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-3292588563554275381	Stéphanie Szostak	Stephanie Szostak - wikipedia Stephanie Szostak Jump to : navigation , search Stéphanie Szostak ( 1975 - 06 - 12 ) June 12 , 1975 ( age 42 ) France Occupation Actress Years active 2003 -- present Stéphanie Szostak ( born June 12 , 1975 ) is a French actress who started her career in the early 2000s . Szostak is best known for having appeared in the films The Devil Wears Prada , Dinner for Schmucks , Iron Man 3 , and R.I.P.D. Szostak starred in the USA Network original drama series Satisfaction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Szostak was raised in the suburbs of Paris , France . She moved to the United States to study business at The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia . After graduating , she moved to New York City and worked for Chanel in marketing but switched to acting after taking some classes . Szostak 's married name is Polish and is pronounced `` Sho - stack '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Si ' Laraby Nadezhda Zimove vesilya Nina Short 2005 Satellite Ro Mars Bend Film Festival , Best Actress , 2005 Satellite 2006 Cosa Bella Delphine Short 2006 The Devil Wears Prada Jacqueline Follet 2008 Eavesdrop French Woman 2008 Life in Flight Alex 2008 The Sexes Florence Leaming Short 2008 Letting Go Estella ( Lead ) 2009 Four Single Fathers Monique 2009 The Good Heart Sarah 2009 Motherhood Sandrine Dumas 2009 The Rebound Alice Marnier 2009 A NY Thing Marie Television 2009 How to Seduce Difficult Women Gigi Something Fun Katy Dinner for Schmucks Julie 2011 We Bought a Zoo Katherine Mee 2013 Gimme Shelter Joanna Fitzpatrick 2013 Iron Man 3 Ellen Brandt 2013 R.I.P.D. Julia Walker 2014 Hit By Lightning Danita Jacobs Television Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Sopranos season 6 , episode 13 2008 Law & Order : Criminal Intent season 8 , episodes 2 and 8 2009 Une aventure New - Yorkaise ( A New York Thing ) Marie TV film Lafayette : The Lost Hero Adrienne de La Fayette TV film 2014 Satisfaction Grace Truman TV series 2016 The Blacklist Josephine season 3 , episode 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Stephanie Szostak Joins Cast Of ' Iron Man 3 ′ : Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds Gets a Wife for ' RIPD ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ducibella , Jim ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Stephanie Szostak 's star is on the rise '' . wm.edu . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salamone , Gina ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Kissing Paul Rudd was n't tough for ' Dinner for Schmucks ' star Stephanie Szostak '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Interview by David Walters , Photograph by Sebastian Smith ( 2010 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Stephanie Szostak : She 's No Schmuck : Women '' . Details . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Walters , David ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Stephanie Szostak : She 's No Schmuck '' . Details . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada '' . Allmovie. 2006 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lafayette : The Lost Hero : Patrick Bauchau , Stephanie Szostak , Oren Jacoby , John Cullum : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Blacklist ' Season 3 Spoilers : Episode 14 Synopsis Released ; What Will Happen In ' Lady Ambrosia ' '' . The International Business Times . 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Stephanie Szostak on IMDb Maxim.com : Stephanie Szostak All Movie VIAF : 263109286 GND : 1022228838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Stéphanie_Szostak&oldid = 800715550 '' Categories : 1975 births College of William & Mary alumni French film actresses Living people French television actresses Actresses from Paris 21st - century French actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays jacqueline in the devil wears prada	[ "Stéphanie Szostak (born June 12, 1975) is a French actress who started her career in the early 2000s. Szostak is best known for having appeared in the films The Devil Wears Prada, Dinner for Schmucks, Iron Man 3,[1] and R.I.P.D.[2] Szostak starred in the USA Network original drama series Satisfaction." ]	[ "Stéphanie Szostak" ]
8030301155040601714	South Park: The Fractured but Whole	South Park : the Fractured but Whole - Wikipedia South Park : the Fractured but Whole Jump to : navigation , search South Park : The Fractured but Whole Developer ( s ) Ubisoft San Francisco Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Trey Parker Christopher Brion Jason V. Schroeder Producer ( s ) Eric Stough Adrien Beard Bruce Howell Elena - Diana Sfecia Designer ( s ) Ken Strickland Writer ( s ) Trey Parker Jolie Menzel Demian Linn Marc Fortier Composer ( s ) Jamie Dunlap Engine Snowdrop Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release October 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a role - playing video game developed by Ubisoft San Francisco and published by Ubisoft in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios . Based on the American adult animated television series South Park , it is the sequel to the 2014 video game South Park : The Stick of Truth . The game 's narrative occurs one day after the events of its predecessor ; it follows the New Kid , who has recently moved to South Park and becomes involved in an epic roleplay involving two rival superhero factions vying to create their own superhero media franchises . The superheroes ' game unintentionally uncovers a conspiracy to raise crime in the town , bringing them into conflict with supervillains , genetically engineered monsters , the police , crime families , and the new kingpin of crime . The game is played from a 2.5 D third - person perspective , replicating the aesthetic of the television series . The New Kid is able to freely explore South Park , interacting with characters , undertaking quests , and accessing new areas by progressing through the main story . The player can choose from up to ten superhero archetypes ranging from high - speed Speedsters , close - combat Brutalists , powerful Psychics , and healing Plantmancers ; each offering unique abilities . The New Kid and up to three allies fight their enemies using attacks including melee , ranged , and powerful farts . Battles take place on a grid , around which participants can move freely . Attacks have specific areas of effect , requiring tactical positioning for attack and defense . Following Ubisoft 's purchase of the rights to The Stick of Truth in 2013 , the company moved development of the sequel from Obsidian Entertainment to Ubisoft San Francisco . South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were unsure whether to make a sequel to the 2014 game or work on a new film project , opting for the game . Parker and Stone were involved throughout the game 's production ; they wrote its script , consulted on the design , and voiced many of the characters . The show 's composer Jamie Dunlap worked on the game 's soundtrack alongside Ubisoft San Francisco , creating music that was heavily inspired by the scores of several superhero films . Like its predecessor , the release of The Fractured but Whole was subject to several delays . The game was initially set for release in December 2016 but it was postponed for nearly a year . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 17 , 2017 . The game was released to generally positive reception , which praised the improvements and creativity of combat scenarios and faithfulness to the source material . Reviewers were divided over the story ; some critics called it a humorous improvement , while others said it was less effective and overloaded with toilet humor . The game is scheduled to receive post-release , supplemental story missions as downloadable content ( DLC ) in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Writing 3.2 Design 3.3 Sound 4 Release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a role - playing video game that is viewed from a 2.5 D , third - person perspective . The player controls the New Kid as they explore the fictional Colorado town of South Park , around which the player - character can be freely moved . A fast - travel system allows the character to be moved between unlocked travel points . The game allows the player to select one of ten archetypal superhero player - characters ; the nimble Speedster , the short - range , high damage Brutalist , the long range , moderate damage Blaster , the weather - based Elementalist , the offense - attracting Cyborg , the long - range , status effecting Psychic , the stealthy Assassin , the gadget - using Gadgeteer , the healing Plantmancer , and the high - damage , swift Martial Artist . At first only three choices are available ( Blaster , Speedster , and Brutalist ) ; the New Kid can eventually access all ten classes , freely matching powers from the available classes , for example , the player can use the Blaster 's fire blasts , the Assassin 's knives , and the Martial Artist 's kicks . The player can assign four powers from the classes , three regular attacks and one ultimate attack . Ultimate attacks can only be used after filling the Ultimate bar , a pool of points shared between the New Kid and their allies that is increased by completing timed button presses during attacking and defending phases . Throughout the game , the player can select up to three allies from twelve characters to accompany them in battle , each possessing three powers and an ultimate attack . `` The New Kid '' ( bottom right ) and their allies ( right ) in a battle against Raisins girls ( left ) ; the bottom left shows the available attacks while the bottom right shows the turn order . The blue outline on the grid highlights the movable area , and the red area shows the current attacks area of effect . An indicator shows how much damage it will inflict on the opponent . The Fractured but Whole retains the turn - based combat of the previous game in the series , South Park : The Stick of Truth . Instead of taking place on a static plane , battles are fought on a variable - size grid on which the player and enemies can move freely to create strategic advantages . The grid can contain environmental hazards such as exploding chemical barrels , and lava ( red Lego bricks ) . The player selects attacks from a menu . Attacks can be augmented with contextual button presses for extra damage . Timed button presses during enemy attacks can recover some health after being hit and increase the Ultimate meter . Attacks offer effects including abilities with `` knockback '' damage , which can be used to forcibly move an opponent around the battlefield and inflict status effects such as poisoning , freezing , burning , and bleeding , which inflict damage over time . Each attack affects a different area of the grid , requiring strategic positioning to hit enemies and avoid attacks . The attacker can increase damage by knocking targets into each other or into an ally . Healing items can be used in battle , requiring one turn per use . The player can collect artifacts and equipment to boost the player 's Might , making them stronger in battle and offering benefits such as increased defense ; more artifacts can be used as the player 's level increases . The player - character has a DNA slot , allowing them to use strands of DNA to boost attributes called Brawn , Brains , Health , Spunk , and Move . The non-player character , PC Principal , can teach the player to recognize microaggressions , which allows the player a free in - battle attack against an enemy . Some characters , such as Jimbo and Ned , Classi , Gerald Broflovksi , and Moses , can be summoned during battle ; Moses heals all allies while the others deliver powerful attacks . The New Kid can manipulate time with their farts ; this ability can be used in battle to skip an opponent 's turn , pause time to move around the grid and inflict out - of - turn damage , or summon a past version of the New Kid to join the battle . The New Kid 's farting power can also be used to reverse time , fix objects , and pause time to avoid obstacles or fast - moving targets . Some areas of the town are inaccessible until the player gains specific allies who can use the New Kid 's farting power to overcome the obstacle : Captain Diabetes can be sent into a rage that allows him to move heavy objects ; the Human Kite can fly the New Kid to otherwise unreachable heights ; Toolshed 's sandblaster can clear paths that are blocked by lava that cause the player to combust ; and Professor Chaos can launch a hamster from the New Kid 's rectum to reach and sabotage electrical panels . The player can modify the New Kid 's appearance , superpowers , gender , sexuality , race , and ethnicity at any time in the game . Gender choices include male , female , and trigender . Costume items can be collected , mixed together and recolored but have no influence on the New Kid 's abilities . The New Kid 's race selector is represented as a difficulty level slider , with lighter skin being easy and darker skin being harder . The slider does not affect combat but affects the amount of money the player can receive and the way some characters speak to the New Kid . The game has three combat difficulty levels , which affect the power of enemies in relation to the player ; `` Casual '' ( weaker enemies ) , `` Heroic '' ( normal enemies ) , and `` Mastermind '' ( stronger enemies ) . A crafting system allows the player to use recovered or purchased resources such as duct tape , glue , sports drink bottles , and taco - related products to craft items such as healing burritos and quesadillas , costumes , and artifacts . The player is encouraged to explore the wider game world to defecate in toilets in a mini-game , find Yaoi art depicting intimate moments between the characters Tweek and Craig , or take self - portraits with town residents to increase their followers on Coonstagram , an Instagram - like social media feed . The player must amass a certain number of social media followers to complete certain story missions . The character 's cellphone serves as the game 's main menu , containing items including the inventory , character profiles , and active quests . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) See also : List of South Park characters South Park : The Fractured but Whole is set in South Park , a fictional town in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . The game 's events occur one day after those of its precursor , The Stick of Truth ; the player again controls the New Kid , a silent protagonist . The children abandon their fantasy role - playing game to become superheroes and create a superhero media franchise . Unable to agree on who will get a movie or Netflix series , the characters split into two rival factions , Coon and Friends and the Freedom Pals , and vie to create their own franchise first . Led by the raccoon - clawed Coon ( Eric Cartman ) , Coon and Friends operates from the Coon Cave , the Coon 's basement . The group includes The Human Kite ( Kyle Broflovski ) , the life - leeching Mosquito ( Clyde Donovan ) , the super-fast Fastpass ( Jimmy Valmer ) , the powerful Super Craig ( Craig Tucker ) , and the New Kid . The Freedom Pals are led by the telekinetic Dr. Timothy ( Timmy Burch ) , and includes Mysterion ( Kenny McCormick ) , Toolshed ( Stan Marsh ) , the weather - wielding Wonder Tweek ( Tweek Tweak ) , and mechanized Tupperware ( Token Black ) . Other heroes include the hacker Call Girl ( Wendy Testaburger ) and Captain Diabetes ( Scott Malkinson ) . The heroes ' journey brings them into conflict with groups including the local elderly population , ninjas , the sixth graders , the Hooters - parodying Raisins girls , hobos , Kyle 's cousin Kyle Schwartz , and the supervillain Professor Chaos ( Butters Stotch ) . The Fractured but Whole features characters from the series ' history , including ; Stan 's father Randy , Butters ' father Stephen , Kyle 's father Gerald , the school principal PC Principal , Moses , Seaman , school counselor Mr Mackey , Detective Yates , strippers Spontaneous Bootay and Classi , Big Gay Al , gun enthusiasts Ned and Jimbo , Father Maxi , Jesus , the Crab people , the Memberberries , Towelie , and a Kanye West - inspired Gay Fish . The game also features Morgan Freeman as a taco shop owner . Locations from the show featured include the City Wok restaurant , the Peppermint Hippo strip club , Kenny 's House in the abandoned , gentrified district SoDoSoPa , the classier Shi Tpa Town containing Skeeter 's Bar and Jimbo 's Guns . The Memberberry Farm and the road to Canada are also featured in the game . Many of the characters are voiced by South Park co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone . Plot ( edit ) Cartman and the other children decide to play superheroes with the goal of launching a superhero media franchise by finding a missing cat and claiming the $100 reward . The New Kid joins the game and Cartman provides them with a tragic backstory ; seeing their father have sex with their mother . The children 's search uncovers a conspiracy led by a new kingpin who has united the police ; the Italian , Chinese , and Russian crime families ; and the sixth graders to steal cats and use their urine to contaminate drugs and alcohol , making the townspeople act crazily and raising crime , which will be blamed on the mayor . Coon and Friends defeat the kingpin 's henchman Professor Chaos and Cartman surmises that the mastermind is Mitch Conner , a crude hand puppet drawn on Cartman 's left hand . The New Kid and Chaos are sent to infiltrate the Freedom Pals to gain more information , culminating in the two groups co-operating to take down the police department , who are helping Mitch become the new mayor so they can have fewer restrictions on fighting crime . Afterwards , the children join Freedom Pals after learning they have developed a franchise plan that is more inclusive than Cartman 's . The next day , Mitch kidnaps the New Kid 's parents and destroys the Freedom Pals ' franchise plan . The Freedom Pals capture Cartman , who insists he has no control over Mitch and reveals that the New Kid 's parents are being held at a genetic engineering lab . There , the Freedom Pals learn Mitch has been funding the creation of an army of mutated cats and sixth graders , which Mitch unleashes on the children . Battling through the mutants , the New Kid finds their parents and is forced to kill one of them to continue . At the exit , the Freedom Pals are ambushed by Kyle -- the mutated clone of Kyle 's cousin -- and Mitch . The New Kid uses a powerful fart to defeat the clone , which accidentally transports the Freedom Pals one week into the future , where Mitch is the mayor . Cartman ( as The Coon ) with his hand puppet , Mitch Conner With aid from Morgan Freeman , the New Kid learns to time travel with their farts . They travel to the future where Mitch has completed his master plan to make every day Christmas Day , causing drunken anarchy throughout the town . They then travel to the past and confront Cartman before he can start the superhero game . Mitch reveals himself and punches the New Kid , causing a fart that sends them back to the New Kid 's superhero origin . Cartman and the New Kid 's interference prevents the New Kid 's father from having sex with their mother , changing the past . The New Kid 's parents reveal their secret ; they have the superhuman ability to amass social media followers . The government kidnapped the parents to harness their powers , during which time they fell in love and had the New Kid . They escaped to protect their child and gave them medicine to suppress their powers , causing extreme flatulence . Knowing the truth , the New Kid time travels with Cartman to the day of Mitch 's inauguration . Cartman escapes a confrontation with the Freedom Pals and prepares to be sworn in as Mitch . The Freedom Pals use social media to publicly reveal Mitch 's plot and accuse Cartman of raising crime so the Coon would have more crime to fight , giving him a bigger franchise . Mitch confesses he was traumatized by seeing his father having sex . Mitch 's mother appears on Cartman 's right hand and reveals that she had sex with his father . They fight and both `` die '' , ending Mitch 's plot , while the townspeople resolve to obtain clean drugs and alcohol from the neighboring town . After the credits , the New Kid returns home to find both parents are alive and , unburdened by the secret they were keeping , their relationship is happier . While the New Kid 's parents go upstairs to have sex , Professor Chaos confronts the New Kid with the truth that no matter how much they change the past , the New Kid 's parents will have had sex . Chaos offers the New Kid a chance to take an alternative path . Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Matt Stone and Trey Parker stated they were open to making a sequel to The Stick of Truth , depending on its reception . When Ubisoft offered to develop a new game , Parker and Stone discussed the proposed game sequel or the possibility of making a film . They wanted to ensure quality control and decided that because of commitments to the television series and their families , they could only work on one big project and chose to work on the game . During development of the previous game by Obsidian Entertainment for publisher THQ , Ubisoft bought the rights to the game after THQ went into bankruptcy . Ubisoft chose to develop the sequel internally , replacing Obsidian Entertainment with the nearly 100 - member team at Ubisoft San Francisco ( USF ) . The team , which was responsible for the Rocksmith series of music video games , recruited experts in role - playing games and their related systems . Additional support work was done by Ubisoft Osaka , Massive Entertainment , Ubisoft Annecy , Ubisoft Reflections , Blue Byte , and Ubisoft Quebec . Parker and Stone were involved throughout the development cycle . At the beginning of development , they met with the team at Ubisoft to determine the game 's storyline and elements of The Stick of Truth they were unhappy about . Ubisoft game developers , including senior producer Jason Schroeder , visited South Park studios twice monthly for a few days or conducted teleconferencing meetings . Schroeder was responsible for declining Stone and Parker 's requests when necessary . Although meetings still took place , Parker and Stone became less available to the Ubisoft team during production of South Park , which had a tight production schedule . Ubisoft adapted Snowdrop , its proprietary game engine , to allow the importing of the Autodesk Maya art assets used in the show rather than emulating them as in The Stick of Truth . This allowed the Ubisoft team to iterate and implement changes to the game and storyline late into the development schedule , meaning it could satirize recent events that occurred only months before release and incorporate elements from South Park episodes produced during the game 's development , including the character PC Principal , and the gentrification areas of the town . Of last - minute changes , Schroeder said , `` If it does n't mess with our age rating ? It should n't be a problem '' . Senior animator Lucas Walker said the changes to the engine took approximately a year to implement , but they were necessary to allow more seamless collaborations with South Park Digital Studios , including the use of the original animation rigs to emulate movement . Even with the ability to easily import the South Park series ' assets , the engine was designed for the development of 3D environments not 2D animation . The game required an amount of detailed work to match the movement style of the show and the expressions used by the characters . The game 's executive producer , Nao Higo , said building all of the game 's content would have been impossible for the relatively small team , believing they would need three - or - four times the staff to accommodate the project . USF worked extensively with South Park Digital Studios , which helped create animations and assets for the game . The Fractured but Whole , was publicly revealed on June 15 , 2015 , at Ubisoft 's press conference at the 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo , and in June 2016 a release date of December 6 was set . In September that year , the game 's release was postponed to early 2017 . In February 2017 , it was again postponed to between April 2017 and March 2018 . In May 2017 it received its eventual release date of October 17 . Discussing the delays , Higo said USF was unhappy with the game 's quality and wanted more time to refine it . These refinements often led to story changes -- sometimes for pacing or comedy purposes -- which meant entire sections of the game and their assets needed to be reworked . Some missions were completely removed despite being far into development . Unlike more typical videogame prototyping , in which designers experiment with simple gameplay demos , USF relied more heavily on interactive storyboards of the script to gain a sense of the location and the narrative . Parker and Stone provided feedback and the designers would change the storyboard until it was considered to be perfect . The Fractured but Whole was officially released to manufacturing on September 22 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) Parker and Stone wrote the script in Movie Magic Screenwriter , complete with stage directions that were edited or translated into gameplay by narrative designer Jolie Menzel and her team . The game script is 360 pages long , which is twice the size of that of the previous game , and equivalent to four or five feature films , according to the show 's executive producer Frank C. Agnone II . Between them , Stone and Parker recorded approximately 20,000 lines of dialogue . During production , Parker became ill and had to undergo emergency gallbladder surgery . Parker persuaded his doctor to allow him to temporarily leave the hospital to record dialogue . On his return to the hospital , Parker told Agnone , `` I just want this game to be sweet '' . Parker and Stone considered it important to prevent the superhero setting from overwhelming the main focus of the story , which is fourth - grade children playing together and dressing up as heroes to enhance that experience . Stone said it is important to retain the game 's charm and remind the player the characters are children playing . Parker 's and Stone 's original concept for the title was The Butthole of Time , but Ubisoft told them retailers would not stock a product bearing the word `` butthole '' . Parker said he sat at his desk for hours working out a way to sneak the word into the title . Parker said , `` how do I get butthole , butthole , butt hole , butt hole , but hole , but whole ! '' Design ( edit ) The levels were designed to allow combat ; when battles take place the player is not taken to an abstract map as in The Stick of Truth . Schroeder said , `` when we have to cut away from a certain background for the fighting it kind of broke the feeling of I 'm fighting where I 'm exploring so we thought about what can we do to make the place I 'm exploring also the combat space ? '' The team considered removing movement from a previously explorable area did not work , so they added movement to combat , which in turn led to the more tactical combat in The Fractured but Whole . Schroeder described the concept as a mixture of Parker 's affection for board games and Stone 's preference for shooter , action , and sports games . The design team retained the turn - based combat system of The Stick of Truth because it better enabled the implementation of timing for jokes . Parker invited Schroeder and lead designer Ken Strickland to play the board game Star Wars : Imperial Assault , which helped them develop a unified jargon language and a common understanding of the game 's campaign . Later in development , Parker and Stone played early builds of the game , helping them visualize their planned changes . They wrote out ideas for changes and feedback on a whiteboard , which the Ubisoft team used to understand what was required of them . Parker and Stone watched Let 's Play videos by PewDiePie of The Stick of Truth to observe a consumer playing it and giving feedback about the game and considering what worked and what did not work . Schroder said the USF team had to adapt to prioritizing comedy and comedic timing over gameplay , meaning it was more important to convey humor than to improve systems . They sometimes needed to step back from the less comfortable aspects of Parker 's and Stone 's design , at one point contemplating an autoplay option that would complete segments for the player , such as a sequence in which the 9 -- 10 year old protagonists give a lap dance in a strip club in a minigame . The team decided allowing players to opt out of the interactivity removed the core of the joke , forcing the player to participate in `` this ridiculous thing '' . Menzel said good interactive comedy was dependent on a more intimate relationship between the joke teller and receiver , and making the player participate or even be responsible for the joke ; for instance giving them control over interrogating someone by farting , heightened the South Park humor by making the player responsible for the things they see in the show . The finished game features ten classes of superhero , but early in development it featured up to twelve , including the Mystic . USF chose the Brutalist , Speedster , and Blaster as starting classes because they were simple to understand . The developers decided to separate the player 's statistics from their clothing choices . Schroeder said players can create their own superhero brand by dressing the player - character as they want , citing the popularity of The Stick of Truth for online streaming . They developed the Artifact system , which could be used to enhance statistics , as an alternative A rejected option for The Stick of Truth was the choice to play as a girl , which could not be included without altering the entire narrative . They chose to include it in The Fractured but Whole ; Stone said he always plays as a girl where the option exists . The Fractured but Whole offers twelve allies compared to The Stick of Truth 's six ; USF wanted them , their powers , and their associated dialogue to be a more frequent presence , involving them in both battles and exploration . While some of the children have genuine super powers , such as Mysterion 's immortality , the realism of the remaining characters ' powers is left deliberately ambiguous to maintain the illusion of children playing a game . Menzel said , `` We want to continually dip into their imagination and let the player be in the kids ' imaginations '' . The Coon will greatly exaggerate his abilities to suggest things he is not capable of , so the designers added small touches like having him trip or fall over . Sound ( edit ) Jamie Dunlap -- Main Menu The score was inspired by the soundtracks of various superhero films . Problems playing this file ? See media help . South Park composer Jamie Dunlap and USF lead audio designer Nicholas Bonardi were responsible for the game 's sound . While The Stick of Truth largely used music and sounds pulled directly from the show , the USF team aimed to create an original sound . Early in development , Bonardi created a temporary score by piecing together music from the show for the game , but found Dunlap 's experience on the rapidly - produced show meant he could deliver music quickly enough that it was sometimes easier to ask him directly for original music . Bonardi and his team also created original music for The Fractured but Whole , but Dunlap 's input ensured it retained the South Park sound . The game 's sound design was inspired by several superhero film scores ; The Coon 's and Mysterion 's themes are based on Christopher Nolan 's Dark Knight Trilogy . The score for Coon and Friends is based on that of The Avengers ( 2012 ) , while that of their rivals Freedom Pals is inspired by the X-Men series of films . Other inspirations included Superman ( 1978 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , and the Castlevania video game series , which inspires the Vamp Kids theme . The Ubisoft team had access to cheap sound effects albums used for foley sounds on South Park , but needed to make additional sounds for the game . USF had an area set aside for making fart sounds , stocked with plungers , a vuvuzela , and noise putty . Bonardi estimated they created more than 100 unique fart sounds for the game to reduce the repetitiveness of the sounds , which are used frequently in the game . They also mixed in other sounds , for instance the farts heard when the player and Kyle work together is mixed with the sound of a jet engine . Release ( edit ) The characters of The Fractured but Whole on a promotional banner at Gamescom 2017 The Fractured but Whole was released worldwide on October 17 , 2017 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . In contrast to the previous game , The Fractured but Whole was released worldwide without having to censor any content . In a September 2017 interview , USF associate producer Kimberly Weigend said the game 's content was not tamer than that of The Stick of Truth , and the uncensored release was possibly a sign of censors becoming more open to ideas and that interactive media was a relatively new medium and the ratings system was evolving alongside it . Design director Paul Cross said to prevent the difficulties The Stick of Truth experienced , USF tried to avoid content they knew would be censored , but that Parker and Stone would tell the story they wanted regardless of censorship concerns . In addition to the standard game , special versions were released at launch . The Gold Edition included a set of in - game costumes , a bonus perk , and a Season Pass granting access to post-launch downloadable content ( DLC ) . The Steelbook Gold Edition , which was presented in a metallic case , featured the standard game , all of the Gold Edition content , and a series of lithographic prints displaying art by South Park Studios . The Collector 's Standard Edition contained the game , the lithographic prints , and a 6 - inch model of Cartman as `` The Coon '' by UbiCollectibles and ArtToyz . The Collector 's Gold Edition contained all of the extra items . People who pre-ordered the game received a downloadable version of The Stick of Truth and the character Towelie as an in - game assistant . The Playstation Store offered exclusive avatars of Kenny , Butters , Stan , Kyle , Cartman , and Coon and Friends ; and Amazon released an exclusive bundle of the game that came with the Steelbook case and a remote - controlled model of Coon on a tricycle . The voiced figure can be controlled by an App available for Android and iOS users . A Mysterion figurine , part of The Fractured but Whole 's display at Gamescom 2016 As a promotional item , the team designed and created the Nosulus Rift , a parody of the Oculus Rift , which appeared at the PAX West event in September 2016 . Developed internally at Ubisoft as a joke about a fake prop the team would promote as real , the team decided to develop the item . Nosulus Rift , which was not released for sale publicly , would release a fart smell to create an olfactory - immersive experience . Ubisoft ran the worldwide `` I am the fart '' competition in October 2017 ; the jury , which included British flatulist Mr. Methane , judged videos of entrants farting and selected an overall winner , who would be flown to Ubisoft San Francisco to record their fart sound for inclusion into The Fractured but Whole . A twelve -- character series of collectible figures based on The Fractured but Whole 's cast was also released . First broadcast in October 2017 , South Park episode `` Franchise Prequel '' serves as a narrative prequel to the game and features the characters wearing outfits and acting out roles similar to those in the game . In the episode , Coon and Friends attempt to launch their superhero media franchise but are derailed by Professor Chaos , who launches a plot to spread fake news on Facebook about the boys . Chaos is defeated but the boys are divided over their media franchise , leading into the events of The Fractured but Whole . Downloadable content ( edit ) Several downloadable content ( DLC ) items were released alongside the game . These items were provided for a fee and include the `` Relics of Zaron '' pack that contains various costume items and perks , and `` Towelie : Your Gaming Bud '' , which causes the character Towelie to appear and give comical advice to the player during the game . The first post-release DLC , `` Danger Deck '' , was released on December 19 , 2017 . It involves a combat challenge in Doctor Timothy 's Danger Deck , the Freedom Pals ' iPad - walled training room , where the player can engage in increasingly - difficult virtual combat scenarios in new locations . Success is rewarded with items and costumes usable in the main game . Two story - based DLC packs are in development for The Fractured but Whole . The first , `` From Dusk til Casa Bonita '' , requires the player to team up with the Coon and Mysterion to fight a demonic presence at the Casa Bonita restaurant , and `` Bring the Crunch '' introduces a new superhero class . All of the downloadable content was made available with the optional `` Season Pass '' . Although Parker and Stone were opposed to DLC in The Stick of Truth , believing it would consist of content that had been cut from the main game for lack of quality , during development of The Fractured but Whole they had ideas for side stories they deemed too distant from the main story but they wanted to expand on this material as DLC . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 81 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 EGM 9.0 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 86 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 South Park : The Fractured but Whole received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review website Metacritic provides the consensus , `` generally favorable reviews '' for the Microsoft Windows version , PlayStation 4 version , and Xbox One version . Like its predecessor , the game was considered a successful adaptation , with GamesRadar+ calling it `` the truest , best adaptation '' of South Park ever made `` , with well balanced comedy and humor , and IGN saying it looks and sounds like an episode of the show . Giant Bomb , GamesRadar+ , and Shacknews said it was an improvement in nearly every way over The Stick of Truth , being deeper , longer , more surprising , and polished than its predecessor . GamesRadar+ added that after twenty years , a South Park game that is as fun to play as it is to laugh along at has been created . PC Gamer called it streamlined , imaginative , and enormously entertaining ; and Electronic Gaming Monthly ( EGM ) said it would be difficult to find a more complete South Park experience that is as funny . Game Informer called it a welcome sequel , featuring both smart and immature jokes , and moments of sincerity that recall the charm of childhood in surprising ways . Slant Magazine said mechanically , it was one of the best , most accessible RPGs in a long time . GamesRadar+ said the humor was more original and less reliant on callbacks , and Shacknews countered that it was sometimes too reliant on references . Several reviewers criticized some of the humor , which they saw as deliberately edgy , banal , or over-focused on fart and poop jokes . Slant Magazine singled out the strip club battles as `` appallingly '' sexist and racist . GameSpot said it is consistently amusing and provocative throughout , but without the series ' typical edge . IGN said nothing in the game is as shocking as The Stick of Truth 's Nazi Zombie Fetuses , but it still delivered shocking moments such as corrupt police , self - flaggelating priests , and the children in the strip club ; and summarized the review by saying it is still the funniest RPG by a wide margin since the previous game in the series . Critics were consistent in their praise of the combat and its improvements over the system featured in The Stick of Truth . PC Gamer 's Andy Kelly described it as one of the most enjoyable RPG combat systems he had experienced . GameSpot said it offered a positive change from its precessor , prioritizing strategic thinking over reflexes . Other reviewers echoed these sentiments ; Giant Bomb said there is fun in finding the right team from the available characters , Game Revolution called it a more engaging system , and PC Gamer said combat was `` deeper , richer , and more strategic '' , and among others , called it fun . Game Informer and GamesRadar+ appreciated that the ability to move about the battle grid allowed for greater agency and thoughtfulness . Boss battles were often cited as a highlight for their deviations from normal combat by introducing timed , out - of - turn attacks , environmental hazards , and side tasks such as reaching the end of the battlefield before a boss catchers the player - character . Giant Bomb said these elements are some of the cleverest and most enjoyable parts of the game , and GamesRadar+ appreciated that the designers removed the ability to patiently strategize . Polygon said these elements , with their unique requirements adding to the intensity but sometimes becoming frustrating , were the only time they found combat challenging . Others called the combat too easy , even at the highest difficulty setting , but IGN said that while The Stick of Truth got easier as the game progressed , The Fractured But Whole 's ambitious combat was prevented from getting stale by the various combat subversions it introduces . The various Ultimate moves were considered to be hilarious and impressive , with Polygon saying they were as epic as a summon in Final Fantasy , but they were also criticized for being unskippable , making them feel too long and repetitive later into the game . VideoGamer.com said battles sometimes seemed too long , and IGN noted that battles used only three timing mini-games , making them repetitive . IGN highlighted the small character touches in combat , such as the character Tupperware vomiting inside his own helmet when `` grossed out '' , and Destructoid said each character was different enough to warrant tactical thinking about which characters to add to the New Kid 's party . The story received a polarized response ; reviewers alternately called it well - crafted and an improvement over The Stick of Truth 's , or muddled and lesser than its predecessor . Game Revolution and VideoGamer.com said the story was not as strong as its predecessor 's ; VideoGamer.com stating it loses itself by the end and laughs lessen due to repetitive jokes . PC Gamer said the main story suffered from pacing issues that slowed events down , that it was predicable , and that its satire was not as edgy . Destructoid said that despite some uneven writing , the game felt like a long , quality episode of South Park , and Game Revolution said it was too reliant on fart jokes but that it remained engaging to the end , which was an achievement . Giant Bomb similarly said it could seem like a `` cavalcade of poop jokes '' , but the South Park humor and charm is evident as the story progresses in unexpected ways . IGN said the writing quality had lived up to high expectations , and EGM said it featured both a well - crafted main story and comedic side quests . GamesRadar+ said the game starts slowly but the pace escalates quickly into an intriguing mystery with one of the television series ' best villains , and Shacknews called it an `` absurd , but enthralling tale , but not so long as to overstay its welcome or get stale '' . Some reviewers said the story found moments of sweetness or innocence in its characters ; Slant Magazine called it poignant for its mission involving the New Kid resolving the dispute between gay couple Tweek and Craig , and said it succeeds in the fully realized daydreams of the children . Game Informer said the game featured heartfelt moments in scenes depicting the difficulty of being a new kid with unhappy parents , and The Washington Post said it had sweet and silly moments where epic battles are interrupted by a passing car , or certain characters arbitrarily change the rules of the game during a battle , which the reviewer felt helped offset its `` oppressive humor '' . Some of the commentary was considered to be raised as an issue without ever being properly addressed . Several critics singled out the series of events in which the corrupt police force send the New Kid to arrest innocent black men , which Game Informer called thought provoking , and Shacknews called funny and encouraging the player to think about similar , real - life events . Slant Magazine said the race - based difficulty slider encapsulated everything they felt was wrong with The Fractured but Whole ; biting social commentary but a throwaway joke because the slider does not affect any in - game elements . Some reviewers were critical of the similarity between The Fractured But Whole 's and The Stick of Truth 's gameplay area , which no longer had the benefit of the original 's novelty . However , Destructoid said it was no less fun to explore and find the many references to the show 's history . GamesRadar+ said that despite its relatively small map , the game sometimes felt like there was too much to do . Reviewers criticized the crafting system , which they considered gave too many of some items and not enough of others , and said it seemed unnecessary because since additional items could be bought directly from shops . The various buddy abilities were praised for encouraging exploration outside of combat , but was criticized for becoming repetitive and not challenging . PC Gamer , VideoGamer.com , and Polygon appreciated the scale of customization offered , giving the player ownership their player - character and choice of companions throughout the game . Similarly , reviewers liked the Artifact / Upgrade system for allowing the New Kid to be customized to the player 's needs and for being independent of costumes , so the player could design the New Kid as they desired -- although EGM was critical that Artifacts became less important later in the game when the New Kid is more powerful . Game Informer said tracking down selfies with the town 's residents was one of the best sidequests , which PC Gamer called `` strangely compelling '' . Sales ( edit ) In October 2017 in North America , South Park : The Fractured but Whole was the fourth - best - selling game across all available platforms , the third - best - selling game on PlayStation 4 , and the fourth - best - selling game on Xbox One . The Fractured but Whole 's global digital sales made it the eighth - best - selling game for consoles in October 2017 . Alongside other single - player games , Assassin 's Creed Origins and Middle - earth : Shadow of War , South Park : The Fractured but Whole contributed over $160 million in digital sales for the month . Intelligence firm SuperData said single - player games would not stay high in the charts for long as they were not as easy to monetize through microtransactions as multiplayer video games . It was also among the top 100 highest grossing games of 2017 on the Steam digital distribution platform . During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , The Fractured but Whole became the third - best - selling game on all available formats in terms of boxed sales , behind FIFA 18 at number two and the debuting Gran Turismo Sport at number one , and ahead of the debuting WWE 2K18 . The game 's first - week sales were 7 % below those of The Stick of Truth . Its sales were considered strong , based on the competing titles released at the time . It was the overall sixth - best - selling game of October 2017 in the UK . By its second week it had fallen to eighth place overall , third on PlayStation 4 , and seventh on Xbox One ; and by its third week it had left the top ten games overall , listing at twelfth place on that chart and ninth on PlayStation 4 . Accolades ( edit ) In 2016 , The Market for Computer & Video Games ( MCV ) and IGN named South Park : The Fractured but Whole the best role - playing game of that year 's Electronic Entertainment Expo . The game was nominated for `` Best RPG '' at the Gamescom 2017 Awards , and for Best Role Playing Game at the 2017 The Game Awards , losing to Persona 5 . It was also nominated in IGN 's staff - nominated , user - voted `` Best of 2017 '' series , for Best Xbox One Game , and Best RPG . The game won the `` Best Collectibles '' award in Game Informer 's 2017 RPG of the Year Awards ; in their Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , it came in second place for `` Best Role - Playing Game '' . EGM ranked the game 12th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . It was nominated for `` Excellence in Convergence '' at the upcoming 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review '' . Polygon . 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External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Comedy portal Role - playing games portal South Park portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal South Park Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican Book Portal Trey Parker and Matt Stone Parker filmography Stone filmography Feature films Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) Orgazmo ( 1997 ) South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) Team America : World Police ( 2004 ) Television Time Warped ( 1995 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) Music DVDA Chef Aid : The South Park Album South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut soundtrack `` Blame Canada '' Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Theatre The Book of Mormon ( since 2011 ) Video games South Park : The Stick of Truth ( 2014 ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( 2017 ) Characters Parker Stan Marsh Eric Cartman Randy Marsh Mr. Garrison Stone Kyle Broflovski Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Gerald Broflovski See also The Spirit of Christmas Your Studio and You Princess 6 Days to Air Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park:_The_Fractured_but_Whole&oldid=826149482 '' Categories : 2017 video games Cthulhu Mythos games Open world video games PlayStation 4 games Role - playing video games Superhero video games Time travel video games Ubisoft games Video game sequels Video games based on South Park Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Good articles Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does south park the fractured but whole come out	[ "\n\nSouth Park: The Fractured but Whole\n\n\n\n\n\nDeveloper(s)\nUbisoft San Francisco\n\n\nPublisher(s)\nUbisoft\n\n\nDirector(s)\n\n\n\nTrey Parker\nChristopher Brion\nJason V. Schroeder\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nEric Stough\nAdrien Beard\nBruce Howell\nElena-Diana Sfecia\n\n\n\n\n\nDesigner(s)\nKen Strickland\n\n\nWriter(s)\n\n\n\nTrey Parker\nJolie Menzel\nDemian Linn\nMarc Fortier\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nJamie Dunlap\n\n\nEngine\nSnowdrop\n\n\nPlatform(s)\n\n\n\nMicrosoft Windows\nPlayStation 4\nXbox One\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\nOctober 17, 2017\n\n\nGenre(s)\nRole-playing\n\n\nMode(s)\nSingle-player\n\n" ]	[ "October 17, 2017" ]
6495784778762217510	Led Zeppelin	Led Zeppelin - wikipedia Led Zeppelin This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 2 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For their eponymous first album , see Led Zeppelin ( album ) . For other uses , see Led Zeppelin ( disambiguation ) . Led Zeppelin Clockwise , from top left : Jimmy Page , John Bonham , Robert Plant , John Paul Jones Background information Origin London , England Genres Hard rock blues rock folk rock heavy metal Years active 1968 -- 1980 ( reunions : 1985 , 1988 , 1995 , 2007 ) Labels Atlantic Swan Song Associated acts The Yardbirds The Honeydrippers Page and Plant Website ledzeppelin.com Past members Jimmy Page Robert Plant John Paul Jones John Bonham Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968 . The group consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page , singer Robert Plant , bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones , and drummer John Bonham . The band 's heavy , guitar - driven sound has led them to be cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal . Their style drew from a wide variety of influences , including blues , psychedelia , and folk music . After changing their name from the New Yardbirds , Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom . Although the group was initially unpopular with critics , they achieved significant commercial success with albums such as Led Zeppelin ( 1969 ) , Led Zeppelin II ( 1969 ) , Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) , Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) , Houses of the Holy ( 1973 ) , Physical Graffiti ( 1975 ) and In Through the Out Door ( 1979 ) . Their fourth album , which features the song `` Stairway to Heaven '' , is among the most popular and influential works in rock music , and it helped to secure the group 's popularity . Page wrote most of Led Zeppelin 's music , particularly early in their career , while Plant generally supplied the lyrics . Jones ' keyboard - based compositions later became central to the group 's catalogue , which featured increasing experimentation . The latter half of their career saw a series of record - breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess and debauchery . Although they remained commercially and critically successful , their output and touring schedule were limited during the late 1970s , and the group disbanded following Bonham 's death from alcohol - related asphyxia in 1980 . In the decades that followed , the surviving members sporadically collaborated and participated in one - off Led Zeppelin reunions . The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London , with Jason Bonham taking his late father 's place behind the drums . Led Zeppelin are widely considered one of the most successful , innovative , and influential rock groups in history . They are one of the best - selling music artists in the history of audio recording ; various sources estimate the group 's record sales at 200 to 300 million units worldwide . With RIAA - certified sales of 111.5 million units , they are the second - best - selling band in the US . Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the Billboard album chart and six reached the number - one spot . They achieved eight consecutive UK number - one albums . Rolling Stone magazine described them as `` the heaviest band of all time '' , `` the biggest band of the Seventies '' , and `` unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history '' . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 ; the museum 's biography of the band states that they were `` as influential '' during the 1970s as the Beatles were during the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Early years : 1968 -- 1970 1.3 `` The Biggest Band in the World '' : 1971 -- 1975 1.4 Hiatus from touring and return : 1975 -- 1977 1.5 Bonham 's death and break - up : 1978 -- 1980 1.6 Post-breakup 1.6. 1 1980s 1.6. 2 1990s 1.6. 3 2000s 1.6. 4 2010s and beyond 2 Musical style 3 Legacy 4 Achievements 5 Discography 6 Members 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) The band 's logotype , used since 1973 In 1966 , London - based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues - influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell - Smith . Page soon switched from bass to lead guitar , creating a dual lead guitar line - up with Jeff Beck . Following Beck 's departure in October 1966 , the Yardbirds , tired from constant touring and recording , began to wind down . Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars , and the Who 's Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass , respectively . Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project . The group never formed , although Page , Beck , and Moon did record a song together in 1966 , `` Beck 's Bolero '' , in a session that also included bassist - keyboardist John Paul Jones . The Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire . They were still committed to several concerts in Scandinavia , so drummer Jim McCarty and vocalist Keith Relf authorised Page and bassist Chris Dreja to use `` the Yardbirds '' name to fulfill the band 's obligations . Page and Dreja began putting a new line - up together . Page 's first choice for the lead singer was Terry Reid , but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant , a singer for the Band of Joy and Hobbstweedle . Plant eventually accepted the position , recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham . Jones inquired about the vacant position at the suggestion of his wife after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer . Page had known Jones since they were both session musicians and agreed to let him join as the final member . A 1937 photograph of the burning LZ 129 Hindenburg taken by news photographer Sam Shere , used on the cover of the band 's debut album and extensively on later merchandise The four played together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London . Page suggested that they attempt `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' , originally a jump blues song popularised in a rockabilly version by Johnny Burnette , which had been covered by the Yardbirds . `` As soon as I heard John Bonham play '' , Jones recalled , `` I knew this was going to be great ... We locked together as a team immediately '' . Before leaving for Scandinavia , the group took part in a recording session for the P.J. Proby album , Three Week Hero . The album 's track `` Jim 's Blues '' , with Plant on harmonica , was the first studio track to feature all four future members of Led Zeppelin . The band completed the Scandinavian tour as the New Yardbirds , playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in Gladsaxe , Denmark , on 7 September 1968 . Later that month , they began recording their first album , which was based on their live set . The album was recorded and mixed in nine days , and Page covered the costs . After the album 's completion , the band were forced to change their name after Dreja issued a cease and desist letter , stating that Page was allowed to use the New Yardbirds moniker for the Scandinavian dates only . One account of how the new band 's name was chosen held that Moon and Entwistle had suggested that a supergroup with Page and Beck would go down like a `` lead balloon '' , an idiom for disastrous results . The group dropped the ' a ' in lead at the suggestion of their manager , Peter Grant , so that those unfamiliar with the term would not pronounce it `` leed '' . The word `` balloon '' was replaced by `` zeppelin '' , a word which , according to music journalist Keith Shadwick , brought `` the perfect combination of heavy and light , combustibility and grace '' to Page 's mind . In November 1968 , Grant secured a $143,000 advance contract from Atlantic Records , which was then the biggest deal of its kind for a new band . Atlantic were a label with a catalogue of mainly blues , soul , and jazz artists , but in the late 1960s they began to take an interest in British progressive rock acts . Record executives signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them . Under the terms of their contract , the band had autonomy in deciding when they would release albums and tour , and had the final say over the contents and design of each album . They would also decide how to promote each release and which tracks to release as singles . They formed their own company , Superhype , to handle all publishing rights . Early years : 1968 -- 1970 ( edit ) The band began their first tour of the UK on 4 October 1968 , still billed as the New Yardbirds ; they played their first show as Led Zeppelin at the University of Surrey in Battersea on 25 October . Tour manager Richard Cole , who would become a major figure in the touring life of the group , organised their first North American tour at the end of the year . Their debut album , Led Zeppelin , was released in the US during the tour on 12 January 1969 , and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard chart ; it was released in the UK , where it peaked at number 6 , on 31 March . According to Steve Erlewine , the album 's memorable guitar riffs , lumbering rhythms , psychedelic blues , groovy , bluesy shuffles and hints of English folk , made it `` a significant turning point in the evolution of hard rock and heavy metal '' . Bron - Yr - Aur , near Machynlleth , the Welsh cottage to which Page and Plant retired in 1970 to write many of the tracks that appeared on the band 's third and fourth albums In their first year , Led Zeppelin completed four US and four UK concert tours , and also released their second album , Led Zeppelin II . Recorded mostly on the road at various North American studios , it was an even greater commercial success than their first album , and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK . The album further developed the mostly blues - rock musical style established on their debut release , creating a sound that was `` heavy and hard , brutal and direct '' , and which would be highly influential and frequently imitated . Steve Waksman has suggested that Led Zeppelin II was `` the musical starting point for heavy metal '' . The band saw their albums as indivisible , complete listening experiences , disliking the re-editing of existing tracks for release as singles . Grant maintained an aggressive pro-album stance , particularly in the UK , where there were few radio and TV outlets for rock music . Without the band 's consent , however , some songs were released as singles , particularly in the US . In 1969 an edited version of `` Whole Lotta Love '' , a track from their second album , was released as a single in the US . It reached number four in the Billboard chart in January 1970 , selling over one million copies and helping to cement the band 's popularity . The group also increasingly shunned television appearances , citing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts . Following the release of their second album , Led Zeppelin completed several more US tours . They played initially in clubs and ballrooms , and then in larger auditoriums as their popularity grew . Some early Led Zeppelin concerts lasted more than four hours , with expanded and improvised live versions of their repertoire . Many of these shows have been preserved as bootleg recordings . It was during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off - stage excess . In 1970 , Page and Plant retired to Bron - Yr - Aur , a remote cottage in Wales , to commence work on their third album , Led Zeppelin III . The result was a more acoustic style that was strongly influenced by folk and Celtic music , and showcased the band 's versatility . The album 's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions , with critics and fans surprised at the turn from the primarily electric arrangements of the first two albums , further fuelling the band 's hostility to the musical press . It reached number one in the UK and US charts , but its stay would be the shortest of their first five albums . The album 's opening track , `` Immigrant Song '' , was released as a US single in November 1970 against the band 's wishes , reaching the top twenty on the Billboard chart . `` The biggest band in the world '' : 1971 -- 1975 ( edit ) The four symbols on the label and inside sleeve of Led Zeppelin IV , representing ( from left to right ) Page , Jones , Bonham , and Plant During the 1970s , Led Zeppelin reached new heights of commercial and critical success that made them one of the most influential groups of the era , eclipsing their earlier achievements . The band 's image also changed as the members began to wear elaborate , flamboyant clothing , with Page taking the lead on the flamboyant appearance by wearing a glittering moon - and - stars outfit . Led Zeppelin changed their show by using things such as lasers , professional light shows and mirror balls . They began travelling in a private jet airliner , a Boeing 720 ( nicknamed the Starship ) , rented out entire sections of hotels ( including the Continental Hyatt House in Los Angeles , known colloquially as the `` Riot House '' ) , and became the subject of frequently repeated stories of debauchery . One involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House , while another involved the destruction of a room in the Tokyo Hilton , leading to the group being banned from that establishment for life . Although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing television sets out of the windows , some suggest that these tales have been exaggerated . According to music journalist Chris Welch , `` ( Led Zeppelin 's ) travels spawned many stories , but it was a myth that ( they ) were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behaviour '' . Led Zeppelin released their fourth album on 8 November 1971 . In response to the treatment they had received from critics , particularly after Led Zeppelin III , the band decided to release the fourth album with no title , though it is variously referred to as Led Zeppelin IV , Untitled , IV , or , due to the four symbols appearing on the record label , as Four Symbols , Zoso or Runes . In addition to lacking a title , the original cover featured no band name , as the group wished to be anonymous and to avoid easy pigeonholing by the press . With 37 million copies sold , Led Zeppelin IV is one of the best - selling albums in history , and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin 's status as superstars in the 1970s . By 2006 , it had sold 23 million copies in the United States alone . The track `` Stairway to Heaven '' , never released as a single , was the most requested and most played song on American rock radio in the 1970s . The group followed up the album 's release with tours of the UK , Australasia , North America , Japan , and the UK again from late 1971 through early 1973 . Plant and Page perform acoustically in Hamburg in March 1973 , just before the release of the band 's fifth album , Houses of the Holy Led Zeppelin 's next album , Houses of the Holy , was released in March 1973 . It featured further experimentation by the band , who expanded their use of synthesisers and mellotron orchestration . The predominantly orange album cover , designed by the London - based design group Hipgnosis , depicts images of nude children climbing the Giant 's Causeway in Northern Ireland . Although the children are not shown from the front , the cover was controversial at the time of the album 's release . As with the band 's fourth album , neither their name nor the album title was printed on the sleeve . Houses of the Holy topped charts worldwide , and the band 's subsequent concert tour of North America in 1973 broke records for attendance , as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums . At Tampa Stadium in Florida , they played to 56,800 fans , breaking the record set by the Beatles ' 1965 Shea Stadium concert and grossing $309,000 . Three sold - out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a motion picture , but the theatrical release of this project ( The Song Remains the Same ) was delayed until 1976 . Before the final night 's performance , $180,000 of the band 's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel . Led Zeppelin perform at Chicago Stadium in January 1975 , a few weeks before the release of Physical Graffiti In 1974 , Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label , Swan Song , named after an unreleased song . The record label 's logo , based on a drawing called Evening : Fall of Day ( 1869 ) by William Rimmer , features a picture of Apollo . The logo can be found on Led Zeppelin memorabilia , especially T - shirts . In addition to using Swan Song as a vehicle to promote their own albums , the band expanded the label 's roster , signing artists such as Bad Company , the Pretty Things and Maggie Bell . The label was successful while Led Zeppelin existed , but folded less than three years after they disbanded . In 1975 , Led Zeppelin 's double album Physical Graffiti was their first release on the Swan Song label . It consisted of fifteen songs , of which eight had been recorded at Headley Grange in 1974 and seven had been recorded earlier . A review in Rolling Stone magazine referred to Physical Graffiti as Led Zeppelin 's `` bid for artistic respectability '' , adding that the only bands Led Zeppelin had to compete with for the title `` The World 's Best Rock Band '' were the Rolling Stones and the Who . The album was a massive commercial and critical success . Shortly after the release of Physical Graffiti , all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top - 200 album chart , and the band embarked on another North American tour , now employing sophisticated sound and lighting systems . In May 1975 , Led Zeppelin played five sold - out nights at the Earls Court Arena in London , at the time the largest arena in Britain . Hiatus from touring and return : 1975 -- 1977 ( edit ) Plant and Page performing in Chicago Stadium in Chicago on 10 April 1977 , during Led Zeppelin 's last North American tour . Following their triumphant Earls Court appearances , Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned an autumn tour in America , scheduled to open with two outdoor dates in San Francisco . In August 1975 , however , Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in Rhodes , Greece . Plant suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured ; a blood transfusion saved her life . Unable to tour , he headed to the Channel Island of Jersey to spend August and September recuperating , with Bonham and Page in tow . The band then reconvened in Malibu , California . During this forced hiatus much of the material for their next album , Presence , was written . By this time , Led Zeppelin were the world 's number one rock attraction , having outsold most bands of the time , including the Rolling Stones . Presence , released in March 1976 , marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward , guitar - based jams , departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums . Though it was a platinum seller , Presence received a mixed reaction among fans and the music press , with some critics suggesting that the band 's excesses may have caught up with them . Page had begun using heroin during recording sessions for the album , a habit which may have affected the band 's later live shows and studio recordings , although this has been denied by Page . Because of Plant 's injuries , Led Zeppelin did not tour in 1976 . Instead , the band completed the concert film The Song Remains the Same and the accompanying soundtrack album . The film premiered in New York City on 20 October 1976 , but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans . The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK , where , unwilling to tour since 1975 because of their tax exile status , Led Zeppelin faced an uphill battle to recapture the public 's affection . The Pontiac Silverdome , Michigan , where the band set a record for the largest solo indoor attraction in 1977 with an attendance of 76,229 In 1977 , Led Zeppelin embarked on another major concert tour of North America . The band set another attendance record , with an audience of 76,229 at their Silverdome concert on 30 April . It was , according to the Guinness Book of Records , the largest attendance to that date for a single act show . Although the tour was financially profitable , it was beset by off - stage problems . On 19 April , over 70 people were arrested as about 1,000 fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold - out concerts , while others tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass doors . On 3 June , a concert at Tampa Stadium was cut short because of a severe thunderstorm , despite tickets indicating `` Rain or Shine '' . A riot broke out , resulting in arrests and injuries . After the 23 July show at the Day on the Green festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland , California , Bonham and members of Led Zeppelin 's support staff were arrested after a member of promoter Bill Graham 's staff was badly beaten during the band 's performance . The following day 's second Oakland concert was the group 's final live appearance in the United States . Two days later , as they checked in at a French Quarter hotel for their 30 July performance at the Louisiana Superdome , Plant received news that his five - year - old son , Karac , had died from a stomach virus . The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled , prompting widespread speculation about Led Zeppelin 's future . Bonham 's death and break - up : 1978 -- 1980 ( edit ) After the death of Bonham ( pictured in July 1973 ) on 25 September 1980 , the remaining members of Led Zeppelin decided to disband the group . In November 1978 , the group recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . The resulting album , In Through the Out Door , featured sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics . Nevertheless , the album reached number one in the UK and the US in just its second week of release . With this album 's release , Led Zeppelin 's entire catalogue returned to the Billboard Top 200 in the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979 . In August 1979 , after two warm - up shows in Copenhagen , Led Zeppelin headlined two concerts at the Knebworth Music Festival , playing to a crowd of approximately 104,000 on the first night . A brief , low - key European tour was undertaken in June and July 1980 , featuring a stripped - down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos . On 27 June , at a show in Nuremberg , Germany , the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song , when Bonham collapsed onstage and was rushed to hospital . Speculation in the press suggested that his collapse had been the result of excessive alcohol and drug use , but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten . A North American tour , the band 's first since 1977 , was scheduled to commence on 17 October 1980 . On 24 September , Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at Bray Studios . During the journey , Bonham asked to stop for breakfast , where he downed four quadruple vodkas ( between 16 and 24 oz . ) , with a ham roll . After taking a bite of the ham roll he said to his assistant , `` breakfast '' . He continued to drink heavily after arriving at the studio . The rehearsals were halted late that evening and the band retired to Page 's house -- the Old Mill House in Clewer , Windsor . After midnight , Bonham , who had fallen asleep , was taken to bed and placed on his side . At 1 : 45 pm the next day , Benji LeFevre ( Led Zeppelin 's new tour manager ) and John Paul Jones found Bonham dead . The cause of death was asphyxiation from vomit ; the finding was accidental death . An autopsy found no other recreational drugs in Bonham 's body . Although he had recently begun to take Motival ( a cocktail of the antipsychotic fluphenazine and the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline ) to combat his anxiety , it is unclear if these substances interacted with the alcohol in his system . Bonham 's remains were cremated and his ashes interred on 12 October 1980 , at Rushock parish church , Worcestershire . The planned North American tour was cancelled , and despite rumours that Cozy Powell , Carmine Appice , Barriemore Barlow , Simon Kirke , or Bev Bevan would join the group as his replacement , the remaining members decided to disband . A 4 December 1980 press statement stated that , `` We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend , and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager , have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were '' . The statement was signed simply `` Led Zeppelin '' . Post-breakup ( edit ) 1980s ( edit ) Page performs at the Cow Palace in Daly City , California in 1983 . Following Zeppelin 's dissolution , the first significant project for the members was the Honeydrippers , which Plant initially formed in 1981 , and which released its only album in 1984 . The group featured Page on lead guitar , along with studio musicians and friends of the pair , including Jeff Beck , Paul Shaffer , and Nile Rodgers . Plant focused on a different direction from Zeppelin , playing standards and in a more R&B style , highlighted by a cover of `` Sea of Love '' that peaked at number three on the Billboard chart in early 1985 . Coda -- a collection of Zeppelin outtakes and unused tracks -- was issued in November 1982 . It included two tracks from the Royal Albert Hall in 1970 , one each from the Led Zeppelin III and Houses of the Holy sessions , and three from the In Through the Out Door sessions . It also featured a 1976 Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Page , called `` Bonzo 's Montreux '' . On 13 July 1985 , Page , Plant , and Jones reunited for the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium , Philadelphia , playing a short set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins , and bassist Paul Martinez . Collins had contributed to Plant 's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant 's solo band . The performance was marred by a lack of rehearsal with the two drummers , Page 's struggles with an out - of - tune guitar , poorly functioning monitors , and Plant 's hoarse voice . Page described the performance as `` pretty shambolic '' , while Plant characterised it as an `` atrocity '' . The three members reunited again on 14 May 1988 , for the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert , with Bonham 's son Jason on drums . The result was again disjointed : Plant and Page had argued immediately prior to taking the stage about whether to play `` Stairway to Heaven '' , and Jones ' keyboards were absent from the live television feed . Page described the performance as `` one big disappointment '' and Plant said `` the gig was foul '' . 