , Los Angeles Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_with_most_championships&oldid=856858443 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has won 3 nba championships in a row
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[
"Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13-year playing career.[7] He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year. Afterwards, he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years, including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966.[8] He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player-coach.[7] Russell's teammate, Sam Jones, won ten championships from 1959 to 1969, the second most in NBA history.[9] Four Celtics players, Tom Heinsohn, K. C. Jones, Satch Sanders and John Havlicek, won eight championships each.[10][11][12][13] Two other Celtics, Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey, won seven championships each.[14][15][16] Four players, Bob Cousy, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen, won six championships each.[17][18] Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s.[19][20] George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA, and won five championships in the NBA.\n",
"Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13-year playing career.[7] He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year. Afterwards, he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years, including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966.[8] He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player-coach.[7] Russell's teammate, Sam Jones, won ten championships from 1959 to 1969, the second most in NBA history.[9] Four Celtics players, Tom Heinsohn, K. C. Jones, Satch Sanders and John Havlicek, won eight championships each.[10][11][12][13] Two other Celtics, Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey, won seven championships each.[14][15][16] Four players, Bob Cousy, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen, won six championships each.[17][18] Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s.[19][20] George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA, and won five championships in the NBA.\n"
] |
[
"Michael Jordan",
"Michael Jordan"
] |
-1129452410677334366
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Indian general election, 1951–52
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Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 - Wikipedia Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 Indian general election , 1951 ← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 → All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha 245 seats were needed for a majority First party Second party Leader Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange Party INC CPI Leader 's seat Phulpur Bombay City North Seats won 364 16 Popular vote 47,665,875 3,484,401 Percentage 44.99 % 3.29 % Prime Minister before election Jawaharlal Nehru INC Subsequent Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru INC The Indian general election of 1951 -- 52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947 . Until this point , the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature . See the ' Durations ' section below to find the time - range associated with these elections . The Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a landslide victory , winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45 % of the total votes polled . This was over four times as many votes as the second - largest party . Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country . In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951 , India had around 173 million voters , out of an overall population of about 360 million . Voter turnout was 45.7 % . Contents 1 Parties 2 Constituencies 3 Results 4 Notable losses 5 Government formation 6 Duration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Parties ( edit ) Before Independent India went to the polls , two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC 's supremacy . While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951 , First Law Minister Dr. B.R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation ( which was later named the Republican Party ) . Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad , whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani ; the Socialist Party , which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan 's leadership to boast of ; and the Communist Party of India . However , these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress . Constituencies ( edit ) The first general elections , which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies , represented 25 Indian states . At that time , there were 314 constituencies with one seat , 86 with two seats and one with three seats . The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s . There were also 2 nominated Anglo - Indian members . Results ( edit ) Party Abbr . Votes % Seats Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0 Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16 Forward Bloc ( Marxist ) FB ( M ) 0.91 Forward Bloc ( Ruiker ) FB ( R ) 0.13 0 Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364 Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9 Revolutionary Communist Party of India ( Tagore ) RCPI 0.06 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12 All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0 All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0 All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0 All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0 All People 's Party APP 0.03 0 Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 Cochin Party CP 0.01 0 Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6 Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0 Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0 Historical Research HR 0.00 0 Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0 Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 Justice Party JP 0.06 0 Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0 Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0 Khasi - Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0 Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0 Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0 Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0 Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 National Party of India NPI 0.00 0 Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7 Praja Party PP 0.02 0 Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0 Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Uttar Pradesh ) RSP ( UP ) 0.02 0 Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0 Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0 Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 Tail Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0 Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0 Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0 Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0 Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37 Nominated Anglo - Indians -- -- Total 105,944,495 100 489 Notable losses ( edit ) First Law Minster B.R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay ( North Central ) ( reserved seat ) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little - known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar , who polled 1 , 38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar 's 1 , 23,576 votes . Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member . He contested by - poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress . Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate , but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi . Government formation ( edit ) The speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar . The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings ( 3,784 hours ) , the highest recorded count of the number of sitting hours . The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957 . Duration ( edit ) While Indian Government 's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls , it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February -- March 1952 ; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967 , and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March , heavy snow impending free movement . The rest of the India voted only in February -- March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections . Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952 . The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil ( district ) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India Indian presidential election , 1952 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Results 1951 - 52 '' . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters : Brahma Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen , Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann ( 2001 ) Elections in Asia : A data handbook , Volume I , p. 572 ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X Jump up ^ `` General Election of India 1951 , List of Successful Candidate '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandra Guha ( 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Gilmartin ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The paradox of patronage and the people 's sovereignty '' . In Anastasia Pivliavsky . Patronage as Politics in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05608 - 4 . Jump up ^ India 's first voter in Himachal Pradesh , by Gautam Dhmeer , in the Deccan Herald ; published 30 October 2012 ; retrieved 7 April 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Guha , Ramachandra . `` Democracy 's Biggest Gamble , '' World Policy Journal , ( Spring 2002 ) 19 # 1 pp. 95 -- 103 Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_general_election,_1951 -- 52&oldid = 855710132 '' Categories : Indian general election , 1951 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Română Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 08 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which party was in a position during first lok sabha
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[
"The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million.[4] Voter turnout was 45.7%.[5]\n"
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[
"Indian National Congress"
] |
209026351849152575
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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)
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Minister of Foreign Affairs ( Sri Lanka ) - wikipedia Minister of Foreign Affairs ( Sri Lanka ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka Incumbent Tilak Marapana Ministry of Foreign Affairs Appointer The President with advice of Prime Minister Inaugural holder Don Stephen Senanayake Formation 24 September 1947 Website www.mea.gov.lk The Minister of Foreign Affairs is an appointment in the Cabinet of Sri Lanka who is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy of the Government of Sri Lanka . The post was first created in 1947 as Minister of External Affairs and Defence , in 1978 the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence separated into two ministries , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defence . Prior to the separation of the post the Minister of External Affairs and Defence was held by the Prime Minister since 1947 , with a Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs who was an elected parliamentarian and was the de facto foreign minister . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Foreign Ministers 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of Foreign Ministers ( edit ) Parties United National Party ( 12 ) Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( 9 ) Name Portrait Party Tenure Head ( s ) of Government Ministerial title Don Stephen Senanayake United National Party 24 September 1947 - 22 March 1952 Don Stephen Senanayake Minister of External Affairs and Defence Dudley Senanayake United National Party 22 March 1952 - 12 October 1953 Dudley Senanayake John Kotelawala United National Party 12 October 1953 - 12 April 1956 John Kotelawala S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Sri Lanka Freedom Party 12 April 1956 - 26 September 1959 S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Wijeyananda Dahanayake Sri Lanka Freedom Party 26 September 1959 - 20 March 1960 Wijeyananda Dahanayake Dudley Senanayake United National Party 21 March 1960 - 21 July 1960 Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka Freedom Party 21 July 1960 - 25 March 1965 Sirimavo Bandaranaike Dudley Senanayake United National Party 25 March 1965 - 29 May 1970 Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka Freedom Party 29 May 1970 - 23 July 1977 Sirimavo Bandaranaike J.R. Jayewardene United National Party 23 July 1977 - 4 February 1978 J.R. Jayewardene Abdul Cader Shahul Hameed United National Party 4 February 1978 - 1989 Minister of Foreign Affairs Ranjan Wijeratne United National Party 1989 - 1991 Ranasinghe Premadasa Harold Herath United National Party 1991 - 1993 Abdul Cader Shahul Hameed United National Party 1993 - 1994 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Lakshman Kadirgamar Sri Lanka Freedom Party 1994 - 2001 Chandrika Kumaratunga Tyronne Fernando United National Party 2001 - 2004 Lakshman Kadirgamar Sri Lanka Freedom Party 2004 - 2005 Anura Bandaranaike Sri Lanka Freedom Party August 2005 - 23 November 2005 Mangala Samaraweera Sri Lanka Freedom Party 23 November 2005 -- 28 January 2007 Mahinda Rajapaksa Rohitha Bogollagama Sri Lanka Freedom Party 28 January 2007 - 8 April 2010 G.L. Peiris Sri Lanka Freedom Party 23 April 2010 -- 12 January 2015 Mangala Samaraweera United National Party 12 January 2015 -- 22 May 2017 Maithripala Sirisena Ravi Karunanayake United National Party 22 May 2017 - 10 August 2017 Wasantha Senanayake ( acting ) United National Party 10 August 2017 - 15 August 2017 Tilak Marapana United National Party 15 August 2017 - Present See also ( edit ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of External Affairs and Defence References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foreign Ministers of Sri Lanka . External links ( edit ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sri Lanka 54th Independence Anniversary , Colonial rule to independence , by Aryadasa Ratnasinghe Sri Lankan Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers of Sri Lanka External Affairs and Defence ( 1947 - 1978 ) Senanayake Senanayake Kotelawala Bandaranaike Dahanayake Senanayake Bandaranaike Senanayake Bandaranaike Jayewardene Foreign Affairs ( 1978 - Present ) Hameed Wijeratne Herath Hameed Kadirgamar Fernando Kadirgamar Bandaranaike Samaraweera Bogollagama Peiris Samaraweera Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Africa Kenya South Africa Americas Cuba United States Asia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Philippines Europe Denmark Estonia Holy See Hungary Russia Switzerland United Kingdom Oceania Australia Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Minister ) Diplomatic missions of / in Sri Lanka List of heads of missions from Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Overseas Service Bandaranaike International Diplomatic Training Institute Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies International organizations United Nations G77 IAEA IMF ISO Commonwealth of Nations NAM SAARC UNESCO WHO WTO SAEU BIMSTEC Ministry of Foreign Affairs website Ministries of Sri Lanka Culture and education Buddha Sasana Education Higher Education and Highways Internal Affairs , Wayamba Development and Cultural Affairs National Heritage National Languages and Social Integration Plantation Industries Youth Affairs and Skills Development Agriculture , exports , and resources Agriculture Botanical Gardens and Public Recreation Coconut Development and Janatha Estate Development Co-operatives and Internal Trade Development and Environment Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development Foreign Employment Promotion and Welfare Irrigation and Water Resources Management Lands and Parliamentary Reforms Livestock and Rural Community Development Minor Export Crop Promotion State Resources and Enterprise Development Sugar Industry Development Water Supply and Drainage Wildlife Resources Conservation Health , employment , and wellbeing Health , Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine Labour , Trade Union Relations and Sabaragamuwa Development Productivity Promotion Social Empowerment , Welfare and Kandyan Heritage Sports Tourism Women and Child Affairs Law , finance , and politics Finance Foreign Affairs Industry and Commerce Investment Promotion Justice Law and Order and Southern Development Provincial Councils and Local Government Public Management Reforms Public Relations and Public Affairs Rehabilitation and Prison Reforms Development and forces Defence Disaster Management Home Affairs Housing and Construction Megapolis and Western Development Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs Petroleum Resources Development Ports and Shipping Posts , Postal Services and Muslim Religious Affairs Power and Renewable Energy Private Transport Services Resettlement Technology and Research Telecommunication and Digital Infrastructure Traditional Industries and Small Enterprise Development Transport and Civil Aviation Urban Development Defunct Civil Aviation Education Services External Affairs and Defence Highways , Ports & Shipping Indigenous Medicine Mass Media and Information Muslim Religious Affairs Parliamentary Affairs Government of Sri Lanka Cabinet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sri_Lanka)&oldid=797686278 '' Categories : Foreign ministers of Sri Lanka Lists of government ministers of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2017 All articles lacking sources Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский සිංහල Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 16 : 26 . About Wikipedia
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who is the foreign minister of sri lanka
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"\n\nMinister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nTilak Marapana\n\n\n\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs\n\n\nAppointer\nThe President with advice of Prime Minister\n\n\nInaugural holder\nDon Stephen Senanayake\n\n\nFormation\n24 September 1947\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.mea.gov.lk\n\n"
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"Tilak Marapana"
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733010824354047424