1990s ( edit ) Jason Bonham , who filled his late father 's position for reunions in 1988 , 1995 and 2007 The first Led Zeppelin box set , featuring tracks remastered under Page 's supervision , was released in 1990 and bolstered the band 's reputation , leading to abortive discussions among members about a reunion . This set included four previously unreleased tracks , including a version of Robert Johnson 's `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart . 1992 saw the release of the `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' ( the original B - side ) as a CD single in the US . Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2 was released in 1993 ; the two box sets together contained all known studio recordings , as well as some rare live tracks . In 1994 , Page and Plant reunited for a 90 - minute `` UnLedded '' MTV project . They later released an album called No Quarter : Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded , which featured some reworked Led Zeppelin songs , and embarked on a world tour the following year . This is said to be the beginning of a rift between the band members , as Jones was not even told of the reunion . In 1995 , Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Steven Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith . Jason and Zoë Bonham also attended , representing their late father . At the induction ceremony , the band 's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award , `` Thank you , my friends , for finally remembering my phone number '' , causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant . Afterwards , they played one brief set with Tyler and Perry , with Jason Bonham on drums , and then a second with Neil Young , this time with Michael Lee playing the drums . In 1997 , Atlantic released a single edit of `` Whole Lotta Love '' in the US and the UK , the only single the band released in their homeland , where it peaked at number 21 . November 1997 saw the release of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions , a two - disc set largely recorded in 1969 and 1971 . Page and Plant released another album called Walking into Clarksdale in 1998 , featuring all new material , but after disappointing sales the partnership dissolved before a planned Australian tour . 2000s ( edit ) Led Zeppelin performing at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London in December 2007 2003 saw the release of the triple live album How the West Was Won , and Led Zeppelin DVD , a six - hour chronological set of live footage that became the best - selling music DVD in history . In July 2007 , Atlantic / Rhino and Warner Home Video announced three Zeppelin titles to be released that November : Mothership , a 24 - track best - of spanning the band 's career ; a reissue of the soundtrack The Song Remains the Same , including previously unreleased material ; and a new DVD . Zeppelin also made their catalogue legally available for digital download , becoming one of the last major rock bands to do so . On 10 December 2007 , Zeppelin reunited for the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O2 Arena in London , with Jason Bonham again taking his father 's place on drums . According to Guinness World Records 2009 , the show set a record for the `` Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert '' as 20 million requests were submitted online . Critics praised the performance and there was widespread speculation about a full reunion . Page , Jones and Jason Bonham were reported to be willing to tour , and to be working on material for a new Zeppelin project . Plant continued his touring commitments with Alison Krauss , stating in September 2008 that he would not record or tour with the band . `` I told them I was busy and they 'd simply have to wait , '' he recalled in 2014 . `` I would come around eventually , which they were fine with -- at least to my knowledge . But it turns out they were n't . And what 's even more disheartening , Jimmy used it against me . '' Jones and Page reportedly looked for a replacement for Plant ; candidates including Steven Tyler of Aerosmith , and Myles Kennedy of Alter Bridge . However , in January 2009 , it was confirmed that the project had been abandoned . `` Getting the opportunity to play with Jimmy Page , John Paul Jones and Jason Bonham was pretty special , '' Kennedy recalled . `` That is pretty much the zenith right there . That was a crazy , good experience . It 's something I still think of often ... It 's so precious to me . '' 2010s and beyond ( edit ) A film of the O2 performance , Celebration Day , premiered on 17 October 2012 and was released on DVD on 19 November . The film grossed $2 million in one night , and the live album peaked at number 4 and 9 in the UK and US , respectively . Following the film 's premiere , Page revealed that he had been remastering the band 's discography . The first wave of albums , Led Zeppelin , Led Zeppelin II , and Led Zeppelin III , were released on 2 June 2014 . The second wave of albums , Led Zeppelin IV and Houses of the Holy , were released on 27 October 2014 . Physical Graffiti was released on 23 February 2015 , almost exactly forty years to the day after the original release . The fourth and final wave of albums , Presence , In Through the Out Door , and Coda , were released on 31 July 2015 . Through this remastering project , each studio album was reissued on CD and vinyl and was also available in a Deluxe Edition , which contained a bonus disc of previously unheard material ( Coda 's Deluxe Edition would include two bonus discs ) . Each album was also available in a Super Deluxe Edition Box Set , which included the remastered album and bonus disc on both CD and 180 - gram vinyl , a high - definition audio download card of all content at 96 kHz / 24 bit , a hard bound book filled with rare and previously unseen photos and memorabilia , and a high quality print of the original album cover . On 6 November 2015 , the Mothership compilation was reissued using the band 's newly remastered audio tracks . The reissuing campaign concluded with the re-release of BBC Sessions on 16 September 2016 . The reissue contained a bonus disc with nine unreleased BBC recordings , including the heavily bootlegged but never officially released `` Sunshine Woman . '' Musical style ( edit ) John Bonham , on stage in the US in 1973 , whose aggressive drumming style was critical to the hard rock sound associated with the band Led Zeppelin 's music was rooted in the blues . The influence of American blues artists such as Muddy Waters and Skip James was particularly apparent on their first two albums , as was the distinct country blues style of Howlin ' Wolf . Tracks were structured around the twelve - bar blues on every studio album except for one , and the blues directly and indirectly influenced other songs both musically and lyrically . The band were also strongly influenced by the music of the British , Celtic , and American folk revivals . Scottish folk guitarist Bert Jansch helped inspire Page , and from him he adapted open tunings and aggressive strokes into his playing . The band also drew on a wide variety of genres , including world music , and elements of early rock and roll , jazz , country , funk , soul , and reggae , particularly on Houses of the Holy and the albums that followed . The material on the first two albums was largely constructed out of extended jams of blues standards and folk songs . This method led to the mixing of musical and lyrical elements of different songs and versions , as well as improvised passages , to create new material , but would lead to later accusations of plagiarism and legal disputes over copyright . Usually the music was developed first , sometimes with improvised lyrics that might then be rewritten for the final version of the song . From the visit to Bron - Yr - Aur in 1970 , the songwriting partnership between Page and Plant became predominant , with Page supplying the music , largely via his acoustic guitar , and Plant emerging as the band 's chief lyricist . Jones and Bonham then added to the material , in rehearsal or in the studio , as a song was developed . In the later stages of the band 's career , Page took a back seat in composition and Jones became increasingly important in producing music , often composed on the keyboard . Plant would then add lyrics before Page and Bonham developed their parts . Page with the double - neck Gibson EDS - 1275 used for playing `` Stairway to Heaven '' among other songs live Early lyrics drew on the band 's blues and folk roots , often mixing lyrical fragments from different songs . Many of the band 's songs dealt with themes of romance , unrequited love and sexual conquest , which were common in rock , pop and blues music . Some of their lyrics , especially those derived from the blues , have been interpreted as misogynistic . Particularly on Led Zeppelin III , they incorporated elements of mythology and mysticism into their music , which largely grew out of Plant 's interest in legends and history . These elements were often taken to reflect Page 's interest in the occult , which resulted in accusations that the recordings contained subliminal satanic messages , some of which were said to be contained in backmasking ; these claims were generally dismissed by the band and music critics . Susan Fast argues that as Plant emerged as the band 's main lyricist , the songs more obviously reflected his alignment with the West Coast counterculture of the 1960s . In the later part of the band 's career Plant 's lyrics became more autobiographical , and less optimistic , drawing on his own experiences and circumstances . According to musicologist Robert Walser , `` Led Zeppelin 's sound was marked by speed and power , unusual rhythmic patterns , contrasting terraced dynamics , singer Robert Plant 's wailing vocals , and guitarist Jimmy Page 's heavily distorted crunch '' . These elements mean that they are often cited as one of the progenitors of hard rock and heavy metal and they have been described as the `` definitive heavy metal band '' , although the band members have often eschewed the label . Part of this reputation depends on the band 's use of distorted guitar riffs on songs like `` Whole Lotta Love '' and `` The Wanton Song '' . Often riffs were not doubled by guitar , bass and drums exactly , but instead there were melodic or rhythmic variations ; as in `` Black Dog '' , where three different time signatures are used . Page 's guitar playing incorporated elements of the blues scale with those of eastern music . Plant 's use of high - pitched shrieks has been compared to Janis Joplin 's vocal technique . Bonham 's drumming was noted for its power , his rapid rolls and his fast beats on a single bass drum . Jones ' basslines have been described as melodic and his keyboard playing added a classical touch to the band 's sound . Page stated that he wanted Led Zeppelin to produce music that had `` light and shade '' . This began to be more clearly realised beginning with Led Zeppelin III , which made greater use of acoustic instruments . This approach has been seen as exemplified in the fourth album , particularly on `` Stairway to Heaven '' , which begins with acoustic guitar and recorder and ends with drums and heavy electric sounds . Towards the end of their recording career , they moved to a more mellow and progressive sound , dominated by Jones ' keyboard motifs . They also increasingly made use of various layering and production techniques , including multi-tracking and overdubbed guitar parts . Their emphasis on the sense of dynamics and ensemble arrangement has been seen as producing an individualistic style that transcends any single music genre . Ian Peddie argues that they were `` ... loud , powerful and often heavy , but their music was also humorous , self - reflective and extremely subtle '' . Legacy ( edit ) Plant , on stage in New York City in 1973 , whose vocal style has been highly influential in rock music Led Zeppelin are widely considered to be one of the most successful , innovative , and influential bands in the history of rock music . Rock critic Mikal Gilmore said , `` Led Zeppelin -- talented , complex , grasping , beautiful and dangerous -- made one of the most enduring bodies of composition and performance in twentieth - century music , despite everything they had to overpower , including themselves '' . Led Zeppelin have influenced hard rock and heavy metal bands such as Deep Purple , Black Sabbath , Rush , Queen , Aerosmith , the Black Crowes , and Megadeth as well as progressive metal bands like Tool and Dream Theater . They influenced some early punk and post-punk bands , among them the Ramones , Joy Division and the Cult . They were also an important influence on the development of alternative rock , as bands adapted elements from the `` Zeppelin sound '' of the mid-1970s , including the Smashing Pumpkins , Nirvana , Pearl Jam , and Soundgarden . Bands and artists from diverse genres have acknowledged the influence of Led Zeppelin , such as Madonna , Shakira , Lady Gaga , Kesha , and Katie Melua . Jones performing with the band in Mannheim , Germany in 1980 on their last tour Led Zeppelin have been credited with a major impact on the nature of the music business , particularly in the development of album - orientated rock ( AOR ) and stadium rock . In 1988 John Kalodner , then - A&R executive of Geffen Records , remarked that `` In my opinion , next to the Beatles they 're the most influential band in history . They influence the way music is on records , AOR radio , concerts . They set the standards for the AOR - radio format with ' Stairway to Heaven , ' having AOR hits without necessarily having Top 40 hits . They 're the ones who did the first real big arena concert shows , consistently selling out and playing stadiums without support . People can do as well as them , but nobody surpasses them '' . Andrew Loog Oldham , the former producer and manager of the Rolling Stones , commented on how Led Zeppelin had a major influence on the record business , and the way rock concerts were managed and presented to huge audiences . The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide according to some sources , while others state that they have sold in excess of 300 million records , including 111.5 million certified units in the United States . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Led Zeppelin are the second - highest - selling band , the fourth highest selling music act in the US , and one of only three acts to earn five or more Diamond albums . They achieved eight consecutive number - ones on the UK Albums Chart , a record for most consecutive UK number - one albums shared with ABBA . Led Zeppelin remain one of the most bootlegged artists in the history of rock music . Led Zeppelin also made a significant cultural impact . Jim Miller , editor of Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , argues that `` on one level , Led Zeppelin represents the final flowering of the sixties ' psychedelic ethic , which casts rock as passive sensory involvement '' . Led Zeppelin have also been described as `` the quintessential purveyors '' of masculine and aggressive `` cock rock '' , although this assertion has been challenged . The band 's fashion - sense has been seminal ; Simeon Lipman , head of pop culture at Christie 's auction house , has commented that `` Led Zeppelin have had a big influence on fashion because the whole aura surrounding them is so cool , and people want a piece of that '' . Led Zeppelin laid the foundation for the big hair of 1980s glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe and Skid Row . Other musicians have also adapted elements from Led Zeppelin 's attitude to clothes , jewellery and hair , such as the hipster flares and tight band T - shirts of Kings of Leon , shaggy hair , clingy T - shirts and bluesman hair of Jack White of the White Stripes , and Kasabian guitarist Sergio Pizzorno 's silk scarves , trilbies and side - laced tight jeans . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin were honoured by US President Barack Obama at the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors . Led Zeppelin have collected many honours and awards throughout the course of their career . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 , and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2006 . Among the band 's awards are an American Music Award in 2005 , and the Polar Music Prize in 2006 . Led Zeppelin were the recipient of a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005 , and four of their recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . They have been awarded five Diamond albums , as well as fourteen Multi-Platinum , four Platinum and one Gold album in the United States , while in the UK they have five Multi-Platinum , six Platinum , one Gold and four Silver albums . In addition to listing five of their albums among `` the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' , Rolling Stone named Led Zeppelin the 14th - greatest artist of all time in 2004 . In 2005 , Page was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of his charity work , and in 2009 Plant was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to popular music . The band are ranked number one on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and Classic Rock 's `` 50 best live acts of all time '' . They were named as the best Rock band in a poll by BBC Radio 2 . They were awarded an Ivor Novello Award for `` Outstanding Contribution to British Music '' in 1977 , as well as a `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' at the 42nd Annual Ivor Novello awards ceremony in 1997 . The band were honoured at the 2008 MOJO Awards with the `` Best Live Act '' prize for their one - off reunion , and were described as the `` greatest rock and roll band of all time '' . The three surviving members ( Page , Plant , and Jones ) were named as 2012 recipients of Kennedy Center Honors . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Led Zeppelin discography Led Zeppelin ( 1969 ) Led Zeppelin II ( 1969 ) Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) Untitled album ( Led Zeppelin IV ) ( 1971 ) Houses of the Holy ( 1973 ) Physical Graffiti ( 1975 ) Presence ( 1976 ) In Through the Out Door ( 1979 ) Coda ( 1982 ) Members ( edit ) Band members Robert Plant -- vocals , percussion , harmonica Jimmy Page -- guitars John Paul Jones -- bass guitar , keyboards , mandolin , backing vocals John Bonham -- drums , percussion Live performance guests Tony Thompson -- drums ( 1985 ) Phil Collins -- drums ( 1985 ) Paul Martinez -- bass ( 1985 ) Jason Bonham -- drums ( 1988 , 1995 , 2007 ) Michael Lee -- drums ( 1995 ) See also ( edit ) List of Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Led Zeppelin covers and tributes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dreja would later take the photograph that appeared on the back of Led Zeppelin 's debut album . Jump up ^ The first show was in Denver on 26 December 1968 , followed by other West Coast dates before the band travelled to California to play Los Angeles and San Francisco . Jump up ^ One alleged example of such extravagance was the shark episode said to have taken place at the Edgewater Inn in Seattle on 28 July 1969 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , pp. 56 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , pp. 28 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley 2003 , p. 1198 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine 2011a . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fyfe 2003 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis 1994 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Welch & Nicholls 2001 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Wall 2008 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Shadwick 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Fortnam 2008 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ http://www.ledzeppelin.com/show/october-25-1968 ^ Jump up to : Wall 2008 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Allmusic 2010 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 92 , 147 , 152 . Jump up ^ Erlewine 2011b . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Erlewine 2010 . Jump up ^ Waksman 2001 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Welch 1994 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Wale 1973 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Wall 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ BBC Wales Music 2011 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Waksman 2001 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 281 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 297 -- 298 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2005 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Welch 1994 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Davis 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 269 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Bukszpan 2003 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Brown 2001 , p. 480 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Broadcasting . Washington , DC : Broadcasting Publications Inc. 12 November 1979 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 290 -- 291 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2007 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Miller 1975 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , pp. 225 , 277 . ^ Jump up to : Wall 2008 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , pp. 354 -- 355 . ^ Jump up to : Wall 2008 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 1976 . Jump up ^ Shadwick 2005 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Newswire 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Welch 1994 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , pp. 431 -- 432 . Jump up ^ Davis 1985 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Welch 1994 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin , London : Orion Books . ISBN 1 - 85797 - 930 - 3 , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ `` The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin '' . Jump up ^ John Bonham Biography Archived 16 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Welch 1994 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Huey 2011 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1993 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis & Pallett 1997 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Prato 2008 . Jump up ^ List 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis & Pallett 1997 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Wall 2008 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Erlewine 2011c . Jump up ^ Billboard 2009 . Jump up ^ Discogs 2011 . Jump up ^ Erlewine 2011e . Jump up ^ Murray 2004 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis 2003 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Pallett 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Erlewine 2011f . 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Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin Reissues Continue with Deluxe Editions of Led Zeppelin IV and Houses of the Holy '' . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Graffiti Deluxe Edition Arrives Exactly 40 Years After Debut , Produced and Newly Remastered by Jimmy Page , with Previously Unreleased Companion Audio '' . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Led Zeppelin Announce Final Three Deluxe Reissues '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Order Deluxe Editions of Presence , In Through the Out Door , and Coda , Each Newly Remastered by Jimmy Page , With Previously Unreleased Companion Audio '' . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin / Mothership 4LP vinyl '' . superdeluxeedition.com . Jump up ^ `` The Complete BBC Sessions -- With Previously Unreleased Recordings Out Sept. 16th '' . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gulla 2001 , pp. 153 -- 159 . 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Jump up ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Budofsky 2006 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ CNN 1999 . Jump up ^ Márquez 2002 . Jump up ^ Cochrane 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha : ' I have 200 songs for my second album '' . NME . UK . June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent 2007 . Jump up ^ Bukszpan 2003 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Waksman 2009 , pp. 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Pond 1988 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2010 . Jump up ^ Sorel - Cameron 2007 . Jump up ^ RIAA 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem scores seventh consecutive UK Number 1 album '' . Official Charts Company . 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Straw 1990 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Waksman 2001 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Fast 2001 , pp. 162 -- 163 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2007 . Jump up ^ Batchelor & Stoddart 2007 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ BBC Home 2006b . Jump up ^ BBC Home 2006a . Jump up ^ BBC Home 2005 . Jump up ^ Grammy 2011 . Jump up ^ BPI 2011 . 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CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Talmadge , Eric ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Led Zeppelin guitarist wants World tour '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 25 November 2008 . Thompson , Dave ( 2004 ) . Smoke on the Water : The Deep Purple Story . Toronto , Ontario : ECW Press . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 618 - 5 . Thorpe , Vanessa ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` Led Zeppelin join the net generation '' . The Observer . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Turner , Gustavo ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` The L.A. weekly interview : Billy Corgan '' . LA Weekly . TVNZ ( 17 December 2009 ) . `` Guinness 2010 entertainment winners '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . VH1 ( 2010 ) . `` Greatest artists of hard rock '' . VH1 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Waksman , Steve ( 2001 ) . Instruments of Desire : the Electric Guitar and the Shaping of Musical Experience . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00547 - 3 . Waksman , Steve ( 2009 ) . This Ai n't the Summer of Love : Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25310 - 0 . Wale , Michael ( 11 July 1973 ) . `` Led Zeppelin '' . The Times . Wall , Mick ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` The truth behind the Led Zeppelin legend '' . The Times . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Wall , Mick ( 2008 ) . When Giants Walked the Earth : A Biography of Led Zeppelin . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4091 - 0319 - 6 . Walser , Robert ( 1993 ) . Running with the Devil : Power , Gender , and Madness in Heavy Metal Music . New York : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6260 - 2 . Welch , Chris ( 1994 ) . Led Zeppelin . London : Orion . ISBN 1 - 85797 - 930 - 3 . Welch , Chris ; Nicholls , Geoff ( 2001 ) . John Bonham : A Thunder of Drums . San Francisco : Backbeat . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 658 - 8 . Williamson , Nigel ( May 2005 ) . `` Forget the myths '' . Uncut . Williamson , Nigel ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 841 - 5 . Witmer , Scott ( 2010 ) . History of Rock Bands . Edina , Minnesota : ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60453 - 692 - 8 . Yorke , Ritchie ( 1993 ) . Led Zeppelin : The Definitive Biography . Novato , California : Underwood -- Miller . ISBN 0 - 88733 - 177 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Christgau , Robert ( 1998 ) . `` Genius Dumb : Led Zeppelin '' . Grown Up All Wrong : 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno . Harvard University Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0674443187 . Greene , Andy ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` This week in rock history : Bob Dylan wins his first Grammy and Led Zeppelin become the Nobs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Rogers , Georgie ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` MOJO award winners '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Brackett , John ( 2008 ) . `` Examining Rhythmic and Metric Practices in Led Zeppelin 's Musical Style '' . Popular Music . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLed Zeppelinat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Led Zeppelin at Atlantic Records Led Zeppelin 's channel on YouTube ( Official ) Led Zeppelin at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled BBC Sessions The Best of Led Zeppelin Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Kennedy Center Honorees ( 2010s ) Merle Haggard Jerry Herman Bill T. Jones Paul McCartney Oprah Winfrey 2011 Barbara Cook Neil Diamond Yo - Yo Ma Sonny Rollins Meryl Streep 2012 Buddy Guy Dustin Hoffman David Letterman Led Zeppelin Natalia Makarova 2013 Martina Arroyo Herbie Hancock Billy Joel Shirley MacLaine Carlos Santana 2014 Al Green Tom Hanks Patricia McBride Sting Lily Tomlin 2015 Carole King George Lucas Rita Moreno Seiji Ozawa Cicely Tyson 2016 Martha Argerich Eagles Al Pacino Mavis Staples James Taylor 2017 Carmen de Lavallade Gloria Estefan LL Cool J Norman Lear Lionel Richie Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 1990s Paul McCartney / the Baltic states ( 1992 ) Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski ( 1993 ) Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt ( 1994 ) Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1995 ) Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez ( 1996 ) Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson ( 1997 ) Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar ( 1998 ) Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis ( 1999 ) 2000s Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern ( 2000 ) Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen ( 2001 ) Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina ( 2002 ) Keith Jarrett ( 2003 ) B.B. King / György Ligeti ( 2004 ) Gilberto Gil / Dietrich Fischer - Dieskau ( 2005 ) Led Zeppelin / Valery Gergiev ( 2006 ) Sonny Rollins / Steve Reich ( 2007 ) Pink Floyd / Renée Fleming ( 2008 ) Peter Gabriel / José Antonio Abreu / El Sistema ( 2009 ) 2010s Björk / Ennio Morricone ( 2010 ) Kronos Quartet / Patti Smith ( 2011 ) Paul Simon / Yo - Yo Ma ( 2012 ) Youssou N'Dour / Kaija Saariaho ( 2013 ) Chuck Berry / Peter Sellars ( 2014 ) Emmylou Harris / Evelyn Glennie ( 2015 ) Max Martin / Cecilia Bartoli ( 2016 ) Sting / Wayne Shorter ( 2017 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1995 Performers The Allman Brothers Band ( Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jaimoe , Berry Oakley , Butch Trucks ) Al Green Janis Joplin Led Zeppelin ( John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , Robert Plant ) Martha and the Vandellas ( Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , Sandra Tilley ) Neil Young Frank Zappa Early influences The Orioles Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Paul Ackerman VIAF : 149063005 LCCN : n82059248 ISNI : 0000 0001 2348 3226 GND : 5066866 - 3 SUDOC : 027447049 BNF : cb13904570n ( data ) BIBSYS : 1034879 MusicBrainz : 678d88b2 - 87b0 - 403b - b63d - 5da7465aecc3 NLA : 36555887 NKC : xx0011546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Led_Zeppelin&oldid=818288380 '' Categories : Led Zeppelin 1968 establishments in England 1980 disestablishments in England Atlantic Records artists Decca Records artists British folk rock groups English blues rock musical groups English hard rock musical groups English heavy metal musical groups Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Kennedy Center honorees Musical groups established in 1968 Musical groups disestablished in 1980 Musical groups from London Musical quartets Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Swan Song Records artists The Yardbirds Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 18 : 34 . 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About Wikipedia	names of the band members of led zeppelin	[ "\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\n\n\nClockwise, from top left: Jimmy Page, John Bonham, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nOrigin\nLondon, England\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHard rock\nblues rock\nfolk rock\nheavy metal\n\n\n\n\n\nYears active\n1968–1980\n(reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007)\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nAtlantic\nSwan Song\n\n\n\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nThe Yardbirds\nThe Honeydrippers\nPage and Plant\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nledzeppelin.com\n\n\n\n\n\nPast members\n\n\nJimmy Page\nRobert Plant\nJohn Paul Jones\nJohn Bonham\n\n\n\n", "\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\n\n\nClockwise, from top left: Jimmy Page, John Bonham, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nOrigin\nLondon, England\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHard rock\nblues rock\nfolk rock\nheavy metal\n\n\n\n\n\nYears active\n1968–1980\n(reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007)\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nAtlantic\nSwan Song\n\n\n\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nThe Yardbirds\nThe Honeydrippers\nPage and Plant\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nledzeppelin.com\n\n\n\n\n\nPast members\n\n\nJimmy Page\nRobert Plant\nJohn Paul Jones\nJohn Bonham\n\n\n\n", "\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\n\n\nClockwise, from top left: Jimmy Page, John Bonham, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nOrigin\nLondon, England\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHard rock\nblues rock\nfolk rock\nheavy metal\n\n\n\n\n\nYears active\n1968–1980\n(reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007)\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nAtlantic\nSwan Song\n\n\n\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nThe Yardbirds\nThe Honeydrippers\nPage and Plant\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nledzeppelin.com\n\n\n\n\n\nPast members\n\n\nJimmy Page\nRobert Plant\nJohn Paul Jones\nJohn Bonham\n\n\n\n", "\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\n\n\nClockwise, from top left: Jimmy Page, John Bonham, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nOrigin\nLondon, England\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHard rock\nblues rock\nfolk rock\nheavy metal\n\n\n\n\n\nYears active\n1968–1980\n(reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007)\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nAtlantic\nSwan Song\n\n\n\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nThe Yardbirds\nThe Honeydrippers\nPage and Plant\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nledzeppelin.com\n\n\n\n\n\nPast members\n\n\nJimmy Page\nRobert Plant\nJohn Paul Jones\nJohn Bonham\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Jimmy Page", "Robert Plant", "John Paul Jones", "John Bonham" ]
1109043916336032608	Candle in the Wind	Candle in the Wind - wikipedia Candle in the Wind Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original version dedicated to Marilyn Monroe . For the re-written and re-recorded version as a tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales , see Candle in the Wind 1997 . For other uses , see Candle in the Wind ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Candle in the Wind '' Cover of the 1986 -- 87 live version Single by Elton John from the album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road B - side `` Bennie and the Jets '' Released 4 February 1974 Format Vinyl record ( 7 `` ) Recorded May 1973 Studio Château d'Hérouville , France Length 3 : 50 Label MCA DJM Songwriter ( s ) Elton John Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road track listing Side One `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` Bennie and the Jets '' Side Two `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' `` This Song Has No Title '' `` Grey Seal '' `` Jamaica Jerk - Off '' `` I 've Seen That Movie Too '' Side Three `` Sweet Painted Lady '' `` The Ballad of Danny Bailey ( 1909 -- 34 ) '' `` Dirty Little Girl '' `` All the Girls Love Alice '' Side Four `` Your Sister Ca n't Twist ( but She Can Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' `` Roy Rogers '' `` Social Disease '' `` Harmony '' `` Candle in the Wind '' is a threnody with music and lyrics by Elton John and Bernie Taupin . It was originally written in 1973 , in honour of Marilyn Monroe , who had died 11 years earlier . In 1997 , John performed a rewritten version of the song as a tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales . This version of the song was released as a single and reached No. 1 in many countries , proving a much greater success than the original , officially being listed as the second best - selling single of all time , behind Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original version 1.1 Personnel 2 1986 live version 2.1 Accolades 3 1997 version 4 2003 acoustic remix 5 Cover versions 6 Popular culture 7 References 8 External links Original version ( edit ) The original version in the key of E major appeared on John 's 1973 album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road recorded in May 1973 and released in 1974 . The lyrics of the song are a sympathetic portrayal of the life of Marilyn Monroe . ( The song 's opening line `` Goodbye , Norma Jean '' refers to Monroe 's real name , Norma Jeane ( more commonly spelled Jean ) Baker . ) In the Eagle Vision documentary on the making of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road , Taupin said the song is about `` the idea of fame or youth or somebody being cut short in the prime of their life . The song could have been about James Dean , it could have been about Montgomery Clift , it could have been about Jim Morrison ... how we glamorise death , how we immortalise people . '' The single release of the original song reached No. 11 in the UK charts in 1974 . At the time , it was not released as a single in the United States ( `` Bennie and the Jets '' was chosen instead ) . Taupin was inspired to write the song after hearing the phrase `` candle in the wind '' used in tribute to Janis Joplin . This version is ranked # 347 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . On the other hand , composer Gruff Rhys called it the worst song he had ever heard . During a concert on 7 April 1990 , at Farm Aid IV , John dedicated the song to Ryan White , who had been suffering from AIDS . White died from AIDS complications the next day . Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- piano , vocals Davey Johnstone -- electric guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals Dee Murray -- bass , backing vocals Nigel Olsson -- drums , backing vocals 1986 live version ( edit ) On 14 December 1986 , a live version of the song was recorded in Sydney , Australia . It was released in 1987 on the album Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and as a single . In 1988 , it reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Candle in the Wind ( live 1986 ) '' Best Pop Vocal Performance -- Male Nominated 1997 version ( edit ) Main article : Candle in the Wind 1997 `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' or `` Goodbye England 's Rose '' is a re-recording of `` Candle in the Wind '' as a tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales . Released in 1997 , the song peaked at No. 1 in the United Kingdom , becoming John 's fourth No. 1 single . It also peaked at No. 1 in several other countries . The Guinness Book of Records in 2007 stated that `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' is the biggest - selling single `` since records began '' , but that Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' has sold the most copies . The record of this version was produced by George Martin . 2003 acoustic remix ( edit ) Using the same vocal take as the original 1973 recording , engineer Greg Penny stripped away all instrumentation except Davey Johnstone 's acoustic guitar . Even the double - tracking of the lead vocal was removed , leaving Elton and the original backing vocal arrangement of Dee Murray , Nigel Olsson and Davey Johnstone . The remix first appeared as a bonus track on the 30th Anniversary edition of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road and subsequently on the 2003 EP Remixed . Cover versions ( edit ) English folk singer Sandy Denny recorded a cover version for her 1977 Rendezvous album . In 1989 , The Shadows did an instrumental of the song on their album Steppin ' to the Shadows . English punk band Leatherface recorded a cover version for their second album Fill Your Boots in 1990 In 1991 David Tyler covered the song on CKBE - FM . English alternative singer Kate Bush recorded a cover version for her 1991 `` Rocket Man '' single . Billy Joel performed a cover version during the Elton John and Billy Joel Face to Face 1994 concert . New Zealand singer Wing covered the song on her 2009 album Beat It . In 2014 , English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran recorded a cover version for the 40th Anniversary `` Super Deluxe '' Edition of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road . In 2014 , Israeli French singer Amir Haddad recorded a version with an additional music video of the song launched in June 2014 . Earlier the same year , he had used the song for his blind audition in season 3 of the French television series The Voice : la plus belle voix broadcast on TF1 with all four coaches , Garou , Mika , Jenifer and Florent Pagny turning their chairs during his audition . Haddad chose to be part of Team Jenifer and finished third overall for the season . Popular culture ( edit ) In 1997 , English satirist Chris Morris ' radio comedy sketch show Blue Jam featured a sketch in which a man discovers a secret message if the 1997 version is played backwards , which says `` Jesus and your bush . That 's no titchy marrow . '' In 2011 , a song called `` 5,000 Candles In The Wind '' was featured in the season 3 finale of the show Parks and Recreation , titled `` Li'l Sebastian '' . It was played by Chris Pratt 's character Andy Dwyer in a tribute concert for Li'l Sebastian , a recently deceased miniature horse beloved by the people of Pawnee . The song was written by Dwyer after Leslie Knope ( Amy Poehler ) asked him to write a song that would be `` Something like ' Candle In The Wind ' ... But 5,000 times better '' . The song was also played at the unity concert in the season 6 finale of the show . `` Candle in the Wind '' is mentioned in the BoJack Horseman episode `` Still Broken '' by one of the show 's main characters , Princess Carolyn ( voiced by Amy Sedaris ) , who states `` You know when someone dies , everyone wants to buy their shit ? ... You do n't think Elton John was raking it in when Diana died ? More like `` Candle in the Windfall . '' Cha -- ching ! '' In 2017 this song was used in Polygon 's Car Boys series featuring Nick Robinson and Griffin McElroy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Brantley ( 11 October 2004 ) . `` Some Like It Hot , Some Like It Painted in Words '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Music & Me : Gruff Rhys '' . The Independent . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : Dec 25 , 1941 : Bing Crosby introduces ' White Christmas ' to the world '' . History.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Covers Elton John 's `` Candle In The Wind '' : Listen To His Faithful Version `` . Idolator . SpinMedia . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tribune Juive : Amir Haddad : chercher sa voix ( in French ) Jump up ^ Ynet : הישראלי עמיר חדד ב - `` The Voice '' צרפת ( in Hebrew ) External links ( edit ) Elton John wrote the song `` Candle in the Wind '' about what actress ? Lyrics of the original version at MetroLyrics Lyrics of the 1997 version at MetroLyrics Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John Marilyn Monroe Performances and awards Death In popular culture Songs `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' `` Heat Wave '' `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy '' `` That Old Black Magic '' `` You 'd Be Surprised '' Clothes Pink dress White dress Related `` Candle in the Wind '' Marilyn : The Untold Story ( 1980 film ) My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 film ) John F. Kennedy document hoax Forever Marilyn Marilyn Diptych The Last Sitting 12305 Fifth Helena Drive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candle_in_the_Wind&oldid=797145849 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1987 singles Elton John songs Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Songs about Marilyn Monroe 1970s ballads Songs inspired by deaths Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon 1973 songs DJM Records singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles with Hebrew - language external links Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English from October 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 06 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did elton john write candle in the wind for	[ "\"Candle in the Wind\" is a threnody with music and lyrics by Elton John and Bernie Taupin. It was originally written in 1973, in honour of Marilyn Monroe,[1] who had died 11 years earlier." ]	[ "Marilyn Monroe" ]
-2387113799393333991	Lord Voldemort	Lord Voldemort - wikipedia Lord Voldemort Jump to : navigation , search `` Voldemort '' redirects here . For the software project , see Voldemort ( distributed data store ) . `` He Who Cannot Be Named '' redirects here . For the member of the Dwarves , see Dwarves ( band ) . For Him Who Is Not to be Named , see Hastur . Lord Voldemort Harry Potter character Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Ralph Fiennes , as the Dark Lord finally resurrected from HP4 to the end of the film series in HP7 -- Part 2 Frank Dillane , as a fifteen - year - old in HP6 Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , as an eleven - year - old in HP6 Christian Coulson , as a sixteen - year - old in HP2 Ian Hart , voice in HP1 Richard Bremmer , non-faced in HP1 Eddie Izzard , The Lego Batman Movie House Slytherin Full name Tom Marvolo Riddle Lord Voldemort ( / ˈvoʊldəmɔːr / ; / - mɔːrt / in the films ; born Tom Marvolo Riddle ) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J.K. Rowling 's series of Harry Potter novels . Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which was released in 1997 . Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series , except the third , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , where he is only mentioned . Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter , who according to a prophecy has `` the power to vanquish the Dark Lord '' . Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name , and refers to him instead with such expressions as `` You - Know - Who '' , `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' or `` the Dark Lord '' . Voldemort 's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle ( non-magical ) heritage and to conquer both worlds , Muggle and wizarding , to achieve pure - blood dominance . Through his mother 's family , he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin , one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . He is the leader of the Death Eaters , a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler . According to Rowling , the ' t ' in `` Voldemort '' is silent , as it is in the French word for death , `` mort '' . Jim Dale pronounced it so in the first four US audiobooks , yet the characters in the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone pronounced the `` t '' -- after which Dale changed his audiobook pronunciation accordingly . For all the UK audiobooks Stephen Fry pronounced the name including the `` t '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.8 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Outward appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 5 Family 5.1 Family tree 5.2 Riddle family 5.3 Gaunt family 6 Reception 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Character development In a 2001 interview , Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter ( the protagonist of the novels ) , and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemort 's backstory at first . `` The basic idea ( was that Harry ) did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him ... Harry has to find out , before we find out . And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . '' In the second book , Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure - blood wizards , despite being a half - blood himself . In a 2000 interview with the BBC , Rowling described Voldemort as a self - hating bully : `` Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects , as they see it , and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and that 's what Voldemort does . '' In the same year , Rowling became more precise about Voldemort . She began to link him to real - life tyrants , describing him as `` a raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' . In 2004 , though , Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person . In 2006 , Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear : the fear of death . She said : `` Voldemort 's fear is death , ignominious death . I mean , he regards death itself as ignominious . He thinks that it 's a shameful human weakness , as you know . His worst fear is death . '' Throughout the series , Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name . Most characters in the novels refer to him as `` You - Know - Who '' or `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' rather than say his name aloud . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , a Taboo is placed upon the name , such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it . By this means , his followers eventually find and capture Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . In the second book , Rowling reveals that I am Lord Voldemort is an anagram of the character 's birth name , Tom Marvolo Riddle . According to the author , Voldemort 's name is an invented word . Some literary analysts have considered possible meanings in the name : Philip Nel states that Voldemort is derived from the French for `` flight of death '' , and in a 2002 paper , Nilsen and Nilsen suggest that readers get a `` creepy feeling '' from the name Voldemort , because of the French word `` mort '' ( `` death '' ) within it and that word 's association with cognate English words derived from the Latin mors . Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort on the back of Professor Quirrell 's head in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort makes his debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In this story , Rowling introduces him as the Dark Lord who murdered Harry 's parents , James and Lily , but as a result of his mother 's love and willingness to sacrifice herself for him , baby Harry survives when Voldemort tries to murder him with a Killing Curse . Voldemort is disembodied , and Harry carries a mysterious scar on his forehead as a result . In the book , Voldemort unsuccessfully tries to regain his dissolved body by stealing the titular Philosopher 's Stone . To achieve his objective , Voldemort uses Professor Quirrell 's aid by latching onto the back of Quirrell 's head . However , at the climax of the book , Harry manages to prevent Voldemort from stealing the stone . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second instalment , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Rowling introduces Tom Marvolo Riddle , a manifestation of a teenage Voldemort that resides inside a magical diary found by Ginny Weasley . In this book , Ginny is written as a shy girl with a crush on Harry . Feeling anxious and lonely , she begins to write into the diary and shares her deepest fears with the sympathetic Tom . However , at the climax of the story , when Riddle rearranges the letters in his name to write `` I am Lord Voldemort '' , Riddle is revealed as a magical manifestation of the boy who would later grow up to become the Dark Lord . Riddle states he has grown strong on Ginny 's fears and eventually possesses her , using her as a pawn to unlock the Chamber of Secrets , whence a basilisk is set free and petrifies several Hogwarts students . Harry defeats the manifestation of Riddle from the diary and the basilisk . In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Voldemort does not appear in the third book , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , either in person or as a magical manifestation . He is , however , heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor . Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney , the Divination professor , makes a rare genuine prophecy : The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless , abandoned by his followers . His servant has been chained these twelve years . Tonight , before midnight , the servant will break free and set out to rejoin his master . The Dark Lord will rise again with his servant 's aid , greater and more terrible than ever before . Tonight ... before midnight ... the servant ... will set out ... to rejoin ... his master ... Though it is initially implied that the prophecy refers to Sirius Black , the book 's ostensible antagonist , the servant is eventually revealed to be Peter Pettigrew , who , for the 12 years since Voldemort 's fall , has been disguised as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth instalment of the series , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort appears at the start and the climax of the book . Rowling lets many seemingly unrelated plot elements fall into order . It is revealed that Voldemort 's minion Barty Crouch Jr , disguised as Hogwarts professor Mad - Eye Moody , has manipulated the events of the Triwizard Tournament in Harry 's favour . Voldemort 's goal is to teleport Harry under Dumbledore 's watch as a reluctant participant to the Little Hangleton graveyard , where the Riddle family is buried . Harry is captured and , after Pettigrew uses Harry 's blood to fulfil a gruesome magical ritual , Voldemort regains his body and is restored to his full power . For the first time in the series , Rowling describes his appearance : `` tall and skeletally thin '' , with a face `` whiter than a skull , with wide , livid scarlet eyes and a nose that was as flat as a snake 's with slits for nostrils '' . Rowling writes that his `` hands were like large , pale spiders ; his long white fingers caressed his own chest , his arms , his face ; the red eyes , whose pupils were slits , like a cat 's , gleamed still more brightly through the darkness '' . It was revealed that , while in Albania , Pettigrew had captured the Ministry of Magic official Bertha Jorkins , who was tortured for information about the Ministry . After they learned that Barty Crouch Jr , a faithful Death Eater , had been smuggled out of Azkaban and was privately confined at his father 's house , they killed her . With Pettigrew 's help , Voldemort creates a small , rudimentary body , corporeal enough to travel and perform magic , and formulated a plan to restore his own body by capturing Harry . A portion of the plan had been overheard by Frank Bryce , a gardener , whom Voldemort then killed . Voldemort then completes his plan and returns to life in his full body as a result of the ritual with Harry 's blood . He then summons his Death Eaters to the graveyard to witness the death of Harry as he challenges Harry to a duel . However , when Voldemort duels Harry , their wands become magically locked together due to the twin Phoenix feather cores of the wands . Because of a phenomenon later revealed as Priori Incantatem , ghost - like manifestations of Voldemort 's most recent victims ( including Harry 's parents ) then appear and distract Voldemort , allowing Harry just enough time to escape via Portkey with the body of fellow - student , Cedric Diggory , who was murdered by Pettigrew on Voldemort 's orders . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Voldemort appears at the climax of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , having again plotted against Harry . In this book , Harry goes through extreme emotional stress , and according to Rowling , it was necessary to prove that Harry is emotionally vulnerable and thus human , in contrast to his nemesis Voldemort , who is emotionally invulnerable and thus inhuman : `` ( Harry is ) a very human hero , and this is , obviously , there 's a contrast , between him , as a very human hero , and Voldemort , who has deliberately dehumanised himself . ( ... ) and Harry , therefore , did have to reach a point where he did almost break down . '' In this book , Voldemort makes liberal use of the Ministry of Magic 's refusal to believe that he has returned . Voldemort engineers a plot to free Bellatrix Lestrange and other Death Eaters from Azkaban and then embarks on a scheme to retrieve the full record of a prophecy stored in the Department of Mysteries regarding Harry and himself . He sends a group of Death Eaters to retrieve the prophecy , where the Order of the Phoenix meets them . All but Bellatrix are captured , and Voldemort engages in a ferocious duel with Dumbledore . When Dumbledore gets the upper hand , Voldemort attempts to possess Harry but finds that he can not ; Harry is too full of that which Voldemort finds incomprehensible , and which he detests as weakness : love . Sensing that Dumbledore could win , Voldemort disapparates , but not before the Minister for Magic sees him in person , making his return to life public knowledge in the next book . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Voldemort does not appear in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although his presence and actions are felt : he once again declares war , and begins to rise to power once more . He murders Amelia Bones of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and begins to target members of the Order of the Phoenix , including Emmeline Vance . Rowling uses several chapters as exposition to establish Voldemort 's backstory . In a series of flashbacks , using the pensieve as a plot device , she reveals that Voldemort is the son of the witch Merope Gaunt and a Muggle called Tom Riddle . Riddle abandons Merope before their child 's birth , soon after which Merope dies , just hours after giving birth . After living in an orphanage , young Riddle meets Dumbledore , who tells him he is a wizard and arranges for him to attend Hogwarts . Riddle is outwardly a model student , but is in reality a psychopath who takes sadistic pleasure in using his powers to harm and control people . He eventually murders his father and grandparents as revenge for abandoning him . The book also discusses Riddle 's hatred of `` Muggles '' , his obsession with Horcruxes , and his desire to split his soul to achieve immortality . Rowling stated Voldemort 's conception under the influence of a love potion symbolises the prejudicial circumstances under which he was brought into the world . In the main plot of the book , Voldemort 's next step is to engineer an assault on Hogwarts , and to attack Dumbledore . This is accomplished by Draco Malfoy , who arranges transportation of Death Eaters into Hogwarts by a pair of Vanishing Cabinets , which bypass the extensive protective enchantments placed around the school . The cabinets allow Voldemort 's Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts , where battle commences and Dumbledore is cornered . Hogwarts professor ( and re-doubled agent ) Severus Snape uses the Killing Curse against Dumbledore when Draco could not force himself to do so . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Further information : Deathly Hallows ( objects ) In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort furthers his quest for ultimate power . He disposes of the Minister for Magic and replaces him with Pius Thicknesse , who is under the Imperius Curse . Establishing a totalitarian police state , he has Muggle - borns persecuted and arrested for `` stealing magic '' from the `` pure blood '' wizards . After failing to kill Harry with Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy 's borrowed wand ( to avoid the effect of Priori Incantatem ) , he goes on a murderous search for the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand ever created , seeing it as the weapon he needs to overcome Harry 's wand and make him truly invincible . He goes on a quest that takes him out of the country to Gregorovitch 's wand shop , where he kills the old wandmaker . His journey also takes him to Nurmengard , the prison where Gellert Grindelwald is kept , and he kills Grindelwald as well . He finally locates the Elder Wand and steals it from Dumbledore 's tomb . Later , he finds out that Harry and his friends are hunting and destroying his Horcruxes . After offering the occupants of Hogwarts mercy if they give up Harry , he assembles a large army and launches an invasion of the castle , where Harry is searching for Ravenclaw 's Lost Diadem , one of the Horcruxes . Voldemort orders his pet snake Nagini to execute Snape , believing it would make him the true master of the Elder Wand , since Snape killed Dumbledore . He then calls an hour 's armistice , in exchange for Harry . When Harry willingly walks into Voldemort 's camp in the Forbidden Forest , Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand . However , the use of Harry 's blood to resurrect Voldemort 's body proves to be a major setback : while Harry 's blood runs in Voldemort 's veins , Harry can not be killed as his mother 's protection lives on now in Voldemort too . Instead , Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry 's body . Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry 's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy , sparking another battle during which Nagini , his last Horcrux , is destroyed by Neville Longbottom . The battle then moves into the Great Hall , where Voldemort fights Minerva McGonagall , Kingsley Shacklebolt , and Horace Slughorn simultaneously . Harry then reveals himself and explains to Voldemort that Draco became the true master of the Elder Wand when he disarmed Dumbledore ; Harry , in turn , won the wand 's allegiance when he took Draco 's wand . Refusing to believe this , Voldemort casts the Killing Curse with the Elder Wand while Harry uses a Disarming Charm with Draco 's , but the Elder Wand refuses to kill its master and the spell rebounds on Voldemort who , with all of his Horcruxes destroyed , finally dies . His body is laid in a different chamber from all the others who died battling him . Rowling stated that after his death , Voldemort is forced to exist in the stunted infant - like form that Harry sees in the King 's Cross-like Limbo after his confrontation with Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest . Rowling also mentioned that , despite his extreme fear of death , he can not become a ghost . Harry Potter and the Cursed child In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , it is revealed that Bellatrix gave birth to Voldemort 's daughter Delphi in Malfoy Manor before the Battle of Hogwarts . Twenty - two years later , Delphi poses as Cedric 's cousin and manipulates Harry and Ginny 's second son Albus Severus Potter , his friend , Draco and Astoria Greengrass 's son Scorpius Malfoy into stealing a prototype Time Turner with which she hopes to resurrect her father . Using the Time Turner , Scorpius accidentally creates an alternative timeline where Voldemort killed Harry at the battle and now rules the wizarding world . In an attempt to achieve this future , Delphi travels to Godric 's Hollow on the night Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , hoping to avert the prophecy that led to her father 's downfall . After receiving a message from his son , Harry , together with Ron , Hermione and Draco ( who by now has become friends with Harry after they join forces to save their respective sons ) transfigures himself into Voldemort so that he can distract Delphi , allowing them to overpower her . The real Voldemort kills Harry 's parents as prophesied , and Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Portrayals within films Young Tom in his fifth year at Hogwarts as played by Christian Coulson in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Voldemort appears in seven Harry Potter films , namely Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Several actors have portrayed him in his varying incarnations and ages . In Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Voldemort 's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell 's head , an effect achieved by computer generated imagery . Ian Hart , the actor who played Quirrell in the same film , provided the voice and the facial source for this character . Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn . As Voldemort 's face was altered enough by CG work , and Hart 's voice was affected enough , there was no confusion by Hart 's playing of the two roles . In that film , he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them . In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer , though his face is never seen . His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle ( portrayed by Christian Coulson ) . Ralph Fiennes portrays Voldemort from Goblet of Fire to Deathly Hallows Part 2 . In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort is initially only heard , possessing the scratchy , weak voice heard in the first film . By the film 's climax , however , he appears in his physical form for the first time , played by Ralph Fiennes . As in the book , Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes , being tall and emaciated , with no hair and yellowish teeth ; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone ; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected . Unlike in the book , his pupils are not cat - like and his eyes are blue , because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with fear ( his eyes do briefly take on a snake - like appearance when he opens them after turning human , but quickly turn normal ) . As in the book , the film version of Voldemort has snake - like slit nostrils with the flesh of his nose significantly pressed back . Ralph Fiennes ' nose was not covered in makeup on the set , but was digitally removed in post-production . In this first appearance , Voldemort also has a forked tongue , but this element was removed for the subsequent films . Fiennes stated that he had two weeks to shoot the climactic showdown scene where he is gloating over a terrified Harry , played by Daniel Radcliffe . Fiennes said with a chuckle : `` I have no doubt children will be afraid of me now if they were n't before . '' In preparation , he read the novel Goblet of Fire , but jokingly conceded : `` I was only interested in my scene , and I had to go through thousands and thousands of other scenes which I did , dutifully , until I got to my scene and I read it many , many , many , many , many times and that was my research . '' Fiennes reprised his role as Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Fiennes 's nephew , Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , portrayed Tom Riddle as a child in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . By the time filming arrived Christian Coulson was 29 , and not considered suitable to return as the adolescent Riddle . Thomas James Longley was originally scheduled to take over the role , but last minute renegotiations saw Frank Dillane cast instead . Characterisation Outward appearance After he regains his body in the fourth book , Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin , a chalk - white , skull - like face , snake - like slits for nostrils , red eyes and cat - like slits for pupils , a skeletally thin body and long , thin hands with unnaturally long fingers . As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book , he also has no hair or lips . Earlier in life , as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books , Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin , jet black hair , and dark brown eyes . He could charm many people with his looks . The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul . In the films , Voldemort 's eyes are blue with round pupils . Personality Rowling described Voldemort as `` the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years '' . She elaborated that he is a `` raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' , and whose only ambition in life is to become all - powerful and immortal . He is also a sadist who hurts and murders people -- especially Muggles -- just for pleasure . He has no conscience , feels no remorse , and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself . He feels no need for human companionship or friendship , and can not comprehend love or affection for another . He believes he is superior to everyone around him , to the point that he frequently refers to himself in the third - person as `` Lord Voldemort '' . Rowling also stated that Voldemort is `` incredibly power hungry . Racist , really '' , and that if Voldemort were to look into the Mirror of Erised , he would see `` Himself , all - powerful and eternal . That 's what he wants . '' Rowling also stated that Voldemort 's conception by influence of Amortentia -- a love potion administered by his mother , a witch named Merope Gaunt , to the Muggle Tom Riddle -- is related to his inability to understand love ; it is `` a symbolic way of showing that he came from a loveless union -- but of course , everything would have changed if Merope had survived and raised him herself and loved him . The enchantment under which Tom Riddle fathered Voldemort is important because it shows coercion , and there ca n't be many more prejudicial ways to enter the world than as the result of such a union '' . Like most archetypical villains , Voldemort 's arrogance leads to his downfall . He also suffers from a pathological fear of death , which he regards as a shameful and ignominious human weakness . However , while he had many traits of a megalomaniac , he did not have all , as one common trait associated with megalomania and narcissists was shifting blame . Voldemort admitted he paid an expensive price in attacking the parents of Harry Potter , and carefully studied what went wrong when reorganizing his Death Eaters , ultimately placing the blame upon himself . According to Rowling , his Boggart would be his own corpse . Rowling also said that the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry accepts mortality , and thus Harry is in the end stronger than his nemesis . Magical abilities and skills Throughout the series , Rowling establishes Voldemort as an extremely powerful , intelligent , and ruthless Dark Wizard . He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens ; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration . Besides Dumbledore , he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently . Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone , Dumbledore . In the final book , Voldemort flies unsupported , something that amazes those who see it . Voldemort , like his ancestral family , the Gaunts , is a Parselmouth , meaning he can converse with serpents . This skill was inherited from his ancestor , Salazar Slytherin . The Gaunt family speak Parseltongue among themselves . This highly unusual trait may be preserved through inbreeding , a practice employed by the Gaunt Family to maintain their blood 's purity . When Voldemort attempts to kill Harry his ability to speak Parseltongue is passed to Harry through the small bit of the former 's soul . After that bit of soul is destroyed , Harry loses this ability . In a flashback in the sixth novel , Voldemort boasts to Dumbledore during a job interview that he has `` pushed the boundaries of magic farther than they had ever before '' . Dumbledore states that Voldemort 's knowledge of magic is more extensive than any wizard alive and that even Dumbledore 's most powerful protective spells and charms would likely be insufficient if Voldemort returned to full power . Dumbledore also said that Voldemort was probably the most brilliant student Hogwarts has ever seen . Although Voldemort remains highly accomplished and prodigious in skill , he is enormously lacking and highly inept in the most powerful magic , love . This inability to love and trust others proves to be Voldemort 's greatest weakness in the series . Voldemort initially voices scepticism that his own magic might not be the most powerful , but upon returning to power , he admits to his Death Eaters that he had overlooked the ancient and powerful magic which Lily Potter invoked and that would protect Harry from harm . On her website , Rowling wrote that Voldemort 's wand is made of yew , whose sap is poisonous and which symbolises death . It forms a deliberate contrast to Harry 's wand , which is made of holly , which she chose because holly is alleged to repel evil . Rowling establishes in the books that Voldemort is magically connected to Harry via Harry 's forehead scar . He disembodies himself when his Killing Curse targeting Harry rebounds on him , leaving the scar on Harry 's forehead . In the books , and to a lesser extent in the films , Harry 's scar serves as an indicator of Voldemort 's presence : it burns when the Dark Lord is near or when Voldemort is feeling murderous or exultant . According to Rowling , by attacking Harry when he was a baby Voldemort gave him `` tools ( that ) no other wizard possessed -- the scar and the ability it conferred , a magical window into Voldemort 's mind '' . Family Family tree Note : The names ' Thomas ' and ' Mary ' Riddle are taken from the films , and Delphini appears only in the Cursed Child play . The Potter Family is not shown . ( show ) Voldemort family tree Salazar Slytherin The Peverell Family Thomas Riddle Mary Riddle Marvolo Gaunt Tom Riddle Sr . Merope Gaunt Morfin Gaunt Tom Marvolo Riddle Bellatrix Lestrange Delphini Riddle Harry Potter Notes : Riddle family The Riddle family , an old gentry family , consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son , Tom Riddle , Esq . They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in , and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town . They lived in a large house with fine gardens , but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes . Tom , apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary , indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century , socialising with attractive women of his class , riding horses , and enjoying his status in the town . Rowling revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince that young Merope Gaunt made efforts to get as close to Tom as she could , peering at him through the windows and bushes at every opportunity . Morfin noticed his sister 's affection for Tom , and hexed him as he rode by , covering him in hives . This breach of wizarding law , and the ensuing violent struggle with Ministry of Magic officials , led to Marvolo and Morfin being imprisoned in Azkaban . As surmised by Dumbledore , once Merope was alone and no longer dominated by her father , she could make her move for Tom . She offered Tom a drink laced with a love potion as he rode by one day without his attractive companion , Cecilia . He became infatuated with Merope and they eloped . Within three months of the marriage , Merope became pregnant . Merope decided to stop giving Tom the love potion , having come to the belief such enchantment of a man was tantamount to slavery . She also revealed her witch status to Tom , believing either that he had fallen in love with her on his own or he would at least stay for their unborn child . She was wrong , and Tom quickly left his pregnant wife and went home to his parents , claiming to have been `` hoodwinked '' and tricked into marrying Merope . Tom Marvolo Riddle , their son , was born on 31 December 1926 and was left to grow up in an orphanage , as Merope had died soon after giving birth . Readers first learn about the doom of the Riddles in the beginning of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Tom Riddle , Esq. and his parents were murdered by Tom Marvolo Riddle . The Riddles ' gardener Frank Bryce was blamed for the murders in the Muggle world , though he was never charged or tried , while in the wizarding world Morfin Gaunt was framed for them and died in Azkaban prison . In the film adaptation of The Goblet of Fire , Voldemort 's grandparents were given the names Thomas and Mary Riddle . Gaunt family Most of the exposition of the House of Gaunt 's background occurs in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , through the medium of Dumbledore 's Pensieve . The Gaunts were once a powerful and influential family , and are the last known descendants of Salazar Slytherin . However , an infamous streak of instability and violence that was reinforced by cousin marriages intended to preserve the pureblood line had reduced them to poverty and squalor , as shown in the Pensieve 's `` memory '' that Harry and Dumbledore witnessed . Like Salazar Slytherin , the Gaunts spoke Parseltongue . At the time of the story , the Gaunts owned hardly any assets save for a ramshackle shanty in Little Hangleton , which stood in a thicket in a valley opposite the Riddle House . Like the Riddles , the Gaunts were also unpopular with the local residents , but for the opposite reason ; their squalor was looked down upon and the vicious behavior of the Gaunt men earned them a reputation for being vulgar and intimidating . Marvolo Gaunt was the last Gaunt family patriarch . He was sentenced to a short term in Azkaban for his and his son 's assault upon a Ministry of Magic official ; this affected his health and he died soon after returning home . His signet ring passed to his son , Morfin Gaunt , who was convicted of assaulting a Muggle , and later died in Azkaban , convicted this time as a party to the murder of Tom Riddle Sr and Riddle 's parents by his nephew . The real culprit was discovered much later by Dumbledore , who visited Morfin in Azkaban to gather information about Voldemort . After Dumbledore successfully extracted Morfin 's memory of his encounter with his nephew , he tried to use the evidence to have Morfin released , but Morfin died before the decision could be made . Morfin being the last male Gaunt , the House of Gaunt ended with his death . Merope Gaunt / mɛˈroʊpiː / was the daughter of Marvolo , sister of Morfin . Harry 's first impression of her was that she looked `` like the most defeated person he had ever seen '' , probably because she lived in raggedness , squalor , and abuse . She married Tom Riddle Sr and became pregnant within three months of the wedding . It is suggested that she tricked her husband into loving her by using a love potion , but when she became pregnant , she chose to stop administering the potion . It is implied that Merope had grown tired of living the lie and thought that her husband might have grown to love her , or that he might have stayed for the sake of their unborn child ; however , he left her . Desperate , Merope wandered through the streets of London . The only thing she had left was the heavy gold locket that had once belonged to Salazar Slytherin , one of her family 's most treasured items , which she sold for a small amount . When she was due to give birth , she stumbled into a Muggle orphanage , where she gave birth to her only son , Tom Marvolo Riddle . She died within the next hour . Gormlaith Gaunt was a 17th - century descendant of Salazar Slytherin , and like Salazar , a Parselmouth . Her wand was that which once belonged to Salazar himself . Educated at Hogwarts , Gormlaith lived in Ireland in the early 1600s . In about 1608 , Gormlaith killed her estranged unnamed sister , and her sister 's husband , William Sayre ( a descendant of the Irish witch Morrigan ) , and kidnapped their five - year - old daughter , Isolt Sayre , raising her in the neighbouring valley of Coomcallee , or `` Hag 's Glen '' , because she felt that her parents ' association with Muggles would badly influence Islot . Fanatical and cruel , Gormlaith used Dark magic to isolate Islot from others , forbade her a wand , and did not allow her to attend Hogwarts as she herself had , disgusted that it was now filled with Muggle - borns . After twelve years with Gormlaith , Islot stole Gormlaith 's wand and fled to the Colonies and settled in Massachusetts , where she founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . When Gormlaith learned of the school , she pursued her niece in Massachusetts , where she was killed by Isolt 's friend , William the Pukwudgie , with a venom - tipped arrow . The Gaunts , including Voldemort , are distantly related to Harry because they are descendants of the Peverell brothers . Reception Several people have drawn a parallel between Voldemort and some politicians . Rowling has admitted that Voldemort was `` a sort of '' Adolf Hitler , and that there is some parallel with Nazism in her books . Rowling also compared Voldemort with Joseph Stalin , with whom he shares several traits , including that of renouncing his family name in favour of one which would invoke fear and strength . Alfonso Cuarón , director of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban compared Voldemort with George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein , as the two of them `` ... have selfish interests and are very much in love with power . Also , a disregard for the environment . A love for manipulating people . '' Andrew Slack and the Harry Potter Alliance compare media consolidation in the U.S. to Voldemort 's regime in Deathly Hallows and its control over the Daily Prophet and other media saying that `` Once Voldemort took over every form of media in the wizarding world , Dumbledore 's Army and the Order of the Phoenix formed an independent media movement called ' Potterwatch ' . Now the HP Alliance and Wizard Rock have come together to fight for a Potterwatch movement in the real world to fight back against Big VoldeMedia from further pushing out local and foreign news , minority representation , and the right to a Free Press . '' Julia Turner from Slate Magazine also noted similarities between the events of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and the current War on Terror . She said that Voldemort takes up terrorism by destroying bridges , murdering innocents , and forcing children to kill their elders . Voldemort has also been compared with other characters within fiction , for example Sauron from The Lord of the Rings ; they are , during the time when the main plot takes place , seeking to recover their lost power after having been considered dead or at least no longer a threat , and are also so feared that they are sometimes unnamed . IGN listed Voldemort as their seventh favourite Harry Potter character , calling him `` truly frightening '' . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 7 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list , while they ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Most Evil Harry Potter Villains '' and `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' lists two years later . In popular culture Several campaigns have used Voldemort to compare his evilness to the influence of politicians , large media and corporations . `` Lord Voldemort '' is a nickname sometimes used for Peter Mandelson . Voldemort is also a recurring theme among wizard rock bands . Voldemort Ca n't Stop the Rock ! is the second album from Harry and the Potters , and the character is mentioned in songs such as `` The Dark Lord Lament '' and `` Flesh , Blood , and Bone '' . Voldemort has been parodied in various venues . In The Simpsons 13th season 's premiere , `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' , Montgomery Burns appears as Lord Montymort . A parody of Voldemort appears in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Lord Moldybutt , an enemy of Nigel Planter ( a parody of Harry ) . Voldemort also appears in the Potter Puppet Pals sketches by Neil Cicierega . One of the episodes including him was the seventeenth most viewed video of all time as of 2008 and the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube . In Time , Lon Tweeten shows with Continuing the Magic possible future book covers laced with pop culture references . One of them , the `` Dark Lord of the Dance '' , shows Voldemort teaming up with Harry on Broadway . In the MAD Magazine parodies of the films , the character is called Lord Druckermort , a backwards reference to the magazine 's longtime caricaturist Mort Drucker . In Alan Moore 's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 , a young Tom Marvolo Riddle ( introduced as `` Tom '' , whose middle name is a `` marvel '' and last name is a `` conundrum '' ) appears , and becomes the new avatar of Oliver Haddo at the story 's conclusion . In A Very Potter Musical , Voldemort is played by actor Joe Walker . Voldemort also appeared in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London as an inflatable representation of children 's literature villains , alongside The Queen of Hearts , Captain Hook , and Cruella de Vil . Outside of the Harry Potter video games , Voldemort is also playable in Lego Dimensions , with archive audio of Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal in the films used for his voiceovers . Voldemort also appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Eddie Izzard as one of the prisoners in the Phantom Zone that the Joker recruits to take over Gotham City . References ^ Jump up to : `` Enchanted with Potter Literature : Fans line up for hours to get their books signed '' . The Orange County Register . Santa Ana , CA . 26 October 1999 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : HPL : Lord Voldemort : Quick facts Archived 24 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . ; Rowling , J. K. 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Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ `` Living With Harry Potter '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` The House of Gaunt '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Muggle - Born Registration Commission '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` A Sluggish Memory '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Horcruxes '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' J . '' K. rowling web chat transcript `` . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` The Lightning - Struck Tower '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Seven Potters '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Thief '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Hogwarts '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Elder Wand '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Forest Again '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Flaw in the Plan '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Confusion '' . MuggleNet . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Paul . `` Ralph Fiennes for `` White Countess '' and `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' `` . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter Joins the All - Star Cast and Nicholas Hooper Signs on to Compose the Score of Warner Bros. Pictures ' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' . Warner Bros. 2 August 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas James Longley '' . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Trivia '' . Dark Horizons . 15 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Fire Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ A Good Scare . Time . 30 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Jo says about ... Lord Voldemort , aka Tom Marvolo Riddle '' . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Anelli , Melissa and Emerson Spartz . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part Two , '' The Leaky Cauldron `` . 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling web chat transcript '' . 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Lord Voldemort 's Request '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Death Eaters '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . Jump up ^ `` Section : Extra Stuff WANDS '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` jkrowling.com F.A.Q '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ F.A.Q Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry '' . Pottermore . Jump up ^ `` TIME Person of The Year Runner - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' `` . The Volkskrant. 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Dumbledore ! '' . Entertainment Weekly - PopWatch Blog . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ Pierce , Nev . Reel Life , 28 July 2003 BBC Carla Power & Devin Gordon ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Caution : Wizard at Work '' . Newsweek magazine . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Steel , Sharon ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` Challenging Voldemedia '' . The Boston Phoenix Slack , Andrew ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter Fans and the Fight Against ' VoldeMedia ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Turner , Julia When Harry Met Osama ; Terrorism comes to Hogwarts , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph page 23 , 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' episode capsule at The Simpsons Archive Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Yankovic Biography ( 1959 -- ) '' ... filmreference.com . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lon Tweeten ( 2007 ) . `` Continuing the Magic '' ( PDF ) . Time . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Tom Riddle on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Lord Voldemort at Harry Potter Lexicon Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord Voldemort The Harry Potter series by J.K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is you know who in harry potter	[ "Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has \"the power to vanquish the Dark Lord\". Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as \"You-Know-Who\", \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" or \"the Dark Lord\". Voldemort's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle (non-magical) heritage and to conquer both worlds, Muggle and wizarding, to achieve pure-blood dominance. Through his mother's family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin,[3] one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler." ]	[ "Voldemort" ]
-697288024103859116	Indian Independence Act 1947	Indian Independence Act 1947 - wikipedia Indian Independence Act 1947 Jump to : navigation , search Indian Independence Act 1947 Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make provision for the setting up in India of two independent Dominion states , to substitute other provisions for certain provisions of the Government of India Act , 1935 , which apply outside those Dominions , and to provide for other matters consequential on or connected with the setting up of those Dominions . Citation 1947 c. 30 ( 10 & 11 . Geo. 6 . ) Dates Royal assent 18 July 1947 Status : Spent The Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 1947 c. 30 ( 10 & 11 . Geo. 6 . ) ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan . The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947 , and Pakistan came into being on 14 August and India came into being on 15 August . The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , the Muslim League , and the Sikh community came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India , Lord Mountbatten of Burma , on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan . This plan was the last plan for independence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Attlee 's announcement 1.2 3 June Plan 2 Provisions 3 Salient features 4 Princely states 4.1 Aftermath 4.2 India 4.3 Pakistan 4.4 Partition 4.5 Legal 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Background ( edit ) Attlee 's announcement ( edit ) The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced on 20 February 1947 that : British Government would grant full self - government to British India by June 1948 at the latest , The future of Princely States would be decided after the date of final transfer is decided . 3 June plan ( edit ) This was also known as the Mountbatten Plan . The British government proposed a plan announced on 3 June 1947 that included these principles : Principle of Partition of India was accepted by the British Government Successor governments would be given dominion status Provisions ( edit ) The Act 's most important provisions were : division of British India into the two new and fully sovereign dominions of India and Pakistan , with effect from 15 August 1947 ; partition of the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new countries ; establishment of the office of Governor - General in each of the two new countries , as representatives of the Crown ; conferral of complete legislative authority upon the respective Constituent Assemblies of the two new countries ; termination of British suzerainty over the princely states , with effect from 15 August 1947 , and recognised the right of states to accede to either dominion abolition of the use of the title `` Emperor of India '' by the British monarch ( this was subsequently executed by King George VI by royal proclamation on 22 June 1948 ) . The Act also made provision for the division of joint property , etc. between the two new countries , including in particular the division of the armed forces . Salient features ( edit ) Two new dominion states : Two new dominions were to emerge from the Indian Empire , Pakistan and India . The Dominion of India may be regarded as an expression of the desire for self - government of the all people in India , and the Dominion of Pakistan as the expression of the demand for self - government by the Muslims . Appointed Date : 15 August 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the partition . Territories : Pakistan : East Bengal , West Punjab , Sind , and Chief Commissioner 's Province of Baluchistan . The fate of North West Frontier Province ( now Pakhtunkhwa ) was subject to the result of referendum . Bengal & Assam : The province of Bengal as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist ; In lieu thereof two new provinces were to be constituted , to be known respectively as East Bengal and West Bengal . The fate of District Sylhet , in the province of Assam , was to be decided in a referendum . Punjab : The province as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist ; Two new provinces were to be constituted , to be known respectively as West Punjab and East Punjab The boundaries of the new provinces were to be determined , whether before or after the appointed date , by the award of a boundary commission to be appointed by the Governor General . Constitution for the New Dominions : until the time of framing of new constitution , the new dominions and the provinces thereof were to be governed by the Government of India Act 1935 . ( Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion . ) The Governors General of the new dominions : For each of the new dominion a new Governor - General was to be appointed by the Crown , subject to the law of the legislature of either of the new dominions . Same person as Governor General of both dominions : if unless and until provision to the contrary was made by a law of the legislature of either of the new dominions , the same person could be the Governor General of both . Powers of Governor General : ( Section - 9 ) The Governor General was empowered to bring this Act in force . Division of territories , powers , duties , rights , assets , liabilities , etc. , was the responsibility of Governor General To adopt , amend , Government of India Act 1935 , as the Governor - General may consider it necessary . power to introduce any change was until 31 March 1948 , after that it was open to the constituent assembly to modify or adopt the same Act . ( Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion . ) Governor - General had full powers to give assent to any law . Legislation for the new dominions : The existing legislative setup was allowed to continue as Constitution making body as well as a legislature . ( Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion . ) The legislature of each dominion was given full powers to make laws for that dominion , including laws having extraterritorial operation . No Act of Parliament of UK passed after the appointed date would be extended to the territories of new dominions . No law and provision of any law made by the legislature of the new dominions shall be void or inoperative on the ground that it is repugnant to the law of England . The Governor - General of each dominion had full powers to give assent in His Majesty 's name to any law of the legislature . ( Configuration of Pakistan 's Constitution Assembly ( CAP I ) : 69 members of the central legislature + 10 immigrant members = 79 ) Consequences of setting up of the new dominions : His Majesty 's Government lost all the responsibility to the new dominions The suzerainty of His Majesty 's Government over the Indian States lapsed . All the treaties or agreements with the Indian States and the tribal areas that were in force at the passing of the Act lapsed . The title of `` Emperor of India '' was dropped from the titles of British Crown . The office of Secretary of State for India was abolished and the provisions of GOI Act 1935 relating to the appointments to the civil service or civil posts under the crown by the secretary of the state ceased to operate Civil servants : Section 10 provided for the continuance of service of the government servants appointed on or before 15 August 1947 under the Governments of new Dominions with full benefits . Armed Forces : Sections 11 , 12 , & 13 dealt with the future of Indian Armed Forces . A Partition Committee was formed on 7 June 1947 , with two representatives from each side and the viceroy in the chair , to decide about the division thereof . As soon as the process of partition was to start it was to be replaced by a Partition Council with a similar structure . First and Second Schedules : First Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of East Bengal : Chittagong Division : Chittagong , Noakhali & Tippera . Dacca Division : Bakarganj , Dacca , Faridpur , & Mymensingh . Presidency Division : Jessor , Murshidabad & Nadia Rajshahi Division : Bogra , Dinajpur , Malda , Rajshahi & Rangpur . Second Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of West Punjab : Lahore Division : Gujranwala , Gurdaspur , Lahore , Sheikhupura & Sialkot . Rawalpindi Division : Attock , Gujrat , Jehlum , Rawalpindi & Shahpur . Multan Division : Dera Ghazi Khan , Jhang , Lyallpur , Montgomery , Multan & Muzaffargarh Princely states ( edit ) Main articles : Princely states of Pakistan and Princely states of India On 4 June 1947 Mountbatten held a press conference in which he addressed the question of the princely states , of which there were over 570 . The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end , and on 15 August 1947 the suzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse . They would be free to accede to one or the other of the new dominions . Aftermath ( edit ) India ( edit ) Further information : Princely states of India and Political integration of India Lord Mountbatten of Burma , the last Viceroy , was asked by the Indian leaders to continue as the Governor - General of India . Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of India and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the Home Minister . Over 560 princely states acceded to India by 15 August . The exceptions were Junagadh , Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir . The state of Jammu and Kashmir , which was contiguous to both India and Pakistan , was expected to accede to Pakistan on account of its 77 % Muslim majority and its cultural and commercial links to West Punjab ( Pakistan ) , but its Hindu ruler chose to remain initially independent . Following a Pakistani tribal invasion , he acceded to India on 26 October 1947 , and the state became a dispute between India and Pakistan . The state of Junagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Hindu population . Following a breakdown of law and order , its Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947 . India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948 , in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India . The state of Hyderabad , with majority Hindu population but Muslim ruler , faced an intense turmoil and sectarian violence . India invaded the state on 13 September 1948 , following which the ruler of the state signed the Instrument of Accession , joining India . Pakistan ( edit ) Further information : Princely states of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor - General of Pakistan , and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Between October 1947 and March 1948 the rulers of several Muslim - majority states signed an Instrument of Accession to join Pakistan . These included Amb , Bahawalpur , Chitral , Dir , Kalat , Khairpur , Kharan , Las Bela , Makran , and Swat . Partition ( edit ) Main articles : Partition of India and Radcliffe Line There was much violence , and many Muslims from what would become India fled to Pakistan ; and Hindus and Sikhs from what would become Pakistan fled to India . Many people left behind all their possessions and property to avoid the violence and flee to their new country . Legal ( edit ) The act was subsequently repealed in the article 395 of the Constitution of India and article 221 of the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 to obtain true independence for the new states . Though the new constitutions did not have legal authority to repeal the act , it was done to sever the legal chain of validity and establish the constitution as an independent legal system . It has not been repealed in the United Kingdom , where it is still current legislation , although some sections have been repealed . See also ( edit ) Indian independence movement Pakistan Movement Political integration of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoshiar Singh , Pankaj Singh ; Singh Hoshiar . Indian Administration . Pearson Education India . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 6119 - 9 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ represented by Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Acharya Kripalani Jump up ^ represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Liaqat Ali Khan , and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar Jump up ^ represented by Sardar Baldev Singh Jump up ^ Ghose , Sankar ( 1993 ) . Jawaharlal Nehru : a biography ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New Delhi ( u.a. ) : Allied Publ . p. 151 . ISBN 9788170233695 . Jump up ^ `` Salient features of the act '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ R.P. Bhargava ( 1992 ) The Chamber of Princes , p. 313 Jump up ^ Indian Independence Act 1947 . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Burton ; Arnold , David ( 2010 ) , A History of India , John Wiley & Sons , p. 359 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9509 - 6 , retrieved 27 July 2012 Jump up ^ Behera , Navnita Chadha ( 2007 ) , Demystifying Kashmir , Pearson Education India , pp. 12 -- 13 , ISBN 8131708462 Jump up ^ Z.H. Zaidi , ed. , Jinnah Papers : The states : Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan , vol . VIII ( Quaid - i - Azam Papers Project , Government of Pakistan , 2003 ) , p. 113 Jump up ^ `` Dominion of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The history of partition '' . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Indian Independence Act 1947 Indian Independence Bill , 1947 `` Indian Independence Act 1947 ( c. 30 ) '' ( PDF ) . Original Statute from The UK Statute Law Database . Office of Public Sector Information , National Archives , UK . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . `` Indian Independence Act 1947 ( c. 30 ) '' . Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database . Office of Public Sector Information , National Archives , UK . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. 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5593539598837565488	Christianity in the 1st century	Christianity in the 1st century - wikipedia Christianity in the 1st century It has been suggested that Apostolic Age be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant . Depicted by 19th century Danish painter Carl Bloch is his Sermon on the Mount ( c. 30 AD ) in which he expounds on the Law . Some scholars consider this to be an antitype of the proclamation of the Ten Commandments or Mosaic Covenant by Moses from the Biblical Mount Sinai . Further information : Early Christianity and History of early Christianity Christianity in the 1st century deals with the formative years of the Early Christian community . The earliest followers of Jesus were an apocalyptic Jewish sect , which historians refer to as Jewish Christianity . The split of early Christianity from Judaism was gradual , as Christianity became a predominantly Gentile religion . The apostles dispersed from Jerusalem , founding the apostolic sees , presumably following the Great Commission 's decree to spread the teachings of Jesus to `` all nations '' . Peter , Paul , and James the Just were the most influential early Christian leaders , although Paul 's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than any other New Testament authors , but the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed today . Contents 1 Life and ministry of Jesus 2 Apostolic Age 2.1 Acts of the Apostles 2.2 Christian creeds 2.3 Persecutions 2.4 Christianity in Jerusalem 2.5 Worship liturgy 3 Defining scripture 3.1 Old Testament 3.2 New Testament 4 Early Christianity and Judaism 4.1 Jewish continuity 4.2 Jewish Christians 4.3 Split with Judaism 5 Spread of Christianity 6 Apostolic Fathers 6.1 Clement of Rome 6.2 Didache 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Life and ministry of Jesus ( edit ) Main articles : Ministry of Jesus , New Testament view on Jesus ' life , and Chronology of Jesus Events in the Life of Jesus according to the Gospels Early life ( show ) Annunciation Visitation Nativity Virgin birth Adoration of the Shepherds Circumcision Presentation Adoration of the Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Return to Nazareth Finding in the Temple Ministry ( show ) Baptism Temptation Commissioning the Twelve Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Lord 's Prayer Miracles Parables Rejection Transfiguration Passion ( show ) Triumphal entry into Jerusalem Temple cleansing Second coming prophecy Anointing Last Supper Farewell Discourse Paraclete promised Agony in the Garden Kiss of Judas Arrest Sanhedrin trial Mocking Herod 's court Pilate 's court Flagellation Crown of Thorns Via Dolorosa Crucifixion Descent from the Cross Entombment Harrowing of Hell Resurrection ( show ) Empty tomb Appearances Noli me tangere Road to Emmaus Great Commission Ascension In rest of the NT ( show ) Road to Damascus John 's vision Portals : Christianity Bible Book : Life of Jesus See also : Gospel harmony 18th - century painting , The Crucifixion , by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo . The ministry of Jesus , according to the account of the Gospels , falls into a pattern of sectarian preachers with devoted disciples . After being baptized by John the Baptist , Jesus preached for a period of one to three years in the early 1st century AD . Jesus ' method of teaching involved parables , metaphor , allegory , sayings , proverbs , and a small number of direct sermons such as the Sermon on the Mount . His ministry was ended by his execution by crucifixion at the hands of the Roman authorities by demand of the Jews in Jerusalem . Christians believe that three days after his death , Jesus rose bodily from the dead . Early works by Jesus ' followers document a number of post-resurrection appearances and the resurrection of Jesus formed the basis and impetus of the Christian faith . His followers wrote that he appeared to the disciples in Galilee and Jerusalem and that Jesus was on the earth for 40 days before his ascension to heaven and that he will return to earth to fulfil aspects of Messianic prophecy , such as the resurrection of the dead , the last judgment and the full establishment of the Kingdom of God . The main sources of information regarding Jesus ' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels , and to a lesser extent the Acts of the Apostles and the Pauline epistles . Christianity 's theology is largely founded and based on one central point found in these Gospels : that Jesus died and rose from death as God 's sacrifice for human sins . Apostolic Age ( edit ) Main article : Apostolic Age The years following Jesus until the death of the last of the Twelve Apostles is called the Apostolic Age . The Christian Church came fully into being on Pentecost when , according to scriptural accounts , the apostles received the Holy Spirit and emerged from hiding following the death and resurrection of Jesus to preach and spread his message . The apostolic period produced writings attributed to the direct followers of Jesus Christ and is traditionally associated with the apostles and apostolic times . This age is the foundation upon which the entire church 's history is founded . Although congregations met in the houses of these followers of Jesus Christ , this apostolic congregation , also called the `` Primitive Church '' , was the community led by Jesus ' apostles and , it would seem , his relatives . Acts of the apostles ( edit ) The Cenacle on Mount Zion , claimed to be the location of the Last Supper and Pentecost . Bargil Pixner claims the original Church of the Apostles is located under the current structure . The principal source of information for this earliest period is the Acts of the Apostles . However , there are scholars who dispute the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles . Soon after the earthly ministry of Jesus , the Jerusalem church began at Pentecost with apostles and others totalling some 120 Jews and Jewish proselytes , in an `` upper room , '' believed by some to be the Cenacle , and thus `` the first Christian church . '' The Acts of the Apostles goes on to record the stoning of Saint Stephen and the subsequent dispersal of the church , which led to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria ; and also an Ethiopian eunuch . Paul 's conversion on the Road to Damascus is first recorded in Acts 9 : 13 - 16 . Peter baptized the Roman centurion Cornelius , traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity , in Acts 10 . Based on this , the Antioch church was founded . It is also believed that it was there that the term Christian was coined . Disputes over the Law of Moses generated intense controversy in early Christianity . This is particularly notable in the mid-1st century , when the circumcision controversy came to the forefront . The issue was addressed at the Council of Jerusalem where Paul made an argument that circumcision was not a necessary practice for Gentile believers , vocally supported by Peter , as documented in Acts 15 . This position received widespread support and was summarized in a letter circulated in Antioch . Four years after the Council of Jerusalem , Paul wrote to the Galatians about the issue , which had become a serious controversy in their region . Paul considered it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith and addressed the issue with great detail in Galatians 3 Although competing forms of Christianity emerged early and persisted into the 5th century , there was broad doctrinal unity within the mainstream churches . Bishops like Ignatius of Antioch ( c. 35 - c. 108 ) and later Irenaeus ( d.c. 202 ) defined proto - orthodox teaching in stark opposition to heresies such as Gnosticism . In spite of intermittent intense persecutions , the Christian religion continued its spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin . Christian creeds ( edit ) The sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include the Gospels and New Testament epistles . The very earliest accounts are contained in these texts , such as early Christian creeds and hymns , as well as accounts of the Passion , the empty tomb , and Post-Resurrection appearances of Jesus ; often these are dated to within a decade or so of the crucifixion of Jesus , originating within the Jerusalem Church . The earliest Christian creeds and hymns express belief in the risen Jesus , e.g. , that preserved in 1 Corinthians 15 : 3 -- 41 The antiquity of the creed has been located by many scholars to less than a decade after Jesus ' death , originating from the Jerusalem apostolic community , and no scholar dates it later than the 40s . Other relevant and very early creeds include 1 John 4 : 2 , 2 Timothy 2 : 8 Romans 1 : 3 -- 4 and 1 Timothy 3 : 16 Persecutions ( edit ) See also : Persecution of early Christians by the Romans , Persecution of Christians in the New Testament , and Constantine I and Christianity From the beginning , Christians were subject to various persecutions . According to the Book of Acts in the New Testament , this involved even death for Christians such as Stephen ( Acts 7 : 59 ) and James , son of Zebedee ( 12 : 2 ) . Larger - scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire , beginning in 64 AD , when Emperor Nero blamed them for the Great Fire of Rome . Several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and stress endurance through them . Christians suffered persecutions for their refusal to give any worship to the Roman emperor , considered treasonous and punishable by execution . Systematic persecution of the early Christian church caused it to be an underground movement . Of the underground churches that existed before the Edict of Milan legalized Christianity , some churches are recorded to have existed as the catacombs in Europe , Catacombs of Rome , Greece , and also in the underground cities of Anatolia such as Derinkuyu Underground City . Christianity in Jerusalem ( edit ) Main article : Jerusalem in Christianity The Christian community in Jerusalem , where Jesus , many of the twelve Apostles and many eyewitnesses originally lived , had a special position among Christian communities . The relatives of Jesus were accorded a special position within the early church , as displayed by the leadership of James the Just in Jerusalem . The destruction of Jerusalem , seen as symbolic by supersessionism , and the consequent dispersion of Jews and Jewish Christians from the city ( after the Bar Kokhba revolt ) ended any pre-eminence of the Jewish - Christian leadership in Jerusalem . Although Epiphanius of Salamis reported that the Cenacle survived at least to Hadrian 's visit in 130 , some today think it was rebuilt shortly after this first Jewish war . Early Christianity grew further apart from Judaism to establish itself as a predominantly Gentile religion , and Antioch became the first Gentile Christian community with stature . Worship Liturgy ( edit ) Earliest Christianity took the form of a Jewish eschatological faith . The Book of Acts reports that the early followers continued daily Temple attendance and traditional Jewish home prayer . Other passages in the New Testament gospels reflect a similar observance of traditional Jewish piety such as fasting , reverence for the Torah and observance of Jewish holy days . At first , Christians continued to worship alongside Jewish believers , but within twenty years of Jesus ' death , Sunday ( the Lord 's Day ) was being regarded as the primary day of worship . Liturgical services are based on repeating the actions of Jesus ( `` do this in remembrance of me '' ) , using the bread and wine , and saying his words ( known as the words of the institution ) . The church has the rest of the liturgical ritual being rooted in the Jewish Passover , Siddur , Seder , and synagogue services , including the singing of hymns ( especially the Psalms ) and reading from the Scriptures . Clement writes that liturgies are `` to be celebrated , and not carelessly nor in disorder '' but the final uniformity of liturgical services only came later , though the Liturgy of St James is traditionally associated with James the Just . Defining Scripture ( edit ) Main article : Development of the Christian Biblical canon The early Christians likely did not have their own copy of Scriptural and other church works . Much of the original church liturgical services functioned as a means of learning Christian theology later expressed in these works . Christianity first spread in the predominantly Greek - speaking eastern half of the Roman Empire , and then extensively throughout the empire by Paul and others . Ecclesiastical historian Henry Hart Milman writes that in much of the first three centuries , even in the Latin - dominated western empire : `` the Church of Rome , and most , if not all the Churches of the West , were , if we may so speak , Greek religious colonies ( see Greek colonies for the background ) . Their language was Greek , their organization Greek , their writers Greek , their scriptures Greek ; and many vestiges and traditions show that their ritual , their Liturgy , was Greek . '' Old Testament ( edit ) Main article : Development of the Old Testament canon The Biblical canon began with the Jewish Scriptures , first available in Koine Greek translation , then as Aramaic Targums . In the 2nd century , Melito of Sardis called these Scriptures the `` Old Testament '' and specified an early canon . The Greek translation , later known as the Septuagint and often written as `` LXX , '' arose from Hellenistic Judaism which predates Christianity . Perhaps the earliest Christian canon is the Bryennios List which was found by Philotheos Bryennios in the Codex Hierosolymitanus . The list is written in Koine Greek , Aramaic and Hebrew and dated to around 100 New Testament ( edit ) Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Main article : Development of the New Testament canon The `` New Testament '' ( often compared to the New Covenant ) is the name given to the second major division of the Christian Bible , either by Tertullian or Marcion in the 2nd century . The original texts were written by various authors , most likely sometime after c . AD 45 in Koine Greek , the lingua franca of the eastern part of the Roman Empire , though there is also a minority argument for Aramaic primacy . Early Christianity and Judaism ( edit ) Painting by Rembrandt of Paul , one of the most notable of early Christian missionaries , who called himself the `` Apostle to the Gentiles . '' Paul , a Hellenistic Jew , was very influential on the shift of Christianity to Gentile dominated movement . See also : Split of early Christianity and Judaism Jewish messianism has its roots in the apocalyptic literature of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC , promising a future `` anointed '' leader or Messiah to resurrect the Israelite `` Kingdom of God '' , in place of the foreign rulers of the time . This corresponded with the Maccabean Revolt directed against the Seleucids . Following the fall of the Hasmonean kingdom , it was directed against the Roman administration of Iudaea Province , which , according to Josephus , began with the formation of the Zealots during the Census of Quirinius of 6 AD . Jewish continuity ( edit ) See also : Rejection of Jesus , Biblical law in Christianity , Sabbath in Christianity , and Paul of Tarsus and Judaism The early Christians in the 1st century AD believed Yahweh to be the only true God , the god of Israel , and considered Jesus to be the messiah ( Christ ) prophesied in the Jewish scriptures . The first Christians were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes . In other words , Jesus preached to the Jewish people and called from them his first disciples , known as the Limited Commission of Matthew 10 : 5 - 42 , while the Great Commission issued after the Resurrection is specifically directed at `` all nations '' . Alister McGrath , a proponent of palaeo - orthodoxy , claimed that many of the Jewish Christians were fully faithful religious Jews , only differing in their acceptance of Jesus as the messiah . The book of Acts records the martyrdom of Stephen and James . Thus , Christianity acquired an identity distinct from Rabbinic Judaism . The name `` Christian '' ( Greek Χριστιανός ) was first applied to the disciples in Antioch , as recorded in Acts 11 : 26 . Early Christianity retained some of the doctrines and practices of 1st - century Judaism while rejecting others . They held the Jewish scriptures to be authoritative and sacred , employing mostly the Septuagint or Targum translations , later called the Old Testament , a term associated with Supersessionism , and added other texts as the New Testament canon developed . Christianity also continued other Judaic practices : baptism , liturgical worship , including the use of incense , an altar , a set of scriptural readings adapted from synagogue practice , use of sacred music in hymns and prayer , a religious calendar , and ascetic practices . Circumcision was rejected as a requirement at the Council of Jerusalem , c. 50 , though the decree of the council parallels Jewish Noahide Law . Sabbath observance was modified , perhaps as early as Paul 's First Epistle to the Corinthians 16.1 . An early difficulty arose concerning the matter of Gentile ( non-Jewish ) converts as to whether they had to `` become Jewish , '' in following circumcision and dietary laws , as part of becoming Christian . Circumcision was considered repulsive during the period of Hellenization of the Eastern Mediterranean . The decision of Peter , as evidenced by conversion of the Centurion Cornelius , was that it was not required , and the matter was further addressed with the Council of Jerusalem . Around this same time period , Rabbinic Judaism made their circumcision requirement even stricter . The doctrines of the apostles brought the early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities . Late 1st century developments attributed to the Council of Jamnia eventually led to Christians ' expulsion from synagogues . Jewish Christians ( edit ) James the Just , whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15 : 19 - 29 , `` ... we should write to them ( Gentiles ) to abstain only from things polluted by idols and from fornication and from whatever has been strangled and from blood ... '' ( NRSV ) Jewish Christians were among the earliest followers of Jesus and an important part of Judean society during the mid to late 1st century . This movement was centered around Jerusalem and led by James the Just . They held faithfully to the Torah ( perhaps also Jewish law which was being formalized at the same time ) , including acceptance of Gentile converts based on a version of the Noachide laws ( Acts 15 and Acts 21 ) . In Christian circles , `` Nazarene '' later came to be used as a label for those faithful to Jewish law , in particular for a certain sect . These Jewish Christians , originally the central group in Christianity , were not at first declared to be unorthodox but were later excluded and denounced . Some Jewish Christian groups , such as the Ebionites , were considered to have unorthodox beliefs , particularly in relation to their views of Christ and Gentile converts . The Nazarenes , holding to orthodoxy except in their adherence to Jewish law , were not deemed heretical until the dominance of orthodoxy in the 4th century . The Ebionites may have been a splinter group of Nazarenes , with disagreements over Christology and leadership . After the condemnation of the Nazarenes , `` Ebionite '' was often used as a general pejorative for all related `` heresies '' . Jewish Christians constituted a separate community from the Pauline Christians but maintained a similar faith , differing only in practice . There was a post-Nicene `` double rejection '' of the Jewish Christians by both Gentile Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism . It is believed that there was no direct confrontation or persecution between Gentile and Judaic Christianity . However , by this time the practice of Judeo - Christianity was diluted both by internal schisms and external pressures . Gentile Christianity remained the sole strand of orthodoxy and imposed itself on the previously Jewish Christian sanctuaries , taking full control of those houses of worship by the end of the 5th century . The St. Thomas Christians or Syrian Malabar Nasrani community in Kerala , India , claim Jewish origins . However , if so then they have lost many of their Jewish traditions because of western influences . These churches are also known as Syrian Christians as they follow the traditions of Syriac Christianity and claim to be descendants of the early converts by Thomas the Apostle . Today , they belong to various denominations of Christianity , but they have kept their unique identity within each of these denominations . Split with Judaism ( edit ) See also : Schisms among the Jews and List of events in early Christianity In or around the year 50 , the apostles convened the first church council , known as the Council of Jerusalem , to reconcile practical ( and by implication doctrinal ) differences concerning the Gentile mission . While not numbered among them , this council has often been looked to as ecumenical and the model for later ecumenical councils . At the Council of Jerusalem it was agreed that Gentiles could be accepted as Christians without full adherence to the Mosaic Laws , possibly a major break between Christianity and Judaism ( the first being the Rejection of Jesus ) , though the decree of the council ( Acts 15 : 19 - 29 ) seems to parallel the Noahide laws of Judaism . The Council , according to Acts 15 , determined that circumcision was not required for new gentile converts , only to abstain from `` food polluted by idols , from sexual immorality , from the meat of strangled animals and from blood . '' ( NIV , Acts 15 : 20 ) . There was a slowly growing chasm between Christians and Jews , rather than a sudden split . Even though it is commonly thought that Paul established a Gentile church , it took centuries for a complete break to manifest . However , certain events are perceived as pivotal in the growing rift between Judaism and Christianity . The Council of Jamnia c. 85 is often stated to have condemned all who claimed the Messiah had already come , and Christianity in particular . However , the formulated prayer in question ( birkat ha - minim ) is considered by other scholars to be unremarkable in the history of Jewish and Christian relations . There is a paucity of evidence for Jewish persecution of `` heretics '' in general , or Christians in particular , in the period between 70 and 135 . It is probable that the condemnation of Jamnia included many groups , of which the Christians were but one , and did not necessarily mean excommunication . That some of the later church fathers only recommended against synagogue attendance makes it improbable that an anti-Christian prayer was a common part of the synagogue liturgy . Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues for centuries . A coin issued by Nerva reads fisci Judaici calumnia sublata , `` abolition of malicious prosecution in connection with the Jewish tax '' During the late 1st century , Judaism was a legal religion with the protection of Roman law , worked out in compromise with the Roman state over two centuries . Observant Jews had special rights , including the privilege of abstaining from civic pagan rites . Christians were initially identified with the Jewish religion by the Romans , but as they became more distinct , Christianity became a problem for Roman rulers . Emperor Nerva decreed that Christians did not have to pay the annual tax upon the Jews , effectively recognizing them as distinct from Rabbinic Judaism . This opened the way to Christians being persecuted for disobedience to the emperor as they continued to refuse to worship the state pantheon . It is notable that from c. 98 onwards a distinction between Christians and Jews in Roman literature becomes apparent . For example , Pliny the Younger postulates that Christians are not Jews since they do not pay the tax , in his letters to Trajan . Spread of Christianity ( edit ) Mediterranean Basin geography relevant to Paul 's life , stretching from Jerusalem in the lower right to Rome in the upper left . See also : Early centers of Christianity and Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece ( 33 - 717 ) Paul and the Twelve Apostles traveled extensively establishing communities in major cities and regions throughout the Empire . The first Christian communities outside of Jerusalem appeared in Antioch , Ephesus , Corinth , and the political center of Rome . The original church communities were founded by apostles and numerous other Christians , soldiers , merchants , and preachers in northern Africa , Asia Minor , Arabia , Greece , and other places . Over 40 churches were established by 100 , many in Asia Minor . Paul was responsible for bringing the Christianity to new parts of the world such as Ephesus , Corinth , Philippi , and Thessalonica . By the end of the 1st century , Christianity had already spread to Rome and to various cities in Greece , Asia Minor and Syria . Major cities such as Rome , Ephesus , Antioch and Corinth served as foundations for the expansive spread of Christianity in the post-apostolic period . Christianity spread very quickly throughout Asia Minor . Apostolic Fathers ( edit ) The Church Fathers are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church , particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history . The earliest Church Fathers , within two generations of the Twelve apostles of Christ , are usually called Apostolic Fathers for reportedly knowing and studying under the apostles personally . Important Apostolic Fathers include Clement of Rome , Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp of Smyrna . In addition , the Didache and Shepherd of Hermas are usually placed among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers although their authors are unknown . Clement of Rome ( edit ) Clement of Rome was best known for his letter 1 Clement. which was held in high regard by later Christian writers and even cited as Scripture by Clement of Alexandria . In it , Clement calls on the Christians of Corinth to maintain harmony and order . It is the earliest Christian epistle outside the New Testament ; indeed it is even included in the Codex Alexandrinus and in the Canons of the Apostles and today is part of the Apostolic Fathers collection . Tertullian identifies him as the fourth Bishop of Rome , later called Pope . Some see his epistle as an assertion of Rome 's authority over the church in Corinth and , by implication , the beginnings of papal supremacy . Clement wrote about the order with which Jesus commanded the affairs of the Church be conducted , and the selection of persons was also `` by His supreme will determined . '' Clement also refers the way `` rivalry ... concerning the priesthood '' was resolved by or through Moses and that likewise , the apostles `` gave instructions , that when these should fall asleep , other approved men should succeed them in their ministry . '' The New Testament writers use the terms `` overseer '' and `` elders '' interchangeably . Clement also refers to the leaders of the Corinthian church in his letter as bishops and presbyters interchangeably , and likewise states that the bishops are to lead God 's flock by virtue of the chief shepherd ( presbyter ) , Jesus Christ . Bishops eventually emerged as overseers of urban Christian populations in the early church , and a hierarchical clergy gradually took the form of epískopos ( overseers , bishops ) , then elders and presbyters ( shepherds ) , and third were deacons ( servants ) . Didache ( edit ) The Didache is the common name of a brief early Christian treatise dated by most scholars to the late 1st century . It is an anonymous work not belonging to any single individual and a pastoral manual `` that reveals more about how Jewish - Christians saw themselves and how they adapted their Judaism for Gentiles than any other book in the Christian Scriptures . '' The text , parts of which may have constituted the first written catechism , has three main sections dealing with Christian lessons , rituals , and Church organization . It was considered by some of the Church Fathers as part of the New Testament ( Deuterocanonical ) c. 380 but rejected as spurious or non-canonical by others , and eventually not accepted into the New Testament canon . The Ethiopian Orthodox Church does include the later Didascalia within its `` broader canon '' ( though only the `` narrower canon '' has printed since 20th century ) , and the Didascalia was influenced by the Didache . Timeline ( edit ) 1st century Timeline Earliest dates must all be considered approximate 7 -- 2 BC Jesus is born in Bethlehem 6 BC Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus ; Samaria , Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration , capital at Caesarea , Quirinius became Legate ( Governor ) of Syria , conducted Census of Quirinius , opposed by Zealots ( JA18 , Luke 2 : 1 -- 3 , Acts 5 : 37 ) 7 -- 26 AD Brief period of peace , relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee 9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies , temporary rise of Shammai 14 -- 37 Tiberius , Roman Emperor 18 -- 36 Caiaphas , appointed High Priest of Herod 's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus , deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius 19 Jews , Jewish Proselytes , Astrologers , expelled from Rome 26 -- 36 Pontius Pilate , Prefect ( governor ) of Iudaea , recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence ( JA18. 4.2 ) 28 or 29 John the Baptist began his ministry in the `` 15th year of Tiberius '' ( Luke 3 : 1 -- 2 ) ( Matt 3 : 1 -- 2 ) 30 -- Great Commission of Jesus to go and make disciples of all nations ; Pentecost , a day in which 3000 Jews from a variety of Mediterranean - basin nations are converted to faith in Jesus Christ . 30 -- 36 Jesus is crucified on order of Pontius Pilate . Christians believe he rose from the dead 3 days later . 34 -- In Gaza , Philip baptizes a convert , an Ethiopian who was already a Jewish proselyte . 39 -- Peter preaches to a Gentile audience in the house of Cornelius 37 -- 41 Crisis under Caligula 42 -- Mark goes to Egypt 44 ? Saint James the Great : According to ancient local tradition , on 2 January of the year AD 40 , the Virgin Mary appeared to James on a Pilar on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta , while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain . Following that apparition , St James returned to Judea , where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44 during a Passover ( Nisan 15 ) ( Acts 12 : 1 -- 3 ) . 44 Death of Herod Agrippa I ( JA19. 8.2 , Acts 12 : 20 -- 23 ) 44 -- 46 ? Theudas beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan river ( like Moses and the Red Sea or Joshua and the Jordan ) ( JA20. 5.1 , Acts 5 : 36 - 37 places it before the Census of Quirinius ) 45 -- 49 ? Mission of Barnabas and Paul , ( Acts 13 : 1 -- 14 : 28 ) , to Cyprus , Pisidian Antioch , Iconium , Lystra and Derbe ( there they were called `` gods ... in human form '' ) , then return to Syrian Antioch . Map1 47 ? St. Thomas Christianity , now in several forms , is begun in India by Thomas . 47 -- Paul ( formerly known as Saul of Tarsus ) begins his first missionary journey to modern - day Turkey . 48 -- 100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of the Jews by Claudius , seventh and last of the Herodians 50 Passover riot in Jerusalem , 20 -- 30,000 killed ( JA20. 5.3 , JW2. 12.1 ) 50 -- Council of Jerusalem on admitting Gentiles into the Church 50 ? Council of Jerusalem and the `` Apostolic Decree '' , Acts 15 : 1 -- 35 , same as Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 ? , which is followed by the `` Incident at Antioch '' at which Paul publicly accused Peter of `` Judaizing '' ( 2 : 11 -- 21 ) 51 -- Paul begins his second missionary journey , a trip that takes him through modern - day Turkey and on into Greece 50 -- 53 ? Paul 's 2nd mission , ( Acts 15 : 36 -- 18 : 22 ) , split with Barnabas , to Phrygia , Galatia , Macedonia , Philippi , Thessalonica , Berea , Athens , Corinth , `` he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken '' , then return to Antioch ; 1 Thessalonians , Galatians written ? Map2 51 -- 52 or 52 -- 53 proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription , only fixed date in chronology of Paul 52 Saint Thomas Christians of India 52 -- Thomas arrives in India and founds church that subsequently becomes Indian Orthodox Church ( and its various descendants ) 54 -- Paul begins his third missionary journey 53 -- 57 ? Paul 's 3rd mission , ( Acts 18 : 23 -- 22 : 30 ) , to Galatia , Phrygia , Corinth , Ephesus , Macedonia , Greece , and Jerusalem where James the Just challenged him about rumor of teaching antinomianism ( 21 : 21 ) , he addressed a crowd in their language ( most likely Aramaic ) , Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Philippians written ? Map3 55 ? `` Egyptian prophet '' ( allusion to Moses ) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix ( JW2. 13.5 , JA20. 8.6 , Acts 21 : 38 ) 58 ? Paul arrested , accused of being a revolutionary , `` ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes '' , teaching resurrection of the dead , imprisoned in Caesarea ( Acts 23 -- 26 ) 59 ? Paul shipwrecked on Malta , there he was called a god ( Acts 28 : 6 ) 60 -- Paul sent to Rome under Roman guard , evangelizes on Malta after shipwreck 60 ? Paul in Rome : greeted by many `` brothers '' ( NRSV : `` believers '' ) , three days later called together the Jewish leaders , who had n't received any word from Judea about him , but were curious about `` this sect '' , which everywhere is spoken against ; he tried to convince them from the `` Law and Prophets '' , with partial success , said the Gentiles would listen and spent two years proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the `` Lord Jesus Christ '' ( Acts 28 : 15 -- 31 ) ; Epistle to Philemon written ? 62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus , popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator Lucceius Albinus ( JA20. 9.1 ) 63 -- 107 ? Simeon , 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem , crucified under Trajan 64 -- 68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome , Nero blamed and persecuted the Christians 64 / 67 ( ? ) -- 76 / 79 ( ? ) Pope Linus succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus ( Bishop of Rome ) 65 ? Q document , a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in writing of Matthew and Luke 66 -- Thaddeus establishes the Christian church of Armenia 66 -- 73 Great Jewish Revolt : destruction of Herod 's Temple , Qumran community destroyed , site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947 68 -- 107 ? Ignatius , third Bishop of Antioch , fed to the lions in the Roman Colosseum , advocated the Bishop ( Eph 6 : 1 , Mag 2 : 1 , 6 : 1 , 7 : 1 , 13 : 2 , Tr 3 : 1 , Smy 8 : 1 , 9 : 1 ) , rejected Sabbath on Saturday in favor of The Lord 's Day ( Sunday ) . ( Mag 9.1 ) , rejected Judaizing ( Mag 10.3 ) , first recorded use of the term catholic ( Smy 8 : 2 ) . 69 -- Andrew is crucified in Patras on the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece 70 ( + / − 10 ) ? Gospel of Mark , written in Rome , by Peter 's interpreter ( 1 Peter 5 : 13 ) , original ending apparently lost , endings added c. 400 , see Mark 16 70 ? Signs Gospel written , hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah 70 -- 100 ? additional Pauline Epistles 70 -- 200 ? Didache ; Other Gospels : Unknown Berlin Gospel , Gospel of Peter , Gospel of Thomas , Oxyrhynchus Gospels , Egerton Gospel , Fayyum Fragment , Dialogue of the Saviour ; Jewish Christian Gospels : Gospel of the Ebionites , Gospel of the Hebrews , Gospel of the Nazarenes 76 / 79 ( ? ) -- 88 Pope Anacletus first Greek Pope , who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus ( Bishop of Rome ) 80 -- First Christians reported in Tunisia and France 80 ( + / − 20 ) ? Gospel of Matthew , theoretically based on Mark and Q , most popular in Early Christianity 80 ( + / − 20 ) ? Gospel of Luke , theoretically based on Mark and Q , also Acts of the Apostles by same author 88 -- 101 ? Clement , fourth Bishop of Rome , wrote Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians ( Apostolic Fathers ) 90 ? Council of Jamnia of Judaism ( disputed ) , Domitian applied the Fiscus Iudaicus tax even to those who merely `` lived like Jews '' 90 ( + / − 10 ) ? 1 Peter 94 Testimonium Flavianum , disputed section of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic , translated to Koine Greek 95 ( + / − 30 ) ? Gospel of John and Epistles of John 95 ( + / − 10 ) ? Book of Revelation written , by John ( son of Zebedee ) and / or a disciple of his 100 ( + / − 30 ) ? Epistle of Barnabas ( Apostolic Fathers ) 100 ( + / − 25 ) ? Epistle of James 100 ( + / − 10 ) ? Epistle of Jude written , probably by doubting relative of Jesus ( Mark 6 , 3 ) , rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch ( v14 ) , Epistle to the Hebrews written 100 -- First Christians are reported in Monaco , Algeria and Sri Lanka ; a missionary goes to Arbela , old sacred city of the Assyrians See also ( edit ) Christianity portal History portal Classical Civilisation portal Ancient Rome portal Bible portal Christian martyrs Christian monasticism Christianity in the 2nd century Christianization Chronological list of saints in the 1st century Development of the New Testament canon Early history of Christianity East -- West Schism Eastern Orthodox worship Great Church History of Christian theology History of Christianity History of early Christianity History of the Eastern Orthodox Church History of the Roman Catholic Church Jesuism Timeline of Christian missions Timeline of Christianity Timeline of the Catholic Church Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hebrews 8 : 6 Jump up ^ `` Sermon on the Mount . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 ^ Jump up to : McGrath , p. 174 Jump up ^ Dunn , p. 577 Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ed . F.L. Cross ( Oxford ) entry on Paul Jump up ^ Grant , p. 176 Jump up ^ Maier , p. 5 Jump up ^ Van Daalen , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kremer , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Gundry Jump up ^ Weiss , p. 345 Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 305 -- 308 Jump up ^ Wilckens , pp. 128 -- 131 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 406 Jump up ^ Johnson , p. 136 Jump up ^ Ludemann , p. 8 Jump up ^ Wright , p. 26 Jump up ^ `` Christ 's Life : Key Events '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , Loyola University Press , # 651 - 655 , pp. 170 - 171 . Jump up ^ August Franzen , Kirchengeschichte , Freiburg , 1988 : 20 Jump up ^ Vidmar , The Catholic Church Through the Ages ( 2005 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Schreck , The Essential Catholic Catechism ( 1999 ) , p. 130 Jump up ^ Brown , Schuyler , p. 10 Jump up ^ R. Gerberding and J.H. Moran Cruz , Medieval Worlds ( New York : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2004 ) p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Bargil Pixner , The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion , Biblical Archaeology Review 16.3 May / June 1990 , centuryone.org Jump up ^ Acts 1 : 13 - 15 ^ Jump up to : `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jerusalem ( A.D. 71 - 1099 ) '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ Acts 7 : 54 - 8 : 8 Jump up ^ Acts 8 : 9 - 24 Jump up ^ Acts 8 : 26 - 40 Jump up ^ Acts 11 : 26 Jump up ^ Acts 10 Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia says of Cornelius : `` The baptism of Cornelius is an important event in the history of the Early Church . The gates of the Church , within which thus far only those who were circumcised and observed the Law of Moses had been admitted , were now thrown open to the uncircumcised Gentiles without the obligation of submitting to the Jewish ceremonial laws . '' Jump up ^ McGrath , pp. 174 - 175 Jump up ^ McManners , Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity ( 2002 ) , pp. 37 - 38 Jump up ^ Davidson , p. 155 Jump up ^ Davidson , pp. 169 , 181 Jump up ^ On the Creeds , see Oscar Cullmann , The Earliest Christian Confessions , trans . J.K.S. Reid ( London : Lutterworth , 1949 ) ; on the Passion , see Rudolf Pesch , Das Markusevangelium , 2 vols. , Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament 2 ( Freiburg : Herder , 1976 -- 77 ) , 2 : 519 -- 20 Jump up ^ Neufeld , p. 47 Jump up ^ Pannenberg , p. 90 Jump up ^ Cullmann , p. 66 Jump up ^ O ' Collins , p. 112 Jump up ^ Hunter , p. 100 Jump up ^ Bultmann , Theology of the New Testament vol 1 , pp. 49 , 81 Jump up ^ Pannenberg , pp. 118 , 283 , 367 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1993 ) . Pg 224 . Jump up ^ Franzen , p. 25 Jump up ^ White ( 2004 ) , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ehrman ( 2005 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Davidson , p. 115 Jump up ^ `` LITURGY - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ The traditional title is : The Divine Liturgy of James the Holy Apostle and Brother of the Lord ; Ante - Nicene Fathers by Philip Schaff in the public domain Jump up ^ `` Greek Orthodoxy - From Apostolic Times to the Present Day '' . ellopos.net . Jump up ^ A dictionary of Jewish - Christian relations , Dr. Edward Kessler , Neil Wenborn , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 82692 - 6 , p. 316 Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , p. 72 Jump up ^ published by J.P. Audet in JTS 1950 , v1 , pp. 135 -- 154 , cited in The Council of Jamnia and the Old Testament Canon Archived February 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Robert C. Newman , 1983 . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders p. 310 Jump up ^ G. Bromiley , ed. ( 1982 ) . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , `` God '' . Fully Revised . Two : E-J . Eerdmans Publishing Company . pp. 497 -- 499 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3782 - 4 . Jump up ^ E. Peterson , `` Christianus '' pp. 353 -- 72 Jump up ^ `` BAPTISM - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` CIRCUMCISION - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Hodges , Frederick , M. ( 2001 ) . `` The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome : Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos , Circumcision , Foreskin Restoration , and the Kynodesme '' ( PDF ) . The Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 75 ( Fall 2001 ) : 375 -- 405 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 2001.0119 . PMID 11568485 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Cornelius '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ `` peri'ah '' , ( Shab . xxx. 6 ) Jump up ^ Tabor ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Esler ( 2004 ) , pp. 157 - 159 . Jump up ^ Dauphin ( 1993 ) , pp. 235 , 240 - 242 . Jump up ^ `` stthoma.com '' . stthoma.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ McManners , Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity ( 2002 ) , p. 37 Jump up ^ Wylen ( 1995 ) , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Wright , pp. 164 - 165 . Jump up ^ As translated by Molly Whittaker , Jews and Christians : Graeco - Roman Views , ( Cambridge University Press , 1984 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Wylen , pp. 190 - 192 . Jump up ^ Dunn , pp. 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ Franzen 29 Jump up ^ Vidmar , The Catholic Church Through the Ages ( 2005 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : Hitchcock , Geography of Religion ( 2004 ) , p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Bokenkotter , A Concise History of the Catholic Church ( 2004 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Paul , St '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 . Jump up ^ Acts 19 , 18 : 1 - 18a , 16 : 12 - 15 , 17 : 1 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Durant , Will . Caesar and Christ . New York : Simon and Schuster . 1972 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Pope St. Clement I '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : Letter to the Corinthians ( Clement ) '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ Draper , JA ( 2006 ) , The Apostolic Fathers : the Didache , Expository Times , Vol. 117 , No. 5 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Aaron Milavec , p. vii Jump up ^ Apostolic Constitutions `` Canon 85 '' ( approved at the Orthodox Synod of Trullo in 692 ) Jump up ^ Rufinus , Commentary on Apostles ' Creed 37 Jump up ^ John of Damascus Exact Exposition of Orthodox Faith 4.17 Jump up ^ Athanasius , Festal Letter 39 ( excludes them from the canon , but recommends them for reading ) in 367 Jump up ^ The earlier Didache seems to have been an influence upon it too . Johannes Quasten , Patrology , Vol . I ( Christian Classics , Allan , Texas , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 87061 - 084 - 8 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ H.H. Ben - Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 , p. 246 Jump up ^ John P. Meier 's A Marginal Jew , v. 1 , ch. 11 Jump up ^ H.H. Ben - Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Lives of the Twelve Caesars , Tiberius 36 Jump up ^ `` ROME - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , p. 23 Jump up ^ H.H. Ben - Sasson , A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 , The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula , pp. 254 - 256 Jump up ^ Kane , 10 ^ Jump up to : Williston Walker , A History of the Christian Church 1959 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Judaizers see section titled : `` THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH '' ^ Jump up to : Walker , 27 Jump up ^ Pauline Chronology : His Life and Missionary Work , from Catholic Resources by Felix Just , S.J. Jump up ^ Neill , 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Apostle Paul 's Third Missionary Journey Map '' . biblestudy.org . Jump up ^ Wood , Roger , Jan Morris and Denis Wright . Persia . Universe Books , 1970 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , p. 737 Jump up ^ `` FISCUS JUDAICUS - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Latourette , 1941 , vol . I , p. 103 References ( edit ) Brown , Schuyler . The Origins of Christianity : A Historical Introduction to the New Testament . Oxford University Press ( 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826207 - 8 . Cullmann , Oscar , The Early Church : Studies in Early Christian History and Theology , ed . A.J.B. Higgins , Philadelphia : Westminster , 1966 Davidson , The Birth of the Church ( 2005 ) W.D. Davies , Paul and Rabbinic Judaism 2d ed. , London , 1965 Dunn , James D.G. , `` The Canon Debate , '' McDonald & Sanders editors , 2002 Dunn , James D.G. Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways , AD 70 to 135 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing ( 1999 ) . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 7 . Grant , M. , Jesus : An Historian 's Review of the Gospels New York : Scribner 's , 1977 Gundry , R.H. , Soma in Biblical Theology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1976 Hunter , Archibald , Works and Words of Jesus ( 1973 ) Johnson , L.T. , The Real Jesus , San Francisco , Harper San Francisco , 1996 Kremer , Jakob , Die Osterevangelien -- Geschichten um Geschichte , Stuttgart : Katholisches Bibelwerk , 1977 Ludemann , Gerd , What Really Happened to Jesus ? trans . J. Bowden , Louisville , Kentucky : Westminster John Knox Press , 1995 Maier , P.L. , `` The Empty Tomb as History '' in Christianity Today , March 1975 McGrath , Alister E. , Christianity : An Introduction , Blackwell Publishing ( 2006 ) , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0899 - 1 Neufeld , The Earliest Christian Confessions , Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1964 O ' Collins , Gerald , What are They Saying About the Resurrection ? , New York : Paulist Press , 1978 Pannenberg , Wolfhart , Jesus -- God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe , Philadelphia : Westminster , 1968 Smith , J.L. , `` Resurrection Faith Today '' , in TS 30 ( 1969 ) Van Daalen , D.H. , The Real Resurrection , London : Collins , 1972 Weiss , Johannes , Der erste Korintherbrief 9th ed. , Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1910 Wilckens , Ulrich , Auferstehung , Stuttgart and Berlin : Kreuz Verlag , 1970 Wright , N.T. , `` The New Unimproved Jesus '' , in Christianity Today , 1993 - 09 - 13 Wylen , Stephen M. , The Jews in the Time of Jesus : An Introduction , Paulist Press ( 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3610 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bockmuehl , Markus N.A. ( ed . ) The Cambridge Companion to Jesus . Cambridge University Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79678 - 4 . Bourgel , Jonathan , From One Identity to Another : The Mother Church of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome ( 66 - 135 / 6 EC ) . Paris : Éditions du Cerf , collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive , ( French ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 204 - 10068 - 7 Brown , Raymond E. : An Introduction to the New Testament ( ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 ) Conzelmann , H. and Lindemann A. , Interpreting the New Testament . An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of N.T. Exegesis , translated by S.S. Schatzmann , Hendrickson Publishers . Peabody 1988 . Dormeyer , Detlev : The New Testament among the Writings of Antiquity ( English translation ) , Sheffield 1998 Dunn , James D.G. ( ed . ) The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul . Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78694 - 0 . Dunn , James D.G. Unity and Diversity in the New Testament : An Inquiry into the Character of Earliest Christianity . SCM Press ( 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02998 - 8 . Edwards , Mark ( 2009 ) . Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church . Ashgate . Freedman , David Noel ( Ed ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 5 . Esler , Philip F. The Early Christian World . Routledge ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33312 - 1 . Mack , Burton L. : Who Wrote the New Testament ? , Harper , 1996 Keck , Leander E. Paul and His Letters . Fortress Press ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2340 - 1 . Mills , Watson E. Acts and Pauline Writings . Mercer University Press ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 512 - X . Malina , Bruce J. : Windows on the World of Jesus : Time Travel to Ancient Judea . Westminster John Knox Press : Louisville ( Kentucky ) 1993 Malina , Bruce J. : The New Testament World : Insights from Cultural Anthropology . 3rd edition , Westminster John Knox Press Louisville ( Kentucky ) 2001 Malina , Bruce J. : Social Science Commentary on the Gospel of John Augsburg Fortress Publishers : Minneapolis 1998 Malina , Bruce J. : Social - Science Commentary on the Synoptic Gospels Augsburg Fortress Publishers : Minneapolis 2003 McKechnie , Paul . The First Christian Centuries : Perspectives on the Early Church . Apollos ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 85111 - 479 - 2 Pelikan , Jaroslav Jan . The Christian Tradition : The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition ( 100 - 600 ) . University of Chicago Press ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 226 - 65371 - 4 . Stegemann , Ekkehard and Stegemann , Wolfgang : The Jesus Movement : A Social History of Its First Century . Augsburg Fortress Publishers : Minneapolis 1999 Stegemann , Wolfgang , The Gospel and the Poor . Fortress Press . Minneapolis 1984 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1783 - 5 Tabor , James D. `` Ancient Judaism : Nazarenes and Ebionites '' , The Jewish Roman World of Jesus . Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte ( 1998 ) . Thiessen , Henry C. Introduction to the New Testament , Eerdmans Publishing Company , Grand Rapids 1976 White , L. Michael . From Jesus to Christianity . HarperCollins ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052655 - 6 . Wilson , Barrie A. `` How Jesus Became Christian '' . St. Martin 's Press ( 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 31493 - 6 . Wright , N.T. The New Testament and the People of God . Fortress Press ( 1992 ) . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2681 - 8 . Zahn , Theodor , Introduction to the New Testament , English translation , Edinburgh , 1910 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Century Christianity New Testament Reading Room Extensive online NT resources ( incl . commentaries ) , Tyndale Seminary Scholarly articles on the New Testament from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library Internet Ancient History Sourcebook : Christian Origins Guide to Early Church Documents History of Christianity : Early Christianity Cultural & historical background of Jesus First century Followed by : Christianity in the 2nd century BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon ' Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Bosnian Church Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I Vatican II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&oldid=855933090 '' Categories : 1st - century Christianity Centuries in Christianity Early Christianity Early Christianity and Judaism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from August 2018 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Hidden templates using styles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote اردو Lingua Franca Nova Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 20 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	missionaries who spread the christian faith in the first century were called	[ "The apostles dispersed from Jerusalem, founding the apostolic sees, presumably following the Great Commission's decree to spread the teachings of Jesus to \"all nations\". Peter, Paul, and James the Just were the most influential early Christian leaders,[4] although Paul's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than any other New Testament authors,[5] but the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed today.\n" ]	[ "apostles" ]