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Texas Chainsaw House
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Texas Chainsaw house - wikipedia Texas Chainsaw house Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 30 ° 39 ′ 36.8 '' N 98 ° 26 ′ 13.7 '' W / 30.660222 ° N 98.437139 ° W / 30.660222 ; - 98.437139 The so - called Chainsaw House was moved from the La Frontera site to Kingsland in 1998 and restored for use as a restaurant as part of a hotel and railroad district . The Texas Chainsaw House is located in Kingsland , Texas , on the grounds of The Antlers Hotel . This 1900s Victorian house was featured prominently in the 1974 movie , The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , before it was moved to this location from Williamson County in 1998 . The then - dilapidated farm house originally sat on Quick Hill Road during the July - August 1973 filming of the movie , then sat vacant and deteriorating . The original site is where La Frontera is now located , in Round Rock . Location of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre farmhouse at Quick Hill -- 30 ° 28 ′ 49 '' N 97 ° 41 ′ 33 '' W / 30.480277 ° N 97.692522 ° W / 30.480277 ; - 97.692522 ( Site of ' The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ' farmhouse at Quick Hill ) In 1998 , the house was cut into six pieces in order to be moved , then reassembled and restored to its original condition by master carpenter Anthony Mayfield on behalf of an investor couple in Austin , Texas . The house was a `` pattern book '' house , ordered from a catalog and assembled on site from a package of materials brought by wagon from a local lumber company . Research indicates it was likely built between 1908 and 1910 . An identical twin house was later discovered nearby and was also renovated and is now located in Georgetown , Texas Contents ( hide ) 1 Identical twins 1.1 Film sets 2 Other Homes Appearing in Texas Chainsaw films 3 See also 4 References Identical twins ( edit ) A densely overgrown identical twin of the house was later found at La Frontera as well , and it too was cut into pieces and moved , but to nearby Georgetown and restored . It is known locally as the Burkland - Frisk house as it was built by an early settler in Williamson County , Leonard Frisk , and was later owned by Tony Burkland , a relative of the Frisk family . The house originally set across the street from the Chainsaw house , on Quick Hill Road . But it was later moved to another location within La Frontera and was not originally recognized as a twin because of the dilapidated condition of the house and it being completely overgrown with plants and trees . It was moved in 2006 and restored by the developers of La Frontera , Don Martin and Bill Smalling ( 1953 -- 2008 ) . It sits on San Gabriel Village Blvd prominently overlooking the South San Gabriel River and is used as an office . Film sets ( edit ) Replicas of the original house were built as sets for Texas Chainsaw 3D and the 2017 prequel Leatherface . Other homes appearing in Texas Chainsaw films ( edit ) The Hewitt House is a privately owned , six bedroom working farm house . It was built in Austin , Texas in the 1850s where the University of Texas at Austin now stands . The house was then moved by train to 901 County Road 336 Granger , Texas in the 1930s , and restored . This house was featured in the 2003 remake The Texas Chainsaw Massacre , as well as in the 2006 prequel to said remake , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning . See also ( edit ) Antlers Hotel ( Kingsland , Texas ) La Frontera ( Round Rock , Texas ) Kingsland , Texas Georgetown , Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Film Locations for the Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . Worldwide Guide to Film Locations . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pack , MM ( 2003 - 10 - 23 ) . `` The Killing Fields : A culinary history of ' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' farmhouse '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Matt Phillips . `` TCM Sister House '' . web publication . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Dorsch ( 20 January 2002 ) . `` Twin to Texas Chainsaw Massacre House Moves to Georgetown '' . Williamson County Sun . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Phillips . `` TCM Sister House '' . web publication . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germaine ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Leatherface ' Texas Chainsaw 3D ' Set Visit : A House of Horrors Rebuilt , a Franchise Revered '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Leatherface Producers Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman Interview '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://roadtrippers.com/us/granger-tx/attractions/the-hewitt-house-texas-chainsaw-massacre-location?lat=40.80972&lng=-96.67528&z=5 ( hide ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Films The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III The Next Generation The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Beginning Texas Chainsaw 3D Leatherface Characters Characters Leatherface Sally Hardesty Miscellaneous Chain Saw Confidential Comics Texas Chainsaw House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Chainsaw_House&oldid=806899209 '' Categories : Railway hotels in the United States Filming locations by franchise The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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where is the chainsaw massacre house located at
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[
"The Texas Chainsaw House is located in Kingsland, Texas, on the grounds of The Antlers Hotel. This 1900s Victorian house was featured prominently in the 1974 movie, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, before it was moved to this location from Williamson County in 1998.[1] The then-dilapidated farm house originally sat on Quick Hill Road during the July-August 1973 filming of the movie, then sat vacant and deteriorating. The original site is where La Frontera is now located, in Round Rock.[2]"
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"in Kingsland, Texas, on the grounds of The Antlers Hotel"
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