6266945344419472443	Flatbread	Flatbread - wikipedia Flatbread Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flatbread Homemade flatbread Type Bread Main ingredients Flour , water , salt Cookbook : Flatbread Media : Flatbread A flatbread is a bread made with flour , water and salt , and then thoroughly rolled into flattened dough . Many flatbreads are unleavened -- although some are slightly leavened , such as pita bread . Throughout history , many if not most cultures have had foods that can be classified as flatbread . There are many other optional ingredients that flatbreads may contain , such as curry powder , diced jalapeños , chili powder , or black pepper . Olive oil or sesame oil may be added as well . Flatbreads can range from one millimeter to a few centimeters thick . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of flatbreads 1.1 Europe , Central and West Asia 1.2 Middle East and Africa 1.3 South and East Asia 1.4 Americas 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading List of Flatbreads ( edit ) Europe , Central and West Asia ( edit ) Afghan bread Georgian Tonis Puri Pane carasau from Sardinia Afghan bread or `` Nan '' ( Afghanistan ) Bannock ( Scotland ) Barbari bread ( Persia ) Bazlama ( Turkey ) : made from wheat flour , drinking water , and table salt Bolani ( Afghanistan ) : a vegetarian flat - bread dish Bolo do caco ( Madeira , Portugal ) Farl ( Ireland and Scotland ) Flammkuchen / Tarte flambée ( Alsace ) : thin bread dough rolled out in a circle or a rectangle and covered with shallots and lardons Flatbrød ( Norway ) : barley flour , salt and water Flatkaka ( Iceland ) : rye flatbread Focaccia ( Italy ) Ftira ( Malta ) Gözleme ( Turkey ) : folded over a savoury filling and fried on a griddle Hoggan ( Cornwall ) : made from barley flour containing pieces of pork , and potato Lagana ( Greece ) Lepyoshka ( Russia ) Pita ( Hungary ) Lavash ( Armenia ) Lefse ( Norway ) Matnakash ( Armenia ) Obi Non ( Afghanistan and Uzbekistan ) Opłatek ( Poland ) Pane carasau ( Sardinia ) Piadina ( Italy ) : white flour , lard ( or olive oil ) , salt and water Pide ( Turkey ) Pita ( Greece ) Pită / Lipie ( Romania ) Pissaladière ( France ) Pizza ( Italy ) Podpłomyk ( Poland ) Pogača ( Balkans and Turkey ) Пърленка ( Părlenka ) ( Bulgaria ) Rieska ( Finland ) Sacramental bread ( Europe ) Sangak ( Persia ) Sheermal ( Persia and Indian subcontinent ) Shelpek ( Central Asia ) Shotis Puri ( Georgia ) Somun and Lepina ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Spianata sarda ( Sardinia ) Staffordshire oatcake ( England ) Taftoon Bread ( Persia ) Tandoor - nan ( Central Asia ) Tigella ( Italy ) Tonis Puri ( Georgia ) Torta ( Spain ) Torta al testo ( Umbria , Italy ) Torta de Gazpacho ( Spain ) Tunnbröd ( Sweden ) : any combination of wheat , barley and rye Yufka ( Turkey ) : wheat flour , water and table salt Middle East and Africa ( edit ) Different types of pita , Mahane Yehuda marketplace , Jerusalem Yemeni lahoh Aish Merahrah ( Egypt ) : made with 5 -- 10 % ground fenugreek seeds and maize Barbari ( Iran ) Gurassa ( Sudan ) Harsha ( Morocco ) : fried buttery bread made of semolina Injera ( Horn of Africa ) : teff flour and water Khebz ( Levant ) Khobz rmal ( Maghreb ) Khubz ( Arabian Peninsula ) Lahoh ( Northern Somalia , Djibouti , Yemen ) Muufo ( Somalia ) Malooga ( Yemen ) : water , yeast , salt and flour M'lawi ( Tunisia ) : water , olive oil , semolina and flour Chapati ( Swahili coast , Uganda ) Markook ( Levant ) Matzo ( Israel ) : white plain flour and water Murr ( Israel ) Ngome ( Mali ) : millet , water and vegetable oil Pita ( Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East ) Sangak ( Iran ) Taftan ( Iran ) Khubz Asmr ( Saudi Arabia ) ( Arabian Peninsula ) : made of wholemeal flour , yeast , and salt Khubz Burr ( Saudi Arabia ) ( Arabian Peninsula ) : made of wholemeal flour , yeast , and salt Khubz al - nokhalah ( Saudi Arabia ) ( Arabian Peninsula ) : made of Bran , yeast , salt , and seeds South and east asia ( edit ) A selection of Tajik non ( naan ) Bhakri ( Indian subcontinent ) : made with water and millet flour Bhatura ( Indian subcontinent ) : made with white flour , yogurt , ghee ( or oil ) , and yeast Bindaeddeok ( Korea ) : made from mung bean flour ( this is a pancake , not a flatbread ) Bing ( China ) Piaya ( Philippines ) Bánh ( Vietnam ) Chapati ( Indian subcontinent ) : made from atta flour ( whole grain durum wheat ) , water and salt Poli ( Indian subcontinent ) : made from whole wheat flour , water and salt . It is folded and layered round flat bread . Phulka ( Indian subcontinent ) : made from whole wheat flour , water and salt . It is like a baked variety of Puri . Green onion pancake ( China ) : made with oil and minced scallions ( green onions ) Paratha ( Indian subcontinent ) Kaak ( Pakistan ) Khanom buang ( Thailand ) : rice flour Laobing ( China ) Pathiri ( Indian subcontinent ) : is a traditional roti that originated from Malabar cuisine . Cheese Naan ( Pakistan ) : A Naan bread filled with cheeses and local seasoning Nutella Naan / Paratha ( Pakistan ) : A Naan bread filled with Nutella or a paratha with similar spread Luchi ( Indian subcontinent ) : fine maida flour with water and a spoonful of ghee Naan ( Indian subcontinent and Central ) : leavened with yeast , unlike Roti bread Pol roti ( Sri Lanka ) : made from scraped coconut and wheat or kurakkan flour , with green chillis and onion Puri ( Indian subcontinent ) : prepared from dough of atta and salt Roast paan ( Sri Lanka ) : bread mixture baked in a flat mold , producing , literally , a ' flat ' bread Roti ( Indian subcontinent ) Roti prata ( Singapore ) Roti canai ( Malaysia and Indonesia ) Sanchuisanda ( China ) : baked in ashes Americas ( edit ) Preparing tortillas Arepa ( Colombia , Venezuela ) : flat , unleavened patty made of cornmeal Bammy ( Jamaica ) : made from grated cassava root or cassava flour and salt Beiju ( Brazil ) : made from tapioca Casabe ( South America , Caribbean ) : made from bitter cassava root Frybread ( United States ) Native American Flatbread ( North America ) : made from maize flour in a traditional style of early Native Americans ; now topped with ground beef , vegetables , beans and cheese Pan de Semita ( Mexico ) Johnnycake ( Caribbean ) Tortilla ( Mexico , Central and South America ) Tortilla de Rescoldo ( Chile ) : wheat flour based bread , traditionally baked in the coals of a campfire See also ( edit ) Food portal List of ancient dishes and foods List of baked goods List of breads References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sanchuisanda is described in `` Peoples of China 's Far Provinces '' , by Wong How - Man , National Geographic , March 1984 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2005 . `` High - Profile Flatbreads - Say Goodbye to Insipid White Bread When Tortillas and Flatbreads Come to Town '' . FOOD PRODUCT DESIGN - NORTHBROOK -. 15 , no . 1 : 96 - 114 . ISSN 1065 - 772X . 2008 . `` Flatbreads Old World : Meets New Flatbreads from All Over the World - Including Tortillas , Arepas and Naan - Are the Newest Hot Ticket in Both Retail and Foodservice Products '' . FOOD PRODUCT DESIGN - NORTHBROOK -. 18 , no . 11 : 38 - 43 . 2008 . `` Storied Breads : With a Continuing Focus on Food Origin , Flatbreads Offer Manufacturers a Way to Tempt Consumers with Authentic Products Celebrating the Oldest - Known Bread Traditions '' . BAKING AND SNACK. 30 , no . 7 : 35 - 42 . ISSN 1092 - 0447 . 2010 . `` Glycaemic Index of Indian Flatbreads ( Rotis ) Prepared Using Whole Wheat Flour and Atta Mix - Added Whole Wheat Flour '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 103 , no . 11 : 1642 - 1647 . ISSN 0007 - 1145 . 2011 . `` Flat - Out in Love with Flatbread Here Are 5 Reasons Foodservice Is Smitten with Flatbreads '' . FOOD MANAGEMENT - NEW YORK THEN CLEVELAND OH -. 46 , no . 11 : 30 - 35 . ISSN 0091 - 018X . Alford , Jeffrey , and Naomi Duguid . Flatbreads and Flavors : A Baker 's Atlas . New York : W. Morrow , 1995 . Summary : Recipes for more than sixty varieties of flatbreads along with 150 recipes for traditional accompaniments to the breads , including chutneys , curries , salsas , stews , mezze , smorgasbord , kebabs , etc . Craddock , Anne . Textural Characteristics of Bagels and Ethnic Flatbreads. 1998 . Thesis. 124 leaves . German , Donna Rathmell . Flatbreads from Around the World . San Leandro , Calif : Bristol Pub , 1994 . Hansen , Eric . 2015 . `` Fabled Flatbreads of Uzbekistan . '' Aramco World . July / August 2015 . Pages 32 -- 39 . Helou , Anissa . Savory Baking from the Mediterranean : Focaccias , Flatbreads , Rusks , Tarts , and Other Breads . New York : William Morrow , 2007 . Kahlon , Talwinder Singh , and Mei - Chen Maggie Chiu. 2014 . `` Ancient Whole Grain Gluten - Free Flatbreads '' . Food and Nutrition Sciences . 05 , no . 17 : 1717 - 1724 . Khawaja K.I. , et al. 2012 . `` Glycaemic , Insulin and Ghrelin Responses to Traditional South Asian Flatbreads in Diabetic and Healthy Subjects '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 108 , no . 10 : 1810 - 1817 . Reinhold , John G. , Bahram Faraji , Parichehr Abadi , and Faramarz Ismail ‐ Beigi. 1981 . `` An Extended Study of the Effect of Iranian Village and Urban Flatbreads on the Mineral Balances of Two Men Before and After Supplementation with Vitamin D † '' . Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 10 , no . 3 : 169 - 177 . Flatbreads Asia Afghan bread Balep korkun Barbari bread Bazlama Bhakri Bhatoora Bindaetteok Bing Bolani Chapati Kaak Kattama Khebz Khubz Kulcha Gözleme Jolada rotti Lahoh Laobing Lavash Luchi Malooga Markook Matzo Naan Obi non Papadum Paratha Aloo paratha Parotta Pathiri Phitti Pita Pletzel Puran poli Puri Qistibi Qutab Ramazan pidesi Roti Makki di roti Roti canai Roti prata Rumali roti Sanchuisanda Sangak Scallion pancake Cōng yóu bǐng Pajeon Shaobing Sheermal Shelpek Taboon bread Taftan Tandoor bread Thalipeeth Yufka Zhingyalov hats Europe Bannock Crispbread Farl Flammkuchen Flatbrød Flatkaka Focaccia Hoggan Khachapuri Lángos Lefse Mekitsa Opłatek Pancake Pane carasau Piadina Pita Pizza Podpłomyk Rieska Sacramental bread Scaccia Shotis puri Somun Tunnbröd Africa Eish merahrah Injera Khubz Lahoh Ngome Americas Arepa Bammy Bannock Casabe Frybread Corn tortilla List of tortilla - based dishes Flour tortilla Tortilla de Rescoldo Recipes on WikiBooks Category : Flatbreads Food portal Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Category Lists of prepared foods Dishes by origin African Angolan Central African Republic Chadian Ethiopian Libyan Nigerian Nigerien Togolese Tunisian Western Saharan American Italian - American Jewish - American New Orleans Regional Southern United States Anguillian Arab Argentine Azerbaijan Bangladeshi Brazilian Burmese Caucasus Chinese Beijing Sichuan Colombian Crimean Tatar Cuban Ecuadorian English Filipino French Gabonese German Greek Hawaiian Hungarian Indian Indonesian Irish Israeli Italian Sicilian Jamaican Japanese Jewish Jordan Korean North Korean Liechtensteiner Malaysian Maltese Mexican Moroccan National dishes Nepalese Pakistani Palestinian Paraguayan Peranakan Peruvian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sami São Tomé and Príncipe Scottish Seychelles Singaporean Spanish Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese By origin and type Breads American British Indian Pakistani Cheeses American British Cornish Dutch English French German Greek Irish Italian Polish Spanish Swiss Condiments French fry accompaniments Indian Japanese Pakistani Desserts and sweets American Argentine Bangladeshi Brazilian British Chinese French German Indian Italian Japanese Korean Tteok Pakistani Philippine Polish Romanian Russian Spanish Sri Lankan Thai Turkish Soups and stews Chinese French German Indonesian Italian Japanese Pakistani Spanish Snack foods Snack foods by country Indian Japanese Pakistani Misc . American sandwiches Foods with religious symbolism Vietnamese specialities By type Ancient Bacon substitutes Baozi Brand name snacks Breakfast Beverages Cereals Brunch Chifa Christmas Chutneys Coconut Coconut milk Coffee Comfort Delicacies Hangover foods Hors d'oeuvre Tapas Made from maple Military Mushroom Pastries Pies , tarts and flans Porridges Puddings Relishes Sandwiches Soul Street Tortilla - based Traditional By cooking style Baked goods Twice - baked Casseroles Deep fried Smoked Steamed By preparation style Dips Dried Fermented Soy products Food pastes Garnishes Gravies Instant Pickled Pickled fruits Rolled Sauces Dessert sauces Fish sauces Hot sauces Spreads Stuffed dishes Breads , grains and seeds Almond Breads bread dishes Buns Flatbreads Quick breads Rolls Sweet breads Crackers Dumplings Fried dough Legume Chickpea Peanut Maize Noodles Noodle dishes Fried noodle dishes Ramen Pancakes Pasta Pasta dishes Rice Fried rice Rice pudding Rice and beans Sesame seed Toast Dairy - based Butter dishes Cheese dishes Cheeses Brined Yogurt - based Fruits and vegetables Apple Avocado Banana Cabbage Carrot Cassava Eggplant Garlic Lemon Melon Onion Plum Potato French fry Salads Arab Thai Soy - based Strawberry Tofu Tomato Fish and seafood Clam Cod Crab Fish head Fish stews Fried fish Herring Raw fish Salmon Shrimp Sushi and sashimi Meat - based Barbecue Beef Shredded beef Steak Veal Chicken Duck Egg Eggs Benedict Scrambled eggs Goat Hamburgers Hot dogs Kebabs Lamb Meatball Mixed grill Pork Bacon Ham dishes Hams Sausages Sausage dishes Skewered foods Soups and Stews Blood Cheese Fish and seafood Vegetable Sweets Cakes Candies Chocolate bars Chocolate - covered Cookies Cookie sandwiches Shortbread Desserts Custard Doughnuts Pastries Choux pastry Poppy seed Pies , tarts and flans Food portal Category : Lists of foods Wheat Types Common Durum Einkorn Emmer Khorasan Marquis Norin 10 Red Fife Spelt Winter wheat Agronomy Wheat diseases list Wheat mildew Hessian fly Trade Australian Wheat Board Canadian Wheat Board Corn exchange Exports International Wheat Council Peak wheat Production statistics Protein premium Wheat pools in Canada Plant parts and their uses Stalk Straw Seed Bran Germ Chaff ( husk ) Endosperm Gluten Basic preparation None Berries or groats Milling Farina Flour Middlings Semolina Parboiling Bulgur As an ingredient Bread Couscous Cracker Flatbread Pasta Wheat beer Wheat germ oil Wheat gluten Associated human diseases Anaphylaxis Gluten - related disorders coeliac disease non-celiac gluten sensitivity wheat allergy dermatitis herpetiformis ataxia Related concepts Bread riot Plant breeding Refined grains Staple food Wheatpaste Whole grain Shattering Tell Abu Hureyra Tell Aswad Category LCCN : sh2017004562 GND : 4350486 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flatbread&oldid=832620726 '' Categories : Unleavened breads Ancient dishes Flatbreads Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia spam cleanup from October 2016 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Кырык мары 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' 粵語 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 01 : 55 . 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About Wikipedia	what is the term for a leavened arabic flat bread	[ "\nAish Merahrah (Egypt): made with 5–10% ground fenugreek seeds and maize\nBarbari (Iran)\nGurassa (Sudan)\nHarsha (Morocco): fried buttery bread made of semolina\nInjera (Horn of Africa): teff flour and water\nKhebz (Levant)\nKhobz rmal (Maghreb)\nKhubz (Arabian Peninsula)\nLahoh (Northern Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen)\nMuufo (Somalia)\nMalooga (Yemen): water, yeast, salt and flour\nM'lawi (Tunisia): water, olive oil, semolina and flour\nChapati (Swahili coast, Uganda)\nMarkook (Levant)\nMatzo (Israel): white plain flour and water\nMurr (Israel)\nNgome (Mali): millet, water and vegetable oil\nPita (Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East)\nSangak (Iran)\nTaftan (Iran)\nKhubz Asmr (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of wholemeal flour, yeast, and salt\nKhubz Burr (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of wholemeal flour, yeast, and salt\nKhubz al-nokhalah (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of Bran, yeast, salt, and seeds\n", "\nAish Merahrah (Egypt): made with 5–10% ground fenugreek seeds and maize\nBarbari (Iran)\nGurassa (Sudan)\nHarsha (Morocco): fried buttery bread made of semolina\nInjera (Horn of Africa): teff flour and water\nKhebz (Levant)\nKhobz rmal (Maghreb)\nKhubz (Arabian Peninsula)\nLahoh (Northern Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen)\nMuufo (Somalia)\nMalooga (Yemen): water, yeast, salt and flour\nM'lawi (Tunisia): water, olive oil, semolina and flour\nChapati (Swahili coast, Uganda)\nMarkook (Levant)\nMatzo (Israel): white plain flour and water\nMurr (Israel)\nNgome (Mali): millet, water and vegetable oil\nPita (Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East)\nSangak (Iran)\nTaftan (Iran)\nKhubz Asmr (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of wholemeal flour, yeast, and salt\nKhubz Burr (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of wholemeal flour, yeast, and salt\nKhubz al-nokhalah (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of Bran, yeast, salt, and seeds\n", "\nAish Merahrah (Egypt): made with 5–10% ground fenugreek seeds and maize\nBarbari (Iran)\nGurassa (Sudan)\nHarsha (Morocco): fried buttery bread made of semolina\nInjera (Horn of Africa): teff flour and water\nKhebz (Levant)\nKhobz rmal (Maghreb)\nKhubz (Arabian Peninsula)\nLahoh (Northern Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen)\nMuufo (Somalia)\nMalooga (Yemen): water, yeast, salt and flour\nM'lawi (Tunisia): water, olive oil, semolina and flour\nChapati (Swahili coast, Uganda)\nMarkook (Levant)\nMatzo (Israel): white plain flour and water\nMurr (Israel)\nNgome (Mali): millet, water and vegetable oil\nPita (Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East)\nSangak (Iran)\nTaftan (Iran)\nKhubz Asmr (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of wholemeal flour, yeast, and salt\nKhubz Burr (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of wholemeal flour, yeast, and salt\nKhubz al-nokhalah (Saudi Arabia) (Arabian Peninsula): made of Bran, yeast, salt, and seeds\n" ]	[ "Khubz Asmr", "Khubz Burr", "Khubz al-nokhalah" ]
360613038562755107	History of chemistry	History of chemistry - wikipedia History of chemistry Jump to : navigation , search The 1871 periodic table constructed by Dmitri Mendeleev . The periodic table is one of the most potent icons in science , lying at the core of chemistry and embodying the most fundamental principles of the field . The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present . By 1000 BC , civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry . Examples include extracting metals from ores , making pottery and glazes , fermenting beer and wine , extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume , rendering fat into soap , making glass , and making alloys like bronze . The protoscience of chemistry , alchemy , was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations . However , by performing experiments and recording the results , alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry . The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist ( 1661 ) . While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations , chemists are seen as applying scientific method to their work . Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier , who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena . The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics , especially through the work of Willard Gibbs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history 1.1 Early metallurgy 1.2 Bronze Age 1.3 Iron Age 1.4 Classical antiquity and atomism 1.4. 1 Ancient world 2 Medieval alchemy 2.1 The philosopher 's stone 2.2 Problems encountered with alchemy 2.3 Alchemy in the Islamic world 3 17th and 18th centuries : Early chemistry 3.1 Robert Boyle 3.2 Development and dismantling of phlogiston 3.3 Volta and the Voltaic pile 3.4 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 4 19th century 4.1 John Dalton 4.2 Jöns Jacob Berzelius 4.3 New elements and gas laws 4.4 Wöhler and the vitalism debate 4.5 Mid-1800s 4.6 Perkin , Crookes , and Nobel 4.7 Mendeleev 's periodic table 4.8 Josiah Willard Gibbs 4.9 Late 19th century 4.9. 1 Ramsay 's discovery of the noble gases 4.9. 2 Marie and Pierre Curie 4.9. 3 Ernest Rutherford 5 20th century 5.1 Niels Bohr 5.2 Gilbert N. Lewis 5.3 Quantum mechanics 5.4 Quantum chemistry 5.5 Molecular biology and biochemistry 5.6 Late 20th century 6 Mathematics and chemistry 7 Scope of chemistry 7.1 Chemical industry 8 See also 8.1 Histories and timelines 8.2 Notable chemists 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Ancient History ( edit ) Early metallurgy ( edit ) Main articles : History of ferrous metallurgy and History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent The earliest recorded metal employed by humans seems to be gold which can be found free or `` native '' . Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period , c. 40,000 BC . Silver , copper , tin and meteoric iron can also be found native , allowing a limited amount of metalworking in ancient cultures . Egyptian weapons made from meteoric iron in about 3000 BC were highly prized as `` Daggers from Heaven '' . Arguably the first chemical reaction used in a controlled manner was fire . However , for millennia fire was seen simply as a mystical force that could transform one substance into another ( burning wood , or boiling water ) while producing heat and light . Fire affected many aspects of early societies . These ranged from the simplest facets of everyday life , such as cooking and habitat lighting , to more advanced technologies , such as pottery , bricks , and melting of metals to make tools . It was fire that led to the discovery of glass and the purification of metals which in turn gave way to the rise of metallurgy . During the early stages of metallurgy , methods of purification of metals were sought , and gold , known in ancient Egypt as early as 2900 BC , became a precious metal . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age Certain metals can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire : notably tin , lead and ( at a higher temperature ) copper , a process known as smelting . The first evidence of this extractive metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennium BC , and was found in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Yarmovac and Plocnik , all three in Serbia . To date , the earliest copper smelting is found at the Belovode site , these examples include a copper axe from 5500 BC belonging to the Vinča culture . Other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela ( Portugal ) , Los Millares ( Spain ) , and Stonehenge ( United Kingdom ) . However , as often happens with the study of prehistoric times , the ultimate beginnings can not be clearly defined and new discoveries are ongoing . Mining areas of the ancient Middle East . Boxes colors : arsenic is in brown , copper in red , tin in grey , iron in reddish brown , gold in yellow , silver in white and lead in black . Yellow area stands for arsenic bronze , while grey area stands for tin bronze . These first metals were single ones or as found . By combining copper and tin , a superior metal could be made , an alloy called bronze , a major technological shift which began the Bronze Age about 3500 BC . The Bronze Age was period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking ( at least in systematic and widespread use ) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of copper ores , and then smelting those ores to cast bronze . These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity . Copper / tin ores are rare , as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BC . After the Bronze Age , the history of metallurgy was marked by armies seeking better weaponry . Countries in Eurasia prospered when they made the superior alloys , which , in turn , made better armor and better weapons . This often determined the outcomes of battles . Significant progress in metallurgy and alchemy was made in ancient India . Iron Age ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult than copper or tin . It appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 BC , beginning the Iron Age . The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the Philistines . In other words , the Iron Age refers to the advent of ferrous metallurgy . Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations . This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East , ancient Iran , ancient Egypt , ancient Nubia , and Anatolia ( Turkey ) , Ancient Nok , Carthage , the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe , medieval Europe , ancient and medieval China , ancient and medieval India , ancient and medieval Japan , amongst others . Many applications , practices , and devices associated or involved in metallurgy were established in ancient China , such as the innovation of the blast furnace , cast iron , hydraulic - powered trip hammers , and double acting piston bellows . Classical antiquity and atomism ( edit ) Main article : Atomism Democritus , Greek philosopher of atomistic school . Philosophical attempts to rationalize why different substances have different properties ( color , density , smell ) , exist in different states ( gaseous , liquid , and solid ) , and react in a different manner when exposed to environments , for example to water or fire or temperature changes , led ancient philosophers to postulate the first theories on nature and chemistry . The history of such philosophical theories that relate to chemistry can probably be traced back to every single ancient civilization . The common aspect in all these theories was the attempt to identify a small number of primary classical element that make up all the various substances in nature . Substances like air , water , and soil / earth , energy forms , such as fire and light , and more abstract concepts such as ideas , aether , and heaven , were common in ancient civilizations even in absence of any cross-fertilization ; for example in Greek , Indian , Mayan , and ancient Chinese philosophies all considered air , water , earth and fire as primary elements . Ancient world ( edit ) Around 420 BC , Empedocles stated that all matter is made up of four elemental substances -- earth , fire , air and water . The early theory of atomism can be traced back to ancient Greece and ancient India . Greek atomism dates back to the Greek philosopher Democritus , who declared that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms around 380 BC . Leucippus also declared that atoms were the most indivisible part of matter . This coincided with a similar declaration by Indian philosopher Kanada in his Vaisheshika sutras around the same time period . In much the same fashion he discussed the existence of gases . What Kanada declared by sutra , Democritus declared by philosophical musing . Both suffered from a lack of empirical data . Without scientific proof , the existence of atoms was easy to deny . Aristotle opposed the existence of atoms in 330 BC . Earlier , in 380 BC , a Greek text attributed to Polybus argues that the human body is composed of four humours . Around 300 BC , Epicurus postulated a universe of indestructible atoms in which man himself is responsible for achieving a balanced life . With the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience , the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius wrote De Rerum Natura ( The Nature of Things ) in 50 BC . In the work , Lucretius presents the principles of atomism ; the nature of the mind and soul ; explanations of sensation and thought ; the development of the world and its phenomena ; and explains a variety of celestial and terrestrial phenomena . Much of the early development of purification methods is described by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia . He made attempts to explain those methods , as well as making acute observations of the state of many minerals . Medieval alchemy ( edit ) See also : Minima naturalia , a medieval Aristotelian concept analogous to atomism Seventeenth century alchemical emblem showing the four Classical elements in the corners of the image , alongside the tria prima on the central triangle . The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed primarily by the Persian - Arab alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and rooted in the classical elements of Greek tradition . His system consisted of the four Aristotelian elements of air , earth , fire , and water in addition to two philosophical elements : sulphur , characterizing the principle of combustibility ; `` the stone which burns '' , and mercury , characterizing the principle of metallic properties . They were seen by early alchemists as idealized expressions of irreducibile components of the universe and are of larger consideration within philosophical alchemy . The three metallic principles : sulphur to flammability or combustion , mercury to volatility and stability , and salt to solidity . became the tria prima of the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus . He reasoned that Aristotle 's four - element theory appeared in bodies as three principles . Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire . Mercury included the cohesive principle , so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart . Smoke described the volatility ( the mercurial principle ) , the heat - giving flames described flammability ( sulphur ) , and the remnant ash described solidity ( salt ) . The philosopher 's stone ( edit ) Main article : Alchemy `` The Alchemist '' , by Sir William Douglas , 1855 Alchemy is defined by the Hermetic quest for the philosopher 's stone , the study of which is steeped in symbolic mysticism , and differs greatly from modern science . Alchemists toiled to make transformations on an esoteric ( spiritual ) and / or exoteric ( practical ) level . It was the protoscientific , exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution of chemistry in Greco - Roman Egypt , the Islamic Golden Age , and then in Europe . Alchemy and chemistry share an interest in the composition and properties of matter , and prior to the eighteenth century were not separated into distinct disciplines . The term chymistry has been used to describe the blend of alchemy and chemistry that existed before this time . The earliest Western alchemists , who lived in the first centuries of the common era , invented chemical apparatus . The bain - marie , or water bath is named for Mary the Jewess . Her work also gives the first descriptions of the tribikos and kerotakis . Cleopatra the Alchemist described furnaces and has been credited with the invention of the alembic . Later , the experimental framework established by Jabir ibn Hayyan influenced alchemists as the discipline migrated through the Islamic world , then to Europe in the twelfth century . During the Renaissance , exoteric alchemy remained popular in the form of Paracelsian iatrochemistry , while spiritual alchemy flourished , realigned to its Platonic , Hermetic , and Gnostic roots . Consequently , the symbolic quest for the philosopher 's stone was not superseded by scientific advances , and was still the domain of respected scientists and doctors until the early eighteenth century . Early modern alchemists who are renowned for their scientific contributions include Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle , and Isaac Newton . Problems encountered with alchemy ( edit ) There were several problems with alchemy , as seen from today 's standpoint . There was no systematic naming scheme for new compounds , and the language was esoteric and vague to the point that the terminologies meant different things to different people . In fact , according to The Fontana History of Chemistry ( Brock , 1992 ) : The language of alchemy soon developed an arcane and secretive technical vocabulary designed to conceal information from the uninitiated . To a large degree , this language is incomprehensible to us today , though it is apparent that readers of Geoffery Chaucer 's Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale or audiences of Ben Jonson 's The Alchemist were able to construe it sufficiently to laugh at it . Chaucer 's tale exposed the more fraudulent side of alchemy , especially the manufacture of counterfeit gold from cheap substances . Less than a century earlier , Dante Alighieri also demonstrated an awareness of this fraudulence , causing him to consign all alchemists to the Inferno in his writings . Soon after , in 1317 , the Avignon Pope John XXII ordered all alchemists to leave France for making counterfeit money . A law was passed in England in 1403 which made the `` multiplication of metals '' punishable by death . Despite these and other apparently extreme measures , alchemy did not die . Royalty and privileged classes still sought to discover the philosopher 's stone and the elixir of life for themselves . There was also no agreed - upon scientific method for making experiments reproducible . Indeed , many alchemists included in their methods irrelevant information such as the timing of the tides or the phases of the moon . The esoteric nature and codified vocabulary of alchemy appeared to be more useful in concealing the fact that they could not be sure of very much at all . As early as the 14th century , cracks seemed to grow in the facade of alchemy ; and people became sceptical . Clearly , there needed to be a scientific method where experiments can be repeated by other people , and results needed to be reported in a clear language that laid out both what is known and unknown . Alchemy in the Islamic world ( edit ) Jābir ibn Hayyān ( Geber ) , a Persian - Arab alchemist whose experimental research laid the foundations of chemistry . Main article : Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam In the Islamic World , the Muslims were translating the works of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians into Arabic and were experimenting with scientific ideas . The development of the modern scientific method was slow and arduous , but an early scientific method for chemistry began emerging among early Muslim chemists , beginning with the 9th century chemist Jābir ibn Hayyān ( known as `` Geber '' in Europe ) , who is considered as `` the father of chemistry '' . He introduced a systematic and experimental approach to scientific research based in the laboratory , in contrast to the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists whose works were largely allegorical and often unintelligble . He also invented and named the alembic ( al - anbiq ) , chemically analyzed many chemical substances , composed lapidaries , distinguished between alkalis and acids , and manufactured hundreds of drugs . He also refined the theory of five classical elements into the theory of seven alchemical elements after identifying mercury and sulfur as chemical elements . Among other influential Muslim chemists , Abū al - Rayhān al - Bīrūnī , Avicenna and Al - Kindi refuted the theories of alchemy , particularly the theory of the transmutation of metals ; and al - Tusi described a version of the conservation of mass , noting that a body of matter is able to change but is not able to disappear . Rhazes refuted Aristotle 's theory of four classical elements for the first time and set up the firm foundations of modern chemistry , using the laboratory in the modern sense , designing and describing more than twenty instruments , many parts of which are still in use today , such as a crucible , cucurbit or retort for distillation , and the head of a still with a delivery tube ( ambiq , Latin alembic ) , and various types of furnace or stove . For practitioners in Europe , alchemy became an intellectual pursuit after early Arabic alchemy became available through Latin translation , and over time , they improved . Paracelsus ( 1493 -- 1541 ) , for example , rejected the 4 - elemental theory and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines , formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry . Paracelsus was not perfect in making his experiments truly scientific . For example , as an extension of his theory that new compounds could be made by combining mercury with sulfur , he once made what he thought was `` oil of sulfur '' . This was actually dimethyl ether , which had neither mercury nor sulfur . 17th and 18th centuries : early chemistry ( edit ) Agricola , author of De re metallica Workroom , from De re metallica , 1556 , Chemical Heritage Foundation See also : Timeline of chemistry and Corpuscularianism Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals was an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century , among them Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) , who published his great work De re metallica in 1556 . His work describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores , metal extraction and metallurgy of the time . His approach removed the mysticism associated with the subject , creating the practical base upon which others could build . The work describes the many kinds of furnace used to smelt ore , and stimulated interest in minerals and their composition . It is no coincidence that he gives numerous references to the earlier author , Pliny the Elder and his Naturalis Historia . Agricola has been described as the `` father of metallurgy '' . In 1605 , Sir Francis Bacon published The Proficience and Advancement of Learning , which contains a description of what would later be known as the scientific method . In 1605 , Michal Sedziwój publishes the alchemical treatise A New Light of Alchemy which proposed the existence of the `` food of life '' within air , much later recognized as oxygen . In 1615 Jean Beguin published the Tyrocinium Chymicum , an early chemistry textbook , and in it draws the first - ever chemical equation . In 1637 René Descartes publishes Discours de la méthode , which contains an outline of the scientific method . The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont 's work Ortus medicinae was published posthumously in 1648 ; the book is cited by some as a major transitional work between alchemy and chemistry , and as an important influence on Robert Boyle . The book contains the results of numerous experiments and establishes an early version of the law of conservation of mass . Working during the time just after Paracelsus and iatrochemistry , Jan Baptist van Helmont suggested that there are insubstantial substances other than air and coined a name for them - `` gas '' , from the Greek word chaos . In addition to introducing the word `` gas '' into the vocabulary of scientists , van Helmont conducted several experiments involving gases . Jan Baptist van Helmont is also remembered today largely for his ideas on spontaneous generation and his 5 - year tree experiment , as well as being considered the founder of pneumatic chemistry . Robert Boyle ( edit ) Robert Boyle , one of the co-founders of modern chemistry through his use of proper experimentation , which further separated chemistry from alchemy Title page from The sceptical chymist , 1661 , Chemical Heritage Foundation Anglo - Irish chemist Robert Boyle ( 1627 -- 1691 ) is considered to have refined the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy . Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition , Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist , and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry , and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method . Although Boyle was not the original discoverer , he is best known for Boyle 's law , which he presented in 1662 : the law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas , if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system . Boyle is also credited for his landmark publication The Sceptical Chymist in 1661 , which is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry . In the work , Boyle presents his hypothesis that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion . Boyle appealed to chemists to experiment and asserted that experiments denied the limiting of chemical elements to only the classic four : earth , fire , air , and water . He also pleaded that chemistry should cease to be subservient to medicine or to alchemy , and rise to the status of a science . Importantly , he advocated a rigorous approach to scientific experiment : he believed all theories must be proved experimentally before being regarded as true . The work contains some of the earliest modern ideas of atoms , molecules , and chemical reaction , and marks the beginning of the history of modern chemistry . Boyle also tried to purify chemicals to obtain reproducible reactions . He was a vocal proponent of the mechanical philosophy proposed by René Descartes to explain and quantify the physical properties and interactions of material substances . Boyle was an atomist , but favoured the word corpuscle over atoms . He commented that the finest division of matter where the properties are retained is at the level of corpuscles . He also performed numerous investigations with an air pump , and noted that the mercury fell as air was pumped out . He also observed that pumping the air out of a container would extinguish a flame and kill small animals placed inside . Boyle helped to lay the foundations for the Chemical Revolution with his mechanical corpuscular philosophy . Boyle repeated the tree experiment of van Helmont , and was the first to use indicators which changed colors with acidity . Development and dismantling of phlogiston ( edit ) Joseph Priestley , co-discoverer of the element oxygen , which he called `` dephlogisticated air '' In 1702 , German chemist Georg Stahl coined the name `` phlogiston '' for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning . Around 1735 , Swedish chemist Georg Brandt analyzed a dark blue pigment found in copper ore . Brandt demonstrated that the pigment contained a new element , later named cobalt . In 1751 , a Swedish chemist and pupil of Stahl 's named Axel Fredrik Cronstedt , identified an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element , which he named nickel . Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy . Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751 , which he named tungsten , meaning `` heavy stone '' in Swedish . In 1754 , Scottish chemist Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide , which he called `` fixed air '' . In 1757 , Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt , while investigating arsenic compounds , creates Cadet 's fuming liquid , later discovered to be cacodyl oxide , considered to be the first synthetic organometallic compound . In 1758 , Joseph Black formulated the concept of latent heat to explain the thermochemistry of phase changes . In 1766 , English chemist Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen , which he called `` inflammable air '' . Cavendish discovered hydrogen as a colorless , odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air , and published a paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air ( that is , hydrogen ) in dephlogisticated air ( now known to be oxygen ) , the latter a constituent of atmospheric air ( phlogiston theory ) . In 1773 , Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen , which he called `` fire air '' , but did not immediately publish his achievement . In 1774 , English chemist Joseph Priestley independently isolated oxygen in its gaseous state , calling it `` dephlogisticated air '' , and published his work before Scheele . During his lifetime , Priestley 's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water , his writings on electricity , and his discovery of several `` airs '' ( gases ) , the most famous being what Priestley dubbed `` dephlogisticated air '' ( oxygen ) . However , Priestley 's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community . In 1781 , Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid , tungstic acid , could be made from Cronstedt 's scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ) . Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid . In 1783 , José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid . Later that year , in Spain , the brothers succeeded in isolating the metal now known as tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal , and they are credited with the discovery of the element . Volta and the voltaic pile ( edit ) A voltaic pile on display in the Tempio Voltiano ( the Volta Temple ) near Volta 's home in Como . Italian physicist Alessandro Volta constructed a device for accumulating a large charge by a series of inductions and groundings . He investigated the 1780s discovery `` animal electricity '' by Luigi Galvani , and found that the electric current was generated from the contact of dissimilar metals , and that the frog leg was only acting as a detector . Volta demonstrated in 1794 that when two metals and brine - soaked cloth or cardboard are arranged in a circuit they produce an electric current . In 1800 , Volta stacked several pairs of alternating copper ( or silver ) and zinc discs ( electrodes ) separated by cloth or cardboard soaked in brine ( electrolyte ) to increase the electrolyte conductivity . When the top and bottom contacts were connected by a wire , an electric current flowed through the voltaic pile and the connecting wire . Thus , Volta is credited with constructing the first electrical battery to produce electricity . Volta 's method of stacking round plates of copper and zinc separated by disks of cardboard moistened with salt solution was termed a voltaic pile . Thus , Volta is considered to be the founder of the discipline of electrochemistry . A Galvanic cell ( or voltaic cell ) is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reaction taking place within the cell . It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge , or individual half - cells separated by a porous membrane . Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier and his wife , by Jacques - Louis David Main articles : Antoine Lavoisier and Chemical Revolution Although the archives of chemical research draw upon work from ancient Babylonia , Egypt , and especially the Arabs and Persians after Islam , modern chemistry flourished from the time of Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier , a French chemist who is celebrated as the `` father of modern chemistry '' . Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible , but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container . He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air , and proved that the products weighed more than the original . Nevertheless , the weight gained was lost from the air . Thus , in 1789 , he established the Law of Conservation of Mass , which is also called `` Lavoisier 's Law . '' The world 's first ice - calorimeter , used in the winter of 1782 - 83 , by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre - Simon Laplace , to determine the heat involved in various chemical changes ; calculations which were based on Joseph Black 's prior discovery of latent heat . These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry . Repeating the experiments of Priestley , he demonstrated that air is composed of two parts , one of which combines with metals to form calxes . In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides ( 1778 ) , he demonstrated that the `` air '' responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity . The next year , he named this portion oxygen ( Greek for acid - former ) , and the other azote ( Greek for no life ) . Lavoisier thus has a claim to the discovery of oxygen along with Priestley and Scheele . He also discovered that the `` inflammable air '' discovered by Cavendish - which he termed hydrogen ( Greek for water - former ) - combined with oxygen to produce a dew , as Priestley had reported , which appeared to be water . In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique ( 1783 ) , Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory of combustion to be inconsistent . Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russia in the 18th century . Lomonosov also rejected the phlogiston theory , and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases . Lomonosov regarded heat as a form of motion , and stated the idea of conservation of matter . Lavoisier worked with Claude Louis Berthollet and others to devise a system of chemical nomenclature which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds . In his Methods of Chemical Nomenclature ( 1787 ) , Lavoisier invented the system of naming and classification still largely in use today , including names such as sulfuric acid , sulfates , and sulfites . In 1785 , Berthollet was the first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach . In the same year he first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia . Berthollet first produced a modern bleaching liquid in 1789 by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate - the result was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite . Another strong chlorine oxidant and bleach which he investigated and was the first to produce , potassium chlorate ( KClO ) , is known as Berthollet 's Salt . Berthollet is also known for his scientific contributions to theory of chemical equilibria via the mechanism of reverse chemical reactions . Traité élémentaire de chimie Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry , 1789 ) was the first modern chemical textbook , and presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry , contained a clear statement of the Law of Conservation of Mass , and denied the existence of phlogiston . In addition , it contained a list of elements , or substances that could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc , and sulfur . His list , however , also included light , and caloric , which he believed to be material substances . In the work , Lavoisier underscored the observational basis of his chemistry , stating `` I have tried ... to arrive at the truth by linking up facts ; to suppress as much as possible the use of reasoning , which is often an unreliable instrument which deceives us , in order to follow as much as possible the torch of observation and of experiment . '' Nevertheless , he believed that the real existence of atoms was philosophically impossible . Lavoisier demonstrated that organisms disassemble and reconstitute atmospheric air in the same manner as a burning body . With Pierre - Simon Laplace , Lavoisier used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced . They found the same ratio for a flame and animals , indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion . Lavoisier believed in the radical theory , believing that radicals , which function as a single group in a chemical reaction , would combine with oxygen in reactions . He believed all acids contained oxygen . He also discovered that diamond is a crystalline form of carbon . While many of Lavoisier 's partners were influential for the advancement of chemistry as a scientific discipline , his wife Marie - Anne Lavoisier was arguably the most influential of them all . Upon their marriage , Mme . Lavoisier began to study chemistry , English , and drawing in order to help her husband in his work either by translating papers into English , a language which Lavoisier did not know , or by keeping records and drawing the various apparatuses that Lavoisier used in his labs . Through her ability to read and translate articles from Britain for her husband , Lavoisier had access knowledge from many of the chemical advances happening outside of his lab . Furthermore , Mme . Lavoisier kept records of Lavoisier 's work and ensured that his works were published . The first sign of Marie - Anne 's true potential as a chemist in Lavoisier 's lab came when she was translating a book by the scientist Richard Kirwan . While translating , she stumbled upon and corrected multiple errors . When she presented her translation , along with her notes to Lavoisier Her edits and contributions led to Lavoisier 's refutation of the theory of phlogiston . Lavoisier made many fundamental contributions to the science of chemistry . Following Lavoisier 's work , chemistry acquired a strict quantitative nature , allowing reliable predictions to be made . The revolution in chemistry which he brought about was a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory . He established the consistent use of chemical balance , used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory , and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature . Lavoisier was beheaded during the French Revolution . 19th century ( edit ) In 1802 , French American chemist and industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , who learned manufacture of gunpowder and explosives under Antoine Lavoisier , founded a gunpowder manufacturer in Delaware known as E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company . The French Revolution forced his family to move to the United States where du Pont started a gunpowder mill on the Brandywine River in Delaware . Wanting to make the best powder possible , du Pont was vigilant about the quality of the materials he used . For 32 years , du Pont served as president of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , which eventually grew into one of the largest and most successful companies in America . Throughout the 19th century , chemistry was divided between those who followed the atomic theory of John Dalton and those who did not , such as Wilhelm Ostwald and Ernst Mach . Although such proponents of the atomic theory as Amedeo Avogadro and Ludwig Boltzmann made great advances in explaining the behavior of gases , this dispute was not finally settled until Jean Perrin 's experimental investigation of Einstein 's atomic explanation of Brownian motion in the first decade of the 20th century . Well before the dispute had been settled , many had already applied the concept of atomism to chemistry . A major example was the ion theory of Svante Arrhenius which anticipated ideas about atomic substructure that did not fully develop until the 20th century . Michael Faraday was another early worker , whose major contribution to chemistry was electrochemistry , in which ( among other things ) a certain quantity of electricity during electrolysis or electrodeposition of metals was shown to be associated with certain quantities of chemical elements , and fixed quantities of the elements therefore with each other , in specific ratios . These findings , like those of Dalton 's combining ratios , were early clues to the atomic nature of matter . John Dalton ( edit ) John Dalton is remembered for his work on partial pressures in gases , color blindness , and atomic theory Main articles : John Dalton and Atomic theory In 1803 , English meteorologist and chemist John Dalton proposed Dalton 's law , which describes the relationship between the components in a mixture of gases and the relative pressure each contributes to that of the overall mixture . Discovered in 1801 , this concept is also known as Dalton 's law of partial pressures . Dalton also proposed a modern atomic theory in 1803 which stated that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles termed atoms , atoms of a given element possess unique characteristics and weight , and three types of atoms exist : simple ( elements ) , compound ( simple molecules ) , and complex ( complex molecules ) . In 1808 , Dalton first published New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 - 1827 ) , in which he outlined the first modern scientific description of the atomic theory . This work identified chemical elements as a specific type of atom , therefore rejecting Newton 's theory of chemical affinities . Instead , Dalton inferred proportions of elements in compounds by taking ratios of the weights of reactants , setting the atomic weight of hydrogen to be identically one . Following Jeremias Benjamin Richter ( known for introducing the term stoichiometry ) , he proposed that chemical elements combine in integral ratios . This is known as the law of multiple proportions or Dalton 's law , and Dalton included a clear description of the law in his New System of Chemical Philosophy . The law of multiple proportions is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry used to establish the atomic theory . Despite the importance of the work as the first view of atoms as physically real entities and introduction of a system of chemical symbols , New System of Chemical Philosophy devoted almost as much space to the caloric theory as to atomism . French chemist Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions , which states that elements always combine in small , whole number ratios to form compounds , based on several experiments conducted between 1797 and 1804 Along with the law of multiple proportions , the law of definite proportions forms the basis of stoichiometry . The law of definite proportions and constant composition do not prove that atoms exist , but they are difficult to explain without assuming that chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine in constant proportions . Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( edit ) Jöns Jacob Berzelius , the chemist who worked out the modern technique of chemical formula notation and is considered one of the fathers of modern chemistry Main article : Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Swedish chemist and disciple of Dalton , Jöns Jacob Berzelius embarked on a systematic program to try to make accurate and precise quantitative measurements and insure the purity of chemicals . Along with Lavoisier , Boyle , and Dalton , Berzelius is known as the father of modern chemistry . In 1828 he compiled a table of relative atomic weights , where oxygen was set to 100 , and which included all of the elements known at the time . This work provided evidence in favor of Dalton 's atomic theory : that inorganic chemical compounds are composed of atoms combined in whole number amounts . He determined the exact elementary constituents of large numbers of compounds . The results strongly confirmed Proust 's Law of Definite Proportions . In his weights , he used oxygen as a standard , setting its weight equal to exactly 100 . He also measured the weights of 43 elements . In discovering that atomic weights are not integer multiples of the weight of hydrogen , Berzelius also disproved Prout 's hypothesis that elements are built up from atoms of hydrogen . Motivated by his extensive atomic weight determinations and in a desire to aid his experiments , he introduced the classical system of chemical symbols and notation with his 1808 publishing of Lärbok i Kemien , in which elements are abbreviated by one or two letters to make a distinct abbreviation from their Latin name . This system of chemical notation -- in which the elements were given simple written labels , such as O for oxygen , or Fe for iron , with proportions noted by numbers -- is the same basic system used today . The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today ( e.g. , H O ) , Berzelius used a superscript ( H O ) . Berzelius is credited with identifying the chemical elements silicon , selenium , thorium , and cerium . Students working in Berzelius 's laboratory also discovered lithium and vanadium . Berzelius developed the radical theory of chemical combination , which holds that reactions occur as stable groups of atoms called radicals are exchanged between molecules . He believed that salts are compounds of an acid and bases , and discovered that the anions in acids would be attracted to a positive electrode ( the anode ) , whereas the cations in a base would be attracted to a negative electrode ( the cathode ) . Berzelius did not believe in the Vitalism Theory , but instead in a regulative force which produced organization of tissues in an organism . Berzelius is also credited with originating the chemical terms `` catalysis '' , `` polymer '' , `` isomer '' , and `` allotrope '' , although his original definitions differ dramatically from modern usage . For example , he coined the term `` polymer '' in 1833 to describe organic compounds which shared identical empirical formulas but which differed in overall molecular weight , the larger of the compounds being described as `` polymers '' of the smallest . By this long superseded , pre-structural definition , glucose ( C H O ) was viewed as a polymer of formaldehyde ( CH O ) . New elements and gas laws ( edit ) Humphry Davy , the discover of several alkali and alkaline earth metals , as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine . Main article : Humphry Davy English chemist Humphry Davy was a pioneer in the field of electrolysis , using Alessandro Volta 's voltaic pile to split up common compounds and thus isolate a series of new elements . He went on to electrolyse molten salts and discovered several new metals , especially sodium and potassium , highly reactive elements known as the alkali metals . Potassium , the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis , was discovered in 1807 by Davy , who derived it from caustic potash ( KOH ) . Before the 19th century , no distinction was made between potassium and sodium . Sodium was first isolated by Davy in the same year by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) . When Davy heard that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury , he tried it himself . Davy was successful , and discovered calcium in 1808 by electrolyzing a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide . He worked with electrolysis throughout his life and , in 1808 , he isolated magnesium , strontium and barium . Davy also experimented with gases by inhaling them . This experimental procedure nearly proved fatal on several occasions , but led to the discovery of the unusual effects of nitrous oxide , which came to be known as laughing gas . Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , who called it `` dephlogisticated marine acid '' ( see phlogiston theory ) and mistakenly thought it contained oxygen . Scheele observed several properties of chlorine gas , such as its bleaching effect on litmus , its deadly effect on insects , its yellow - green colour , and the similarity of its smell to that of aqua regia . However , Scheele was unable to publish his findings at the time . In 1810 , chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy ( derived from the Greek word for green ) , who insisted that chlorine was in fact an element . He also showed that oxygen could not be obtained from the substance known as oxymuriatic acid ( HCl solution ) . This discovery overturned Lavoisier 's definition of acids as compounds of oxygen . Davy was a popular lecturer and able experimenter . Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac , who stated that the ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers . Main articles : Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac and Gay - Lussac 's law French chemist Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac shared the interest of Lavoisier and others in the quantitative study of the properties of gases . From his first major program of research in 1801 -- 1802 , he concluded that equal volumes of all gases expand equally with the same increase in temperature : this conclusion is usually called `` Charles 's law '' , as Gay - Lussac gave credit to Jacques Charles , who had arrived at nearly the same conclusion in the 1780s but had not published it . The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801 , although Dalton 's description was less thorough than Gay - Lussac 's . In 1804 Gay - Lussac made several daring ascents of over 7,000 meters above sea level in hydrogen - filled balloons -- a feat not equaled for another 50 years -- that allowed him to investigate other aspects of gases . Not only did he gather magnetic measurements at various altitudes , but he also took pressure , temperature , and humidity measurements and samples of air , which he later analyzed chemically . In 1808 Gay - Lussac announced what was probably his single greatest achievement : from his own and others ' experiments he deduced that gases at constant temperature and pressure combine in simple numerical proportions by volume , and the resulting product or products -- if gases -- also bear a simple proportion by volume to the volumes of the reactants . In other words , gases under equal conditions of temperature and pressure react with one another in volume ratios of small whole numbers . This conclusion subsequently became known as `` Gay - Lussac 's law '' or the `` Law of Combining Volumes '' . With his fellow professor at the École Polytechnique , Louis Jacques Thénard , Gay - Lussac also participated in early electrochemical research , investigating the elements discovered by its means . Among other achievements , they decomposed boric acid by using fused potassium , thus discovering the element boron . The two also took part in contemporary debates that modified Lavoisier 's definition of acids and furthered his program of analyzing organic compounds for their oxygen and hydrogen content . The element iodine was discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 . Courtois gave samples to his friends , Charles Bernard Desormes ( 1777 -- 1862 ) and Nicolas Clément ( 1779 -- 1841 ) , to continue research . He also gave some of the substance to Gay - Lussac and to physicist André - Marie Ampère . On December 6 , 1813 , Gay - Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen . It was Gay - Lussac who suggested the name `` iode '' , from the Greek word ιώδες ( iodes ) for violet ( because of the color of iodine vapor ) . Ampère had given some of his sample to Humphry Davy . Davy did some experiments on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine . Davy sent a letter dated December 10 to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element . Arguments erupted between Davy and Gay - Lussac over who identified iodine first , but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the element . In 1815 , Humphry Davy invented the Davy lamp , which allowed miners within coal mines to work safely in the presence of flammable gases . There had been many mining explosions caused by firedamp or methane often ignited by open flames of the lamps then used by miners . Davy conceived of using an iron gauze to enclose a lamp 's flame , and so prevent the methane burning inside the lamp from passing out to the general atmosphere . Although the idea of the safety lamp had already been demonstrated by William Reid Clanny and by the then unknown ( but later very famous ) engineer George Stephenson , Davy 's use of wire gauze to prevent the spread of flame was used by many other inventors in their later designs . There was some discussion as to whether Davy had discovered the principles behind his lamp without the help of the work of Smithson Tennant , but it was generally agreed that the work of both men had been independent . Davy refused to patent the lamp , and its invention led to him being awarded the Rumford medal in 1816 . Amedeo Avogadro , who postulated that , under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure , equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of molecules . This is known as Avogadro 's law . Main articles : Amedeo Avogadro and Avogadro 's law After Dalton published his atomic theory in 1808 , certain of his central ideas were soon adopted by most chemists . However , uncertainty persisted for half a century about how atomic theory was to be configured and applied to concrete situations ; chemists in different countries developed several different incompatible atomistic systems . A paper that suggested a way out of this difficult situation was published as early as 1811 by the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro ( 1776 - 1856 ) , who hypothesized that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules , from which it followed that relative molecular weights of any two gases are the same as the ratio of the densities of the two gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure . Avogadro also reasoned that simple gases were not formed of solitary atoms but were instead compound molecules of two or more atoms . Thus Avogadro was able to overcome the difficulty that Dalton and others had encountered when Gay - Lussac reported that above 100 ° C the volume of water vapor was twice the volume of the oxygen used to form it . According to Avogadro , the molecule of oxygen had split into two atoms in the course of forming water vapor . Avogadro 's hypothesis was neglected for half a century after it was first published . Many reasons for this neglect have been cited , including some theoretical problems , such as Jöns Jacob Berzelius 's `` dualism '' , which asserted that compounds are held together by the attraction of positive and negative electrical charges , making it inconceivable that a molecule composed of two electrically similar atoms -- as in oxygen -- could exist . An additional barrier to acceptance was the fact that many chemists were reluctant to adopt physical methods ( such as vapour - density determinations ) to solve their problems . By mid-century , however , some leading figures had begun to view the chaotic multiplicity of competing systems of atomic weights and molecular formulas as intolerable . Moreover , purely chemical evidence began to mount that suggested Avogadro 's approach might be right after all . During the 1850s , younger chemists , such as Alexander Williamson in England , Charles Gerhardt and Charles - Adolphe Wurtz in France , and August Kekulé in Germany , began to advocate reforming theoretical chemistry to make it consistent with Avogadrian theory . Wöhler and the vitalism debate ( edit ) Structural formula of urea Main articles : Vitalism , Friedrich Wöhler , and Wöhler synthesis In 1825 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig performed the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers , earlier named by Berzelius . Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid , they correctly deduced that isomerism was caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure . In 1827 , William Prout classified biomolecules into their modern groupings : carbohydrates , proteins and lipids . After the nature of combustion was settled , a dispute about vitalism and the essential distinction between organic and inorganic substances began . The vitalism question was revolutionized in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea , thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and disproving the theory of vitalism . This opened a new research field in chemistry , and by the end of the 19th century , scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds . The most important among them are mauve , magenta , and other synthetic dyes , as well as the widely used drug aspirin . The discovery of the artificial synthesis of urea contributed greatly to the theory of isomerism , as the empirical chemical formulas for urea and ammonium cyanate are identical ( see Wöhler synthesis ) . In 1832 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discovered and explained functional groups and radicals in relation to organic chemistry , as well as first synthesizing benzaldehyde . Liebig , a German chemist , made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry , and worked on the organization of organic chemistry . Liebig is considered the `` father of the fertilizer industry '' for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient , and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops . Mid-1800s ( edit ) In 1840 , Germain Hess proposed Hess 's law , an early statement of the law of conservation of energy , which establishes that energy changes in a chemical process depend only on the states of the starting and product materials and not on the specific pathway taken between the two states . In 1847 , Hermann Kolbe obtained acetic acid from completely inorganic sources , further disproving vitalism . In 1848 , William Thomson , 1st Baron Kelvin ( commonly known as Lord Kelvin ) established the concept of absolute zero , the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases . In 1849 , Louis Pasteur discovered that the racemic form of tartaric acid is a mixture of the levorotatory and dextrotatory forms , thus clarifying the nature of optical rotation and advancing the field of stereochemistry . In 1852 , August Beer proposed Beer 's law , which explains the relationship between the composition of a mixture and the amount of light it will absorb . Based partly on earlier work by Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert , it established the analytical technique known as spectrophotometry . In 1855 , Benjamin Silliman , Jr. pioneered methods of petroleum cracking , which made the entire modern petrochemical industry possible . Formulas of acetic acid given by August Kekulé in 1861 . Main articles : Stanislao Cannizzaro and Karlsruhe Congress Avogadro 's hypothesis began to gain broad appeal among chemists only after his compatriot and fellow scientist Stanislao Cannizzaro demonstrated its value in 1858 , two years after Avogadro 's death . Cannizzaro 's chemical interests had originally centered on natural products and on reactions of aromatic compounds ; in 1853 he discovered that when benzaldehyde is treated with concentrated base , both benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol are produced -- a phenomenon known today as the Cannizzaro reaction . In his 1858 pamphlet , Cannizzaro showed that a complete return to the ideas of Avogadro could be used to construct a consistent and robust theoretical structure that fit nearly all of the available empirical evidence . For instance , he pointed to evidence that suggested that not all elementary gases consist of two atoms per molecule -- some were monatomic , most were diatomic , and a few were even more complex . Another point of contention had been the formulas for compounds of the alkali metals ( such as sodium ) and the alkaline earth metals ( such as calcium ) , which , in view of their striking chemical analogies , most chemists had wanted to assign to the same formula type . Cannizzaro argued that placing these metals in different categories had the beneficial result of eliminating certain anomalies when using their physical properties to deduce atomic weights . Unfortunately , Cannizzaro 's pamphlet was published initially only in Italian and had little immediate impact . The real breakthrough came with an international chemical congress held in the German town of Karlsruhe in September 1860 , at which most of the leading European chemists were present . The Karlsruhe Congress had been arranged by Kekulé , Wurtz , and a few others who shared Cannizzaro 's sense of the direction chemistry should go . Speaking in French ( as everyone there did ) , Cannizzaro 's eloquence and logic made an indelible impression on the assembled body . Moreover , his friend Angelo Pavesi distributed Cannizzaro 's pamphlet to attendees at the end of the meeting ; more than one chemist later wrote of the decisive impression the reading of this document provided . For instance , Lothar Meyer later wrote that on reading Cannizzaro 's paper , `` The scales seemed to fall from my eyes . '' Cannizzaro thus played a crucial role in winning the battle for reform . The system advocated by him , and soon thereafter adopted by most leading chemists , is substantially identical to what is still used today . Perkin , Crookes , and Nobel ( edit ) In 1856 , Sir William Henry Perkin , age 18 , given a challenge by his professor , August Wilhelm von Hofmann , sought to synthesize quinine , the anti-malaria drug , from coal tar . In one attempt , Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate , whose toluidine impurities reacted with the aniline and yielded a black solid -- suggesting a `` failed '' organic synthesis . Cleaning the flask with alcohol , Perkin noticed purple portions of the solution : a byproduct of the attempt was the first synthetic dye , known as mauveine or Perkin 's mauve . Perkin 's discovery is the foundation of the dye synthesis industry , one of the earliest successful chemical industries . German chemist August Kekulé von Stradonitz 's most important single contribution was his structural theory of organic composition , outlined in two articles published in 1857 and 1858 and treated in great detail in the pages of his extraordinarily popular Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie ( `` Textbook of Organic Chemistry '' ) , the first installment of which appeared in 1859 and gradually extended to four volumes . Kekulé argued that tetravalent carbon atoms - that is , carbon forming exactly four chemical bonds - could link together to form what he called a `` carbon chain '' or a `` carbon skeleton , '' to which other atoms with other valences ( such as hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , and chlorine ) could join . He was convinced that it was possible for the chemist to specify this detailed molecular architecture for at least the simpler organic compounds known in his day . Kekulé was not the only chemist to make such claims in this era . The Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper published a substantially similar theory nearly simultaneously , and the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov did much to clarify and expand structure theory . However , it was predominantly Kekulé 's ideas that prevailed in the chemical community . A Crookes tube ( 2 views ) : light and dark . Electrons travel in straight lines from the cathode ( left ) , as evidenced by the shadow cast from the Maltese cross on the fluorescence of the righthand end . The anode is at the bottom wire . British chemist and physicist William Crookes is noted for his cathode ray studies , fundamental in the development of atomic physics . His researches on electrical discharges through a rarefied gas led him to observe the dark space around the cathode , now called the Crookes dark space . He demonstrated that cathode rays travel in straight lines and produce phosphorescence and heat when they strike certain materials . A pioneer of vacuum tubes , Crookes invented the Crookes tube - an early experimental discharge tube , with partial vacuum with which he studied the behavior of cathode rays . With the introduction of spectrum analysis by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff ( 1859 - 1860 ) , Crookes applied the new technique to the study of selenium compounds . Bunsen and Kirchhoff had previously used spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis to discover caesium and rubidium . In 1861 , Crookes used this process to discover thallium in some seleniferous deposits . He continued work on that new element , isolated it , studied its properties , and in 1873 determined its atomic weight . During his studies of thallium , Crookes discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer , a device that converts light radiation into rotary motion . The principle of this radiometer has found numerous applications in the development of sensitive measuring instruments . In 1862 , Alexander Parkes exhibited Parkesine , one of the earliest synthetic polymers , at the International Exhibition in London . This discovery formed the foundation of the modern plastics industry . In 1864 , Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage , building on Claude Louis Berthollet 's ideas , proposed the law of mass action . In 1865 , Johann Josef Loschmidt determined the exact number of molecules in a mole , later named Avogadro 's number . In 1865 , August Kekulé , based partially on the work of Loschmidt and others , established the structure of benzene as a six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds . Kekulé 's novel proposal for benzene 's cyclic structure was much contested but was never replaced by a superior theory . This theory provided the scientific basis for the dramatic expansion of the German chemical industry in the last third of the 19th century . Today , the large majority of known organic compounds are aromatic , and all of them contain at least one hexagonal benzene ring of the sort that Kekulé advocated . Kekulé is also famous for having clarified the nature of aromatic compounds , which are compounds based on the benzene molecule . In 1865 , Adolf von Baeyer began work on indigo dye , a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionized the dye industry . Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr ( diatomaceous earth ) it became safer and more convenient to handle , and this mixture he patented in 1867 as dynamite . Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds , similar to collodion , but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive , and obtained a transparent , jelly - like substance , which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite . Gelignite , or blasting gelatin , as it was named , was patented in 1876 ; and was followed by a host of similar combinations , modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances . Mendeleev 's periodic table ( edit ) Main articles : Dmitri Mendeleev , Periodic table , and History of the periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev , responsible for organizing the known chemical elements in a periodic table . An important breakthrough in making sense of the list of known chemical elements ( as well as in understanding the internal structure of atoms ) was Dmitri Mendeleev 's development of the first modern periodic table , or the periodic classification of the elements . Mendeleev , a Russian chemist , felt that there was some type of order to the elements and he spent more than thirteen years of his life collecting data and assembling the concept , initially with the idea of resolving some of the disorder in the field for his students . Mendeleev found that , when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight , the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern , or periodicity , of properties within groups of elements . Mendeleev 's law allowed him to build up a systematic periodic table of all the 66 elements then known based on atomic mass , which he published in Principles of Chemistry in 1869 . His first Periodic Table was compiled on the basis of arranging the elements in ascending order of atomic weight and grouping them by similarity of properties . Mendeleev had such faith in the validity of the periodic law that he proposed changes to the generally accepted values for the atomic weight of a few elements and , in his version of the periodic table of 1871 , predicted the locations within the table of unknown elements together with their properties . He even predicted the likely properties of three yet - to - be-discovered elements , which he called ekaboron ( Eb ) , ekaaluminium ( Ea ) , and ekasilicon ( Es ) , which proved to be good predictors of the properties of scandium , gallium , and germanium , respectively , which each fill the spot in the periodic table assigned by Mendeleev . At first the periodic system did not raise interest among chemists . However , with the discovery of the predicted elements , notably gallium in 1875 , scandium in 1879 , and germanium in 1886 , it began to win wide acceptance . The subsequent proof of many of his predictions within his lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the founder of the periodic law . This organization surpassed earlier attempts at classification by Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois , who published the telluric helix , an early , three - dimensional version of the periodic table of the elements in 1862 , John Newlands , who proposed the law of octaves ( a precursor to the periodic law ) in 1864 , and Lothar Meyer , who developed an early version of the periodic table with 28 elements organized by valence in 1864 . Mendeleev 's table did not include any of the noble gases , however , which had not yet been discovered . Gradually the periodic law and table became the framework for a great part of chemical theory . By the time Mendeleev died in 1907 , he enjoyed international recognition and had received distinctions and awards from many countries . In 1873 , Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel , working independently , developed a model of chemical bonding that explained the chirality experiments of Pasteur and provided a physical cause for optical activity in chiral compounds. van ' t Hoff 's publication , called Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in de Scheikunde gebruikte Structuurformules in de Ruimte , etc . ( Proposal for the development of 3 - dimensional chemical structural formulae ) and consisting of twelve pages text and one page diagrams , gave the impetus to the development of stereochemistry . The concept of the `` asymmetrical carbon atom '' , dealt with in this publication , supplied an explanation of the occurrence of numerous isomers , inexplicable by means of the then current structural formulae . At the same time he pointed out the existence of relationship between optical activity and the presence of an asymmetrical carbon atom . Josiah Willard Gibbs ( edit ) Main articles : Josiah Willard Gibbs and Statistical mechanics J. Willard Gibbs formulated a concept of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system in terms of energy and entropy . He also did extensive work on chemical equilibrium , and equilibria between phases . American mathematical physicist J. Willard Gibbs 's work on the applications of thermodynamics was instrumental in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous deductive science . During the years from 1876 to 1878 , Gibbs worked on the principles of thermodynamics , applying them to the complex processes involved in chemical reactions . He discovered the concept of chemical potential , or the `` fuel '' that makes chemical reactions work . In 1876 he published his most famous contribution , `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' , a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which laid out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria . In these essays were the beginnings of Gibbs ' theories of phases of matter : he considered each state of matter a phase , and each substance a component . Gibbs took all of the variables involved in a chemical reaction - temperature , pressure , energy , volume , and entropy - and included them in one simple equation known as Gibbs ' phase rule . Within this paper was perhaps his most outstanding contribution , the introduction of the concept free energy , now universally called Gibbs free energy in his honor . The Gibbs free energy relates the tendency of a physical or chemical system to simultaneously lower its energy and increase its disorder , or entropy , in a spontaneous natural process . Gibbs 's approach allows a researcher to calculate the change in free energy in the process , such as in a chemical reaction , and how fast it will happen . Since virtually all chemical processes and many physical ones involve such changes , his work has significantly impacted both the theoretical and experiential aspects of these sciences . In 1877 , Ludwig Boltzmann established statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts , including entropy , and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase . Together with Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell , Gibbs created a new branch of theoretical physics called statistical mechanics ( a term that he coined ) , explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of large ensembles of particles . Gibbs also worked on the application of Maxwell 's equations to problems in physical optics . Gibbs 's derivation of the phenomenological laws of thermodynamics from the statistical properties of systems with many particles was presented in his highly influential textbook Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics , published in 1902 , a year before his death . In that work , Gibbs reviewed the relationship between the laws of thermodynamics and statistical theory of molecular motions . The overshooting of the original function by partial sums of Fourier series at points of discontinuity is known as the Gibbs phenomenon . Late 19th century ( edit ) German engineer Carl von Linde 's invention of a continuous process of liquefying gases in large quantities formed a basis for the modern technology of refrigeration and provided both impetus and means for conducting scientific research at low temperatures and very high vacuums . He developed a methyl ether refrigerator ( 1874 ) and an ammonia refrigerator ( 1876 ) . Though other refrigeration units had been developed earlier , Linde 's were the first to be designed with the aim of precise calculations of efficiency . In 1895 he set up a large - scale plant for the production of liquid air . Six years later he developed a method for separating pure liquid oxygen from liquid air that resulted in widespread industrial conversion to processes utilizing oxygen ( e.g. , in steel manufacture ) . In 1883 , Svante Arrhenius developed an ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes . In 1884 , Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff published Études de Dynamique chimique ( Studies in Dynamic Chemistry ) , a seminal study on chemical kinetics . In this work , van ' t Hoff entered for the first time the field of physical chemistry . Of great importance was his development of the general thermodynamic relationship between the heat of conversion and the displacement of the equilibrium as a result of temperature variation . At constant volume , the equilibrium in a system will tend to shift in such a direction as to oppose the temperature change which is imposed upon the system . Thus , lowering the temperature results in heat development while increasing the temperature results in heat absorption . This principle of mobile equilibrium was subsequently ( 1885 ) put in a general form by Henry Louis Le Chatelier , who extended the principle to include compensation , by change of volume , for imposed pressure changes . The van ' t Hoff - Le Chatelier principle , or simply Le Chatelier 's principle , explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses . In 1884 , Hermann Emil Fischer proposed the structure of purine , a key structure in many biomolecules , which he later synthesized in 1898 . He also began work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars . In 1885 , Eugene Goldstein named the cathode ray , later discovered to be composed of electrons , and the canal ray , later discovered to be positive hydrogen ions that had been stripped of their electrons in a cathode ray tube ; these would later be named protons . The year 1885 also saw the publishing of J.H. van ' t Hoff 's L'Équilibre chimique dans les Systèmes gazeux ou dissous à I'État dilué ( Chemical equilibria in gaseous systems or strongly diluted solutions ) , which dealt with this theory of dilute solutions . Here he demonstrated that the `` osmotic pressure '' in solutions which are sufficiently dilute is proportionate to the concentration and the absolute temperature so that this pressure can be represented by a formula which only deviates from the formula for gas pressure by a coefficient i . He also determined the value of i by various methods , for example by means of the vapor pressure and François - Marie Raoult 's results on the lowering of the freezing point . Thus van ' t Hoff was able to prove that thermodynamic laws are not only valid for gases , but also for dilute solutions . His pressure laws , given general validity by the electrolytic dissociation theory of Arrhenius ( 1884 - 1887 ) - the first foreigner who came to work with him in Amsterdam ( 1888 ) - are considered the most comprehensive and important in the realm of natural sciences . In 1893 , Alfred Werner discovered the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes , thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry . Ramsay 's discovery of the noble gases ( edit ) Main articles : William Ramsay and Noble gas The most celebrated discoveries of Scottish chemist William Ramsay were made in inorganic chemistry . Ramsay was intrigued by the British physicist John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh 's 1892 discovery that the atomic weight of nitrogen found in chemical compounds was lower than that of nitrogen found in the atmosphere . He ascribed this discrepancy to a light gas included in chemical compounds of nitrogen , while Ramsay suspected a hitherto undiscovered heavy gas in atmospheric nitrogen . Using two different methods to remove all known gases from air , Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh were able to announce in 1894 that they had found a monatomic , chemically inert gaseous element that constituted nearly 1 percent of the atmosphere ; they named it argon . J.J. Thomson The following year , Ramsay liberated another inert gas from a mineral called cleveite ; this proved to be helium , previously known only in the solar spectrum . In his book The Gases of the Atmosphere ( 1896 ) , Ramsay showed that the positions of helium and argon in the periodic table of elements indicated that at least three more noble gases might exist . In 1898 Ramsay and the British chemist Morris W. Travers isolated these elements -- called neon , krypton , and xenon -- from air brought to a liquid state at low temperature and high pressure . Sir William Ramsay worked with Frederick Soddy to demonstrate , in 1903 , that alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) were continually produced during the radioactive decay of a sample of radium . Ramsay was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of `` services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air , and his determination of their place in the periodic system . '' In 1897 , J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube . In 1898 , Wilhelm Wien demonstrated that canal rays ( streams of positive ions ) can be deflected by magnetic fields , and that the amount of deflection is proportional to the mass - to - charge ratio . This discovery would lead to the analytical technique known as mass spectrometry in 1912 . Marie and Pierre Curie ( edit ) Marie Curie , a pioneer in the field of radioactivity and the first twice - honored Nobel laureate ( and still the only one in two different sciences ) Main articles : Marie Curie , Pierre Curie , and Henri Becquerel Marie Skłodowska - Curie was a Polish - born French physicist and chemist who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity . She and her husband are considered to have laid the cornerstone of the nuclear age with their research on radioactivity . Marie was fascinated with the work of Henri Becquerel , a French physicist who discovered in 1896 that uranium casts off rays similar to the X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen . Marie Curie began studying uranium in late 1897 and theorized , according to a 1904 article she wrote for Century magazine , `` that the emission of rays by the compounds of uranium is a property of the metal itself -- that it is an atomic property of the element uranium independent of its chemical or physical state . '' Curie took Becquerel 's work a few steps further , conducting her own experiments on uranium rays . She discovered that the rays remained constant , no matter the condition or form of the uranium . The rays , she theorized , came from the element 's atomic structure . This revolutionary idea created the field of atomic physics and the Curies coined the word radioactivity to describe the phenomena . Pierre Curie , known for his work on radioactivity as well as on ferromagnetism , paramagnetism , and diamagnetism ; notably Curie 's law and Curie point . Pierre and Marie further explored radioactivity by working to separate the substances in uranium ores and then using the electrometer to make radiation measurements to ' trace ' the minute amount of unknown radioactive element among the fractions that resulted . Working with the mineral pitchblende , the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898 . They named the element polonium , after Marie 's native country of Poland . On December 21 , 1898 , the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende . They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26 , proposing that the new element be called radium . The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements . In 1902 , the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium , demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element . While it took three years for them to isolate radium , they were never able to isolate polonium . Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , Curie oversaw the world 's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . With Henri Becquerel and her husband , Pierre Curie , she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics . She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , and she is the only woman to win the award in two different fields . While working with Marie to extract pure substances from ores , an undertaking that really required industrial resources but that they achieved in relatively primitive conditions , Pierre himself concentrated on the physical study ( including luminous and chemical effects ) of the new radiations . Through the action of magnetic fields on the rays given out by the radium , he proved the existence of particles electrically positive , negative , and neutral ; these Ernest Rutherford was afterward to call alpha , beta , and gamma rays . Pierre then studied these radiations by calorimetry and also observed the physiological effects of radium , thus opening the way to radium therapy . Among Pierre Curie 's discoveries were that ferromagnetic substances exhibited a critical temperature transition , above which the substances lost their ferromagnetic behavior - this is known as the `` Curie point . '' He was elected to the Academy of Sciences ( 1905 ) , having in 1903 jointly with Marie received the Royal Society 's prestigious Davy Medal and jointly with her and Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics . He was run over by a carriage in the rue Dauphine in Paris in 1906 and died instantly . His complete works were published in 1908 . Ernest Rutherford ( edit ) Ernest Rutherford , discoverer of the nucleus and considered the father of nuclear physics New Zealand - born chemist and physicist Ernest Rutherford is considered to be `` the father of nuclear physics . '' Rutherford is best known for devising the names alpha , beta , and gamma to classify various forms of radioactive `` rays '' which were poorly understood at his time ( alpha and beta rays are particle beams , while gamma rays are a form of high - energy electromagnetic radiation ) . Rutherford deflected alpha rays with both electric and magnetic fields in 1903 . Working with Frederick Soddy , Rutherford explained that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements , now known to involve nuclear reactions . Top : Predicted results based on the then - accepted plum pudding model of the atom . Bottom : Observed results . Rutherford disproved the plum pudding model and concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a small , central nucleus . He also observed that the intensity of radioactivity of a radioactive element decreases over a unique and regular amount of time until a point of stability , and he named the halving time the `` half - life . '' In 1901 and 1902 he worked with Frederick Soddy to prove that atoms of one radioactive element would spontaneously turn into another , by expelling a piece of the atom at high velocity . In 1906 at the University of Manchester , Rutherford oversaw an experiment conducted by his students Hans Geiger ( known for the Geiger counter ) and Ernest Marsden . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , a beam of alpha particles , generated by the radioactive decay of radon , was directed normally onto a sheet of very thin gold foil in an evacuated chamber . Under the prevailing plum pudding model , the alpha particles should all have passed through the foil and hit the detector screen , or have been deflected by , at most , a few degrees . However , the actual results surprised Rutherford . Although many of the alpha particles did pass through as expected , many others were deflected at small angles while others were reflected back to the alpha source . They observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees . The gold foil experiment showed large deflections for a small fraction of incident particles . Rutherford realized that , because some of the alpha particles were deflected or reflected , the atom had a concentrated centre of positive charge and of relatively large mass - Rutherford later termed this positive center the `` atomic nucleus '' . The alpha particles had either hit the positive centre directly or passed by it close enough to be affected by its positive charge . Since many other particles passed through the gold foil , the positive centre would have to be a relatively small size compared to the rest of the atom - meaning that the atom is mostly open space . From his results , Rutherford developed a model of the atom that was similar to the solar system , known as Rutherford model . Like planets , electrons orbited a central , sun - like nucleus . For his work with radiation and the atomic nucleus , Rutherford received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . 20th century ( edit ) The first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels in 1911 and was considered a turning point in the world of physics and chemistry . In 1903 , Mikhail Tsvet invented chromatography , an important analytic technique . In 1904 , Hantaro Nagaoka proposed an early nuclear model of the atom , where electrons orbit a dense massive nucleus . In 1905 , Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed the Haber process for making ammonia , a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture . The Haber process , or Haber - Bosch process , combined nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia in industrial quantities for production of fertilizer and munitions . The food production for half the world 's current population depends on this method for producing fertilizer . Haber , along with Max Born , proposed the Born -- Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid . Haber has also been described as the `` father of chemical warfare '' for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I . Robert A. Millikan , who is best known for measuring the charge on the electron , won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 . In 1905 , Albert Einstein explained Brownian motion in a way that definitively proved atomic theory . Leo Baekeland invented bakelite , one of the first commercially successful plastics . In 1909 , American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan - who had studied in Europe under Walther Nernst and Max Planck - measured the charge of individual electrons with unprecedented accuracy through the oil drop experiment , in which he measured the electric charges on tiny falling water ( and later oil ) droplets . His study established that any particular droplet 's electrical charge is a multiple of a definite , fundamental value -- the electron 's charge -- and thus a confirmation that all electrons have the same charge and mass . Beginning in 1912 , he spent several years investigating and finally proving Albert Einstein 's proposed linear relationship between energy and frequency , and providing the first direct photoelectric support for Planck 's constant . In 1923 Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics . In 1909 , S.P.L. Sørensen invented the pH concept and develops methods for measuring acidity . In 1911 , Antonius Van den Broek proposed the idea that the elements on the periodic table are more properly organized by positive nuclear charge rather than atomic weight . In 1911 , the first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels , bringing together most of the most prominent scientists of the day . In 1912 , William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg proposed Bragg 's law and established the field of X-ray crystallography , an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances . In 1912 , Peter Debye develops the concept of molecular dipole to describe asymmetric charge distribution in some molecules . Niels Bohr ( edit ) Niels Bohr , the developer of the Bohr model of the atom , and a leading founder of quantum mechanics Main articles : Niels Bohr and Bohr model In 1913 , Niels Bohr , a Danish physicist , introduced the concepts of quantum mechanics to atomic structure by proposing what is now known as the Bohr model of the atom , where electrons exist only in strictly defined circular orbits around the nucleus similar to rungs on a ladder . The Bohr Model is a planetary model in which the negatively charged electrons orbit a small , positively charged nucleus similar to the planets orbiting the Sun ( except that the orbits are not planar ) - the gravitational force of the solar system is mathematically akin to the attractive Coulomb ( electrical ) force between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons . In the Bohr model , however , electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy - the energy levels are said to be quantized , which means that only certain orbits with certain radii are allowed ; orbits in between simply do n't exist . The energy of the orbit is related to its size - that is , the lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit . Bohr also postulated that electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another . Because only certain electron orbits are permitted , the emission of light accompanying a jump of an electron from an excited energy state to ground state produces a unique emission spectrum for each element . Niels Bohr also worked on the principle of complementarity , which states that an electron can be interpreted in two mutually exclusive and valid ways . Electrons can be interpreted as wave or particle models . His hypothesis was that an incoming particle would strike the nucleus and create an excited compound nucleus . This formed the basis of his liquid drop model and later provided a theory base for the explanation of nuclear fission . Moseley 's Staircase In 1913 , Henry Moseley , working from Van den Broek 's earlier idea , introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev 's periodic table , which had been based on atomic weight . The peak of Frederick Soddy 's career in radiochemistry was in 1913 with his formulation of the concept of isotopes , which stated that certain elements exist in two or more forms which have different atomic weights but which are indistinguishable chemically . He is remembered for proving the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements , and is also credited , along with others , with the discovery of the element protactinium in 1917 . In 1913 , J.J. Thomson expanded on the work of Wien by showing that charged subatomic particles can be separated by their mass - to - charge ratio , a technique known as mass spectrometry . Gilbert N. Lewis ( edit ) Main article : Gilbert N. Lewis American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis laid the foundation of valence bond theory ; he was instrumental in developing a bonding theory based on the number of electrons in the outermost `` valence '' shell of the atom . In 1902 , while Lewis was trying to explain valence to his students , he depicted atoms as constructed of a concentric series of cubes with electrons at each corner . This `` cubic atom '' explained the eight groups in the periodic table and represented his idea that chemical bonds are formed by electron transference to give each atom a complete set of eight outer electrons ( an `` octet '' ) . Lewis 's theory of chemical bonding continued to evolve and , in 1916 , he published his seminal article `` The Atom of the Molecule '' , which suggested that a chemical bond is a pair of electrons shared by two atoms . Lewis 's model equated the classical chemical bond with the sharing of a pair of electrons between the two bonded atoms . Lewis introduced the `` electron dot diagrams '' in this paper to symbolize the electronic structures of atoms and molecules . Now known as Lewis structures , they are discussed in virtually every introductory chemistry book . Shortly after publication of his 1916 paper , Lewis became involved with military research . He did not return to the subject of chemical bonding until 1923 , when he masterfully summarized his model in a short monograph entitled Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules . His renewal of interest in this subject was largely stimulated by the activities of the American chemist and General Electric researcher Irving Langmuir , who between 1919 and 1921 popularized and elaborated Lewis 's model . Langmuir subsequently introduced the term covalent bond . In 1921 , Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach establish concept of quantum mechanical spin in subatomic particles . For cases where no sharing was involved , Lewis in 1923 developed the electron pair theory of acids and base : Lewis redefined an acid as any atom or molecule with an incomplete octet that was thus capable of accepting electrons from another atom ; bases were , of course , electron donors . His theory is known as the concept of Lewis acids and bases . In 1923 , G.N. Lewis and Merle Randall published Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances , first modern treatise on chemical thermodynamics . The 1920s saw a rapid adoption and application of Lewis 's model of the electron - pair bond in the fields of organic and coordination chemistry . In organic chemistry , this was primarily due to the efforts of the British chemists Arthur Lapworth , Robert Robinson , Thomas Lowry , and Christopher Ingold ; while in coordination chemistry , Lewis 's bonding model was promoted through the efforts of the American chemist Maurice Huggins and the British chemist Nevil Sidgwick . Quantum mechanics ( edit ) Quantum mechanics in the 1920s From left to right , top row : Louis de Broglie ( 1892 -- 1987 ) and Wolfgang Pauli ( 1900 -- 58 ) ; second row : Erwin Schrödinger ( 1887 -- 1961 ) and Werner Heisenberg ( 1901 -- 76 ) Main articles : Louis de Broglie , Wolfgang Pauli , Erwin Schrödinger , and Werner Heisenberg In 1924 , French quantum physicist Louis de Broglie published his thesis , in which he introduced a revolutionary theory of electron waves based on wave -- particle duality in his thesis . In his time , the wave and particle interpretations of light and matter were seen as being at odds with one another , but de Broglie suggested that these seemingly different characteristics were instead the same behavior observed from different perspectives -- that particles can behave like waves , and waves ( radiation ) can behave like particles . Broglie 's proposal offered an explanation of the restriction motion of electrons within the atom . The first publications of Broglie 's idea of `` matter waves '' had drawn little attention from other physicists , but a copy of his doctoral thesis chanced to reach Einstein , whose response was enthusiastic . Einstein stressed the importance of Broglie 's work both explicitly and by building further on it . In 1925 , Austrian - born physicist Wolfgang Pauli developed the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that no two electrons around a single nucleus in an atom can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously , as described by four quantum numbers . Pauli made major contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory - he was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle - as well as solid - state physics , and he successfully hypothesized the existence of the neutrino . In addition to his original work , he wrote masterful syntheses of several areas of physical theory that are considered classics of scientific literature . The Schrödinger equation In 1926 at the age of 39 , Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger produced the papers that gave the foundations of quantum wave mechanics . In those papers he described his partial differential equation that is the basic equation of quantum mechanics and bears the same relation to the mechanics of the atom as Newton 's equations of motion bear to planetary astronomy . Adopting a proposal made by Louis de Broglie in 1924 that particles of matter have a dual nature and in some situations act like waves , Schrödinger introduced a theory describing the behaviour of such a system by a wave equation that is now known as the Schrödinger equation . The solutions to Schrödinger 's equation , unlike the solutions to Newton 's equations , are wave functions that can only be related to the probable occurrence of physical events . The readily visualized sequence of events of the planetary orbits of Newton is , in quantum mechanics , replaced by the more abstract notion of probability . ( This aspect of the quantum theory made Schrödinger and several other physicists profoundly unhappy , and he devoted much of his later life to formulating philosophical objections to the generally accepted interpretation of the theory that he had done so much to create . ) German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg was one of the key creators of quantum mechanics . In 1925 , Heisenberg discovered a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices . For that discovery , he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932 . In 1927 he published his uncertainty principle , upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known . Heisenberg was able to demonstrate that if you were studying an electron in an atom you could say where it was ( the electron 's location ) or where it was going ( the electron 's velocity ) , but it was impossible to express both at the same time . He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows , the atomic nucleus , ferromagnetism , cosmic rays , and subatomic particles , and he was instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe , together with a research reactor in Munich , in 1957 . Considerable controversy surrounds his work on atomic research during World War II . Quantum chemistry ( edit ) Main article : Quantum chemistry Some view the birth of quantum chemistry in the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to the hydrogen atom in 1926 . However , the 1927 article of Walter Heitler and Fritz London is often recognised as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry . This is the first application of quantum mechanics to the diatomic hydrogen molecule , and thus to the phenomenon of the chemical bond . In the following years much progress was accomplished by Edward Teller , Robert S. Mulliken , Max Born , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Linus Pauling , Erich Hückel , Douglas Hartree , Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock , to cite a few . Still , skepticism remained as to the general power of quantum mechanics applied to complex chemical systems . The situation around 1930 is described by Paul Dirac : The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known , and the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble . It therefore becomes desirable that approximate practical methods of applying quantum mechanics should be developed , which can lead to an explanation of the main features of complex atomic systems without too much computation . Hence the quantum mechanical methods developed in the 1930s and 1940s are often referred to as theoretical molecular or atomic physics to underline the fact that they were more the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry and spectroscopy than answers to chemically relevant questions . In 1951 , a milestone article in quantum chemistry is the seminal paper of Clemens C.J. Roothaan on Roothaan equations . It opened the avenue to the solution of the self - consistent field equations for small molecules like hydrogen or nitrogen . Those computations were performed with the help of tables of integrals which were computed on the most advanced computers of the time . In the 1940s many physicists turned from molecular or atomic physics to nuclear physics ( like J. Robert Oppenheimer or Edward Teller ) . Glenn T. Seaborg was an American nuclear chemist best known for his work on isolating and identifying transuranium elements ( those heavier than uranium ) . He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Edwin Mattison McMillan for their independent discoveries of transuranium elements . Seaborgium was named in his honour , making him the only person , along Albert Einstein and Yuri Oganessian , for whom a chemical element was named during his lifetime . Molecular biology and biochemistry ( edit ) Main articles : History of molecular biology and History of biochemistry By the mid 20th century , in principle , the integration of physics and chemistry was extensive , with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom ; Linus Pauling 's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever - more complicated molecules . However , though some principles deduced from quantum mechanics were able to predict qualitatively some chemical features for biologically relevant molecules , they were , till the end of the 20th century , more a collection of rules , observations , and recipes than rigorous ab initio quantitative methods . Diagrammatic representation of some key structural features of DNA This heuristic approach triumphed in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick deduced the double helical structure of DNA by constructing models constrained by and informed by the knowledge of the chemistry of the constituent parts and the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained by Rosalind Franklin . This discovery lead to an explosion of research into the biochemistry of life . In the same year , the Miller -- Urey experiment demonstrated that basic constituents of protein , simple amino acids , could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth . Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life , this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions . In 1983 Kary Mullis devised a method for the in - vitro amplification of DNA , known as the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , which revolutionized the chemical processes used in the laboratory to manipulate it . PCR could be used to synthesize specific pieces of DNA and made possible the sequencing of DNA of organisms , which culminated in the huge human genome project . An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling 's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl , the result of their collaboration ( Meselson -- Stahl experiment ) has been called as `` the most beautiful experiment in biology '' . They used a centrifugation technique that sorted molecules according to differences in weight . Because nitrogen atoms are a component of DNA , they were labelled and therefore tracked in replication in bacteria . Late 20th century ( edit ) Buckminsterfullerene , C In 1970 , John Pople developed the Gaussian program greatly easing computational chemistry calculations . In 1971 , Yves Chauvin offered an explanation of the reaction mechanism of olefin metathesis reactions . In 1975 , Karl Barry Sharpless and his group discovered a stereoselective oxidation reactions including Sharpless epoxidation , Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation , and Sharpless oxyamination . In 1985 , Harold Kroto , Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered fullerenes , a class of large carbon molecules superficially resembling the geodesic dome designed by architect R. Buckminster Fuller . In 1991 , Sumio Iijima used electron microscopy to discover a type of cylindrical fullerene known as a carbon nanotube , though earlier work had been done in the field as early as 1951 . This material is an important component in the field of nanotechnology . In 1994 , Robert A. Holton and his group achieved the first total synthesis of Taxol . In 1995 , Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produced the first Bose -- Einstein condensate , a substance that displays quantum mechanical properties on the macroscopic scale . Mathematics and chemistry ( edit ) Classically , before the 20th century , chemistry was defined as the science of the nature of matter and its transformations . It was therefore clearly distinct from physics which was not concerned with such dramatic transformation of matter . Moreover , in contrast to physics , chemistry was not using much of mathematics . Even some were particularly reluctant to use mathematics within chemistry . For example , Auguste Comte wrote in 1830 : Every attempt to employ mathematical methods in the study of chemical questions must be considered profoundly irrational and contrary to the spirit of chemistry ... if mathematical analysis should ever hold a prominent place in chemistry -- an aberration which is happily almost impossible -- it would occasion a rapid and widespread degeneration of that science . However , in the second part of the 19th century , the situation changed and August Kekulé wrote in 1867 : I rather expect that we shall someday find a mathematico - mechanical explanation for what we now call atoms which will render an account of their properties . Scope of chemistry ( edit ) As understanding of the nature of matter has evolved , so too has the self - understanding of the science of chemistry by its practitioners . This continuing historical process of evaluation includes the categories , terms , aims and scope of chemistry . Additionally , the development of the social institutions and networks which support chemical enquiry are highly significant factors that enable the production , dissemination and application of chemical knowledge . ( See Philosophy of chemistry ) Chemical industry ( edit ) Main article : Chemical industry The later part of the nineteenth century saw a huge increase in the exploitation of petroleum extracted from the earth for the production of a host of chemicals and largely replaced the use of whale oil , coal tar and naval stores used previously . Large - scale production and refinement of petroleum provided feedstocks for liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel , solvents , lubricants , asphalt , waxes , and for the production of many of the common materials of the modern world , such as synthetic fibers , plastics , paints , detergents , pharmaceuticals , adhesives and ammonia as fertilizer and for other uses . Many of these required new catalysts and the utilization of chemical engineering for their cost - effective production . In the mid-twentieth century , control of the electronic structure of semiconductor materials was made precise by the creation of large ingots of extremely pure single crystals of silicon and germanium . Accurate control of their chemical composition by doping with other elements made the production of the solid state transistor in 1951 and made possible the production of tiny integrated circuits for use in electronic devices , especially computers . See also ( edit ) Histories and timelines ( edit ) Atomic theory Cupellation History of chromatography History of electrochemistry History of the molecule History of molecular biology History of physics History of science and technology History of the periodic table History of thermodynamics History of energy History of molecular theory History of materials science List of years in science Nobel Prize in chemistry Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Timeline of chemical elements discoveries Timeline of chemistry Timeline of materials technology Timeline of thermodynamics , statistical mechanics , and random processes The Chemical History of a Candle The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Notable chemists ( edit ) listed chronologically : List of chemists Robert Boyle , 1627 -- 1691 Joseph Black , 1728 -- 1799 Joseph Priestley , 1733 -- 1804 Carl Wilhelm Scheele , 1742 -- 1786 Antoine Lavoisier , 1743 -- 1794 Alessandro Volta , 1745 -- 1827 Jacques Charles , 1746 -- 1823 Claude Louis Berthollet , 1748 -- 1822 Amedeo Avogadro , 1776 - 1856 Joseph - Louis Gay - Lussac , 1778 -- 1850 Humphry Davy , 1778 -- 1829 Jöns Jakob Berzelius , inventor of modern chemical notation , 1779 -- 1848 Justus von Liebig , 1803 -- 1873 Louis Pasteur , 1822 -- 1895 Stanislao Cannizzaro , 1826 -- 1910 Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz , 1829 -- 1896 Dmitri Mendeleev , 1834 -- 1907 Josiah Willard Gibbs , 1839 -- 1903 J.H. van ' t Hoff , 1852 -- 1911 William Ramsay , 1852 -- 1916 Svante Arrhenius , 1859 -- 1927 Walther Nernst , 1864 -- 1941 Marie Curie , 1867 -- 1934 Gilbert N. Lewis , 1875 -- 1946 Otto Hahn , 1879 -- 1968 Irving Langmuir , 1881 -- 1957 Linus Pauling , 1901 -- 1994 Glenn T. Seaborg , 1912 -- 1999 Robert Burns Woodward , 1917 - 1979 Frederick Sanger , 1918 - 2013 Geoffrey Wilkinson , 1921 - 1996 Rudolph A. Marcus , 1923 - George Andrew Olah , 1926 - 2017 Elias James Corey , 1928 - Akira Suzuki , 1930 - Richard F. Heck , 1931 - 2015 Harold Kroto , 1939 - 2016 Jean - Marie Lehn , 1939 - Peter Atkins , 1940 - Barry Sharpless , 1941 - Richard Smalley , 1943 -- 2005 Jean - Pierre Sauvage , 1944 - Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry Jump up ^ `` History of Gold '' . Gold Digest . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Photos , E. , ' The Question of Meteorictic versus Smelted Nickel - Rich Iron : Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results ' World Archaeology Vol. 20 , No. 3 , Archaeometallurgy ( February 1989 ) , pp. 403 -- 421 . Online version accessed on 2010 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : W. Keller ( 1963 ) The Bible as History , p. 156 ISBN 0 - 340 - 00312 - X Jump up ^ Radivojević , Miljana ; Rehren , Thilo ; Pernicka , Ernst ; Šljivar , Dušan ; Brauns , Michael ; Borić , Dušan ( 2010 ) . `` On the origins of extractive metallurgy : New evidence from Europe '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 37 ( 11 ) : 2775 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2010.06. 012 . Jump up ^ Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture Stonepages from news sources November 2007 Jump up ^ Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization I : Our Oriental Heritage : `` Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India , and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times , when India was looked to , even by Imperial Rome , as the most skilled of the nations in such chemical industries as dyeing , tanning , soap - making , glass and cement ... By the sixth century the Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry ; they were masters of calcinations , distillation , sublimation , steaming , fixation , the production of light without heat , the mixing of anesthetic and soporific powders , and the preparation of metallic salts , compounds and alloys . The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India to a perfection unknown in Europe till our own times ; King Porus is said to have selected , as a specially valuable gift from Alexander , not gold or silver , but thirty pounds of steel . The Moslems took much of this Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe ; the secret of manufacturing `` Damascus '' blades , for example , was taken by the Arabs from the Persians , and by the Persians from India . '' Jump up ^ B.W. Anderson ( 1975 ) The Living World of the Old Testament , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 48598 - 3 Jump up ^ R.F. Tylecote ( 1992 ) A History of Metallurgy ISBN 0 - 901462 - 88 - 8 Jump up ^ Temple , Robert K.G. ( 2007 ) . The Genius of China : 3,000 Years of Science , Discovery , and Invention ( 3rd edition ) . London : André Deutsch . pp. 44 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 00202 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1935 ) , Our Oriental Heritage : `` Two systems of Hindu thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece . Kanada , founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy , held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements . The Jains more nearly approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind , producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations . Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance ; Udayana taught that all heat comes from the sun ; and Vachaspati , like Newton , interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye . '' Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( 29 June 2005 ) . `` Lucretius ( c. 99 - c. 55 BCE ) '' . The Internet History of Philosophy . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lucretius ( 50 BCE ) . `` de Rerum Natura ( On the Nature of Things ) '' . The Internet Classics Archive . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Norris , John A. ( 2006 ) . `` The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science '' . Ambix. 53 : 43 . doi : 10.1179 / 174582306X93183 . Jump up ^ Clulee , Nicholas H. ( 1988 ) . John Dee 's Natural Philosophy . Routledge . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 00625 - 5 . Jump up ^ Strathern , 2000 . Page 79 . Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1957 ) . Alchemy . New York : Dover , 1990 . pp. 15 , 16 . Jump up ^ William Royall Newman . Atoms and Alchemy : Chymistry and the experimental origins of the scientific revolution . University of Chicago Press , 2006 . p. xi Jump up ^ Holmyard , E.J. ( 1957 ) . Alchemy . New York : Dover , 1990 . pp. 48 , 49 . Jump up ^ Stanton J. Linden . The alchemy reader : from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press . 2003 . p. 44 Jump up ^ Brock , William H. ( 1992 ) . The Fontana History of Chemistry . London , England : Fontana Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brock , William H. ( 1992 ) . The Fontana History of Chemistry . London , England : Fontana Press . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686173 - 3 . Jump up ^ The History of Ancient Chemistry Archived 2015 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Derewenda , Zygmunt S. ; Derewenda , ZS ( 2007 ) . `` On wine , chirality and crystallography '' . Acta Crystallographica Section A. 64 ( Pt 1 ) : 246 -- 258 ( 247 ) . Bibcode : 2008AcCrA ... 64 ... 246D . doi : 10.1107 / S0108767307054293 . PMID 18156689 . Jump up ^ John Warren ( 2005 ) . `` War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq : a sadly mismanaged affair '' , Third World Quarterly , Volume 26 , Issue 4 & 5 , p. 815 - 830 . Jump up ^ Dr. A. Zahoor ( 1997 ) , JABIR IBN HAIYAN ( Geber ) Jump up ^ Paul Vallely , How Islamic inventors changed the world , The Independent , 10 March 2006 Jump up ^ Kraus , Paul , Jâbir ibn Hayyân , Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam . I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II . Jâbir et la science grecque , . Cairo ( 1942 - 1943 ) . Repr . By Fuat Sezgin , ( Natural Sciences in Islam . 67 - 68 ) , Frankfurt . 2002 : `` To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir 's alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources , it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language . One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us . Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century , the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments , going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages . '' `` The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results , and the later researchers , among them in particular Mrs. Hammer - Jensen , Tannery , Lagercrantz , von Lippmann , Reitzenstein , Ruska , Bidez , Festugiere and others , could make clear only few points of detail ... The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging . An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory : even the supposedly technical writings , in the state where we find them today , are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation . It is different with Jabir 's alchemy . The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses , the methodical classification of the substances , mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts . The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity . More than with the other Arab authors , one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching , between the ` ilm and the ` amal . In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy . '' ( cf . Ahmad Y Hassan . `` A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem : Part Three '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09. ) Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1980 ) . The Age of Faith ( The Story of Civilization , Volume 4 ) , p. 162 - 186 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01200 - 2 . Jump up ^ Strathern , Paul . ( 2000 ) , Mendeleyev 's Dream -- the Quest for the Elements , New York : Berkley Books Jump up ^ Marmura , Michael E. ; Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1965 ) . `` An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al - Safa'an , Al - Biruni , and Ibn Sina by Seyyed Hossein Nasr '' . Speculum. 40 ( 4 ) : 744 -- 746 . doi : 10.2307 / 2851429 . JSTOR 2851429 . Jump up ^ Robert Briffault ( 1938 ) . The Making of Humanity , p. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Alakbarov , Farid ( 2001 ) . `` A 13th - Century Darwin ? Tusi 's Views on Evolution '' . Azerbaijan International . 9 : 2 . Jump up ^ Karl Alfred von Zittel ( 1901 ) History of Geology and Palaeontology , p. 15 Jump up ^ Asarnow , Herman ( 2005 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Sir Francis Bacon : Empiricism '' . An Image - Oriented Introduction to Backgrounds for English Renaissance Literature . University of Portland . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Crosland , M.P. ( 1959 ) . `` The use of diagrams as chemical ' equations ' in the lectures of William Cullen and Joseph Black . '' Annals of Science , Vol 15 , No. 2 , June Jump up ^ Robert Boyle Jump up ^ Acott , Chris ( 1999 ) . `` The diving `` Law - ers '' : A brief resume of their lives `` . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal . 29 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N ( 1978 ) . `` Physical Chemistry '' University of Brooklyn : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ Levine , Ira . N. ( 1978 ) , p12 gives the original definition . Jump up ^ Ursula Klein ( July 2007 ) . `` Styles of Experimentation and Alchemical Matter Theory in the Scientific Revolution '' . Metascience . Springer . 16 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 256 ( 247 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s11016 - 007 - 9095 - 8 . ISSN 1467 - 9981 . Jump up ^ Nordisk familjebok -- Cronstedt : `` den moderna mineralogiens och geognosiens grundläggare '' = `` the modern mineralogy 's and geognosie 's founder '' Jump up ^ Cooper , Alan ( 1999 ) . `` Joseph Black '' . History of Glasgow University Chemistry Department . University of Glasgow Department of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seyferth , Dietmar ( 2001 ) . `` Cadet 's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen '' . Organometallics. 20 ( 8 ) : 1488 -- 1498 . doi : 10.1021 / om0101947 . Jump up ^ Partington , J.R. ( 1989 ) . A Short History of Chemistry . Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65977 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , 53 -- 60 ; Schofield ( 2004 ) , 112 -- 13 . The difficulty in precisely defining the time and place of the `` discovery '' of oxygen , within the context of the developing chemical revolution , is one of Thomas Kuhn 's central illustrations of the gradual nature of paradigm shifts in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Priestley '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carl Wilhelm Scheele '' . History of Gas Chemistry . Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry , Creighton University . 2005 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Nigel ( 2004 ) . Tungsten and the Elements of Groups 3 to 7 ( The Periodic Table ) . Chicago : Heinemann Library . ISBN 1 - 4034 - 3518 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . International Tungsten Industry Association . June 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ITIA Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . International Tungsten Industry Association . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mottelay , Paul Fleury ( 2008 ) . Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism ( Reprint of 1892 ed . ) . Read Books . p. 247 . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2844 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Inventor Alessandro Volta Biography '' . The Great Idea Finder . The Great Idea Finder. 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) -- from Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography , ScienceWorld ^ Jump up to : http://www.humantouchofchemistry.com/marieanne-lavoisier.htm ^ Jump up to : Pullman , Bernard ( 2004 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Reisinger , Axel . USA : Oxford University Press Inc . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511447 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` John Dalton '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Proust , Joseph Louis ( 1754 - 1826 ) '' . 100 Distinguished Chemists . European Association for Chemical and Molecular Science . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Enghag , P. ( 2004 ) . `` 11 . Sodium and Potassium '' . Encyclopedia of the elements . Wiley - VCH Weinheim . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30666 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) . `` On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity , particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies , and the Exhibition of the new Substances , which constitute their Bases '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Royal Society of London . 98 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 45 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1808.0001 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1933 ) . `` XII . Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium : Beryllium , Boron , Silicon and Aluminum '' . The Discovery of the Elements . Easton , Pennsylvania : Journal of Chemical Education . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3872 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Krebs ( 2006 ) . The history and use of our earth 's chemical elements : a reference guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sir Humphry Davy ( 1811 ) . `` On a Combination of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygene Gas '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 101 ( 0 ) : 155 -- 162 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1811.0008 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J.L. ( L'An X -- 1802 ) , `` Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs '' ( Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors ) , Annales de chimie , 43 : 137 -- 175 Check date values in : date = ( help ) . English translation ( extract ) . On page 157 , Gay - Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles : `` Avant d'aller plus loin , je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène , azote , hydrogène et acide carbonique , et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0 ° jusqu'a 80 ° , le cit . Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats , c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus . '' ( Before going further , I should inform ( you ) that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , and carbonic acid ( i.e. , carbon dioxide ) , and atmospheric air also expand from 0 ° to 80 ° , citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases ; but having never published his results , it is by the merest chance that I knew of them . ) Jump up ^ J. Dalton ( 1802 ) `` Essay IV . On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat , '' Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , vol. 5 , pt. 2 , pages 595 - 602 . Jump up ^ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html ^ Jump up to : Courtois , Bernard ( 1813 ) . `` Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 304 . In French , seaweed that had been washed onto the shore was called `` varec '' , `` varech '' , or `` vareck '' , whence the English word `` wrack '' . Later , `` varec '' also referred to the ashes of such seaweed : The ashes were used as a source of iodine and salts of sodium and potassium . Jump up ^ Swain , Patricia A. ( 2005 ) . `` Bernard Courtois ( 1777 -- 1838 ) famed for discovering iodine ( 1811 ) , and his life in Paris from 1798 '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin for the History of Chemistry . 30 ( 2 ) : 103 . ^ Jump up to : Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance décourverte par M. Courtois '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 311 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur la combination de l'iode avec d'oxigène '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 319 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac , J. ( 1814 ) . `` Mémoire sur l'iode '' . Annales de chimie. 91 : 5 . Jump up ^ Davy , H. ( 1813 ) . `` Sur la nouvelle substance découverte par M. Courtois , dans le sel de Vareck '' . Annales de chimie. 88 : 322 . Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( January 1 , 1814 ) . `` Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 104 : 74 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1814.0007 . Jump up ^ David Knight , ' Davy , Sir Humphry , baronet ( 1778 -- 1829 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 6 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` History of Chirality '' . Stheno Corporation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lambert - Beer Law '' . Sigrist - Photometer AG . 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Silliman , Jr. ( 1816 -- 1885 ) '' . Picture History . Picture History LLC. 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Moore , F.J. ( 1931 ) . A History of Chemistry . McGraw - Hill . pp. 182 -- 1184 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148855 - 3 . ( 2nd edition ) Jump up ^ `` Jacobus Henricus va n't Hoff '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( 1997 ) . `` Josiah Willard Gibbs '' . MacTutor . School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews , Scotland . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. ( 1996 ) . `` Boltzmann , Ludwig ( 1844 -- 1906 ) '' . Eric Weisstein 's World of Scientific Biography . Wolfram Research Products . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Svante August Arrhenius '' . Chemical Achievers : The Human Face of Chemical Sciences . Chemical Heritage Foundation . 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jacobus H. van ' t Hoff : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Louis Le Châtelier '' . World of Scientific Discovery . Thomson Gale. 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Emil Fischer : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` History of Chemistry '' . Intensive General Chemistry . Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Werner : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 '' . Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1966 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Werner : The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901 -- 1921 . Elsevier Publishing Company . 1967 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ W. Heitler and F. London , Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und Homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik , Z . Physik , 44 , 455 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ P.A.M. Dirac , Quantum Mechanics of Many - Electron Systems , Proc. R. Soc . London , A 123 , 714 ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ C.C.J. Roothaan , A Study of Two - Center Integrals Useful in Calculations on Molecular Structure , J. Chem. Phys. , 19 , 1445 ( 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Watson , J. and Crick , F. , `` Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids '' Nature , April 25 , 1953 , p 737 -- 8 Jump up ^ W.J. Hehre , W.A. Lathan , R. Ditchfield , M.D. Newton , and J.A. Pople , Gaussian 70 ( Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange , Program No. 237 , 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Catalyse de transformation des oléfines par les complexes du tungstène. II . Télomérisation des oléfines cycliques en présence d'oléfines acycliques Die Makromolekulare Chemie Volume 141 , Issue 1 , Date : 9 February 1971 , Pages : 161 -- 176 Par Jean - Louis Hérisson , Yves Chauvin doi : 10.1002 / macp. 1971.021410112 Jump up ^ Katsuki , T. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980 , 102 , 5974 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00538a077 ) Jump up ^ Hill , J.G. ; Sharpless , K.B. ; Exon , C.M. ; Regenye , R. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 7 , p. 461 ( 1990 ) ; Vol. 63 , p. 66 ( 1985 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ Jacobsen , E.N. ; Marko , I. ; Mungall , W.S. ; Schroeder , G. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988 , 110 , 1968 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00214a053 ) Jump up ^ Kolb , H.C. ; Van Nieuwenhze , M.S. ; Sharpless , K.B. Chem. Rev. 1994 , 94 , 2483 -- 2547 . ( Review ) ( doi : 10.1021 / cr00032a009 ) Jump up ^ Gonzalez , J. ; Aurigemma , C. ; Truesdale , L. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 10 , p. 603 ( 2004 ) ; Vol. 79 , p. 93 ( 2002 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ Sharpless , K.B. ; Patrick , D.W. ; Truesdale , L.K. ; Biller , S.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975 , 97 , 2305 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00841a071 ) Jump up ^ Herranz , E. ; Biller , S.A. ; Sharpless , K.B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978 , 100 , 3596 -- 3598 . ( doi : 10.1021 / ja00479a051 ) Jump up ^ Herranz , E. ; Sharpless , K.B. Org . Syn. , Coll . Vol. 7 , p. 375 ( 1990 ) ; Vol. 61 , p. 85 ( 1983 ) . ( Article ) Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 '' . Nobelprize.org . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Franklin Medal awarded to Dr. Sumio Iijima , Director of the Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials , AIST '' . National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology . 2002 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ First total synthesis of taxol 1 . Functionalization of the B ring Robert A. Holton , Carmen Somoza , Hyeong Baik Kim , Feng Liang , Ronald J. Biediger , P. Douglas Boatman , Mitsuru Shindo , Chase C. Smith , Soekchan Kim , et al. ; J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1994 ; 116 ( 4 ) ; 1597 -- 1598 . DOI Abstract Jump up ^ First total synthesis of taxol. 2 . Completion of the C and D rings Robert A. Holton , Hyeong Baik Kim , Carmen Somoza , Feng Liang , Ronald J. Biediger , P. Douglas Boatman , Mitsuru Shindo , Chase C. Smith , Soekchan Kim , and et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1994 ; 116 ( 4 ) pp 1599 -- 1600 DOI Abstract Jump up ^ A synthesis of taxusin Robert A. Holton , R.R. Juo , Hyeong B. Kim , Andrew D. Williams , Shinya Harusawa , Richard E. Lowenthal , Sadamu Yogai J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 1988 ; 110 ( 19 ) ; 6558 -- 6560 . Abstract Jump up ^ `` Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . NIST News Release . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . References ( edit ) Selected classic papers from the history of chemistry Biographies of Chemists Eric R. Scerri , The Periodic Table : Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Servos , John W. , Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling : the making of a science in America , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08566 - 8 Documentaries BBC ( 2010 ) . Chemistry : A Volatile History . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : History of chemistry Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of chemistry . ChemisLab - Chemists of the Past SHAC : Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry Alchemy Concepts Alkahest Azoth Chrysopoeia Classical planets ( Suns ) Elements Elixir of life Homunculus In art and entertainment Philosopher 's stone Substances Symbols Branches Daoist Hindu Islamic Spagyric Iatrochemistry Chemistry Magnum opus Nigredo Albedo Citrinitas Rubedo Processes Calcination Ceration Cohobation Congelation Digestion Distillation Fermentation Filtration Fixation Multiplication Projection Solution Sublimation Alchemists Agastya Arthur Dee Cleopatra the Alchemist Fulcanelli Ge Hong Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa Isaac Newton Jābir ibn Hayyān John Dee Albertus Magnus Khālid ibn Yazīd Bernard of Treviso Mary the Jewess Michael Maier Nicolas Flamel Ostanes Paracelsus Rhazes Robert Boyle Roger Bacon Wei Boyang Zosimos of Panopolis Works Alchemical Studies Atalanta Fugiens Aurora consurgens Baopuzi Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit Cantilenae Intelectuales de Phoenice Redivivo Cantong qi Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz Cyranides De Alchemia Den vises sten Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum Emerald Tablet Fasciculus Chemicus Greek Magical Papyri Hermetic Definitions Hermetic Journal Hermetica Kitab al - Kimya Leyden papyrus X Liber Ignium Musaeum Hermeticum Mutus Liber Occult Chemistry Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Parabola Allegory Psychology and Alchemy Rosary of the Philosophers Septimana Philosophica Splendor Solis Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air The Hermetical Triumph The Mirror of Alchimy The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine Theatrum Chemicum Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum Tripus Aureus Turba Philosophorum Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_chemistry&oldid=827061997 '' Categories : History of chemistry History of science History of science by discipline History of industries Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why was alchemy important to the development of chemistry as a science	[ "The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, chemists are seen as applying scientific method to their work." ]	[ "by performing experiments and recording the results" ]
-572497820031518673	Dunn's River Falls	Dunn 's River falls - wikipedia Dunn 's River falls Jump to : navigation , search Dunn 's River Falls Tourists climb the falls , holding hands and following the directions of guides for safety . Guides are wearing blue shirts . Location Ocho Rios , St Ann , Jamaica Coordinates 18 ° 24 ′ 57 '' N 77 ° 08 ′ 17 '' W / 18.4158 ° N 77.1381 ° W / 18.4158 ; - 77.1381 Coordinates : 18 ° 24 ′ 57 '' N 77 ° 08 ′ 17 '' W / 18.4158 ° N 77.1381 ° W / 18.4158 ; - 77.1381 Type Multi-step cascade Total height 180 feet ( 55 m ) Watercourse Dunn 's River Dunn 's River Falls is a famous waterfall near Ocho Rios , Jamaica and a major Caribbean tourist attraction that receives thousands of visitors each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Tourism 3 History 4 Geology 5 In popular culture 6 References Appearance ( edit ) At about 180 feet ( 55 m ) high and 600 feet ( 180 m ) long , the waterfalls are terraced like giant natural stairs though some incorporate man - made improvements . Several small lagoons are interspersed among the vertical sections of the falls . The falls empty into the Caribbean Sea at the western end of a white - sand beach . Tourism ( edit ) Climbing the waterfalls is a popular tourist activity and is often , but not exclusively , performed with the help of tour guides from the park . It takes about 1 - 1.5 hours to climb with short breaks for photographs and video recordings taken by the guides . There are also stairs alongside of the falls for those who do not want to get wet or are unable to manage the rocky , uneven terrain of the actual waterfall . The falls are bordered by lush , green vegetation that shades the area from the sun and keeps the area , and climbers , cool . The climb can be relatively hard so is often undertaken as a hand - holding human chain led by a guide to make it easier . History ( edit ) Dunns River Falls plaque The falls were the location where the Battle of Las Chorreras took place in 1657 , when the British defeated a Spanish expeditionary force from Cuba . A plaque placed at the bottom of the falls by the Jamaican Historical Society commemorates the event ( see photo ) . Geology ( edit ) Dunn 's River , a short stream dropping only 55 metres ( 180 ft ) from its source to the sea , is fed by spring water rich with calcium carbonate and deposits travertine forming a sequence of tufa terraces . Such waterfalls are described by geologists as `` a living phenomenon '' because they are continuously rebuilt by the sediments in spring water . Dunn 's River Falls is one of the very few travertine waterfalls in the world that empties directly into the sea . In popular culture ( edit ) Used for a location shoot for the 1988 Tom Cruise film Cocktail . Used for location footage in the first James Bond film Dr. No in 1962 , where Bond ( played by Sean Connery ) and Honey Ryder ( Ursula Andress ) are in the river . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dunn 's River Falls . Jump up ^ Wayfaring Travel Guide Archived 2009 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dunn 's River Falls Jamaica '' . dunnsriverja.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Geocaching . `` Geocaching > Hide and Seek a Geocache > Premium Member Only Cache '' . geocaching.com . Jump up ^ `` Dunn 's River Falls Excursions '' . timeinjamaica.com . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica - Tour - Dunns River Falls Tour '' . jamaica-tour.com . Jump up ^ Long , Edward ( 1774 ) . Volume 1 of The History of Jamaica . T. Lowndes . p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Dunn 's River Falls '' . Wondermondo . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ IMDB Locations Page for the film Cocktail ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ IMDB Locations Page for the film Dr. No ( 1962 ) ( hide ) List of rivers of Jamaica Alligator Hole Annotto Back Black Broad Buff Bay Cabarita Cane Cave Coleburns Gully Dry Dunn Ferry Flint ( Hanover ) Flint ( St Mary ) Great Green Island Guava Gut Hectors Hope Llandovery Lucea East Lucea West Martha Brae Milk Montego Morant Morgans Negro New Savannah North Negril One Eye Oracabessa Orange Pagee Plantain Garden Port Maria Rio Bueno Rio Cobre Rio Doro Rio Grande Rio Magno Rio Minho Rio Nuevo Rio Pedro Roaring Rotten Gut River Salt Smith South Negril Spanish Stony Sweet Swift Thicket Wag Water White YS Yallahs Geography of Jamaica Natural History of Jamaica Subdivisions Counties Parishes Settlements Cities , towns , villages , hamlets and neighbourhoods Landforms Bays and coves Cagway Bay Orange Bay Xtabi Beaches Alligator Pond Billys Bay Bluefields Beach Boston Beach Calabash Bay Doctor 's Cave Beach Club Font Hill Beach Frenchmans Bay Frenchman 's Cove Great Pedro Bay Gut River Hellshire Beach Long Bay Negril Ocean View Beach Treasure Beach Whitehouse Beach Winifred Beach Caves Jamaican Caves Organisation Bad Hole Belmont Carambie Coffee River Drip Dunn 's Hole Gourie Green Grottos Hutchinson 's Hole Jackson 's Bay Morgans Pond Hole Mouth Maze Oxford Smokey Hole Thatchfield Great Windsor Great Xtabi Harbours Kingston Harbour Headlands Half Moon Point Morant Point Palisadoes Portland Point South Negril Point Islands Morant Cays Navy Island , Jamaica Pedro Bank Port Royal Cays Sandals Cay Mountains Blue Mountain Peak Blue Mountains ( Jamaica ) John Crow Mountains Juan de Bolas Mountain Mocho Mountains Rivers Alligator Hole Annotto Back Black Broad Buff Bay Cabarita Cane Cave Coleburns Gully Dry Dunn Ferry Flint ( Hanover ) Flint ( St Mary ) Great Green Island Guava Gut Hectors Hope Juan de Bolas Llandovery Lucea East Lucea West Martha Brae Milk Montego Morant Morgans Negril North South Negro New Savannah One Eye Oracabessa Orange Plantain Garden Port Maria Rio Bueno Rio Cobre Rio Doro Rio Grande Rio Magno Rio Minho Rio Nuevo Rio Pedro Roaring Salt Smith Spanish Stony Sweet Swift Thicket Wag Water White YS Yallahs Straits Jamaica Channel Waterfalls Dunn 's River Falls Fish Dunn Falls Mahoe Falls Mayfield Falls Milford Falls Mountain River Falls Reach Falls Reggae Falls Somerset Falls Tacky Falls Y.S. Falls Other Cockpit Country Extreme points Highest Lowest Longest Deepest North South East West Natural disasters Earthquakes 1692 ( Port Royal ) 1907 ( Kingston ) Hurricanes Allen Charlie Dean Emily Gilbert Gustav Iris Ivan Lili Tropical storms Gilda Tropical depressions Fourteen Fauna Birds Breeds originating in Endemic Extinct Fish Insects Mammals Non-marine molluscs Flora Flora of Jamaica Maps List of maps of Jamaica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunn%27s_River_Falls&oldid=806381510 '' Categories : Waterfalls of Jamaica Geography of Saint Ann Parish Tourist attractions in Saint Ann Parish Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . About Wikipedia	where is dunn's river falls located in jamaica	[ "Dunn's River Falls is a famous waterfall near Ocho Rios, Jamaica and a major Caribbean tourist attraction that receives thousands of visitors each year.[1][2]" ]	[ "near Ocho Rios" ]
-7973265139065052433	Judicial review in the United States	Judicial review in the United States - wikipedia Judicial review in the United States U.S. Supreme Court building . In the United States , judicial review is the ability of a court to examine and decide if a statute , treaty or administrative regulation contradicts or violates the provisions of existing law , a State Constitution , or ultimately the United States Constitution . While the U.S. Constitution does not explicitly define a power of judicial review , the authority for judicial review in the United States has been inferred from the structure , provisions , and history of the Constitution . Two landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court served to confirm the inferred constitutional authority for judicial review in the United States : In 1796 , Hylton v. United States was the first case decided by the Supreme Court involving a direct challenge to the constitutionality of an act of Congress , the Carriage Act of 1794 which imposed a `` carriage tax '' . The Court engaged in the process of judicial review by examining the plaintiff 's claim that the carriage tax was unconstitutional . After review , the Supreme Court decided the Carriage Act was constitutional . In 1803 , Marbury v. Madison was the first Supreme Court case where the Court asserted its authority for judicial review to strike down a law as unconstitutional . At the end of his opinion in this decision , Chief Justice John Marshall maintained that the Supreme Court 's responsibility to overturn unconstitutional legislation was a necessary consequence of their sworn oath of office to uphold the Constitution as instructed in Article Six of the Constitution . As of 2014 , the United States Supreme Court has held 176 Acts of the U.S. Congress unconstitutional . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judicial review before the Constitution 2 The provisions of the Constitution 3 Statements by the framers of the Constitution regarding judicial review 3.1 The Constitutional Convention 3.2 The state ratification debates 3.3 The Federalist Papers 4 Judicial review between the adoption of the Constitution and Marbury 4.1 The Judiciary Act of 1789 4.2 Court decisions from 1788 to 1803 4.3 Responses to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 5 Marbury v. Madison 6 Judicial review after Marbury 7 Criticism of judicial review 8 Standard of review 9 Laws limiting judicial review 10 Administrative review 11 Notes 12 Further reading Judicial review before the Constitution ( edit ) But it is not with a view to infractions of the Constitution only , that the independence of the judges may be an essential safeguard against the effects of occasional ill humors in the society . These sometimes extend no farther than to the injury of the private rights of particular classes of citizens , by unjust and partial laws . Here also the firmness of the judicial magistracy is of vast importance in mitigating the severity and confining the operation of such laws . It not only serves to moderate the immediate mischiefs of those which may have been passed , but it operates as a check upon the legislative body in passing them ; who , perceiving that obstacles to the success of iniquitous intention are to be expected from the scruples of the courts , are in a manner compelled , by the very motives of the injustice they meditate , to qualify their attempts . This is a circumstance calculated to have more influence upon the character of our governments , than but few may be aware of . -- Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 Before the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , the power of judicial review had been exercised in a number of states . In the years from 1776 to 1787 , state courts in at least seven of the thirteen states had engaged in judicial review and had invalidated state statutes because they violated the state constitution or other higher law . These state courts treated state constitutions as statements of governing law to be interpreted and applied by judges . These courts reasoned that because their state constitution was the fundamental law of the state , they must apply the state constitution rather than an act of the legislature that was inconsistent with the state constitution . These state court cases involving judicial review were reported in the press and produced public discussion and comment . At least seven of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention , including Alexander Hamilton and Edmund Randolph , had personal experience with judicial review because they had been lawyers or judges in these state court cases involving judicial review . Other delegates referred to some of these state court cases during the debates at the Constitutional Convention . The concept of judicial review therefore was familiar to the framers and to the public before the Constitutional Convention . The provisions of the Constitution ( edit ) The text of the Constitution does not contain a specific reference to the power of judicial review . Rather , the power to declare laws unconstitutional has been deemed an implied power , derived from Article III and Article VI . The provisions relating to the federal judicial power in Article III state : The judicial power of the United States , shall be vested in one Supreme Court , and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish ... The judicial power shall extend to all cases , in law and equity , arising under this Constitution , the laws of the United States , and treaties made , or which shall be made , under their authority ... In all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party , the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction . In all the other cases before mentioned , the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction , both as to law and fact , with such exceptions , and under such regulations as the Congress shall make . The Supremacy Clause of Article VI states : This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby , any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding ... ( A ) ll executive and judicial Officers , both of the United States and of the several States , shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation , to support this Constitution . The power of judicial review has been implied from these provisions based on the following reasoning . It is the inherent duty of the courts to determine the applicable law in any given case . The Supremacy Clause says `` ( t ) his Constitution '' is the `` supreme law of the land . '' The Constitution therefore is the fundamental law of the United States . Federal statutes are the law of the land only when they are `` made in pursuance '' of the Constitution . State constitutions and statutes are valid only if they are consistent with the Constitution . Any law contrary to the Constitution is void . The federal judicial power extends to all cases `` arising under this Constitution . '' As part of their inherent duty to determine the law , the federal courts have the duty to interpret and apply the Constitution and to decide whether a federal or state statute conflicts with the Constitution . All judges are bound to follow the Constitution . If there is a conflict , the federal courts have a duty to follow the Constitution and to treat the conflicting statute as unenforceable . The Supreme Court has final appellate jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution , so the Supreme Court has the ultimate authority to decide whether statutes are consistent with the Constitution . Statements by the framers of the Constitution regarding judicial review ( edit ) The constitutional Convention ( edit ) During the debates at the Constitutional Convention , the Founding Fathers made a number of references to the concept of judicial review . The greatest number of these references occurred during the discussion of the proposal known as the Virginia Plan . The Virginia Plan included a `` council of revision '' that would have examined proposed new federal laws and would have accepted or rejected them , similar to today 's presidential veto . The `` council of revision '' would have included the President along with some federal judges . Several delegates objected to the inclusion of federal judges on the council of revision . They argued the federal judiciary , through its power to declare laws unconstitutional , already had the opportunity to protect against legislative encroachment , and the judiciary did not need a second way to negate laws by participating in the council of revision . For example , Elbridge Gerry said federal judges `` would have a sufficient check against encroachments on their own department by their exposition of the laws , which involved a power of deciding on their constitutionality . In some states the judges had actually set aside laws , as being against the constitution . This was done too with general approbation . '' Luther Martin said : `` ( A ) s to the constitutionality of laws , that point will come before the judges in their official character . In this character they have a negative on the laws . Join them with the executive in the revision , and they will have a double negative . '' These and other similar comments by the delegates indicated that the federal courts would have the power of judicial review . Other delegates argued that if federal judges were involved in the law - making process through participation on the council of revision , their objectivity as judges in later deciding on the constitutionality of those laws could be impaired . These comments indicated a belief that the federal courts would have the power to declare laws unconstitutional . At several other points in the debates at the Constitutional Convention , delegates made comments indicating their belief that under the Constitution , federal judges would have the power of judicial review . For example , James Madison said : `` A law violating a constitution established by the people themselves , would be considered by the Judges as null & void . '' George Mason said that federal judges `` could declare an unconstitutional law void . '' However , Mason added that the power of judicial review is not a general power to strike down all laws , but only ones that are unconstitutional : But with regard to every law however unjust , oppressive or pernicious , which did not come plainly under this description , they would be under the necessity as Judges to give it a free course . In all , fifteen delegates from nine states made comments regarding the power of the federal courts to review the constitutionality of laws . All but two of them supported the idea that the federal courts would have the power of judicial review . Some delegates to the Constitutional Convention did not speak about judicial review during the Convention , but did speak about it before or after the Convention . Including these additional comments by Convention delegates , scholars have found that twenty - five or twenty - six of the Convention delegates made comments indicating support for judicial review , while three to six delegates opposed judicial review . One review of the debates and voting records of the convention counted as many as forty delegates who supported judicial review , with four or five opposed . In their comments relating to judicial review , the framers indicated that the power of judges to declare laws unconstitutional was part of the system of separation of powers . The framers stated that the courts ' power to declare laws unconstitutional would provide a check on the legislature , protecting against excessive exercise of legislative power . The state ratification debates ( edit ) Judicial review was discussed in at least seven of the thirteen state ratifying conventions , and was mentioned by almost two dozen delegates . In each of these conventions , delegates asserted that the proposed Constitution would allow the courts to exercise judicial review . There is no record of any delegate to a state ratifying convention who indicated that the federal courts would not have the power of judicial review . For example , James Wilson asserted in the Pennsylvania ratifying convention that federal judges would exercise judicial review : `` If a law should be made inconsistent with those powers vested by this instrument in Congress , the judges , as a consequence of their independence , and the particular powers of government being defined , will declare such law to be null and void . For the power of the Constitution predominates . Anything , therefore , that shall be enacted by Congress contrary thereto will not have the force of law . '' In the Connecticut ratifying convention , Oliver Ellsworth likewise described judicial review as a feature of the Constitution : `` This Constitution defines the extent of the powers of the general government . If the general legislature should at any time overleap their limits , the judicial department is a constitutional check . If the United States go beyond their powers , if they make a law which the Constitution does not authorize , it is void ; and the judicial power , the national judges , who , to secure their impartiality , are to be made independent , will declare it to be void . '' During the ratification process , supporters and opponents of ratification published pamphlets , essays , and speeches debating various aspects of the Constitution . Publications by over a dozen authors in at least twelve of the thirteen states asserted that under the Constitution , the federal courts would have the power of judicial review . There is no record of any opponent to the Constitution who claimed that the Constitution did not involve a power of judicial review . After reviewing the statements made by the founders , one scholar concluded : `` The evidence from the Constitutional Convention and from the state ratification conventions is overwhelming that the original public meaning of the term ' judicial power ' ( in Article III ) included the power to nullify unconstitutional laws . '' The Federalist Papers ( edit ) The Federalist Papers , which were published in 1787 -- 1788 to promote ratification of the Constitution , made several references to the power of judicial review . The most extensive discussion of judicial review was in Federalist No. 78 , written by Alexander Hamilton , which clearly explained that the federal courts would have the power of judicial review . Hamilton stated that under the Constitution , the federal judiciary would have the power to declare laws unconstitutional . Hamilton asserted that this was appropriate because it would protect the people against abuse of power by Congress : ( T ) he courts were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and the legislature , in order , among other things , to keep the latter within the limits assigned to their authority . The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts . A constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute , the intention of the people to the intention of their agents . Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of the judicial to the legislative power . It only supposes that the power of the people is superior to both ; and that where the will of the legislature , declared in its statutes , stands in opposition to that of the people , declared in the Constitution , the judges ought to be governed by the latter rather than the former . They ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws , rather than by those which are not fundamental ... ( A ) ccordingly , whenever a particular statute contravenes the Constitution , it will be the duty of the Judicial tribunals to adhere to the latter and disregard the former ... ( T ) he courts of justice are to be considered as the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments . In Federalist No. 80 , Hamilton rejected the idea that the power to decide the constitutionality of an act of Congress should lie with each of the states : `` The mere necessity of uniformity in the interpretation of the national laws , decides the question . Thirteen independent courts of final jurisdiction over the same causes , arising upon the same laws , is a hydra in government , from which nothing but contradiction and confusion can proceed . '' Consistent with the need for uniformity in interpretation of the Constitution , Hamilton explained in Federalist No. 82 that the Supreme Court has authority to hear appeals from the state courts in cases relating to the Constitution . The arguments against ratification by the Anti-Federalists agreed that the federal courts would have the power of judicial review , though the Anti-Federalists viewed this negatively . Robert Yates , writing under the pseudonym `` Brutus '' , stated : ( T ) he judges under this constitution will control the legislature , for the supreme court are authorised in the last resort , to determine what is the extent of the powers of the Congress . They are to give the constitution an explanation , and there is no power above them to set aside their judgment ... The supreme court then have a right , independent of the legislature , to give a construction to the constitution and every part of it , and there is no power provided in this system to correct their construction or do it away . If , therefore , the legislature pass any laws , inconsistent with the sense the judges put upon the constitution , they will declare it void . Judicial review between the Adoption of the Constitution and Marbury ( edit ) The judiciary act of 1789 ( edit ) The first Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 , establishing the lower federal courts and specifying the details of federal court jurisdiction . Section 25 of the Judiciary Act provided for the Supreme Court to hear appeals from state courts when the state court decided that a federal statute was invalid , or when the state court upheld a state statute against a claim that the state statute was repugnant to the Constitution . This provision gave the Supreme Court the power to review state court decisions involving the constitutionality of both federal statutes and state statutes . The Judiciary Act thereby incorporated the concept of judicial review . Court decisions from 1788 to 1803 ( edit ) Between the ratification of the Constitution in 1788 and the decision in Marbury v. Madison in 1803 , judicial review was employed in both the federal and state courts . A detailed analysis has identified thirty - one state or federal cases during this time in which statutes were struck down as unconstitutional , and seven additional cases in which statutes were upheld but at least one judge concluded the statute was unconstitutional . The author of this analysis , Professor William Treanor , concluded : `` The sheer number of these decisions not only belies the notion that the institution of judicial review was created by Chief Justice Marshall in Marbury , it also reflects widespread acceptance and application of the doctrine . '' Several other cases involving judicial review issues reached the Supreme Court before the issue was definitively decided in Marbury in 1803 . In Hayburn 's Case , 2 U.S. ( 2 Dall . ) 408 ( 1792 ) , federal circuit courts held an act of Congress unconstitutional for the first time . Three federal circuit courts found that Congress had violated the Constitution by passing an act requiring circuit court judges to decide pension applications , subject to the review of the Secretary of War . These circuit courts found that this was not a proper judicial function under Article III . These three decisions were appealed to the Supreme Court , but the appeals became moot when Congress repealed the statute while the appeals were pending . In an unreported Supreme Court decision in 1794 , United States v. Yale Todd , the Supreme Court reversed a pension that was awarded under the same pension act that had been at issue in Hayburn 's Case . The Court apparently decided that the act designating judges to decide pensions was not constitutional because this was not a proper judicial function . This apparently was the first Supreme Court case to find an act of Congress unconstitutional . However , there was not an official report of the case and it was not used as a precedent . Hylton v. United States , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 171 ( 1796 ) , was the first case decided by the Supreme Court that involved a challenge to the constitutionality of an act of Congress . It was argued that a federal tax on carriages violated the constitutional provision regarding `` direct '' taxes . The Supreme Court upheld the tax , finding it was constitutional . Although the Supreme Court did not strike down the act in question , the Court engaged in the process of judicial review by considering the constitutionality of the tax . The case was widely publicized at the time , and observers understood that the Court was testing the constitutionality of an act of Congress . Because it found the statute valid , the Court did not have to assert that it had the power to declare a statute unconstitutional . In Ware v. Hylton , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 199 ( 1796 ) , the Supreme Court for the first time struck down a state statute . The Court reviewed a Virginia statute regarding pre-Revolutionary war debts and found that it was inconsistent with the peace treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Relying on the Supremacy Clause , the Court found the Virginia statute invalid . In Hollingsworth v. Virginia , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 378 ( 1798 ) , the Supreme Court found that it did not have jurisdiction to hear the case because of the jurisdiction limitations of the Eleventh Amendment . This holding could be viewed as an implicit finding that the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which would have allowed the Court jurisdiction , was unconstitutional in part . However , the Court did not provide any reasoning for its conclusion and did not say that it was finding the statute unconstitutional . In Cooper v. Telfair , 4 U.S. ( 4 Dall . ) 14 ( 1800 ) , Justice Chase stated : `` It is indeed a general opinion -- it is expressly admitted by all this bar and some of the judges have , individually in the circuits decided , that the Supreme Court can declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional , and therefore invalid , but there is no adjudication of the Supreme Court itself upon the point . '' Responses to the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions ( edit ) In 1798 , the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures passed a series of resolutions asserting that the states have the power to determine whether acts of Congress are constitutional . In response , ten states passed their own resolutions disapproving the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions . Six of these states took the position that the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional lies in the federal courts , not in the state legislatures . For example , Vermont 's resolution stated : `` It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government ; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union . '' Thus , five years before Marbury v. Madison , a number of state legislatures stated their understanding that under the Constitution , the federal courts possess the power of judicial review . Marbury v. Madison ( edit ) Main article : Marbury v. Madison The Supreme Court 's landmark decision regarding judicial review is Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) . Marbury was the first Supreme Court decision to strike down an act of Congress as unconstitutional . Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion for a unanimous Court . The case arose when William Marbury filed a lawsuit seeking an order ( a `` writ of mandamus '' ) requiring the Secretary of State , James Madison , to deliver to Marbury a commission appointing him as a justice of the peace . Marbury filed his case directly in the Supreme Court , invoking the Court 's `` original jurisdiction '' , rather than filing in a lower court . The constitutional issue involved the question of whether the Supreme Court had jurisdiction to hear the case . The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in cases involving writs of mandamus . So , under the Judiciary Act , the Supreme Court would have had jurisdiction to hear Marbury 's case . However , the Constitution describes the cases in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction , and does not include mandamus cases . The Judiciary Act therefore attempted to give the Supreme Court jurisdiction that was not `` warranted by the Constitution . '' Marshall 's opinion stated that in the Constitution , the people established a government of limited powers : `` The powers of the Legislature are defined and limited ; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten , the Constitution is written . '' The limits established in the Constitution would be meaningless `` if these limits may at any time be passed by those intended to be restrained . '' Marshall observed that the Constitution is `` the fundamental and paramount law of the nation '' , and that it can not be altered by an ordinary act of the legislature . Therefore , `` an act of the Legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void . '' Marshall then discussed the role of the courts , which is at the heart of the doctrine of judicial review . It would be an `` absurdity '' , said Marshall , to require the courts to apply a law that is void . Rather , it is the inherent duty of the courts to interpret and apply the Constitution , and to determine whether there is a conflict between a statute and the Constitution : It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is . Those who apply the rule to particular cases must , of necessity , expound and interpret that rule . If two laws conflict with each other , the Courts must decide on the operation of each . So , if a law be in opposition to the Constitution , if both the law and the Constitution apply to a particular case , so that the Court must either decide that case conformably to the law , disregarding the Constitution , or conformably to the Constitution , disregarding the law , the Court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case . This is of the very essence of judicial duty . If , then , the Courts are to regard the Constitution , and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the Legislature , the Constitution , and not such ordinary act , must govern the case to which they both apply ... Marshall stated that the courts are authorized by the provisions of the Constitution itself to `` look into '' the Constitution , that is , to interpret and apply it , and that they have the duty to refuse to enforce any laws that are contrary to the Constitution . Specifically , Article III provides that the federal judicial power `` is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution . '' Article VI requires judges to take an oath `` to support this Constitution . '' Article VI also states that only laws `` made in pursuance of the Constitution '' are the law of the land . Marshall concluded : `` Thus , the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle , supposed to be essential to all written Constitutions , that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void , and that courts , as well as other departments , are bound by that instrument . '' Marbury long has been regarded as the seminal case with respect to the doctrine of judicial review . Some scholars have suggested that Marshall 's opinion in Marbury essentially created judicial review . In his book The Least Dangerous Branch , Professor Alexander Bickel wrote : ( T ) he institution of the judiciary needed to be summoned up out of the constitutional vapors , shaped , and maintained . And the Great Chief Justice , John Marshall -- not single - handed , but first and foremost -- was there to do it and did . If any social process can be said to have been ' done ' at a given time , and by a given act , it is Marshall 's achievement . The time was 1803 ; the act was the decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison . Other scholars view this as an overstatement , and argue that Marbury was decided in a context in which judicial review already was a familiar concept . These scholars point to the facts showing that judicial review was acknowledged by the Constitution 's framers , was explained in the Federalist Papers and in the ratification debates , and was used by both state and federal courts for more than twenty years before Marbury , including the Supreme Court in Hylton v. United States . One scholar concluded : `` ( B ) efore Marbury , judicial review had gained wide support . '' Judicial review after Marbury ( edit ) Marbury was the point at which the Supreme Court adopted a monitoring role over government actions . After the Court exercised its power of judicial review in Marbury , it avoided striking down a federal statute during the next fifty years . The court would not do so again until Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 ( 1857 ) . However , the Supreme Court did exercise judicial review in other contexts . In particular , the Court struck down a number of state statutes that were contrary to the Constitution . The first case in which the Supreme Court struck down a state statute as unconstitutional was Fletcher v. Peck , 10 U.S. ( 6 Cranch ) 87 ( 1810 ) . In a few cases , state courts took the position that their judgments were final and were not subject to review by the Supreme Court . They argued that the Constitution did not give the Supreme Court the authority to review state court decisions . They asserted that the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which provided that the Supreme Court could hear certain appeals from state courts , was unconstitutional . In effect , these state courts were asserting that the principle of judicial review did not extend to allow federal review of state court decisions . This would have left the states free to adopt their own interpretations of the Constitution . The Supreme Court rejected this argument . In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 ( 1816 ) , the Court held that under Article III , the federal courts have jurisdiction to hear all cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States , and that the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in all such cases , whether those cases are filed in state or federal courts . The Court issued another decision to the same effect in the context of a criminal case , Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. ( 6 Wheat . ) 264 ( 1821 ) . It is now well established that the Supreme Court may review decisions of state courts that involve federal law . The Supreme Court also has reviewed actions of the federal executive branch to determine whether those actions were authorized by acts of Congress or were beyond the authority granted by Congress . Judicial review is now well established as a cornerstone of constitutional law . As of September 2017 , the United States Supreme Court had held unconstitutional portions or the entirety of some 182 Acts of the U.S. Congress , the most recent in the Supreme Court 's June 2017 Matal v. Tam decision striking down a portion of July 1946 's Lanham Act . Criticism of judicial review ( edit ) Although judicial review has now become an established part of constitutional law in the United States , there are some who disagree with the doctrine . At the Constitutional Convention , neither proponents nor opponents of judicial review disputed that any government based on a written constitution requires some mechanism to prevent laws that violate that constitution from being made and enforced . Otherwise , the document would be meaningless , and the legislature , with the power to enact any laws whatsoever , would be the supreme arm of government ( the British doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty ) . The delegates at the Convention differed with respect to the question of whether Congress or the judiciary should make determinations regarding constitutionality of statutes . Hamilton addressed this in Federalist No. 78 , in which he explained the reasons that the federal judiciary has the role of reviewing the constitutionality of statutes : If it be said that the legislative body are themselves the constitutional judges of their own powers , and that the construction they put upon them is conclusive upon the other departments , it may be answered , that this can not be the natural presumption , where it is not to be collected from any particular provisions in the Constitution . It is not otherwise to be supposed , that the Constitution could intend to enable the representatives of the people to substitute their will to that of their constituents . It is far more rational to suppose , that the courts were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and the legislature , in order , among other things , to keep the latter within the limits assigned to their authority . Since the adoption of the Constitution , some have argued that the power of judicial review gives the courts the ability to impose their own views of the law , without an adequate check from any other branch of government . Robert Yates , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from New York , argued during the ratification process in the Anti-Federalist Papers that the courts would use the power of judicial review loosely to impose their views about the `` spirit '' of the Constitution : ( I ) n their decisions they will not confine themselves to any fixed or established rules , but will determine , according to what appears to them , the reason and spirit of the constitution . The opinions of the supreme court , whatever they may be , will have the force of law ; because there is no power provided in the constitution , that can correct their errors , or controul their adjudications . From this court there is no appeal . In 1820 , Thomas Jefferson expressed his opposition to the doctrine of judicial review : You seem ... to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions ; a very dangerous doctrine indeed , and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy . Our judges are as honest as other men , and not more so . They have , with others , the same passions for party , for power , and the privilege of their corps ... Their power ( is ) the more dangerous as they are in office for life , and not responsible , as the other functionaries are , to the elective control . The Constitution has erected no such single tribunal , knowing that to whatever hands confided , with the corruptions of time and party , its members would become despots . It has more wisely made all the departments co-equal and co-sovereign within themselves . In 1861 , Abraham Lincoln touched upon the same subject , during his first inaugural address : ( T ) he candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges . It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases properly brought before them , and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes . Lincoln was alluding here to the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford , in which the Court had struck down a federal statute for the first time since Marbury v. Madison . It has been argued that the judiciary is not the only branch of government that may interpret the meaning of the Constitution . Article VI requires federal and state officeholders to be bound `` by Oath or Affirmation , to support this Constitution . '' It has been argued that such officials may follow their own interpretations of the Constitution , at least until those interpretations have been tested in court . Some have argued that judicial review is unconstitutional based on two arguments . First , the power of judicial review is not expressly delegated to the courts in the Constitution . The Tenth Amendment reserves to the states ( or to the people ) those powers not delegated to the federal government . The second argument is that the states alone have the power to ratify changes to the `` supreme law '' ( the U.S. Constitution ) , and that the states should play some role in interpreting its meaning . Under this theory , allowing only federal courts to definitively conduct judicial review of federal law allows the national government to interpret its own restrictions as it sees fit , with no meaningful input from the ratifying power . Standard of review ( edit ) In the United States , unconstitutionality is the only ground for a federal court to strike down a federal statute . Justice Washington , speaking for the Marshall Court , put it this way in an 1829 case : We intend to decide no more than that the statute objected to in this case is not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States , and that unless it be so , this Court has no authority , under the 25th section of the judiciary act , to re-examine and to reverse the judgement of the supreme court of Pennsylvania in the present case . If a state statute conflicts with a valid federal statute , then courts may strike down the state statute as an unstatutable violation of the Supremacy Clause . But a federal court may not strike down a statute absent a violation of federal law or of the federal Constitution . Moreover , a suspicion or possibility of unconstitutionality is not enough for American courts to strike down a statute . Alexander Hamilton explained in Federalist 78 that the standard of review should be `` irreconcilable variance '' with the Constitution . Anti-federalists agreed that courts would be unable to strike down federal statutes absent a conflict with the Constitution . For example , Robert Yates , writing under the pseudonym `` Brutus '' , asserted that `` the courts of the general government ( will ) be under obligation to observe the laws made by the general legislature not repugnant to the constitution . '' These principles -- that federal statutes can only be struck down for unconstitutionality and that the unconstitutionality must be clear -- were very common views at the time of the framing of the Constitution . For example , George Mason explained during the constitutional convention that judges `` could declare an unconstitutional law void . But with regard to every law , however unjust , oppressive or pernicious , which did not come plainly under this description , they would be under the necessity as Judges to give it a free course . '' For a number of years , the courts were relatively deferential to Congress . Justice Washington put it this way , in an 1827 case : `` It is but a decent respect to the wisdom , integrity , and patriotism of the legislative body , by which any law is passed , to presume in favor of its validity , until its violation of the Constitution is proved beyond a reasonable doubt . '' Although judges usually adhered to this principle that a statute could only be deemed unconstitutional in case of a clear contradiction until the twentieth century , this presumption of constitutionality weakened somewhat during the twentieth century , as exemplified by the Supreme Court 's famous footnote four in United States v. Carolene Products Co. , 304 U.S. 144 ( 1938 ) , which suggested that statutes may be subjected to closer scrutiny in certain types of cases . Nevertheless , the federal courts have not departed from the principle that courts may only strike down statutes for unconstitutionality . Of course , the practical implication of this principle is that a court can not strike down a statute , even if it recognizes that the statute is obviously poorly drafted , irrational , or arises from legislators ' corrupt motives , unless the flaw in the statute rises to the level of a clear constitutional violation . In 2008 , Justice John Paul Stevens reaffirmed this point in a concurring opinion : `` ( A ) s I recall my esteemed former colleague , Thurgood Marshall , remarking on numerous occasions : ' The Constitution does not prohibit legislatures from enacting stupid laws . ' '' In the federal system , courts may only decide actual cases or controversies ; it is not possible to request the federal courts to review a law without at least one party having legal standing to engage in a lawsuit . This principle means that courts sometimes do not exercise their power of review , even when a law is seemingly unconstitutional , for want of jurisdiction . In some state courts , such as the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , legislation may be referred in certain circumstances by the legislature or by the executive for an advisory ruling on its constitutionality prior to its enactment ( or enforcement ) . The U.S. Supreme Court seeks to avoid reviewing the Constitutionality of an act where the case before it could be decided on other grounds , an attitude and practice exemplifying judicial restraint . Justice Brandeis framed it thus ( citations omitted ) : The Court developed , for its own governance in the cases within its jurisdiction , a series of rules under which it has avoided passing upon a large part of all the constitutional questions pressed upon it for decision . They are : The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of legislation in a friendly , non-adversary , proceeding , declining because to decide such questions is legitimate only in the last resort , and as a necessity in the determination of real , earnest , and vital controversy between individuals . It never was the thought that , by means of a friendly suit , a party beaten in the legislature could transfer to the courts an inquiry as to the constitutionality of the legislative act . The Court will not anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the necessity of deciding it . It is not the habit of the court to decide questions of a constitutional nature unless absolutely necessary to a decision of the case . The Court will not formulate a rule of constitutional law broader than required by the precise facts it applies to . The Court will not pass upon a constitutional question although properly presented by the record , if there is also present some other ground upon which the case may be disposed of ... If a case can be decided on either of two grounds , one involving a constitutional question , the other a question of statutory construction or general law , the Court will decide only the latter . The Court will not pass upon the validity of a statute upon complaint of one who fails to show that he is injured by its operation . The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of a statute at the instance of one who has availed himself of its benefits . When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question , and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is raised , it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided . Laws limiting judicial review ( edit ) Although the Supreme Court continues to review the constitutionality of statutes , Congress and the states retain some power to influence what cases come before the Court . For example , the Constitution at Article III , Section 2 , gives Congress power to make exceptions to the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has historically acknowledged that its appellate jurisdiction is defined by Congress , and thus Congress may have power to make some legislative or executive actions unreviewable . This is known as jurisdiction stripping . Another way for Congress to limit judicial review was tried in January 1868 , when a bill was proposed requiring a two - thirds majority of the Court in order to deem any Act of Congress unconstitutional . The bill was approved by the House , 116 to 39 . That measure died in the Senate , partly because the bill was unclear about how the bill 's own constitutionality would be decided . Many other bills have been proposed in Congress that would require a supermajority in order for the justices to exercise judicial review . During the early years of the United States , a two - thirds majority was necessary for the Supreme Court to exercise judicial review ; because the Court then consisted of six members , a simple majority and a two - thirds majority both required four votes . Currently , the constitutions of two states require a supermajority of supreme court justices in order to exercise judicial review : Nebraska ( five out of seven justices ) and North Dakota ( four out of five justices ) . Administrative review ( edit ) The procedure for judicial review of federal administrative regulation in the United States is set forth by the Administrative Procedure Act although the courts have ruled such as in Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents that a person may bring a case on the grounds of an implied cause of action when no statutory procedure exists . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Establishment of Judicial Review '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ Congress , United States . `` United States Statutes at Large , Volume 1 '' -- via Wikisource . Jump up ^ Marbury v. Madison , 5 US ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) . Jump up ^ `` Marbury v. Madison - John Marshall - 1803 - AMDOCS : Documents for the Study of American History '' . Jump up ^ See Congressional Research Services ' The Constitution Of The United States , Analysis And Interpretation , 2013 Supplement , pp. 49 - 50 . Jump up ^ Prakash , Saikrishna B. ; Yoo , John C. ( 2003 ) . `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' . The University of Chicago Law Review . 70 ( 3 ) : 887 -- 982 . doi : 10.2307 / 1600662 . ISSN 0041 - 9494 . JSTOR 1600662 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review , pp. 933 -- 934 . Jump up ^ Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review p. 939 . Jump up ^ For example , James Madison referred to `` the judges who refused to execute an unconstitutional law '' in a Rhode Island case . Farrand , Max ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 28 . Elbridge Gerry noted that `` in some states , the judges had actually set aside laws , as being against the constitution . '' Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , vol. 1 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ While the Constitution does not explicitly authorize judicial review , it also does not explicitly prohibit it , as did the Virginia Constitution of 1776 . That Virginia Constitution said : `` All power of suspending laws , or the execution of laws , by any authority , without consent of the representatives of the people , is injurious to their rights , and ought not to be exercised . '' Virginia Constitution of 1776 Archived 2008 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . via Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Jump up ^ See Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. at 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ See Farrand , Max ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . 1 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , vol. 2 , p. 76 . Nathaniel Gorham also made comments along these lines . See Rakove , Jack N. ( 1997 ) . `` The Origins of Judicial Review : A Plea for New Contexts '' . Stanford Law Review . 49 ( 5 ) : 1031 -- 64 . doi : 10.2307 / 1229247 . ISSN 0038 - 9765 . JSTOR 1229247 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Delegates making these comments included Rufus King , Caleb Strong , Nathaniel Gorham , and John Rutledge . See Rakove , `` The Origins of Judicial Review : A Plea for New Contexts '' , 49 Stanford Law Review at 1058 . Jump up ^ The council of revision proposed in the Virginia Plan ultimately morphed into the Presidential veto . In its final form , the executive alone would exercise the veto , without participation by the federal judiciary . Jump up ^ Ibid. , p. 93 . Delegates approving of judicial review also included James Wilson and Gouverneur Morris , among others . See Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review at 941 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Max ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review , p. 952 . The two delegates who disapproved judicial review , John Dickinson and John Mercer , did not propose a provision prohibiting judicial review . During the state ratification conventions , they acknowledged that under the final Constitution , the courts would have the power of judicial review . Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review , p. 943 . Jump up ^ Raoul Berger found that twenty - six Convention delegates supported Constitution review , with six opposed . Berger , Raoul ( 1969 ) . Congress v . The Supreme Court . Harvard University Press . p. 104 . Charles Beard counted twenty - five delegates in favor of judicial review and three against . Beard , Charles ( 1962 ) ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . Prentice Hall . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Frank , `` The Judicial Bulwark of the Constitution '' , 8 American Political Science Review 167 , 185 -- 195 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ See Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review at pp. 931 -- 32 . Jump up ^ James Madison at one point said that the courts ' power of judicial review should be limited to cases of a judiciary nature : `` He doubted whether it was not going too far to extend the jurisdiction of the Court generally to cases arising under the Constitution and whether it ought not to be limited to cases of a judiciary nature . The right of expounding the Constitution in cases not of this nature ought not to be given to that department . '' Farrand , Max ( 1911 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 . 2 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 430 . Madison wanted to clarify that the courts would not have a free - floating power to declare unconstitutional any law that was passed ; rather , the courts would be able to rule on constitutionality of laws only when those laws were properly presented to them in the context of a court case that came before them . See Burr , Charles , `` Unconstitutional Laws and the Federal Judicial Power '' , 60 U. Pennsylvania Law Review 624 , 630 ( 1912 ) . No change in the language was made in response to Madison 's comment . Jump up ^ See Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review at p. 965 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1863 ) ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 2 . Philadelphia : Lippincott . p. 489 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1863 ) ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 2 . Philadelphia : Lippincott . p. 196 . Jump up ^ See Prakash and Yoo , `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' , 70 U. of Chicago Law Review at pp. 973 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy , `` The Original Meaning of Judicial Power '' , 12 Supreme Court Economic Review 115 , 138 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . Federalist No. 78 ( June 14 , 1788 ) . See also Federalist No. 81 , which says : `` ( T ) he Constitution ought to be the standard of construction for the laws , and ... wherever there is an evident opposition , the laws ought to give place to the Constitution . '' Federalist No. 81 ( June 28 , 1788 ) Jump up ^ Federalist No. 80 ( June 21 , 1788 ) Jump up ^ Federalist No. 82 ( July 2 , 1788 ) Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Judicial Review - Teaching American History '' . Jump up ^ Treanor , William Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Judicial Review before `` Marbury '' `` . Stanford Law Review . 58 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 562 . ISSN 0038 - 9765 . JSTOR 40040272 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Treanor , `` Judicial Review Before Marbury '' , 58 Stanford Law Review , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Five of the six Supreme Court justices at that time had sat as circuit judges in the three circuit court cases that were appealed . All five of them had found the statute unconstitutional in their capacity as circuit judges . Jump up ^ There was no official report of the case . The case is described in a note at the end of the Supreme Court 's decision in United States v. Ferreira , 54 U.S. ( 13 How . ) 40 ( 1851 ) . Jump up ^ Professor Jack Rakove wrote : `` Hylton v. United States was manifestly a case of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation , in an area of governance and public policy far more sensitive than that exposed by Marbury , and it was a case whose implications observers seemed to grasp . '' See Rakove , `` The Origins of Judicial Review : A Plea for New Contexts '' , 49 Stanford Law Review at 1039 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Justice Chase 's opinion stated : `` ( I ) t is unnecessary , at this time , for me to determine , whether this court , constitutionally possesses the power to declare an act of congress void , on the ground of its being made contrary to , and in violation of , the constitution . '' Jump up ^ See Treanor , `` Judicial Review Before Marbury '' , 58 Stanford Law Review , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Chase 's statement about decisions by judges in the circuits referred to Hayburn 's Case . Jump up ^ Seven states formally rejected the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions and transmitted their rejections to Kentucky and Virginia ( Delaware , Massachusetts , New York , Connecticut , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) . See Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . ISBN 0 - 8337 - 1038 - 9 ... Three states passed resolutions expressing disapproval but did not transmit formal responses to Kentucky and Virginia ( Maryland , Pennsylvania , and New Jersey ) . Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) . The other four states took no action . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . `` Answers of the Several State Legislatures : State of Vermont '' . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . ISBN 0 - 8337 - 1038 - 9 ... The other states taking the position that the constitutionality of federal laws is a question for the federal courts , not the states , were New York , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , and Pennsylvania . The Governor of Delaware and a Committee of the Maryland legislature also took this position . The remaining states did not address this issue . Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ For a more detailed description of the case , see Marbury v. Madison . Jump up ^ There were several non-constitutional issues , including whether Marbury was entitled to the commission and whether a writ of mandamus was the appropriate remedy . The Court 's opinion dealt with those issues first , finding that Marbury was entitled to the commission and that mandamus was a proper remedy . See Marbury v. Madison . Jump up ^ Article III of the Constitution says : `` In all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party , the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction . In all the other cases ... the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction . '' Jump up ^ Marbury , 5 U.S. at 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Marbury , 5 U.S. , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Marbury , 5 U.S. , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Marbury , 5 U.S. , pp. 178 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Bickel , Alexander ( 1962 ) . The Least Dangerous Branch : The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Treanor , `` Judicial Review Before Marbury '' , 58 Stanford Law Review at 555 . See also Rakove , `` The Origins of Judicial Review : A Plea for New Contexts '' , 49 Stanford Law Review at 1035 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Laura Langer , Judicial Review in State Supreme Courts : A Comparative Study ( Albany : State University of New York Press , 2002 ) , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : See Menez , Joseph et al. , Summaries of Leading Cases on the Constitution , page 125 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court subsequently decided a number of other cases finding state statutes unconstitutional . See , for example , Sturges v. Crowninshield , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 122 ( 1819 ) , McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , and Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 U.S. ( 9 Wheat . ) 1 ( 1824 ) . Jump up ^ See Little v. Barreme , 6 U.S. ( 2 Cranch ) 170 ( 1804 ) ( the `` Flying Fish case '' ) . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . Federalist # 78 ( June 14 , 1788 ) . Jump up ^ Yates , Robert ( writing as `` Brutus '' ) . Anti-Federalist Papers ( 31 January 1788 ) . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . The Writings of Thomas Jefferson , Letter to William Jarvis ( September 28 , 1820 ) . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham . First Inaugural Address Archived 2007 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( March 4 , 1861 ) . Jump up ^ See W.W. Crosskey , Politics and the Constitution in the History of the United States ( Chicago : 1953 ) , chs. 27 - 29 , with which compare Hart , Book Review , 67 Harv . L. Rev. 1456 ( 1954 ) . A brief review of the debate on the subject is Westin , `` Introduction : Charles Beard and American Debate over Judicial Review , 1790 - 1961 '' , in : C. Beard , The Supreme Court and the Constitution ( Englewood Cliffs : 1962 reissue of 1938 ed . ) , 1 - 34 , and bibliography at 133 - 149 . See more at : http://constitution.findlaw.com/article3/annotation13.html#f576 Jump up ^ Satterlee v. Matthewson , 27 U.S. 380 ( 1829 ) . Jump up ^ `` Unstatutable - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Article 3 , Section 2 , Clause 2 : Brutus , no . 14 '' . Jump up ^ Ogden v. Saunders , 25 U.S. 213 ( 1827 ) . Jump up ^ New York State Bd. of Elections v. Lopez Torres , 552 U.S. ___ , ___ ( 2008 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority , 297 U.S. 288 , 346 -- 9 ( 1936 ) ( Brandeis , concurring ) ( citing cases ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Bernard . A History of the Supreme Court , page 141 ( Oxford University Press US 1995 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson , Edward . A political manual for 1868 , pages 350 -- 351 ( Philp & Solomons 1868 ) . Jump up ^ Goldstone , Lawrence . Inherently Unequal : The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court , 1865 -- 1903 , pages 55 -- 56 ( Bloomsbury Publishing USA 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Caminker , Evan . `` Thayerian Deference to Congress and Supreme Court Supermajority Rule : Lessons From the Past Archived 2012 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . '' , 78 Indiana Law Journal 73 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Nackenoff , Carol . `` Constitutional Reforms to Enhance Democratic Participation and Deliberation : Not All Clearly Trigger the Article V Amendment Process Archived 2012 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . '' , 67 Maryland Law Review 62 , 65 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 388 ( 1971 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Kramer , Larry D. ( 2004 ) . The People Themselves . New York : Oxford University Press . Patrick , John J. , eds. ( 2001 ) . `` Judicial review '' . The Oxford guide to the United States government . Oxford University Press . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Corwin , Edward S. ( 1914 ) . `` Marbury v. Madison and the Doctrine of Judicial Review '' . Michigan Law Review . Michigan Law Review Association . 12 ( 7 ) : 538 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1274986 . ISSN 0026 - 2234 . JSTOR 1274986 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Wolfe , Christopher ( 1994 ) . The rise of modern judicial review . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8226 - 3026 - 5 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : McMillan Company . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_review_in_the_United_States&oldid=843791729 '' Categories : Legal history of the United States Judicial branch of the United States government Judicial review Article Three of the United States Constitution Article Six of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 14 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where in the constitution does it say that the supreme court has the power of judicial review	[ "In the United States, judicial review is the ability of a court to examine and decide if a statute, treaty or administrative regulation contradicts or violates the provisions of existing law, a State Constitution, or ultimately the United States Constitution. While the U.S. Constitution does not explicitly define a power of judicial review, the authority for judicial review in the United States has been inferred from the structure, provisions, and history of the Constitution.[1]" ]	[ "does not explicitly define a power of judicial review" ]
-5275511028352298103	(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?	( How Much is ) that Doggie in the Window ? - Wikipedia ( How Much is ) that Doggie in the Window ? Jump to : navigation , search `` The Doggie in the Window '' Single by Patti Page B - side `` My Jealous Eyes '' Released January 1953 ( 1953 - 01 ) Format 10 '' 78 rpm & 7 '' 45 rpm single Recorded December 18 , 1952 with `` Barks by Joe and Mac '' Genre Novelty , traditional pop Length 2 : 58 Label Mercury # 70070 Songwriter ( s ) Bob Merrill Patti Page singles chronology `` Conquest '' ( 1952 ) `` The Doggie in the Window '' / `` My Jealous Eyes '' ( 1953 ) `` Now That I 'm in Love '' ( 1953 ) `` Conquest '' ( 1952 ) `` The Doggie in the Window '' / `` My Jealous Eyes '' ( 1953 ) `` Now That I 'm in Love '' ( 1953 ) `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ( UK Release ) '' Single by Patti Page B - side `` My Jealous Eyes '' Released March 28 , 1953 ( 1953 - 03 - 28 ) Format 10 '' 78 rpm & 7 '' 45 rpm single Genre Novelty , traditional pop Length 2 : 58 Label Oriole # CB 1156 Songwriter ( s ) Bob Merrill `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? '' is a popular novelty song published as having been written by Bob Merrill in 1952 and very loosely based on the folk tune , Carnival of Venice . This song is also loosely based on the song `` Oh , where , oh , where , has my little dog gone ? '' The best - known version of the song was the original , recorded by Patti Page on December 18 , 1952 , and released in January 1953 by Mercury Records as catalog numbers 70070 ( 78 rpm ) and 70070X45 ( 45 rpm ) under the title `` The Doggie in the Window '' , with the flip side being `` My Jealous Eyes '' . It reached No. 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box charts in 1953 , and sold over two million copies . Mercury , however , had poor distribution in the United Kingdom . Therefore , a recording by Lita Roza was the one most widely heard in the UK , reaching No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in 1953 . It also distinguished Roza as the first British woman to have a number - one hit in the UK chart . It was also the first song with a question in the title to reach number 1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Patti Page recording 1.1 Background 1.2 Popular reception 1.2. 1 Charts 1.3 Legacy 2 Cover versions 2.1 Lita Roza 2.1. 1 Background and composition 2.1. 2 Reception 2.1. 2.1 Charts 2.1. 3 Legacy 2.2 Other covers 2.3 Parodies 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The Patti Page recording ( edit ) Background ( edit ) `` Doggie '' was one in a series of successful novelty songs since the 1930s , following on the success of songs such as Bing Crosby 's `` Pistol Packin ' Mama '' and Merv Griffin 's `` I 've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts '' . Prior to the release of `` Doggie '' , composer Bob Merrill penned `` If I Knew You Were Comin ' I 'd 've Baked a Cake '' . The original Page recording included the sounds of dogs barking , credited on the label as `` Barks by Joe and Mac '' ( her arranger , Joe Reisman , and a violinist ) . The recording also features Page 's signature multi-part tight harmonies , all sung by Page . Throughout the years , she recorded several other versions as well . Popular reception ( edit ) On April 4 , 1953 , singer Patti Page 's rendition of `` The Doggie in the Window '' went to No. 1 in the US Billboard magazine chart , staying at that top spot for eight weeks . The song was wildly popular across a wide demographic . The song had school children `` yipping '' ; Mercury Records was besieged with requests for free puppies ; and the American Kennel Club 's annual registrations spiked up by eight percent . In all , Page 's record sold over 2 million copies . Following the top ten entrance of Lita Roza 's cover version on March 14 , 1953 , the Patti Page version of the song was released in the UK on March 28 , renamed `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window '' ( sans question mark ) , under Mercury 's `` Oriole Records '' label . Given the delay getting to market in the UK , it was not as successful as the Roza version , only entering the charts at number nine before leaving the charts altogether five weeks later . The Roza version went to number one , lasting in that spot for one week . But for five weeks between 28 March 1953 and 25 April 1953 , there were two versions of `` Doggie '' in the UK top twelve singles chart . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1953 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Radio Luxembourg Sheet Music Chart UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Best Sellers in Stores Legacy ( edit ) According to rock historian Michael Uslan , `` novelty songs '' like `` Doggie '' led to the `` fervent embrace of rock & roll '' by 1955 . `` A lot of songs at that time were extremely bland , squeaky - clean stuff . The music field was ripe for something new , something vibrant to shake the rafters . '' The song has since become a popular children 's song . Bob Merrill 's lyrics were reworked by Iza Trapani into her 2004 children 's book , How Much Is That Doggie in the Window ? . The phrase `` How much is that doggie in the window ? '' seemed innocent enough in 1953 , but in modern times it has become synonymous with the trade in puppies from pet shops , often originating in puppy mills . In 2009 , Patti Page recorded a version of the song with a new title ( `` Do You See That Doggie in the Shelter '' ) together with new lyrics by Chris Gantry , with the hopes of emphasizing the adoption of homeless animals from animal shelters . The rights to that song were given exclusively to the Humane Society of the United States . Said Page : `` The original song asks the question : ' How much is that doggie in the window ? ' Today , the answer is ' too much . ' And I do n't just mean the price tag on the puppies in pet stores . The real cost is in the suffering of the mother dogs back at the puppy mill . That 's where most pet store puppies come from . And that kind of cruelty is too high a price to pay . '' -- Patti Page , 2009 Upon Page 's death in 2011 , the Humane Society wrote in its online eulogy , `` We remember her fondly for her compassion for animals . '' A season five episode of Cold Case , `` Devil 's Music '' , used Patti Page 's recording in the opening . The 2007 video game BioShock does not use the original overdubbed Mercury recording . Instead a 1966 re-recording by Patti Page with full orchestra for Columbia Records was substituted . Cover versions ( edit ) Lita Roza ( edit ) `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? '' Single by Lita Roza B - side `` Tell Me We 'll Meet Again '' Released 1953 Genre Novelty , traditional pop Length 2 : 21 Label Decca Records Songwriter ( s ) Bob Merrill Lita Roza singles chronology `` Oakie Boogie '' ( 1952 ) `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? '' ( 1953 ) `` Seven Lonely Days '' ( 1953 ) `` Oakie Boogie '' ( 1952 ) `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? '' ( 1953 ) `` Seven Lonely Days '' ( 1953 ) Background and composition ( edit ) Roza was a singer with The Ted Heath jazz band during the 1950s . During this period , she was voted Favourite Female Vocalist in a Melody Maker poll from 1951 to 1955 and a similar poll in New Musical Express from 1952 to 1955 . In 1951 , she recorded `` Allentown Jail '' with the Heath Band , which led to her A&R Dick Rowe asking her to sing `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? '' . Her initial response was negative , `` I 'm not recording that , it 's rubbish . '' She recalled that he pleaded with her , responding `` It 'll be a big hit , please do it , Lita . '' She relented , saying she would record it but never sing it again afterwards . Reception ( edit ) `` Doggie '' was a new entry in the UK charts on 14 March 1953 at number nine . It moved up to number three in its second and third week of release before dropping down to number four on 4 April . On 11 April it moved up to number two for a week , before becoming number one on 18 April . This made Lita Roza both the first female vocalist to top the UK singles chart and the first person from Liverpool , long before the success of The Beatles or Cilla Black . It held the top spot for one week , before gradually dropping down the top ten over the next five weeks , with its final week in the top ten being at number nine on 23 May . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1953 ) Peak position Radio Luxembourg Sheet Music Chart UK Singles Chart Legacy ( edit ) Lita Roza was widely reported to have strongly disliked her song . In an interview in 2004 she revealed that she had kept her promise never to perform the song , `` I sang it once , just one take , and vowed I would never sing it again . When it reached number one , there was enormous pressure to perform it but I always refused . It just was n't my style . '' However , she would go on to be most widely remembered for that song . In 2001 , Roza opened Liverpool 's Wall of Hits on Matthew Street , home of The Cavern Club . On display were various discs from every British number - one from Merseyside , the first being her own . The song returned to the spotlight briefly during the 1980s as the result of an interview with Smash Hits magazine , wherein Margaret Thatcher , who was then serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , admitted that Lita Roza 's version of `` Doggie '' was her favourite song of all time . Following Roza 's death in August 2008 , she left £ 300,000 in her will to charities , of which £ 190,000 went to three dog - related charities : Battersea Dogs and Cats Home , The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association , and The Cinnamon Trust . Other covers ( edit ) Carole Carr with orchestra cond . by Frank Cordell with children 's choir and `` Rustler '' recorded it in London on February 12 , 1953 . It was released by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog number B 10436 . Børge Linz wrote the Danish lyrics . The Danish title was `` Vovsen i vinduet '' . Raquel Rastenni with Radioens Danseorkester recorded it in Copenhagen in 1953 . It was released on His Master 's Voice X 8123 . In light of the success of Bob B. Soxx & The Blue Jeans ' hit `` Zip - A-Dee - Dah '' , Mike Leiber and Jerry Stoller arranged and produced by similar - sounding arrangement of this song by Baby Jane & The Rockabyes which , despite prominent airplay in some markets , only reached # 69 in January , 1963 ( United Artists ) . A reggae version was recorded by Barbara Jones for Trojan Records . The Kidsongs Kids sang this version on their video and DVD A Day with the Animals . The French version , `` Le Chien dans la vitrine '' , was sung by the popular French singer Line Renaud . Perla Adea covered this song in the album Princess of Songs ( 1971 under Vicor Records ) . Prince & The Revolution covered this song during their Parade Tour in 1986 to promote their album Parade . The Long Island pop group Twinley gained notoriety with their cover version `` How Much is That Brucie in the Window '' in 2015 . Even if not a cover exactly , the first notes of the song are featured in the video game Head over Heels ( video game ) for ZX Spectrum and MSX computers . The song has also been covered by many groups and is available on many children songs CDs and is considered as children 's music in many countries . It can also be found on many musical toys made since the late 1960s . For example , a Sankyo music box made in the 1970s played the song , as do many musical toys manufactured today . In the 1960s the Grasshoppers , a parody of the Chipmunks sang that song on a children 's album . Parodies ( edit ) The song has also been parodied a few times , including : In 1953 , the year of the original 's release , country musicians Homer & Jethro , `` the thinking man 's hillbillies , '' released their parody , `` How Much Is That Hound Dog in the Window ? '' ( `` Window '' was pronounced `` winder '' , and the lyrics continued with , `` ... I do hope that flea bag 's for sale ... '' ) It was to become an enormous hit -- their first crossover hit -- and rose to No. 2 on Billboard 's country charts . Another notable ( but hardly at all known ) parody , according to David English , former president of RSO Records -- which went on to become Eric Clapton 's and the Bee Gees ' record label -- was the very first record released by that company in 1973 , with Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber . The record was `` Window The In Doggie ( That is Much How ) '' -- sung to the tune of `` Doggie '' , but with each line of lyrics sung backwards . According to the pseudonyms listed on the label , the artist was `` Rover '' , and the song was produced by `` Jo Rice '' and arranged by `` Don Gould '' . English would later quip that the record `` sold about eight copies '' . Although not strictly a parody of this song , the Latin translation of this song 's name is used as the motto of the fictional city of Ankh - Morpork in Terry Pratchett 's Discworld series . The city 's motto is said to be `` Quanti Canicula Ille In Fenestra ? '' , which translates as `` How Much is That Doggie in the Window ? '' `` How much is that window in the doggie ? '' was written by the quadriplegic cartoonist John Callahan . A pane of glass falls from a building and slices into a man 's seeing eye dog . A child observer asks the inverted question . His cartoons oft dealt with taboo subjects . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1950s List of number - one singles from the 1950s ( UK ) List of number - one singles of 1953 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess ( 29 March 1991 ) . `` That Doggie in the Window '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( How Much Is That ) Doggie In The Window ? '' . ChartStats.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( How Much Is That ) Doggie In The Window ? '' . ChartStats.com . Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1953 '' . tsort.info . Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Trapani , Iza ( 2004 ) . How Much Is That Doggie in the Window ? . Charlesbridge Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58089 - 030 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` How much is that doggie in the window ? '' . The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ McGowan , Katherine . `` How Much is that Doggie in the Window Suffering ? '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Song Carries New Tune '' . Humane Society of the United States . 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lita Roza : How Much Is That Doggie In The Window ? singer leaves £ 190,000 to animal charities '' . The Times . 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Spencer ( 15 August 2008 ) . `` Lita Roza : Sultry interpreter of romantic ballads nevertheless best known for ' How Much is That Doggie in the Window ? ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lita Roza : Singer of 1953 hit ' How Much Is That Doggie In the Window ? ' '' . The Scotsman. 20 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 5 October 2004 ) . `` Conservative tastes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Homer & Jethro '' . Inductees . Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ English , David ( 2002 ) . Mad Dogs and the Englishman : Confessions of a Loon . Ted Smart . ASIN B000S8GZYO . ISBN 978 - 1852279448 . Jump up ^ Thorbum , Stephanie ( November 2003 ) . `` The Celebrity Impresario . Voodoo Interview with David English '' . We Are One ( online newsmagazine ) . theBrothersGibb.com . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Callahan dies at 59 ; politically incorrect cartoonist was a quadriplegic '' . Los Angeles Times . 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Patti Page official website Lita Roza official website Image of original record label of Page 's `` The Doggie In the Window '' ( 45 rpm ) Image of the same track released in the U.K. as `` ( How Much Is ) That Doggie In the Window '' Image of Lita Roza 's single `` How Much Is That Doggie in the Window '' chords Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Humane Society -- Audio and lyrics to `` Do You See That Doggie in the Shelter ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(How_Much_Is)_That_Doggie_in_the_Window%3F&oldid=837374172 '' Categories : Songs about dogs Songs written by Bob Merrill 1953 singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in the United States UK Singles Chart number - one singles Patti Page songs Novelty songs Children 's songs 1952 songs Mercury Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 12 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who recorded how much is that doggie in the window	[ "\"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?\" is a popular novelty song published as having been written by Bob Merrill in 1952 and very loosely based on the folk tune, Carnival of Venice. This song is also loosely based on the song \"Oh, where, oh, where, has my little dog gone?\" The best-known version of the song was the original, recorded by Patti Page on December 18, 1952, and released in January 1953 by Mercury Records as catalog numbers 70070 (78 rpm) and 70070X45 (45 rpm) under the title \"The Doggie in the Window\", with the flip side being \"My Jealous Eyes\". It reached No. 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box charts in 1953, and sold over two million copies.[1]" ]	[ "Patti Page" ]
-5305503537128334139	United States presidential line of succession	United States presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of vice president , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President of the United States 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President of the United States 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar ( R ) 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Wilkie ( R ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as president , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , the changes to the succession , when signed into law , placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the vice president is the direct successor of the president . He or she becomes president if the president dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession , by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . Acting president of the United States ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New president Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the presidency devolved upon the vice president on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely Acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contemporaries -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president 's Cabinet , with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond vice president of the United States ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president , and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the vice president was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of vice president became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become Acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become president immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become acting president and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States on - site , managing things temporarily until the U.S. Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( John Sullivan ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Sullivan serves as the Acting Secretary of State , and is thus ineligible for the presidency . Mike Pompeo has been formally nominated for the position by Donald Trump . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . 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2021155107689517240	Senpai and kōhai	Senpai and kōhai - Wikipedia Senpai and kōhai Jump to : navigation , search In Japanese schools the senpai -- kōhai relation is taught from an early age as an integral part of daily life . Senpai ( 先輩 , `` earlier colleague '' ) and kōhai ( 後輩 , `` later colleague '' ) are terms from the Japanese language describing an informal hierarchical interpersonal relationship found in organizations , associations , clubs , businesses , and schools in Japan . The concept is based in Japanese philosophy and has permeated Japanese society . The relationship is an interdependent one , as a senpai requires a kōhai and vice versa , and establishes a bond determined by the date of entry to an organization . The kōhai defers to the senpai 's seniority and experience , and speaks to the senpai using honorific language . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 History 3 Terminology 4 Prevalence 5 Issues 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Works cited Concept ( edit ) The relationship is an interdependent one , as a senpai requires a kōhai and vice versa , and establishes a bond determined by the date of entry to an organization . Senpai refers to the member of higher experience , hierarchy , level , or age in the organization who offers assistance , friendship , and counsel to a new or inexperienced member , known as the kōhai , who must demonstrate gratitude , respect , and occasionally personal loyalty . The Senpai acts at the same time as a friend . This relation is similar to the interpersonal relation between tutor and tutored in Eastern culture , but differs in that the senpai and kōhai must work in the same organization . The relation originates in Confucian teaching , as well as the morals and ethics that have arrived in Japan from ancient China and have spread throughout various aspects of Japanese philosophy . The senpai -- kōhai relation is a vertical hierarchy ( like a father -- son relation ) that emphasizes respect for authority , for the chain of command , and for one 's elders , eliminating all forms of internal competition and reinforcing the unity of the organization . Over time this mechanism has allowed the transfer of experience and knowledge , as well as the expansion of acquaintances , to maintaining the art of teaching alive . It also allows the development of beneficial experiences between both , as the kōhai benefits from the senpai 's knowledge and the senpai learns new experiences from the kōhai by way of developing a sense of responsibility . This comradeship does not imply friendship ; a senpai and kōhai may become friends , but such is not an expectation . The Korean terms seonbae and hubae are written with the same Chinese characters and indicate a similar senior -- junior relationship . The terms may have derived from Japanese , and may have had Chinese origins , though the senpai -- kōhai relationship does not exist in Chinese culture . However , it is close to the system of sifu - student system of Chinese martial arts . History ( edit ) Demonstrating the use of the naginata at a sports festival in Hamamatsu in 1911 . Discipline training in school clubs historically has influence the senpai -- kōhai system with students . The senpai -- kōhai system has existed since the beginning of Japanese history . Three elements have had a significant impact on its development : Confucianism , the traditional Japanese family system , and the Civil Code of 1898 . Confucianism arrived from China between the 6th and 9th centuries , but the derived line of thought that brought about deep social changes in Japan was Neo-Confucianism , which became the official doctrine of the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1603 -- 1867 ) . The precepts of loyalty and filial piety as tribute ( 朝貢 chōkō ) dominated the Japanese at the time , as respect for elders and ancestor worship that Chinese Confucianism taught were well accepted by the Japanese , and these influences have spread throughout daily life . Like other Chinese influences , the Japanese adopted these ideas selectively and in their own manner , so that the `` loyalty '' in Confucianism was taken as loyalty to a feudal lord or the Emperor . The Japanese family system ( 家 ie ) was also regulated by Confucian codes of conduct and had an influence on the establishment of the senpai -- kōhai relation . In this family system the father , as male head , had absolute power over the family and the eldest son inherited the family property . The father had power because he was the one to receive an education and was seen to have superior ethical knowledge . Since reverence for superiors was considered a virtue in Japanese society , the wife and children had to obey it . In addition to the hereditary system , only the eldest son could receive his father 's possessions , and neither the eldest daughter nor the younger children received anything from him . The last factor influencing the senpai -- kōhai system was the Civil Code of 1898 , which strengthened the rules of privilege of seniority and reinforced the traditional family system , giving clear definitions of hierarchical values within the family . This was called koshusei ( 戸主制 , `` family - head system '' ) , in which the head of the household had the right to command his family and the eldest son inherited that position . These statutes were abolished in 1947 , after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II . These ideals nevertheless remained during the following years as a psychological influence in Japanese society . Terminology ( edit ) The seniority rules are reflected in various grammatical rules in the Japanese language . A person who speaks respectfully to a superior uses honorific language ( 敬語 keigo ) , which is divided into three categories : Sonkeigo ( 尊敬語 , `` respectful language '' ) : used to denote respect towards a superior with or of whom one speaks , including the actions , objects , characteristics , and persons related to this person . Kenjōgo ( 謙譲語 , `` humble language '' ) : in contrast to sonkeigo , with kenjōgo the speaker shows respect to a superior by lowering or deprecating him or herself . Teineigo ( 丁寧語 , `` polite language '' ) : differs from the other two in that the speaker shows only to the speaker rather than those being spoken about . Use of the verb desu ( `` to be '' ) and the verb ending - masu are examples of teineigo . Sonkeigo and kenjōgo have expressions ( verbs , nouns , and special prefixes ) particular to the type of language ; for example , the ordinary Japanese verb for `` to do '' is suru , but in sonkeigo is nasaru and in kenjōgo is itasu . Another rule in the hierarchical relation is the use of honorific suffixes of address . A senpai addresses a kōhai with the suffix - kun after the kōhai 's given name or surname , regardless if the kōhai is male or female . A kōhai similarly addresses a senpai with the suffix - senpai or - san ; it is extremely unusual for a kōhai to refer to a senpai with the suffix - sama , which indicates the highest level of respect to the person spoken to . Prevalence ( edit ) At the international level the senpai -- kōhai relation has spread through martial arts , in which the members of different kyū and dan levels are sorted by belt colour . One place the senpai -- kōhai relation applies to its greatest extent in Japan is in schools . For example , in junior and senior high schools ( especially in school clubs ) third - year students ( who are the oldest ) demonstrate great power as senpais . It is common in school sports clubs for new kōhais to have to perform basic tasks such as retrieving balls , cleaning playing fields , taking care of equipment , and even wash elder students ' clothes . They must also bow to or salute their senpais when congratulated , and senpais may punish kōhais or treat them severely . The main reason for these humble actions is that it is believed that team members can become good players only if they are submissive , obedient , and follow the orders of the trainer or captain , and thus become a humble , responsible , and cooperative citizen in the future . Relations in Japanese schools also place a stronger emphasis on the age than on the abilities of students . The rules of superiority between a senpai and a kōhai are analogous to the teacher -- student relation , in which the age and experience of the teacher must be respected and never questioned . The senpai -- kōhai relation is weaker in universities , as students of a variety of ages attend the same classes ; students show respect to older members primarily through polite language ( teineigo ) . Vertical seniority rules nevertheless prevail between teachers based on academic rank and experience . The senpai -- kōhai system also prevails in Japanese businesses . The social environment in Japanese businesses is regulated by two standards : the system of superiority and the system of permanent employment . The status , salary , and position of employees depend heavily of seniority , and veteran employees generally take the highest positions and receive higher salaries than their subordinates . Until the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries , employment was guaranteed for life and thus such employees did not have to worry about losing their positions . The senpai -- kōhai relation is a cornerstone in interpersonal relations within the Japanese business world ; for example , at meetings the lower - level employee should sit in the seat closest to the door , called shimoza ( 下座 , `` lower seat '' ) , while the senior employee ( sometimes the boss ) sits next to some important guest in a position called kamiza ( 上座 , `` upper seat '' ) . During meetings , most employees do not give their opinions , but simply listen and concur with their superiors , although they can express opinions with the prior consent of the employees of greater rank and influence in the company . Outside Japan , the senpai -- kōhai relation is often found in the teaching of Japanese martial arts , though misunderstandings arise due to lack of historical knowledge , and as the vertical social hierarchy of Japan does not exist in Western cultures . Issues ( edit ) Despite the senpai -- kōhai relation 's deep roots in Japanese society , there have been changes since the end of the 20th century in academic and business organizations . Kōhais no longer show as much respect to the experience of their senpais , the relation has become more superficial , and the age factor has begun to lose importance . The student body has diversified with Japanese students who have spent a large part of their lives overseas and have returned to Japan , as well as foreign students without a mentality rooted in the Japanese hierarchical system . The collapse of the economic bubble in the early 1990s caused a high level of unemployment , including the laying off of high - ranked employees . Companies since then first began to consider employees ' skills rather than age or length of service with the company , due to which many long - serving employees lost their positions over being incapable of fulfilling expectations . Gradually many companies have had to restructure their salary and promotion systems , and seniority has thus lost some influence in Japanese society . Attitudes towards the senpai -- kōhai system vary from appreciation for traditions and the benefits of a good senpai -- kōhai relationship ; to reluctant acquiescence ; to antipathy . Those who criticize the system find it arbitrary and unfair , that senpais were often pushy , and that the system results in students who are shy or afraid of standing out from the group . for example , some kōhais fear that if they outperform their senpais in an activity , their senpai will lose face , for which kōhais must apologize . In some cases , the relation is open to violence and bullying . Most Japanese people -- even those who criticize it -- accept the senpai -- kōhai system as common - sense aspect of society , straying from which will have inevitably negative social consequences . See also ( edit ) Etiquette in Japan Honne and tatemae Sensei Japan portal Society portal Sociology portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blomberg 1994 , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : Kodansha 1994 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Matsumoto 2005 , pp. 1480 -- 1481 . ^ Jump up to : Davies & Ikeno 2002 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Kopp 2010 . Jump up ^ Panek 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Hassell 1983 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Rubio , Brody & Castrogiovanni 2008 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Brinton 2001 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Sechiyama 2013 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Davies & Ikeno 2002 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Davies & Ikeno 2002 , pp. 188 -- 189 . ^ Jump up to : Davies & Ikeno 2002 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002 , pp. 263 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002 , pp. 115 -- 116 . ^ Jump up to : Sugimoto 2003 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Davies & Ikeno 2002 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Davies & Ikeno 2002 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Lowry 2002 , pp. 28 , 122 . Jump up ^ McVeigh 2015 , pp. 220 -- 224 . Works cited ( edit ) Blomberg , Catharina ( 1994 ) . The Heart of the Warrior : Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan . Routledge . ISBN 1873410131 . Brinton , Mary C. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Working Lives in East Asia . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4354 - 9 . Davies , Roger J. ; Ikeno , Osamu ( 2002 ) . `` Sempai - Kōhai : Seniority Rules in Japanese Relations '' . The Japanese Mind : Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture . Tuttle Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3295 - 1 . Hassell , Randall G. ( November 1983 ) . `` The Japanese Way '' . Black Belt . Vol. 21 no . 11 . Active Interest Media . pp. 60 -- 64 , 107 . ISSN 0277 - 3066 . Kodansha ( 1994 ) . Japan : Profile of a Nation . Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 1892 - 4 . Kopp , Rochelle ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Senpai & Kohai : In Japan , Experience is the Best Teacher '' . Japan Intercultural Consulting . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Lowry , Dave ( March 2002 ) . `` Seniors and Juniors '' . Black Belt . Active Interest Media . pp. 27 , 122 . ISSN 0277 - 3066 . Matsumoto , Hideyuki ( 2005 ) . `` Impact of Japanese Traditional Cultures on Global IS Management '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems : 1477 -- 1484 . Matsuura , Jun'ichi ; Porta Fuentes , Lourdes ( 2002 ) . Nihongo : Japonés para hispanohablantes : Gramática de la lengua japonesa ( in Spanish ) . Herder . ISBN 84 - 254 - 2052 - 0 . McVeigh , Brian J. ( 2015 ) . Japanese Higher Education as Myth . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 46702 - 1 . Panek , Mark ( 2006 ) . Gaijin Yokozuna : A Biography of Chad Rowan . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 3043 - 1 . Rohlen , Thomas P. ( 1979 ) . For Harmony and Strength : Japanese White - collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03849 - 3 . Rubio , Ron ; Brody , Irene ; Castrogiovanni , Anthony ( 2008 ) , Mind / Body Techniques for Asperger 's Syndrome : The Way of the Pathfinder , Jessica Kingsley Publishers , ISBN 1 - 84310 - 875 - 5 Sechiyama , Kaku ( 2013 ) . Patriarchy in East Asia : A Comparative Sociology of Gender . Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 23060 - 2 . Sugimoto , Yoshio ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Japanese Society ( 2 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82193 - 2 . ( hide ) Japanese social concepts and values Sociocultural values Honne and tatemae Wa Miai Yamato - damashii Ishin - denshin Isagiyosa Hansei Amae Kotodama Japanese political values Aesthetics Shibui Iki Yabo Mono no aware Wabi - sabi Yūgen Ensō Miyabi Kawaii Yawaragi ( 和らぎ ) Obligation Gimu ( 義務 ) Giri Giri choco Honmei choco Ninjō Types of people Senpai and kōhai Freeter Kyōiku mama Reki - jo Net cafe refugee Parasite single Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Senpai_and_kōhai&oldid = 829763719 '' Categories : Japanese society Japanese values Japanese culture Japanese words and phrases Dichotomies Hidden categories : Use Canadian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Sicilianu 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 50 . 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About Wikipedia	what do you call a younger girl in japanese	[ "The relationship is an interdependent one, as a senpai requires a kōhai and vice versa,[1] and establishes a bond determined by the date of entry to an organization.[2] Senpai refers to the member of higher experience, hierarchy, level, or age in the organization who offers assistance, friendship, and counsel to a new or inexperienced member, known as the kōhai, who must demonstrate gratitude, respect, and occasionally personal loyalty.[2][3] The Senpai acts at the same time as a friend.[2][4] This relation is similar to the interpersonal relation between tutor and tutored in Eastern culture, but differs in that the senpai and kōhai must work in the same organization.[5]" ]	[ "kōhai" ]
2286764550551391560	Birth of the Dragon	Birth of the Dragon - wikipedia Birth of the Dragon Jump to : navigation , search Birth of the Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by George Nolfi Produced by Michael London Janice Williams James H. Pang Leo Shi Young Written by Christopher Wilkinson Stephen J. Rivele Starring Philip Ng Xia Yu Billy Magnussen Music by Reza Safinia H. Scott Salinas Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by Joel Viertel Production company Groundswell Productions Kylin Pictures Anomaly Entertainment Distributed by BH Tilt WWE Studios Release date September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country Canada China United States Language English Box office $7.1 million Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele . The film stars Philip Ng , Xia Yu , and Billy Magnussen . The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee , who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco . Principal photography began on November 17 , 2015 , in Vancouver . It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival , and was released on August 25 , 2017 , by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1965 , in San Francisco , Bruce Lee , spurred by his student , Steve McKee , challenges Shaolin monk and Tai Chi master Wong Jack Man to a martial arts fight . Cast ( edit ) Philip Ng as Bruce Lee , founder of Jeet Kune Do . Xia Yu as Wong Jack Man , the Tai chi and Northern Shaolin Master who Bruce Lee fights . Jin Xing as Auntie Blossom , a gangster . Billy Magnussen as Steve McKee , Bruce Lee 's student . Jingjing Qu 屈菁菁 as Xiulan , McKee 's love interest . Simon Yin as Vinnie Wei Production ( edit ) On February 19 , 2013 , it was announced that a biopic titled Birth of the Dragon about young martial artist Bruce Lee was in development , writing Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele . QED International and Groundswell Productions would finance and produce the film along with their Bill Block and Michael London , respectively . While Wilkinson and Rivele would also produce the film . On May 30 , 2014 , George Nolfi was announced to be the director of the film , and Janice Williams was also attached as producer . In June 2015 , there was a casting call for the role of Lee , in search for a 20 to 30 years old martial arts expert . Mike Moh was under consideration for the titular role . On November 16 , 2015 , the film 's cast was announced and it included Billy Magnussen as a martial arts student , Steve McKee ; Philip Ng as Bruce Lee ; Xia Yu as Wong Jack Man ; Jingjing Qu as McKee 's love interest , Xiulan ; and Jin Xing as the brutal crime boss , Auntie Blossom . Chinese company Kylin Films came on board to finance the film , while QED left the project , Groundswell would still produce the film . London would be the producer along with Janice Williams , Wilkinson , Rivele , and Kylin 's James H. Pang , while Leo Shi Young , David Nicksay , and Nolfi would executive produce , and Helen Y . Zhong , Jaeson Ma , and Joel Viertel would co-produce the film . Corey Yuen came on board to design the film 's action sequences , which is set in 1965 in and around Oakland and San Francisco , about the actual fight between Shaolin Master Jack Man and the young Lee . Filming ( edit ) Filming was previously scheduled to begin on October 28 , 2015 , at the North Shore Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia . Principal photography on the film began on November 17 , 2015 , in the Metro Vancouver area . Filming would last through January 24 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In North America , Birth of the Dragon was released on August 25 , 2017 alongside All Saints and Leap ! , and was projected to gross around $3 million from 1,618 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1.1 million on its first day and $2.7 million over the weekend , finishing 8th at the box office . The film 's low opening was attributed to Hurricane Harvey hitting Texas and surrounding areas causing theaters to close , the boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and Conor McGregor on Saturday , and a negative response from critics and fans . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 19 % based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 35 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Tafoya , reviewer for Roger Ebert , gave the movie a thumbs down , writing , `` How , this far into the 21st century , does a film like this get made ? One that shunts Bruce Lee to the status of secondary character in a lazy and boringly familiar star - crossed romance ? There are entire books and countless articles about the Wong Jack Man & Bruce Lee fight , and this film invents things wholesale to pad its running time ? Why ? Who could possibly be expected to care about fictitious Steve McKee and his quest to save an equally fictitious love interest from a likely even more fictitious crime boss ? '' Andrew Parker , reviewer for The Globe and Mail , also gave the film a negative review , saying : `` In reality , it 's about a struggling white actor begging both martial - arts notables to help him free a girl he 's sweet on from Chinese mob - controlled sex slavery . '' The film has drawn accusations of `` whitewashing '' from fans and critics , who said that the Bruce Lee film unfairly focused on a fictional male Caucasian character , Steve McKee , who is presented as Lee 's friend . This also drew criticism to the film 's advertisement of being based on `` a true story '' as the main character is not real . Shannon Lee , the daughter of Bruce Lee , distanced herself from the film , saying that the film , like others about her father , `` lack a complete understanding of his philosophies and artistry . They have n't captured the essence of his beliefs in martial arts or storytelling . '' She went on to claim that one has to `` generate your own material '' to avoid misrepresentation . The film won the Golden Angel Award at the 12th Chinese American Film Festival . See also ( edit ) Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto To Open With ' The Magnificent Seven ' ; ' La La Land ' , ' Deepwater Horizon ' Among Galas & Presentations '' . Deadline . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/02/bruce-lee-birth-of-the-dragon-wong-jack-man-bh-tilt-wwe-studios-george-nolfi-1201899704/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/bruce-lee-pic-birth-of-the-dragon-late-august-release-1202092004/ ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Birth Of The Dragon ' Finds Its POV & Bruce Lee Ahead Of Kickoff '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bruce Lee Origin Story Heading to Big Screen '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bruce Lee Biopic Draws ' Adjustment Bureau ' Director ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Lee 's Biopic ' BIRTH OF THE DRAGON ' Lead Role Casting Call '' . projectcasting.com . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Begins For BRUCE LEE Biopic BIRTH OF THE DRAGON ; MIKE MOH Being Considered '' . maactioncinema.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Philip Ng to Play Bruce Lee in George Nolfi 's ' Birth of the Dragon ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . CalgaryHerald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG BUDGET : Bruce Lee Origin Story BIRTH OF THE DRAGON to Film in Vancouver This Fall '' . yvrshoots.com . August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Mayweather - McGregor PPV Fight Could Punch Up $700 M Worldwide , Making Domestic Box Office Meaningless '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Tries To Deflect Hurricane Harvey & Mayweather - McGregor '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/birth-of-the-dragon-2017 Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/review-birth-of-the-dragon-fails-at-almost-everything-it-attempts/article36078437/ ^ Jump up to : Chen , Heather ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Birth of the Dragon : Anger over Bruce Lee biopic '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Birth of the Dragon : anger over whitewashing of Bruce Lee biopic '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` 第十二屆中美電影節星光熠熠 -- -- 開幕式暨金天使獎頒獎典禮耀動洛城 '' . cafilmfestival.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is birth of the dragon coming out	[ "Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele. The film stars Philip Ng, Xia Yu, and Billy Magnussen. The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee, who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco. Principal photography began on November 17, 2015, in Vancouver. It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival,[3] and was released on August 25, 2017, by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios.[4][5]" ]	[ "August 25, 2017" ]
-8336062527015346407	Manifest destiny	Manifest destiny - wikipedia Manifest destiny This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Manifest Destiny ( disambiguation ) . American Progress , ( 1872 ) by John Gast , is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west . Columbia , a personification of the United States , is shown leading civilization westward with the American settlers . She is shown bringing light from the East into the West , stringing telegraph wire , holding a school textbook that will instill knowledge , and highlights different stages of economic activity and evolving forms of transportation . History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change In the 19th century , manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America . There are three basic themes to manifest destiny : The special virtues of the American people and their institutions The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty Historian Frederick Merk says this concept was born out of `` a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven '' . Historians have emphasized that `` manifest destiny '' was a contested concept -- pre-civil war Democrats endorsed the idea but many prominent Americans ( such as Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most Whigs ) rejected it . Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity ... Whigs saw America 's moral mission as one of democratic example rather than one of conquest . '' Newspaper editor John O'Sullivan is generally credited with coining the term manifest destiny in 1845 to describe the essence of this mindset , which was a rhetorical tone ; however , the unsigned editorial titled `` Annexation '' in which it first appeared was arguably written by journalist and annexation advocate Jane Cazneau . The term was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico and it was also used to divide half of Oregon with the United Kingdom . But manifest destiny always limped along because of its internal limitations and the issue of slavery , says Merk . It never became a national priority . By 1843 John Quincy Adams , originally a major supporter of the concept underlying manifest destiny , had changed his mind and repudiated expansionism because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas . Merk concluded : From the outset Manifest Destiny -- vast in program , in its sense of continentalism -- was slight in support . It lacked national , sectional , or party following commensurate with its magnitude . The reason was it did not reflect the national spirit . The thesis that it embodied nationalism , found in much historical writing , is backed by little real supporting evidence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Origin of the term 3 Themes and influences 4 Alternative interpretations 5 Era of continental expansion 5.1 War of 1812 5.2 Continentalism 5.2. 1 All Oregon 5.3 Mexico and Texas 5.3. 1 All Mexico 5.4 Filibusterism 5.5 Homestead Act 5.6 Native Americans 6 Beyond North America 6.1 Spanish -- American War and the Philippines 7 Legacy and consequences 8 Relationship with German Lebensraum ideology 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Journal articles 12.2 Books 13 External links Context ( edit ) There was never a set of principles defining manifest destiny , therefore it was always a general idea rather than a specific policy made with a motto . Ill - defined but keenly felt , manifest destiny was an expression of conviction in the morality and value of expansionism that complemented other popular ideas of the era , including American exceptionalism and Romantic nationalism . Andrew Jackson , who spoke of `` extending the area of freedom '' , typified the conflation of America 's potential greatness , the nation 's budding sense of Romantic self - identity , and its expansion . Yet Jackson would not be the only president to elaborate on the principles underlying manifest destiny . Owing in part to the lack of a definitive narrative outlining its rationale , proponents offered divergent or seemingly conflicting viewpoints . While many writers focused primarily upon American expansionism , be it into Mexico or across the Pacific , others saw the term as a call to example . Without an agreed upon interpretation , much less an elaborated political philosophy , these conflicting views of America 's destiny were never resolved . This variety of possible meanings was summed up by Ernest Lee Tuveson : `` A vast complex of ideas , policies , and actions is comprehended under the phrase `` Manifest Destiny '' . They are not , as we should expect , all compatible , nor do they come from any one source . '' Origin of the term ( edit ) John L. O'Sullivan , sketched in 1874 , was an influential columnist as a young man , but he is now generally remembered only for his use of the phrase `` manifest destiny '' to advocate the annexation of Texas and Oregon . Journalist John L. O'Sullivan , an influential advocate for Jacksonian democracy and a complex character described by Julian Hawthorne as `` always full of grand and world - embracing schemes '' , wrote an article in 1839 , which , while not using the term `` manifest destiny '' , did predict a `` divine destiny '' for the United States based upon values such as equality , rights of conscience , and personal enfranchisement `` to establish on earth the moral dignity and salvation of man '' . This destiny was not explicitly territorial , but O'Sullivan predicted that the United States would be one of a `` Union of many Republics '' sharing those values . Six years later , in 1845 , O'Sullivan wrote another essay titled Annexation in the Democratic Review , in which he first used the phrase manifest destiny . In this article he urged the U.S. to annex the Republic of Texas , not only because Texas desired this , but because it was `` our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions '' . Overcoming Whig opposition , Democrats annexed Texas in 1845 . O'Sullivan's first usage of the phrase `` manifest destiny '' attracted little attention . O'Sullivan's second use of the phrase became extremely influential . On December 27 , 1845 , in his newspaper the New York Morning News , O'Sullivan addressed the ongoing boundary dispute with Britain . O'Sullivan argued that the United States had the right to claim `` the whole of Oregon '' : And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self - government entrusted to us . That is , O'Sullivan believed that Providence had given the United States a mission to spread republican democracy ( `` the great experiment of liberty '' ) . Because Britain would not spread democracy , thought O'Sullivan , British claims to the territory should be overruled . O'Sullivan believed that manifest destiny was a moral ideal ( a `` higher law '' ) that superseded other considerations . O'Sullivan's original conception of manifest destiny was not a call for territorial expansion by force . He believed that the expansion of the United States would happen without the direction of the U.S. government or the involvement of the military . After Americans immigrated to new regions , they would set up new democratic governments , and then seek admission to the United States , as Texas had done . In 1845 , O'Sullivan predicted that California would follow this pattern next , and that Canada would eventually request annexation as well . He disapproved of the Mexican -- American War in 1846 , although he came to believe that the outcome would be beneficial to both countries . Ironically , O'Sullivan's term became popular only after it was criticized by Whig opponents of the Polk administration . Whigs denounced manifest destiny , arguing , `` that the designers and supporters of schemes of conquest , to be carried on by this government , are engaged in treason to our Constitution and Declaration of Rights , giving aid and comfort to the enemies of republicanism , in that they are advocating and preaching the doctrine of the right of conquest '' . On January 3 , 1846 , Representative Robert Winthrop ridiculed the concept in Congress , saying `` I suppose the right of a manifest destiny to spread will not be admitted to exist in any nation except the universal Yankee nation '' . Winthrop was the first in a long line of critics who suggested that advocates of manifest destiny were citing `` Divine Providence '' for justification of actions that were motivated by chauvinism and self - interest . Despite this criticism , expansionists embraced the phrase , which caught on so quickly that its origin was soon forgotten . Themes and influences ( edit ) Historian William E. Weeks has noted that three key themes were usually touched upon by advocates of manifest destiny : the virtue of the American people and their institutions ; the mission to spread these institutions , thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the United States ; the destiny under God to do this work . The origin of the first theme , later known as American Exceptionalism , was often traced to America 's Puritan heritage , particularly John Winthrop 's famous `` City upon a Hill '' sermon of 1630 , in which he called for the establishment of a virtuous community that would be a shining example to the Old World . In his influential 1776 pamphlet Common Sense , Thomas Paine echoed this notion , arguing that the American Revolution provided an opportunity to create a new , better society : We have it in our power to begin the world over again . A situation , similar to the present , hath not happened since the days of Noah until now . The birthday of a new world is at hand ... Many Americans agreed with Paine , and came to believe that the United States ' virtue was a result of its special experiment in freedom and democracy . Thomas Jefferson , in a letter to James Monroe , wrote , `` it is impossible not to look forward to distant times when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits , and cover the whole northern , if not the southern continent . '' To Americans in the decades that followed their proclaimed freedom for mankind , embodied in the Declaration of Independence , could only be described as the inauguration of `` a new time scale '' because the world would look back and define history as events that took place before , and after , the Declaration of Independence . It followed that Americans owed to the world an obligation to expand and preserve these beliefs . The second theme 's origination is less precise . A popular expression of America 's mission was elaborated by President Abraham Lincoln 's description in his December 1 , 1862 , message to Congress . He described the United States as `` the last , best hope of Earth '' . The `` mission '' of the United States was further elaborated during Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , in which he interpreted the Civil War as a struggle to determine if any nation with democratic ideals could survive ; this has been called by historian Robert Johannsen `` the most enduring statement of America 's Manifest Destiny and mission '' . The third theme can be viewed as a natural outgrowth of the belief that God had a direct influence in the foundation and further actions of the United States . Clinton Rossiter , a scholar , described this view as summing `` that God , at the proper stage in the march of history , called forth certain hardy souls from the old and privilege - ridden nations ... and that in bestowing his grace He also bestowed a peculiar responsibility '' . Americans presupposed that they were not only divinely elected to maintain the North American continent , but also to `` spread abroad the fundamental principles stated in the Bill of Rights '' . In many cases this meant neighboring colonial holdings and countries were seen as obstacles rather than the destiny God had provided the United States . Faragher 's analysis of the political polarization between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party is that : Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion , whereas many Whigs ( especially in the North ) were opposed . Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by industrialization but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country 's existing boundaries ; they feared ( correctly ) that expansion raised a contentious issue , the extension of slavery to the territories . On the other hand , many Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed ... For many Democrats , the answer to the nation 's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson 's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories in order to counterbalance industrialization . Another possible influence is racial predominance , namely the idea that the American Anglo - Saxon race was `` separate , innately superior '' and `` destined to bring good government , commercial prosperity and Christianity to the American continents and the world '' . This view also held that `` inferior races were doomed to subordinate status or extinction . '' This was used to justify `` the enslavement of the blacks and the expulsion and possible extermination of the Indians '' . Alternative interpretations ( edit ) With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which doubled the size of the United States , Thomas Jefferson set the stage for the continental expansion of the United States . Many began to see this as the beginning of a new providential mission : If the United States was successful as a `` shining city upon a hill '' , people in other countries would seek to establish their own democratic republics . However , not all Americans or their political leaders believed that the United States was a divinely favored nation , or thought that it ought to expand . For example , many Whigs opposed territorial expansion based on the Democratic claim that the United States was destined to serve as a virtuous example to the rest of the world , and also had a divine obligation to spread its superordinate political system and a way of life throughout North American continent . Many in the Whig party `` were fearful of spreading out too widely '' , and they `` adhered to the concentration of national authority in a limited area '' . In July 1848 , Alexander Stephens denounced President Polk 's expansionist interpretation of America 's future as `` mendacious '' . In the mid ‐ 19th century , expansionism , especially southward toward Cuba , also faced opposition from those Americans who were trying to abolish slavery . As more territory was added to the United States in the following decades , `` extending the area of freedom '' in the minds of southerners also meant extending the institution of slavery . That is why slavery became one of the central issues in the continental expansion of the United States before the Civil War . Before and during the Civil War both sides claimed that America 's destiny were rightfully their own . Lincoln opposed anti-immigrant nativism , and the imperialism of manifest destiny as both unjust and unreasonable . He objected to the Mexican War and believed each of these disordered forms of patriotism threatened the inseparable moral and fraternal bonds of liberty and Union that he sought to perpetuate through a patriotic love of country guided by wisdom and critical self - awareness . Lincoln 's `` Eulogy to Henry Clay '' , June 6 , 1852 , provides the most cogent expression of his reflective patriotism . Era of continental expansion ( edit ) John Quincy Adams , painted above in 1816 by Charles Robert Leslie , was an early proponent of continentalism . Late in life he came to regret his role in helping U.S. slavery to expand , and became a leading opponent of the annexation of Texas . The phrase `` manifest destiny '' is most often associated with the territorial expansion of the United States from 1812 to 1860 . This era , from the end of the War of 1812 to the beginning of the American Civil War , has been called the `` age of manifest destiny '' . During this time , the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean -- `` from sea to shining sea '' -- largely defining the borders of the contiguous United States as they are today . War of 1812 ( edit ) Further information : War of 1812 One of the causes of the War of 1812 may have been an American desire to annex or threaten to annex British Canada in order to stop the Indian raids into the Midwest , expel Britain from North America , and gain additional land . The American victories at the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of the Thames in 1813 ended the Indian raids and removed one of the reasons for annexation . The American failure to occupy any significant part of Canada prevented them from annexing it for the second reason , which was largely ended by the Era of Good Feelings , which ensued after the war between Britain and the United States . To end the War of 1812 John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin ( former Treasury Secretary and a leading expert on Indians ) and the other American diplomats negotiated the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 with Britain . They rejected the British plan to set up an Indian state in U.S. territory south of the Great Lakes . They explained the American policy toward acquisition of Indian lands : The United States , while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably , and with their free consent , are fully determined , in that manner , progressively , and in proportion as their growing population may require , to reclaim from the state of nature , and to bring into cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries . In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings , they will not violate any dictate of justice or of humanity ; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender , but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate , and more than adequate to their subsistence , comfort , and enjoyment , by cultivation . If this be a spirit of aggrandizement , the undersigned are prepared to admit , in that sense , its existence ; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations , or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain ... They will not suppose that that Government will avow , as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their own territories , for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked , after coming to understand the American position on taking the Indians ' land : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . Continentalism ( edit ) The 19th - century belief that the United States would eventually encompass all of North America is known as `` continentalism , '' a form of tellurocracy . An early proponent of this idea , John Quincy Adams , became a leading figure in U.S. expansion between the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Polk administration in the 1840s . In 1811 , Adams wrote to his father : The whole continent of North America appears to be destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one nation , speaking one language , professing one general system of religious and political principles , and accustomed to one general tenor of social usages and customs . For the common happiness of them all , for their peace and prosperity , I believe it is indispensable that they should be associated in one federal Union . The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller Adams did much to further this idea . He orchestrated the Treaty of 1818 , which established the Canada -- US border as far west as the Rocky Mountains , and provided for the joint occupation of the region known in American history as the Oregon Country and in British and Canadian history as the New Caledonia and Columbia Districts . He negotiated the Transcontinental Treaty in 1819 , purchasing Florida from Spain and extending the U.S. border with Spanish Mexico all the way to the Pacific Ocean . And he formulated the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 , which warned Europe that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open for European colonization . The Monroe Doctrine and manifest destiny formed a closely related nexus of principles : historian Walter McDougall calls manifest destiny a corollary of the Monroe Doctrine , because while the Monroe Doctrine did not specify expansion , expansion was necessary in order to enforce the Doctrine . Concerns in the United States that European powers ( especially Great Britain ) were seeking to acquire colonies or greater influence in North America led to calls for expansion in order to prevent this . In his influential 1935 study of manifest destiny , Albert Weinberg wrote : `` the expansionism of the ( 1830s ) arose as a defensive effort to forestall the encroachment of Europe in North America '' . All Oregon ( edit ) Manifest destiny played its most important role in the Oregon boundary dispute between the United States and Britain , when the phrase `` manifest desiny '' originated . The Anglo - American Convention of 1818 had provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country , and thousands of Americans migrated there in the 1840s over the Oregon Trail . The British rejected a proposal by U.S. President John Tyler ( in office 1841 - 1845 ) to divide the region along the 49th parallel , and instead proposed a boundary line farther south along the Columbia River , which would have made most of what later became the state of Washington part of British North America . Advocates of manifest destiny protested and called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Country up to the Alaska line ( 54 ° 40ʹ N ) . Presidential candidate James K. Polk used this popular outcry to his advantage , and the Democrats called for the annexation of `` All Oregon '' in the 1844 U.S. Presidential election . As president , however , Polk sought compromise and renewed the earlier offer to divide the territory in half along the 49th parallel , to the dismay of the most ardent advocates of manifest destiny . When the British refused the offer , American expansionists responded with slogans such as `` The Whole of Oregon or None ! '' and `` Fifty - Four Forty or Fight ! '' , referring to the northern border of the region . ( The latter slogan is often mistakenly described as having been a part of the 1844 presidential campaign . ) When Polk moved to terminate the joint occupation agreement , the British finally agreed in early 1846 to divide the region along the 49th parallel , leaving the lower Columbia basin as part of the United States . The Oregon Treaty of 1846 formally settled the dispute ; Polk 's administration succeeded in selling the treaty to Congress because the United States was about to begin the Mexican -- American War , and the president and others argued it would be foolish to also fight the British Empire . American westward expansion is idealized in Emanuel Leutze 's famous painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way ( 1861 ) . The title of the painting , from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley , was a phrase often quoted in the era of manifest destiny , expressing a widely held belief that civilization had steadily moved westward throughout history . ( more ) Despite the earlier clamor for `` All Oregon '' , the Oregon Treaty was popular in the United States and was easily ratified by the Senate . The most fervent advocates of manifest destiny had not prevailed along the northern border because , according to Reginald Stuart , `` the compass of manifest destiny pointed west and southwest , not north , despite the use of the term ' continentalism ' '' . Mexico and Texas ( edit ) Manifest destiny played an important role in the expansion of Texas and American relationship with Mexico . In 1836 , the Republic of Texas declared independence from Mexico and , after the Texas Revolution , sought to join the United States as a new state . This was an idealized process of expansion that had been advocated from Jefferson to O'Sullivan : newly democratic and independent states would request entry into the United States , rather than the United States extending its government over people who did not want it . The annexation of Texas was attacked by anti-slavery spokesmen because it would add another slave state to the Union . Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined Texas 's offer to join the United States in part because the slavery issue threatened to divide the Democratic Party . Before the election of 1844 , Whig candidate Henry Clay and the presumed Democratic candidate , former President Van Buren , both declared themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas , each hoping to keep the troublesome topic from becoming a campaign issue . This unexpectedly led to Van Buren being dropped by the Democrats in favor of Polk , who favored annexation . Polk tied the Texas annexation question with the Oregon dispute , thus providing a sort of regional compromise on expansion . ( Expansionists in the North were more inclined to promote the occupation of Oregon , while Southern expansionists focused primarily on the annexation of Texas . ) Although elected by a very slim margin , Polk proceeded as if his victory had been a mandate for expansion . All Mexico ( edit ) Main article : All of Mexico Movement After the election of Polk , but before he took office , Congress approved the annexation of Texas . Polk moved to occupy a portion of Texas that had declared independence from Mexico in 1836 , but was still claimed by Mexico . This paved the way for the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War on April 24 , 1846 . With American successes on the battlefield , by the summer of 1847 there were calls for the annexation of `` All Mexico '' , particularly among Eastern Democrats , who argued that bringing Mexico into the Union was the best way to ensure future peace in the region . American occupation of Mexico City in 1847 This was a controversial proposition for two reasons . First , idealistic advocates of manifest destiny like John L. O'Sullivan had always maintained that the laws of the United States should not be imposed on people against their will . The annexation of `` All Mexico '' would be a violation of this principle . And secondly , the annexation of Mexico was controversial because it would mean extending U.S. citizenship to millions of Mexicans . Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , who had approved of the annexation of Texas , was opposed to the annexation of Mexico , as well as the `` mission '' aspect of manifest destiny , for racial reasons . He made these views clear in a speech to Congress on January 4 , 1848 : We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race -- the free white race . To incorporate Mexico , would be the very first instance of the kind , of incorporating an Indian race ; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians , and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes . I protest against such a union as that ! Ours , sir , is the Government of a white race ... We are anxious to force free government on all ; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world , and especially over this continent . It is a great mistake . This debate brought to the forefront one of the contradictions of manifest destiny : on the one hand , while identitarian ideas inherent in manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans , as non-whites , would present a threat to white racial integrity and thus were not qualified to become Americans , the `` mission '' component of manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans would be improved ( or `` regenerated '' , as it was then described ) by bringing them into American democracy . Identitarianism was used to promote manifest destiny , but , as in the case of Calhoun and the resistance to the `` All Mexico '' movement , identitarianism was also used to oppose manifest destiny . Conversely , proponents of annexation of `` All Mexico '' regarded it as an anti-slavery measure . Growth from 1840 to 1850 The controversy was eventually ended by the Mexican Cession , which added the territories of Alta California and Nuevo México to the United States , both more sparsely populated than the rest of Mexico . Like the All Oregon movement , the All Mexico movement quickly abated . Historian Frederick Merk , in Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History : A Reinterpretation ( 1963 ) , argued that the failure of the `` All Oregon '' and `` All Mexico '' movements indicates that manifest destiny had not been as popular as historians have traditionally portrayed it to have been . Merk wrote that , while belief in the beneficent mission of democracy was central to American history , aggressive `` continentalism '' were aberrations supported by only a minority of Americans , all of them Democrats . Some Democrats were also opposed ; the Democrats of Louisiana opposed annexation of Mexico , while those in Mississippi supported it . Filibusterism ( edit ) After the Mexican -- American War ended in 1848 , disagreements over the expansion of slavery made further annexation by conquest too divisive to be official government policy . Some , such as John Quitman , governor of Mississippi , offered what public support they could offer . In one memorable case , Quitman simply explained that the state of Mississippi had `` lost '' its state arsenal , which began showing up in the hands of filibusters . Yet these isolated cases only solidified opposition in the North as many Northerners were increasingly opposed to what they believed to be efforts by Southern slave owners -- and their friends in the North -- to expand slavery through filibustering . Sarah P. Remond on January 24 , 1859 , delivered an impassioned speech at Warrington , England , that the connection between filibustering and slave power was clear proof of `` the mass of corruption that underlay the whole system of American government '' . The Wilmot Proviso and the continued `` Slave Power '' narratives thereafter , indicated the degree to which manifest destiny had become part of the sectional controversy . Without official government support the most radical advocates of manifest destiny increasingly turned to military filibustering . Originally filibuster had come from the Dutch vrijbuiter and referred to buccaneers in the West Indies that preyed on Spanish commerce . While there had been some filibustering expeditions into Canada in the late 1830s , it was only by mid-century did filibuster become a definitive term . By then , declared the New - York Daily Times `` the fever of Fillibusterism is on our country . Her pulse beats like a hammer at the wrist , and there 's a very high color on her face . '' Millard Fillmore 's second annual message to Congress , submitted in December 1851 , gave double the amount of space to filibustering activities than the brewing sectional conflict . The eagerness of the filibusters , and the public to support them , had an international hue . Clay 's son , diplomat to Portugal , reported that Lisbon had been stirred into a `` frenzy '' of excitement and were waiting on every dispatch . Filibuster William Walker , who launched several expeditions to Mexico and Central America , ruled Nicaragua , and was captured by the British Navy before being executed in Honduras . Although they were illegal , filibustering operations in the late 1840s and early 1850s were romanticized in the United States . The Democratic Party 's national platform included a plank that specifically endorsed William Walker 's filibustering in Nicaragua . Wealthy American expansionists financed dozens of expeditions , usually based out of New Orleans , New York , and San Francisco . The primary target of manifest destiny 's filibusters was Latin America but there were isolated incidents elsewhere . Mexico was a favorite target of organizations devoted to filibustering , like the Knights of the Golden Circle . William Walker got his start as a filibuster in an ill - advised attempt to separate the Mexican states Sonora and Baja California . Narciso López , a near second in fame and success , spent his efforts trying to secure Cuba from the Spanish Empire . The United States had long been interested in acquiring Cuba from the declining Spanish Empire . As with Texas , Oregon , and California , American policy makers were concerned that Cuba would fall into British hands , which , according to the thinking of the Monroe Doctrine , would constitute a threat to the interests of the United States . Prompted by John L. O'Sullivan , in 1848 President Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain for $100 million . Polk feared that filibustering would hurt his effort to buy the island , and so he informed the Spanish of an attempt by the Cuban filibuster Narciso López to seize Cuba by force and annex it to the United States , foiling the plot . Nevertheless , Spain declined to sell the island , which ended Polk 's efforts to acquire Cuba . O'Sullivan , on the other hand eventually landed in legal trouble . Filibustering continued to be a major concern for presidents after Polk . Whigs presidents Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore tried to suppress the expeditions . When the Democrats recaptured the White House in 1852 with the election of Franklin Pierce , a filibustering effort by John A. Quitman to acquire Cuba received the tentative support of the president . Pierce backed off , however , and instead renewed the offer to buy the island , this time for $130 million . When the public learned of the Ostend Manifesto in 1854 , which argued that the United States could seize Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell , this effectively killed the effort to acquire the island . The public now linked expansion with slavery ; if manifest destiny had once enjoyed widespread popular approval , this was no longer true . Filibusters like William Walker continued to garner headlines in the late 1850s , but to little effect . Expansionism was among the various issues that played a role in the coming of the war . With the divisive question of the expansion of slavery , Northerners and Southerners , in effect , were coming to define manifest destiny in different ways , undermining nationalism as a unifying force . According to Frederick Merk , `` The doctrine of Manifest Destiny , which in the 1840s had seemed Heaven - sent , proved to have been a bomb wrapped up in idealism . '' Homestead Act ( edit ) Main article : Homestead Acts Norwegian settlers in North Dakota in front of their homestead , a sod hut The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged 600,000 families to settle the West by giving them land ( usually 160 acres ) almost free . They had to live on and improve the land for five years . Before the Civil War , Southern leaders opposed the Homestead Acts because they feared it would lead to more free states and free territories . After the mass resignation of Southern senators and representatives at the beginning of the war , Congress was subsequently able to pass the Homestead Act . Native Americans ( edit ) Across The Continent , an 1868 lithograph illustrating the westward expansion of white settlers Manifest destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans , since continental expansion implicitly meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land , sometimes to expand slavery . This ultimately led to confrontations and wars with several groups of native peoples via Indian removal . The United States continued the European practice of recognizing only limited land rights of indigenous peoples . In a policy formulated largely by Henry Knox , Secretary of War in the Washington Administration , the U.S. government sought to expand into the west through the purchase of Native American land in treaties . Only the Federal Government could purchase Indian lands and this was done through treaties with tribal leaders . Whether a tribe actually had a decision - making structure capable of making a treaty was a controversial issue . The national policy was for the Indians to join American society and become `` civilized '' , which meant no more wars with neighboring tribes or raids on white settlers or travelers , and a shift from hunting to farming and ranching . Advocates of civilization programs believed that the process of settling native tribes would greatly reduce the amount of land needed by the Native Americans , making more land available for homesteading by white Americans . Thomas Jefferson believed that while American Indians were the intellectual equals of whites , they had to live like the whites or inevitably be pushed aside by them . Jefferson 's belief , rooted in Enlightenment thinking , that whites and Native Americans would merge to create a single nation did not last his lifetime , and he began to believe that the natives should emigrate across the Mississippi River and maintain a separate society , an idea made possible by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . In the age of manifest destiny , this idea , which came to be known as `` Indian removal '' , gained ground . Humanitarian advocates of removal believed that American Indians would be better off moving away from whites . As historian Reginald Horsman argued in his influential study Race and Manifest Destiny , racial rhetoric increased during the era of manifest destiny . Americans increasingly believed that Native American ways of life would `` fade away '' as the United States expanded . As an example , this idea was reflected in the work of one of America 's first great historians , Francis Parkman , whose landmark book The Conspiracy of Pontiac was published in 1851 . Parkman wrote that after the British conquest of Canada in 1760 , Indians were `` destined to melt and vanish before the advancing waves of Anglo - American power , which now rolled westward unchecked and unopposed '' . Parkman emphasized that the collapse of Indian power in the late 18th century had been swift and was a past event . Beyond North America ( edit ) Annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 As the Civil War faded into history , the term manifest destiny experienced a brief revival . Protestant missionary Josiah Strong , in his best seller of 1885 Our Country argued that the future was devolved upon America since it had perfected the ideals of civil liberty , `` a pure spiritual Christianity '' , and concluded `` My plea is not , Save America for America 's sake , but , Save America for the world 's sake . '' In the 1892 U.S. presidential election , the Republican Party platform proclaimed : `` We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe doctrine and believe in the achievement of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense . '' What was meant by `` manifest destiny '' in this context was not clearly defined , particularly since the Republicans lost the election . In the 1896 election , however , the Republicans recaptured the White House and held on to it for the next 16 years . During that time , manifest destiny was cited to promote overseas expansion . Whether or not this version of manifest destiny was consistent with the continental expansionism of the 1840s was debated at the time , and long afterwards . For example , when President William McKinley advocated annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 , he said that `` We need Hawaii as much and a good deal more than we did California . It is manifest destiny . '' On the other hand , former President Grover Cleveland , a Democrat who had blocked the annexation of Hawaii during his administration , wrote that McKinley 's annexation of the territory was a `` perversion of our national destiny '' . Historians continued that debate ; some have interpreted American acquisition of other Pacific island groups in the 1890s as an extension of manifest destiny across the Pacific Ocean . Others have regarded it as the antithesis of manifest destiny and merely imperialism . Spanish -- American War and the Philippines ( edit ) A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . In 1898 , the United States intervened in the Cuban insurrection and launched the Spanish -- American War to force Spain out . According to the terms of the Treaty of Paris , Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba and ceded the Philippine Islands , Puerto Rico , and Guam to the United States . The terms of cession for the Philippines involved a payment of the sum of $20 million by the United States to Spain . The treaty was highly contentious and denounced by William Jennings Bryan , who tried to make it a central issue in the 1900 election . He was defeated in landslide by McKinley . The Teller Amendment , passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate before the war , which proclaimed Cuba `` free and independent '' , forestalled annexation of the island . The Platt Amendment ( 1902 ) , however , established Cuba as a virtual protectorate of the United States . The acquisition of Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines after the war with Spain marked a new chapter in U.S. history . Traditionally , territories were acquired by the United States for the purpose of becoming new states on equal footing with already existing states . These islands , however , were acquired as colonies rather than prospective states . The process was validated by the Insular Cases . The Supreme Court ruled that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control . Nevertheless , in 1917 , Puerto Ricans were all made full American citizens via the Jones Act . This also provided for a popularly elected legislature , a bill of rights and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner who has a voice ( but no vote ) in Congress . According to Frederick Merk , these colonial acquisitions marked a break from the original intention of manifest destiny . Previously , `` Manifest Destiny had contained a principle so fundamental that a Calhoun and an O'Sullivan could agree on it -- that a people not capable of rising to statehood should never be annexed . That was the principle thrown overboard by the imperialism of 1899 . '' Albert J. Beveridge maintained the contrary at his September 25 , 1900 , speech in the Auditorium , at Chicago . He declared that the current desire for Cuba and the other acquired territories was identical to the views expressed by Washington , Jefferson and Marshall . Moreover , `` the sovereignty of the Stars and Stripes can be nothing but a blessing to any people and to any land . '' The Philippines was eventually given its independence in 1946 ; Guam and Puerto Rico have special status to this day , but all their people have United States citizenship . The English poet Rudyard Kipling wrote `` The White Man 's Burden '' to Americans , calling on them to take up their share of the burden . Subtitled `` The United States and the Philippine Islands '' , it was a widely noted expression of imperialist sentiments , which were common at the time . The nascent revolutionary government desirous of independence , however , resisted the United States in the Philippine -- American War in 1899 ; it won no support from any government anywhere and collapsed when its leader was captured . William Jennings Bryan denounced the war and any form of overseas expansion , writing , `` ' Destiny ' is not as manifest as it was a few weeks ago . '' Legacy and consequences ( edit ) The legacy is a complex one . The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world , as expounded by Thomas Jefferson and his `` Empire of Liberty '' , and by Abraham Lincoln , Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush , continues to have an influence on American political ideology . Bush looked at the American success after 1945 in imposing democracy in Japan as a model . Under Douglas MacArthur , the Americans `` were imbued with a sense of manifest destiny '' says historian John Dower . The U.S. 's intentions to influence the area ( especially the Panama Canal construction and control ) led to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903 The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world , as expounded by Thomas Jefferson and his `` Empire of Liberty '' and Abraham Lincoln , was continued by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson . Under Harry Truman ( and Douglas MacArthur ) it was implemented in practice in the American rebuilding of Japan and Germany after World War II . George W. Bush in the 21st century applied it to the Middle East , in Afghanistan and Iraq . Tyner argues that in proclaiming a mission to combat terror , Bush was continuing a long tradition of prophetic presidential action to be the beacon of freedom in the spirit of manifest destiny . After the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth , the phrase manifest destiny declined in usage , as territorial expansion ceased to be promoted as being a part of America 's `` destiny '' . Under President Theodore Roosevelt the role of the United States in the New World was defined , in the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine , as being an `` international police power '' to secure American interests in the Western Hemisphere . Roosevelt 's corollary contained an explicit rejection of territorial expansion . In the past , manifest destiny had been seen as necessary to enforce the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere , but now expansionism had been replaced by interventionism as a means of upholding the doctrine . President Woodrow Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in the Americas , and attempted to redefine both manifest destiny and America 's `` mission '' on a broader , worldwide scale . Wilson led the United States into World War I with the argument that `` The world must be made safe for democracy . '' In his 1920 message to Congress after the war , Wilson stated : ... I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test . The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name , but without the authority and sanction , of the multitude . This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail . It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail . This was the only time a president had used the phrase `` manifest destiny '' in his annual address . Wilson 's version of manifest destiny was a rejection of expansionism and an endorsement ( in principle ) of self - determination , emphasizing that the United States had a mission to be a world leader for the cause of democracy . This U.S. vision of itself as the leader of the `` Free World '' would grow stronger in the 20th century after World War II , although rarely would it be described as `` manifest destiny '' , as Wilson had done . `` Manifest destiny '' is sometimes used by critics of U.S. foreign policy to characterize interventions in the Middle East and elsewhere . In this usage , `` manifest destiny '' is interpreted as the underlying cause of what is denounced by some as `` American imperialism . '' A more positive - sounding phrase devised by scholars at the end of the twentieth century is `` nation building , '' and State Department official Karin Von Hippel notes that the U.S. has `` been involved in nation - building and promoting democracy since the middle of the nineteenth century and ' Manifest Destiny . ' '' Relationship with German Lebensraum ideology ( edit ) German geographer Friedrich Ratzel visited North America beginning in 1873 and saw the effects of American manifest destiny . Ratzel sympathized with the results of `` manifest destiny '' , but he never used the term . Instead he relied on the Frontier Thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner . Ratzel promoted overseas colonies for Germany in Asia and Africa , but not an expansion into Slavic lands . Later German publicists misinterpreted Ratzel to argue for the right of the German race to expand within Europe ; that notion was later incorporated into Nazi ideology , as Lebensraum . Harriet Wanklyn ( 1961 ) argues that Ratzel 's theory was designed to advance science , and that politicians distorted it for political goals . See also ( edit ) United States portal Thomas Hart Benton -- Missouri senator , proponent of western expansion Stephen A. Douglas -- prominent spokesman of `` Young America '' Horace Greeley -- popularized the phrase `` Go West , young man . '' Duff Green -- writer , politician , and prominent manifest destiny advocate Frances Fuller Victor -- prominent western historian and fiction writer who captured the spirit of western expansion Young America movement -- a political and literary movement with connections to manifest destiny Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane , Manifest Destiny : Westward Expansion . Infobase Publishing ( 2009 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` John Gast , American Progress , 1872 '' . Picturing U.S. History . City University of New York . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Miller ( 2006 ) . Native America , Discovered And Conquered : Thomas Jefferson , Lewis & Clark , And Manifest Destiny . Greenwood . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America 1815 -- 1848 , ( 2007 ) pp. 705 -- 06 Jump up ^ `` 29 . Manifest Destiny '' . American History . USHistory.org . Jump up ^ Hudson , Linda S. Mistress of Manifest Destiny : A Biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau , 1807 -- 1878 . Texas State Historical Association , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 87611 - 179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , pp. 215 -- 216 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 215 Jump up ^ Ward 1962 , pp. 136 -- 37 Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Dennis R. ( 2003 ) . `` Manifest Destiny '' . Encyclopedia.com taken from Dictionary of American History . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuveson 1980 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 27 Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John . `` The Great Nation of Futurity '' . The United States Democratic Review Volume 0006 Issue 23 ( November 1839 ) . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John L. , A Divine Destiny for America , 1845 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John L. ( July -- August 1845 ) . `` Annexation '' . United States Magazine and Democratic Review . 17 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 11 . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See Julius Pratt , `` The Origin Of ' Manifest Destiny ' '' , American Historical Review , ( 1927 ) 32 # 4 , pp. 795 -- 98 in JSTOR . Linda S. Hudson has argued that it was coined by writer Jane McManus Storm ; Greenburg , p. 20 ; Hudson 2001 ; O'Sullivan biographer Robert D. Sampson disputes Hudson 's claim for a variety of reasons ( See note 7 at Sampson 2003 , pp. 244 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Adams 2008 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Thomas R. Hietala , Manifest design : American exceptionalism and Empire ( 2003 ) p. 255 Jump up ^ Robert W. Johannsen , `` The Meaning of Manifest Destiny '' , in Johannsen 1997 . Jump up ^ McCrisken , Trevor B. , `` Exceptionalism : Manifest Destiny '' in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ( 2002 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Weinberg 1935 , p. 145 ; Johannsen 1997 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1997 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Prospectus of the New Series '' , The American Whig Review Volume 7 Issue 1 ( Jan 1848 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Weeks 1996 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Justin B. Litke , `` Varieties of American Exceptionalism : Why John Winthrop Is No Imperialist '' , Journal of Church and State , 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 197 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Ford 2010 , pp. 315 -- 19 Jump up ^ Somkin 1967 , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Johannsen 1997 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Rossiter 1950 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ John Mack Faragher et al. Out of Many : A History of the American People , ( 2nd ed. 1997 ) p. 413 Jump up ^ Reginald Horsman . Race and Manifest Destiny . pp. 2 , 6 . Jump up ^ Witham , Larry ( 2007 ) . A City Upon a Hill : How Sermons Changed the Course of American History . New York : Harper . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Byrnes , Mark Eaton ( 2001 ) . James K. Polk : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1997 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Mountjoy , Shane ( 2009 ) . Manifest Destiny : Westward Expansion . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fornieri ( April -- June 2010 ) . `` Lincoln 's Reflective Patriotism '' . Perspectives on Political Science . 39 ( 2 ) : 108 -- 17 . doi : 10.1080 / 10457091003685019 . Jump up ^ Kurt Hanson ; Robert L. Beisner . American Foreign Relations since 1600 : A Guide to the Literature , Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 080 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stuart and Weeks call this period the `` era of manifest destiny '' and the `` age of manifest destiny '' , respectively . Jump up ^ Nugent , pp. 74 -- 79 Jump up ^ The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next , and the final expulsion of England from the American continent. -- To William Duane . vi , 75 . Ford ed. , ix , 366 . ( M. , August 1812 . ) Jump up ^ Charles M. Gates ( 1940 ) . `` The West in American Diplomacy , 1812 -- 1815 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 26 ( 4 ) : 499 -- 510 . doi : 10.2307 / 1896318 . JSTOR 1896318 . quote on p. 507 . Jump up ^ PBS , The War of 1812 , Essays . https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/ Jump up ^ Continental and Continentalism , sociologyindex.com . Archived May 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.savagesandscoundrels.org/flashpoints-conflicts/1820s-continentalism/ Jump up ^ Adams quoted in McDougall 1997 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ McDougall 1997 , p. 74 ; Weinberg 1935 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Treaty popular : Stuart 1988 , p. 104 ; compass quote p. 84 . Jump up ^ Ramon Eduardo Ruiz , ed. , The Mexican War -- was it Manifest Destiny ? ( Harcourt , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Lyon Rathbun , Lyon `` The debate over annexing Texas and the emergence of manifest destiny . '' Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 # 3 ( 2001 ) : 459 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Cheathem ; Terry Corps ( 2016 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , pp. 144 -- 47 ; Fuller 1936 ; Hietala 2003 . Jump up ^ W. Paul Reeve ( 2015 ) . Religion of a Different Color : Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness . Oxford UP . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , John C. ( 1848 ) . `` Conquest of Mexico '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McDougall 1997 , pp. 87 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Fuller 1936 , pp. 119 , 122 , 162 and passim . Jump up ^ Billy H. Gilley ( 1979 ) . `` ' Polk 's War ' and the Louisiana Press '' . Louisiana History . 20 : 5 -- 23 . JSTOR 4231864 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Brent ( 1969 ) . `` Mississippi and the Mexican War '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 31 ( 3 ) : 202 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ripley 1985 Jump up ^ `` A Critical Day '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1854 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw 1941 Jump up ^ Greene 2006 , pp. 1 -- 50 Jump up ^ Crocker 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Weeks 1996 , pp. 144 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Lesli J. Favor ( 2005 ) . `` 6 . Settling the West '' . A Historical Atlas of America 's Manifest Destiny . Rosen . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : The Homestead Act of 1862 '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Greenwood PhD ( 2007 ) . Outsourcing Culture : How American Culture has Changed From `` We the People '' Into a One World Government . Outskirts Press . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Molhotra ( 2009 ) . `` American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers '' . In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth . The Challenge of Eurocentrism . Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 180 , 184 , 189 , 199 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon ( 2008 ) . Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism . Ohio University Press . pp. 15 , 141 , 254 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Kiernan ( 2007 ) . Blood and Soil : A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur . Yale University Press . pp. 328 , 330 . Jump up ^ Prucha 1995 , p. 137 , `` I believe the Indian then to be in body and mind equal to the white man , '' ( Jefferson letter to the Marquis de Chastellux , June 7 , 1785 ) . ^ Jump up to : American Indians . Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis Parkman ( 1913 ) ( 1851 ) . The conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian war after the conquest of Canada . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Strong 1885 , pp. 107 -- 08 Jump up ^ Official Manual of the State of Missouri . Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri . 1895 . p. 245 . Jump up ^ Republican Party platform Archived October 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; context not clearly defined , Merk 1963 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ McKinley quoted in McDougall 1997 , pp. 112 -- 13 ; Merk 1963 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas A. ( 1937 ) . `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 24 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 52 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891336 . JSTOR 1891336 . Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 1908 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . `` The White Man 's Burden '' . Jump up ^ Bryan 1899 . Jump up ^ Charles Philippe David and David Grondin ( 2006 ) . Hegemony Or Empire ? : The Redefinition of Us Power Under George W. Bush . Ashgate . pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Stephanson 1996 , pp. 112 -- 29 examines the influence of manifest destiny in the 20th century , particularly as articulated by Woodrow Wilson . Jump up ^ Scott , Donald . `` The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny '' . National Humanities Center . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower ( 2000 ) . Embracing Defeat : Japan in the Wake of World War II . W.W. Norton . p. 217 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 2005 ) . Iraq , Terror , and the Philippines ' Will to War . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` Safe for democracy '' ; 1920 message ; Wilson 's version of manifest destiny : Weinberg 1935 , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Karin Von Hippel ( 2000 ) . Democracy by Force : U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mattelart 1996 , pp. 212 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Klinghoffer 2006 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` A German Appraisal of the United States '' . The Atlantic Monthly . January 1895 . pp. 124 -- 28 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodruff D. Smith ( February 1980 ) . `` Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum '' . German Studies Review . 3 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 68 . doi : 10.2307 / 1429483 . JSTOR 1429483 . Jump up ^ Wanklyn 1961 , pp. 36 -- 40 . References ( edit ) Adams , Sean Patrick ( 2008 ) . The Early American Republic : A Documentary Reader . Wiley -- Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6098 - 8 . Bryan , William Jennings ( 1899 ) . Republic or Empire ? . Beveridge , Albert J. ( 1908 ) . The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches . Indianapolis : The Bobbs -- Merrill Company . Crenshaw , Ollinger ( 1941 ) . `` The Knights of the Golden Circle : The Career of George Bickley '' . The American Historical Review . 47 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 50 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr / 47.1. 23 . Crocker , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't tread on me : a 400 - year history of America at war , from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting . Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Cheery , Conrad ( 1998 ) . God 's New Israel . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4754 - 1 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Greene , Laurence ( 2008 ) . The Filibuster . New York : Kessinger Publishing , LLC . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4366 - 9531 - 2 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Fisher , Philip ( 1985 ) . Hard facts : setting and form in the American novel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503528 - 5 . Fuller , John Douglas Pitts ( 1936 ) . The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico , 1846 -- 1848 . Johns Hopkins Press . Greenberg , Amy S. ( 2005 ) . Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84096 - 5 . Hietala , Thomas R. ( February 2003 ) . Manifest Design : American Exceptionalism and Empire . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8846 - 7 . Previously published as Hietala , Thomas R. ( 1985 ) . Manifest design : anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1735 - 1 . Hudson , Linda S. ( 2001 ) . Mistress of Manifest Destiny : a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau , 1807 -- 1878 . Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87611 - 179 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert Walter ( 1997 ) . Manifest Destiny and empire : American antebellum expansionism . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 756 - 0 . Klinghoffer , Arthur Jay ( 2006 ) . The power of projections : how maps reflect global politics and history . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99135 - 7 . Ford , Paul L. , ed. ( 2010 ) . Works of Thomas Jefferson , IX . Cosmo Press Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61640 - 210 - 5 . May , Robert E. ( 2004 ) . Manifest Destiny 's Underworld . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5581 - 2 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Mattelart , Armand ( 1996 ) . The Invention of Communication . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2697 - 7 . McDougall , Walter A. ( 1997 ) . Promised land , crusader state : the American encounter with the world since 1776 . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 83085 - 7 . Merk , Frederick ( 1963 ) . Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 54805 - 3 . Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 ) . The great father : the United States government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8734 - 1 . Ripley , Peter C. ( 1985 ) . The Black Abolitionist Papers . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 646 . Rossiter , Clinton ( 1950 ) . `` The American Mission '' . The American Scholar . The American Scholar ( 20 ) : 19 -- 20 . Sampson , Robert ( 2003 ) . John L. O'Sullivan and his times . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 745 - 3 . Stephanson , Anders ( 1996 ) . Manifest Destiny : American expansionism and the empire of right . Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1584 - 9 . Stuart , Reginald C. ( 1988 ) . United States expansionism and British North America , 1775 -- 1871 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1767 - 4 . Somkin , Fred ( 1967 ) . Unquiet Eagle : Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom , 1815 -- 1860 . Ithaca , N.Y. Strong , Josiah ( 1885 ) . Our Country . Baker and Taylor Company . Tuveson , Ernest Lee ( 1980 ) . Redeemer nation : the idea of America 's millennial role . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 81921 - 1 . Weeks , William Earl ( 1996 ) . Building the continental empire : American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War . Ivan R. Dee . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 135 - 8 . Ward , John William ( 1962 ) . Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age : Symbol for an Age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 992320 - 5 . Weinberg , Albert Katz ; Walter Hines Page School of International Relations ( 1935 ) . Manifest destiny : a study of nationalist expansionism in American history . The Johns Hopkins Press . ISBN 0 - 404 - 14706 - 2 . Wanklyn , Harriet ( 1961 ) . Friedrich Ratzel : A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography . Further reading ( edit ) Journal articles ( edit ) Dunning , Mike ( 2001 ) . `` Manifest Destiny and the Trans - Mississippi South : Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 35 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 27 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.2001. 00111. x . ISSN 0022 - 3840 . Fulltext : Ebsco . Pinheiro , John C ( 2003 ) . `` ' Religion Without Restriction ' : Anti-catholicism , All Mexico , and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . Journal of the Early Republic . 23 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 96 . doi : 10.2307 / 3124986 . ISSN 0275 - 1275 . Sampson , Robert D ( 2002 ) . `` The Pacifist - reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny '' . Mid-America. 84 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 129 -- 44 . ISSN 0026 - 2927 . Books ( edit ) Brown , Charles Henry ( January 1980 ) . Agents of Manifest Destiny : the lives and times of the filibusters . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1361 - 4 . Burns , Edward McNall ( 1957 ) . The American idea of mission : concepts of national purpose and destiny . Rutgers University Press . Cheathem , Mark R. and Terry Corps , eds . Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny ( 2nd ed. 2016 ) , 544 pp Fresonke , Kris ( 2003 ) . West of Emerson : the design of Manifest Destiny . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23185 - 6 . Gould , Lewis L. ( 1980 ) . The Presidency of William McKinley . Regents Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0206 - 3 . Graebner , Norman A. ( 1968 ) . Manifest destiny . Bobbs -- Merrill . ISBN 0 - 672 - 50986 - 5 . Heidler , David Stephen ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ( 2003 ) . Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32308 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1965 ) . `` Cuba , the Philippines , and Manifest Destiny '' . The paranoid style in American politics : and other essays . Knopf . Horsman , Reginald ( 1981 ) . Race and Manifest Destiny : The origins of American racial Anglo - Saxonism . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 94805 - 1 . McDonough , Matthew Davitian . Manifestly Uncertain Destiny : The Debate over American Expansionism , 1803 -- 1848 . PhD dissertation , Kansas State University , 2011 . Merk , Frederick , and Lois Bannister Merk . Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History : A Reinterpretation . New York : Knopf , 1963 . May , Robert E. ( 2002 ) . Manifest Destiny 's underworld : filibustering in antebellum America . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2703 - 1 . Morrison , Michael A. ( August 18 , 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Sampson , Robert ( 2003 ) . John L. O'Sullivan and his times . Kent State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 745 - 3 . Smith , Gene A. ( 2000 ) . Thomas Ap Catesby Jones : commodore of Manifest Destiny . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 848 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manifest destiny Manifest Destiny and the U.S. -- Mexican War : Then and Now President Polk 's Inaugural Address Gayle Olson - Raymer , `` The Expansion of Empire '' , 15 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan American Indian reservation Indian reserve Ranchería Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential Schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human Rights Indigenous rights Minority rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manifest_destiny&oldid=817200228 '' Categories : American exceptionalism American nationalism American political catchphrases Geopolitics History of North America History of United States expansionism Imperialism International relations theory Mexico -- United States relations Native American history Political terminology of the United States Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States United States federal Indian policy Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the main goal of manifest destiny	[ "\nThe special virtues of the American people and their institutions\nThe mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America\nAn irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty[3]\n" ]	[ "to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America" ]
-6002618867274330050	Prime Minister of Nigeria	Prime Minister of Nigeria - wikipedia Prime Minister of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Prime Minister of Nigeria Flag of Nigeria Appointer Governor - General of Nigeria ( 1960 -- 1963 ) President of Nigeria ( 1963 -- 1966 ; 1993 ) Formation 1 October 1960 4 January 1993 First holder Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Final holder Ernest Shonekan Abolished 15 January 1966 26 August 1993 The Prime Minister of Nigeria was the head of government of Nigeria from 1960 to 1966 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the office 2 Prime Minister of Nigeria ( 1960 -- 1966 ) 3 See also 4 External links History of the office ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2013 ) Prime Minister of Nigeria ( 1960 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Parties Northern People 's Congress # Picture Name ( Born -- Died ) Took office Left office Political Party Prime Minister of the Federation of Nigeria Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ( 1912 -- 1966 ) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 Northern People 's Congress Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ( 1 ) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ( 1912 -- 1966 ) 1 October 1963 15 January 1966 ( Assassinated ) Northern People 's Congress Post abolished ( 15 January 1966 -- 4 January 1993 ) Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) 4 January 1993 26 August 1993 Independent Post abolished ( 26 August 1993 -- Present ) See also ( edit ) Nigeria List of Governors - General of Nigeria List of heads of state of Nigeria Vice President of Nigeria Lists of incumbents External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria&oldid=772854527 '' Categories : Lists of political office - holders in Nigeria Government of Nigeria Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2013 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2017 , at 18 : 59 . About Wikipedia	who was the first prime minister in nigeria	[ "\n\n#\nPicture\nName\n(Born–Died)\nTook office\nLeft office\nPolitical Party\n\n\nPrime Minister of the Federation of Nigeria\n\n\n1\n\nAbubakar Tafawa Balewa\n(1912–1966)\n1 October 1960\n1 October 1963\nNorthern People's Congress\n\n\nPrime Minister of the Federal Republic of Nigeria\n\n\n(1)\n\nAbubakar Tafawa Balewa\n(1912–1966)\n1 October 1963\n15 January 1966\n(Assassinated)\nNorthern People's Congress\n\n\nPost abolished (15 January 1966 – 4 January 1993)\n\n\n2\n\nErnest Shonekan\n(1936–)\n4 January 1993\n26 August 1993\nIndependent\n\n\nPost abolished (26 August 1993 – Present)\n\n" ]	[ "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" ]
-6234272679342356205	It's All Coming Back to Me Now	It 's All Coming Back to Me Now - wikipedia It 's All Coming Back to Me Now Jump to : navigation , search For the David Crosby album , see It 's All Coming Back to Me Now ... `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' is a power ballad written by Jim Steinman . According to Steinman , the song was inspired by Wuthering Heights , and was an attempt to write `` the most passionate , romantic song '' he could ever create . The Sunday Times posits that `` Steinman protects his songs as if they were his children '' . Meat Loaf had wanted to record `` It 's All Coming Back ... '' for years , but Steinman saw it as a `` woman 's song . '' Steinman won a court movement preventing Meat Loaf from recording it . Girl group Pandora 's Box went on to record it and it was subsequently made famous through a cover by Celine Dion , which upset Meat Loaf because he was going to use it for a planned album with the working title Bat Out of Hell III . Alternately , Meat Loaf has said the song was intended for Bat Out of Hell II and given to the singer in 1986 , but that they both decided to use `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' for Bat II , and save this song for Bat III . The song has had three major releases . The first version appeared on the concept album Original Sin , recorded by Pandora 's Box . It was then recorded by Celine Dion for her album Falling into You , and her version was a commercial hit , reaching No. 2 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart . Meat Loaf eventually recorded it as a duet with Norwegian singer Marion Raven for Bat III and released it as a single in 2006 . A music video was produced for each of the three versions ; death is a recurring theme in all of these videos , fitting in with the suggestion in Virgin 's press release for Original Sin that `` in Steinman 's songs , the dead come to life and the living are doomed to die . '' This is particularly evident when the dead characters seem to be resurrected in the memories of the main vocalist . Although in the case of Celine Dion 's video , the theme is less about the living being doomed and more about a lost love . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Pandora 's Box 2.1 Charts 3 Celine Dion 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Music video 3.4 Official versions 3.5 Charts 3.5. 1 Weekly charts 3.5. 2 Year - end charts 3.5. 3 Decade - end charts 3.6 Certifications and sales 3.7 Release history 4 Meat Loaf and Marion Raven 4.1 Charts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Inspiration ( edit ) Pandora 's Box ( 1989 ) This sample features some of the guitar mid-section , along with Elaine Caswell 's vocals . Celine Dion ( 1996 ) This extract from near the beginning of the song shows Dion 's vocals , Bittan 's grand piano , and the use of backing vocals . Meat Loaf featuring Marion Raven ( 2006 ) This clip features the beginning of the final chorus , displaying Raven 's harmonies . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Influenced by Emily Brontë 's novel Wuthering Heights , Steinman compared the song to ' Heathcliff digging up Cathy 's corpse and dancing with it in the cold moonlight ' . In the Jim Steinman Opens Pandora 's Box promotional video , he says that the novel : is always made much too polite ; it always has been in movies . This is n't the Wuthering Heights of Kate Bush -- that little fanciful Wuthering Heights . The scene they always cut out is the scene when Heathcliff digs up Catherine 's body and dances in the moonlight and on the beach with it . I think you ca n't get much more operatic or passionate than that . I was trying to write a song about dead things coming to life . I was trying to write a song about being enslaved and obsessed by love , not just enchanted and happy with it . It was about the dark side of love ; about the ability to be resurrected by it ... I just tried to put everything I could into it , and I 'm real proud of it . In another interview , Steinman expands on his comments about the song being about the ' dark side of love ' . It 's about obsession , and that can be scary because you 're not in control and you do n't know where it 's going to stop . It says that , at any point in somebody 's life , when they loved somebody strongly enough and that person returns , a certain touch , a certain physical gesture can turn them from being defiant and disgusted with this person to being subservient again . And it 's not just a pleasurable feeling that comes back , it 's the complete terror and loss of control that comes back . And I think that 's ultimately a great weapon . The website Allmusic called the song ' a tormented ballad about romantic loss and regret built on a spooky yet heart - wrenching piano melody ' . The torment is present in the song 's opening ( ' There were nights when the wind was so cold ' ) , from which the singer recovers ( ' I finished crying in the instant that you left ... And I banished every memory you and I had ever made ' ) . However , the defiance in the verses are replaced by the return of the ' subservient ' feelings in the chorus ( ' when you touch me like this , and you hold me like that ... ' ) ; this juxtaposition continues throughout the song . ' There were those empty threats and hollow lies ' And whenever you tried to hurt me ' I just hurt you even worse and so much deeper . ' Eroticism is implied in the lines ' There were nights of endless pleasure ' and ' The flesh and the fantasies : all coming back to me ' . The song ends with a passionate , quiet reprise of the chorus . Critics have also identified Wagner , of whom Steinman is an admirer , as an inspiration . Specifying this song , the Sunday Times said `` the theme of Wagner 's opera Tristan and Isolde , with its extreme passions and obsessive love , informs all his best work . '' A 2007 article in the Toronto Star claims that the song was written as Steinman 's `` tryout '' as lyricist for Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Sunset Boulevard . Pandora 's Box ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Pandora 's Box from the album Original Sin Released Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD single Genre Soft rock Length 8 : 22 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Pandora 's Box singles chronology `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1989 ) `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Good Girls Go to Heaven ( Bad Girls Go Everywhere ) '' In 1989 , Steinman produced a concept album , Original Sin , with an all - female group called Pandora 's Box . The album featured many tracks that would later be recorded by other artists , particularly Meat Loaf . Elaine Caswell was the lead vocalist for `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' , who apparently collapsed five times during its recording . Caswell has since performed the song as part of The Dream Engine at Joe 's Pub in New York City . For the track , Roy Bittan performed on the grand piano , with Steinman and Jeff Bova on keyboards . Guitars were by Eddie Martinez , with Steve Buslowe on bass guitar . Todd Rundgren arranged the background vocals , which were performed by Ellen Foley , Gina Taylor and Deliria Wilde . The song was released as a single in the United Kingdom during October 1989 , but only reached No. 51 in the singles charts . In its review of the album , Kerrang ! magazine called the song ' excruciatingly operatic ' . Ken Russell directed the video , which was filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire . Steinman wrote the script , based on Russell 's `` Nessun Dorma '' segment in the compilation opera movie Aria . Scholar Joseph Lanza describes the video : a woman 's near - death experience ( from a motorcycle crash ) is set amid operatic excesses and black leather . In a simulated city engulfed by an apocalyptic blaze , British vocalist Elaine Caswell sings and participates in a ritual to celebrate the song 's `` nights of sacred pleasure '' ... ( The soundtstage ) is stocked with gravestones , motorcycles , python and dancers ( allegedly from the London production of Cats ) , strapped in chaps , studded bras , and spiked codpieces . The girl , near death , is being ministered to by paramedics , fantasizing and being ' sexually aroused by a large python and writhing on a bed that lit up in time with the music , while surrounded by a group of bemused , semi-naked dancers ' . When Steinman 's manager saw it , he responded ' It 's a porno movie ! ' The two - day shoot ran over schedule and budget , costing £ 35,000 an hour . Russell and Steinman even designed a sequence where a motorcyclist would cycle up the steps of a local church - tower , jump out of the turrets at the top , and then explode ; alas , the wardens of the church refused permission . The 7 `` , 12 '' and CD singles featured Steven Margoshes 's piano solo `` Pray Lewd '' ( containing elements of `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ) , Steinman 's monologue `` I 've Been Dreaming Up a Storm Lately '' , and `` Requiem Metal '' , a sample from Verdi 's Requiem Mass , all from the album Original Sin . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 51 Celine Dion ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You B - side `` The Power of the Dream '' Released 29 July 1996 ( 1996 - 07 - 29 ) Format 7 '' CD cassette Recorded 1995 ; The Hit Factory ( New York City , New York ) Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 37 ( album version ) 6 : 06 ( radio edit 1 ) 5 : 31 ( radio edit 2 ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Steven Rinkoff Roy Bittan Celine Dion singles chronology `` J'irai où tu iras '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` J'irai où tu iras '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' on YouTube The song is the first on Dion 's album Falling into You . Jim Steinman produced the track , with Steven Rinkoff and Roy Bittan as co-producers . Bat Out of Hell and Meat Loaf collaborators Todd Rundgren , Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Glen Burtnick and Kasim Sulton provided backing vocals . An edited version of the song was then released on Dion 's album All the Way ... A Decade of Song . On Falling into You album the song 's original length is seven minutes and thirty - seven seconds while on All the Way ... A Decade of Song it is only five minutes and thirty - one seconds . In 2008 , `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' was included on Dion 's greatest hits compilation My Love : Essential Collection . Live performances can be found on the A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert , and Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 albums . Dion also performed this song during her Summer Tour 2016 and her 2017 European tour . Personnel ( edit ) Roy Bittan - grand piano Jeff Bova - keyboards , programming Jimmy Bralower - drums , percussion Steve Buslowe - bass Tim Pierce - guitar Eddie Martinez - additional guitars Kenny Aronoff - additional drums Bashiri Johnson - additional percussion Todd Rundgren , Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Glen Burtnick , Kasim Sulton - background vocals Critical reception ( edit ) The cover has received acclaim from international critics . The Calgary Sun stated : `` ( The song ) is undoubtedly the highlight of her English - language recording career . Dion 's over-the - top vocals soar and swoop around Steinman 's epic , ostentatious arrangement . Not surprisingly , everything else that follows ... pales in comparison . '' Toronto 's Eye Weekly said Steinman 's `` fatal absence from the last Meat Loaf record is finally justified here , '' and The Miami Herald said `` Dion knocks a couple out of the ballpark ... ( the song ) features seven minutes of Wagnerian bombast , thunderclap piano chords and emoting that would wither an opera diva . Sure , it 's over-the - top but it 's passionate and musical . '' Allmusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine marked this song as a standout along with `` Falling Into You '' and praised it : `` Dion shines on mock epics like Jim Steinman 's `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now . '' The New York Times ' Stephen Holden wrote : `` The melodrama peaks with two overblown Jim Steinman productions : `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' , a romantic flashback replete with thunderclaps ... `` Some other reviews were less enthusiastic . After labelling Dion `` a Madonna - meets - Meat Loaf vocal freak '' , The Vancouver Sun called the song `` intensely self - indulgent , pompously self - important and mediocre beyond belief , the song just never ends . '' The Ottawa Sun called it ' turgid ' , while The Toronto Sun , coincidentally , said that it `` sounds like a Meat Loaf reject . '' According to the Sunday Times , Andrew Lloyd Webber told Steinman he thought this song was `` the greatest love song ever written , '' and on hearing the Dion version reportedly said : `` This will be the record of the millennium . '' Music video ( edit ) Nigel Dick directed the music video for Dion 's version , with Simon Archer as cinematographer and Jaromir Svarc as art director . It was shot between 29 June and 3 July 1996 in the summer palace of the Austrian Emperor , Ploskovice and Barandov Studios , Prague , Czech Republic ; it was later released in July 1996 . Castle Ploskovice in Ploskovice supplied the exterior of the gothic mansion . There are two versions of this music video ; the full version ( about 7 : 44 in length ) and the single version ( about 6 : 00 in length ) . Both of them are included on Dion 's 2001 DVD video collection All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video . The video opens with a man being thrown off his motorcycle , after lightning strikes a tree down in his path - eventually killing him in the process . Dion 's character is haunted by her lover 's image , which she sees through a mirror , and images of them together through picture frames . There are stylistic similarities to Russell Mulcahy 's video for Steinman 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , to the extent that Slant Magazine calls Dick 's video an update . Official versions ( edit ) Several versions of the CD single were released in 1996 . They featured the songs `` The Power of the Dream '' , `` Le fils de Superman '' , `` Fly '' , `` To Love You More '' , and a live version of `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' ; a cassette and 7 '' vinyl version were also released . Another CD contained several dance remixes , although these attracted negative reviews . While praising its original form , Allmusic said that ' as a dance song , it misses the mark ... the final ' Moran ' mix is a little better ( than the other dance mixes ) because the vocals do n't pop up until three and a half minutes into the song ' . `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise radio mix # 1 ) -- 4 : 20 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise radio mix # 2 ) -- 3 : 47 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise mix ) -- 8 : 17 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem 7 '' edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem mix ) -- 14 : 38 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem mix part 1 ) -- 10 : 32 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran breakdown dub ) -- 9 : 09 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Prophet mix ) -- 7 : 04 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Aphrodisiac mix ) -- 7 : 47 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Amnesia mix ) -- 7 : 33 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Live version 2004 from A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas ) -- 3 : 37 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Live version 2008 from Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert ) -- 3 : 33 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now / The Power of Love '' ( Medley ) ( Live version 2013 from Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 ) -- 9 : 26 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( radio edit # 1 ) -- 5 : 31 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( radio edit # 2 ) -- 6 : 06 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( album version ) -- 7 : 37 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 10 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Hit Parade Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 62 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 42 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 17 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 Chart ( 1997 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 94 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 77 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 425,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,563,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United States 30 July 1996 CD cassette 7 '' United Kingdom 23 September 1996 CD cassette Meat Loaf and Marion Raven ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Meat Loaf featuring Marion Raven from the album Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose B - side `` Whore '' Released 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) Format CD , DVD , 7 '' Genre Rock Length 6 : 07 ( album version ) 4 : 12 ( single edit ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Desmond Child Meat Loaf singles chronology `` Man of Steel '' ( 2003 ) Man of Steel 2003 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 2006 ) It 's All Coming Back to Me Now2006 `` Cry Over Me '' ( 2007 ) Cry Over Me 2007 Marion Raven singles chronology `` Here I Am '' ( 2004 ) Here I Am2004 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 2006 ) It 's All Coming Back to Me Now2006 `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2006 ) Heads Will Roll2006 In interviews , Meat Loaf has said that , in his mind , the song was always meant to be a duet . It was recorded as a duet by Meat Loaf and Marion Raven for the album Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose , produced by Desmond Child . Raven had been working on her solo album with Child , and was chosen because the timbre of her voice starkly contrasts to Meat Loaf 's . In promotional interviews , Meat Loaf said that `` I believe that the version that Marion Raven and myself did on this album is the definitive version . '' Meat Loaf cried when he first heard the song , which `` is the only time that 's happened . '' He has also said that the song could refer to Steinman and himself , with an array of emotions coming back every time they work together . Referring to lines like ' when I kiss you like that ' , he said that although `` I love Jim Steinman '' , he would n't French kiss him . To me it was n't a song about romance , it was about me and Jim Steinman . We 'd had a load of problems with managers in the early ' 80s and all of a sudden after five years we started to communicate . After I 'd been to his house , he sent me the song , and it was `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' . Not the line ' When you kiss me like that ' , but the emotional connection . It does n't have to be literal . P.R. Brown directed this video , which premiered on VH1 Classic on 8 August 2006 . There are similarities between the video for Meat Loaf 's version of the song , and that the video for that of Celine Dion , with Meat Loaf being haunted by the memory of his lover . It is structured differently , however , with the story being told through flashback . Shots when Raven 's character is alive have a distinct yellow tint , with a darker , blue tint for those after her death . Whereas the motorcyclist dies before the first verse in the Dion version , Raven 's crash and resulting death is not shown until the final chorus . Meat Loaf becomes angry with Raven because the ghost of Raven 's former lover appears at a masquerade ball they are attending ( some reviewers have compared this to the Stanley Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut ) . Meat Loaf 's character mourning that of Marion Raven , in the 2006 video directed by P.R. Brown . This version of the song replaces the word ' nights ' with ' lights ' , in the line ' There were nights of endless pleasure ' . The ending of the single version is different , concluding with an additional ' We forgive and forget and it 's all coming back to me now ' . The album version , following those recorded by Pandora 's Box and Celine Dion , ends with the female voice whispering ' And if we ... ' , followed by four piano notes . The track was available to download from iTunes in the United Kingdom in August 2006 , two months before its UK release on 16 October . The CD single includes the song `` Black Betty '' , with the limited edition 7 '' featuring `` Whore '' , a rock duet with Patti Russo ; it was also released as a DVD single . The album version was made available on Meat Loaf and Marion Raven 's respective MySpace sites in August , with the single version being played during some of their promotional interviews , such as that on BBC Radio 2 . The cover art is by Julie Bell , who is also the artist for the album Bat out Of Hell III . The single entered the UK charts at No. 6 on 22 October 2006 , giving Meat Loaf his highest position in the UK charts since `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' reached No. 2 in 1995 . Critical reaction was generally positive , with The Guardian saying that the song is `` ostensibly a reflection on love , but imbued with the delicacy of aircraft carriers colliding at sea . '' Marion Raven joined Meat Loaf for his 2007 tour of Europe . She was the supporting act , promoting her album Set Me Free . Meat Loaf introduced her again on stage at the latter stages of the concerts to duet on `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . A performance was recorded and released on DVD as 3 Bats Live . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 See also ( edit ) 1996 in British music Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1996 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1996 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1996 ( Canada ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 List of UK top 10 singles in 2006 Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Meat Loaf as indicated in `` this Reuters report ( 31 July 2006 , accessed 11 September 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . , it was written for the first album in the Bat Out of Hell trilogy , recorded by Meat Loaf . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Steinman on `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Meat Loaf ( 4 August 2006 ) . Steve Wright in the Afternoon ( Interview ) . Interview with Steve Wright . London : BBC Radio 2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Othman , Zul ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Man out of hell '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 26 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora 's Box Press Kit '' ( Reprint on website ) ( Press release ) . Virgin Records . 1989 . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Jim Steinman ( 1989 ) . Jim Steinman Opens Pandora 's Box ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Original Sin : Pandora 's Box review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Whistle blower '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Richard . `` It 's all coming back to me now '' . Rick 's World . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles , Guinness Jump up ^ Jeffries , Neil ( 1989 ) . `` Jim In A Box '' ( Reprint on website ) . Kerrang ! . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Sylvie ( 1989 ) . `` Sex , Lies & Videotape '' ( Reprint on website ) . RAW magazine . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lanza , Joseph ( 2007 ) . Phallic Frenzy : Ken Russell and His Films . Chicago Review Press . p. 299 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 669 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hotten , Jon ( September 2000 ) . `` Bat Out Of Hell - The Story Behind The Album '' ( Reprint on website ) . Classic Rock Magazine . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box Discography & Collectibles '' . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Céline Dion , bouleversée , lance sa tournée hommage à René ( VIDÉOS ) ^ Jump up to : All of these quotations from reviews are borrowed from `` Hedonists & Heretics '' . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/falling-into-you-mw0000647077 Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' `` . Nigel Dick . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Ploskovice * A visit of the Castle * '' . BOEHMISCHER KULTUR KLUB . Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 . Retrieved 6 September 2006 . This site does not mention the video , but a comparison of the photographs on that site to the video are conclusive . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Music Videos '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , Amazon.co.uk ' . ' Retrieved 6 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Promis , Jose . `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9815 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 9933 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 16 November 1996 . p. 56 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 9 November 1996 . p. 50 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 41 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1996 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1996 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Year End Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 16 December 1996 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Year End Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . RPM. 16 December 1996 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1996 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - single 1996 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepsze single na UK Top 40 - 1996 wg sprzedaży '' ( in Polish ) . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music : 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 28 December 1996 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1997 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 27 December 1997 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 25 December 1999 . p. 20 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Enter It 's All Coming Back to Me Now in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion 's Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Making of Bat Out of Hell III ( DVD ) . Mercury Records . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bat out of Hell III '' . Liner Notes . 11 September 2006 . XM Satellite Radio . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 26 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( 18 October 2006 ) . Ken Bruce ( Interview ) . Interview with Ken Bruce . London : BBC Radio 2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf and Marion Raven `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' dir . P.R. Brown `` . videos.antville.org . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Latest headlines '' . Virginrecords.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith . `` Newswire : Watch : First video from BAT OUT OF HELL III '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' 2006 . Label : Mercury . Jump up ^ https://www.myspace.com/meatloaf ; https://www.myspace.com/marionraven Jump up ^ `` Bat out of hell iii - info update '' . MeatLoaf.net . Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( 20 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf , Bat Out of Hell III '' ( Guardian Unlimited ( online ) ) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian singer tours UK with Meat Loaf '' . norway.org.uk . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 4 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 42 , 2006 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Pandora 's Box -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Long Version ) on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Single Version ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_All_Coming_Back_to_Me_Now&oldid=815517677 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1989 singles 1996 singles 2006 singles Pandora 's Box ( band ) songs Celine Dion songs Meat Loaf songs Songs written by Jim Steinman Marion Raven songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Vocal duets Music videos directed by Nigel Dick RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Rock ballads Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman 1989 songs Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Mercury Records singles Works based on Wuthering Heights Music based on novels Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 09 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original it's all coming back to me now	[ "\"It's All Coming Back to Me Now\" is a power ballad written by Jim Steinman.[1] According to Steinman, the song was inspired by Wuthering Heights, and was an attempt to write \"the most passionate, romantic song\" he could ever create.[2] The Sunday Times posits that \"Steinman protects his songs as if they were his children\". Meat Loaf had wanted to record \"It's All Coming Back...\" for years, but Steinman saw it as a \"woman's song.\" Steinman won a court movement preventing Meat Loaf from recording it.[3] Girl group Pandora's Box went on to record it and it was subsequently made famous through a cover by Celine Dion, which upset Meat Loaf because he was going to use it for a planned album with the working title Bat Out of Hell III.[4] Alternately, Meat Loaf has said the song was intended for Bat Out of Hell II and given to the singer in 1986, but that they both decided to use \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" for Bat II, and save this song for Bat III.[4][5]" ]	[ "Pandora's Box" ]
4631227413865885722	Double (basketball)	Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders ( in regular season ) 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double - doubles ( regular season and playoffs ) with 1111 . Tim Duncan is second with 1005 , followed by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar with 1004 . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 841 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 811 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 741 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 706 7 Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 665 8 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 580 9 Robinson , David David Robinson * 543 10 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 510 Point - assist Rank Name Total Stockton , John John Stockton * 714 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 441 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 436 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ 404 5 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 402 6 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas * 377 7 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 319 8 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 279 9 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Strickland , Rod Rod Strickland 271 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) Oscar Robertson has the most NBA regular season triple doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple double over an entire season , the other being Russell Westbrook in the 2016 - 2017 NBA regular season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only person to have recorded a perfect triple double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . Triple - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders ( regular season ) ( Player must have at least 20 triple doubles ) Rank Name Triple - doubles Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 181 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 138 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 107 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 79 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 59 7 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 55 8 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 43 9 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 33 10 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 31 Harden , James James Harden ^ 31 12 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 29 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 29 14 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 28 15 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 23 18 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 21 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 21 22 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 20 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , Dolph Schayes ( Syracuse Nationals ) might have logged the league 's first triple - double on February 8 , 1951 , versus the New York Knicks . He had 18 points , 22 rebounds and 13 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 9 Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 10 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 12 Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 13 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 14 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 15 Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 20 Kidd 12 New Jersey Nets 2006 -- 07 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 19 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : James recorded 9 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , aged 20 years and 20 days , logged a triple - double on January 19 , 2005 , versus the Portland Trail Blazers . He had 27 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , holds the record for the fastest triple double . On February 20 , 1955 , Tucker , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes . He finished the game with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 - 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 57 points , 13 rebounds , and 11 assists on March 29 , 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime . The previous record was 53 points , by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only ten times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Suzie McConnell ( Penn State , 1984 -- 88 ) and Louella Tomlinson ( Saint Mary 's , 2007 -- 11 ) , each with 7 . Consecutive triple - doubles in a single season : David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . Hardaway had back - to - back triple - doubles for Memphis State ( now Memphis ) during the 1992 -- 93 season . He recorded 21 points , 15 assists , and 14 rebounds against Georgia State on January 4 , 1993 and then recorded 26 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists against Vanderbilt on January 6 , 1993 . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , also with six in the 1985 -- 86 season . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred sixteen times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place 000000001959 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round 000000001979 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four 000000001979 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Grant , Gary Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round 000000001992 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 Cain , David David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Miller , Andre Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Aldrich , Cole Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round 000000002011 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Others Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989 ; only two other women have done so since , and none since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 000000001974 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 0 or 1 12 Yes ( OT ) Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 000000001986 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( one did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Steele , Larry Larry Steele 000000001974 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Moore , Johnny Johnny Moore 000000001985 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 000000001985 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001986 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001996 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other Men 's Basketball ( edit ) Accurate as of April 2017 League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference French National League Lewis , Derrick Derrick Lewis 000000001990 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Rowe , Daren Daren Rowe 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Rubio , Ricky Ricky Rubio 000000002006 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano , Donbel Donbel Belano 000000001999 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Staten , Jamel Jamel Staten 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA Division I men Hudson , Lester Lester Hudson 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Blackburn , Jermaine Jermaine Blackburn 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Benimon , Jerrelle Jerrelle Benimon 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Williams , Chris Chris Williams 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Accurate as of June 2016 League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Black , Debbie Debbie Black 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Brown , Edwina Edwina Brown 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Dimitrakou , Zoi Zoi Dimitrakou 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Kalmykova , Maria Maria Kalmykova 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Verameyenka , Anastasiya Anastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Meyers , Ann Ann Meyers 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Pettry , Veronica Veronica Pettry 000000001989 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Jones , Ramona Ramona Jones 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Tate , Sonja Sonja Tate 000000001993 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Esteves , Evita Evita Esteves 000000002004 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Purnell , Danna Danna Purnell 000000002007 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Williams , Latiqua Latiqua Williams 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova , Alina Alina Iagupova 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both only done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Erving , Julius Julius Erving 000000001979 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001987 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001992 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No Robinson , David David Robinson 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 000000001993 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Tinsley , Jamaal Jamaal Tinsley 000000002001 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby 000000002004 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002006 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum 000000002012 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Green , Draymond Draymond Green 000000002015 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - six against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days old . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . With double - digits rebounds easier to acquire than double - digit assists , the majority of NBA double - doubles are through the points - rebounds combination access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Daily Dime : Howard Shows He Has The Superhero ( And Villain ) Stuff '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix at Philadelphia recap : Suns top century mark for eighth straight game to open season '' . ESPN.com . November 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenbluth , Chris ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Around The Association : Someone Get The Man Some Glasses '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York at Minnesota recap : Kevin Love posts NBA 's 1st 30 -- 30 game in 28 years as Knicks fade in 4th '' . ESPN.com . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of NBA double - doubles since 1983 -- 84 ( point - rebound ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of NBA double - doubles since 1983 -- 84 ( point - assist ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elias Says ... '' . ESPN.com . Elias Sports Bureau . March 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love 's double - double streak ends at 53 in Wolves ' loss against Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Hill the leader in triple - double versatility '' . USA Today . p. 10. C. The most common triple - double is points , rebounds and assists . Of the 41 triple - doubles recorded this season ( through Tuesday 's games ) , all but three have been acquired that way . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Adande , J.A. ( April 20 , 2002 ) . `` They 're Vintage Triple - Doubles '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 4 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . The term `` triple - double '' was coined by Bruce Jolesch , the former Laker public relations director who needed a way to summarize Johnson 's penchant for recording double figures in points , rebounds and assists . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` 20th Century This Day in Sports '' . USA Today . p. 3. C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` Magical Statistic Reborn ; Triple - double that Johnson made famous serves Bryant well '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Philly 's Pollack has kept track of NBA from the start '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Magic Johnson 's amazing games made Pollack realize he needed a catchy title for double digits in points , rebounds and assists . The triple - double was born ... `` I walked up to Magic and said , ' You know , without me you would n't even be here today , '' ' Pollack said . `` He says , ' What do you mean ? ' I said , ' Who do you think coined the name triple - double and made you famous for doing it ? ' Now it 's a regular stat . He thanked me . '' Jump up ^ `` Sura 's third straight triple - double off books '' . ESPN.com. April 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ < -- Staff author ( s ) ; no byline -- > ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook records NBA 's first ' perfect ' triple - double '' . The Guardian -- via The Associated Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Up - Close : Triple - Doubles '' . New York Times . January 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ( December 9 , 2006 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Jaime ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Duncan , Neal lift Spurs past Dirk-less Mavs '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . This was the 106th triple - double of Kidd 's career . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James career statistics '' . ESPN.com . 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( hide ) Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=800390719 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 07 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most career triple doubles in nba history	[ "A triple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple-double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all-time NBA list with 181 career triple-doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple-double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple-doubles in a season with 42." ]	[ "Westbrook" ]
8331855041698112986	British Hong Kong	British Hong Kong - wikipedia British Hong Kong Hong Kong 香港 1841 -- 1941 1945 -- 1997 Flag ( 1959 -- 1997 ) Coat of arms ( 1959 -- 1997 ) Map of Hong Kong Status 1843 -- 1941 ; 1945 -- 1981 : Crown colony 1981 -- 1997 : British Dependent Territory Capital Victoria ( de facto ) Official languages English Chinese Religion Chinese folk religion Buddhism Christianity Government Colonial dependency Monarch 1842 -- 1901 Victoria ( first ) 1952 -- 1997 Elizabeth II ( last ) Governor 1843 -- 1844 Sir Henry Pottinger ( first ) 1992 -- 1997 Chris Patten ( last ) Chief Secretary 1843 George Malcolm ( first ) 1993 -- 1997 Anson Chan ( last ) Legislature Legislative Council Historical era Victorian era to 20th century British occupation 26 January 1841 Treaty of Nanking 29 August 1842 Convention of Peking 18 October 1860 Extension of Hong Kong Territory Convention 9 June 1898 Imperial Japanese military occupation 25 December 1941 to 30 August 1945 Retrocession to China 30 June 1997 Area 1848 80.4 km ( 31.0 sq mi ) 1901 1,042 km ( 402 sq mi ) Population 1996 estimate 6,217,556 Density 5,796 / km ( 15,011.6 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 1996 estimate Total $154.185 billion Per capita $23,843 GDP ( nominal ) 1996 estimate Total $159.718 billion Per capita $24,698 Gini ( 1996 ) 51.8 high HDI ( 1995 ) 0.808 very high Currency before 1895 : Spanish dollar Chinese cash 1895 -- 1937 : Trade dollar after 1937 : Hong Kong dollar ISO 3166 code HK Preceded by Succeeded by Bao'an County , Guangdong Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Today part of China Hong Kong British Hong Kong Traditional Chinese 英屬香港 show Transcriptions Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Yīng suhk hēung góng Jyutping Jing suk hoeng gong British Hong Kong denotes the period during which Hong Kong was governed as a colony and British Dependent Territory of the United Kingdom . Excluding the Japanese occupation during the Second World War , Hong Kong was under British rule from 1841 to 1997 . The colonial period began with the occupation of Hong Kong Island in 1841 during the First Opium War . The island was ceded by Qing China in the aftermath of the war in 1842 and established as a Crown colony in 1843 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99 - year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . Although Hong Kong Island and Kowloon were ceded in perpetuity , the leased area , which comprised over 90 per cent of the territory , had such a vital role in the economy that Britain agreed to transfer the entire colony to China upon the expiration of that lease in 1997 . The transfer has been considered by many as marking the end of the British Empire . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial establishment 1.2 Growth and expansion 1.3 Japanese occupation 1.4 Restoration of British rule 1.5 Handover to China 2 Government 2.1 Cadets 3 Economy 4 Dissent 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Colonial establishment ( edit ) Further information : History of Hong Kong ( 1800s -- 1930s ) and Bao'an County In 1836 , the Manchu Qing government undertook a major policy review of the opium trade . Lin Zexu volunteered to take on the task of suppressing opium . In March 1839 , he became Special Imperial Commissioner in Canton , where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock . He confined the British to the Canton Factories and cut off their supplies . Chief Superintendent of Trade , Charles Elliot , complied with Lin 's demands to secure a safe exit for the British , with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments . When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock , the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium , which were destroyed in public . Possibly the earliest painting of Hong Kong Island , showing the waterfront settlement which became Victoria City In September 1839 , the British Cabinet decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property , either by the threat or use of force . An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin , Rear - Admiral George Elliot , as joint plenipotentiaries in 1840 . Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China 's right to prohibit opium , but it objected to the way this was handled . He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders , and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death . He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the Chusan islands , to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the Emperor , then to proceed to the Gulf of Bohai for a treaty , and if the Chinese resisted , blockade the key ports of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers . Palmerston demanded a territorial base in Chusan for trade so that British merchants `` may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking , or its local Authorities at the Sea - Ports of the Empire '' . In 1841 , Elliot negotiated with Lin 's successor , Qishan , in the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium War . On 20 January , Elliot announced `` the conclusion of preliminary arrangements '' , which included the cession of Hong Kong Island and its harbour to the British Crown . Elliot chose Hong Kong instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement further east would cause an `` indefinite protraction of hostilities '' , whereas Hong Kong 's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton . British rule began with the occupation of the island on 26 January . Commodore Gordon Bremer , commander - in - chief of British forces in China , took formal possession of the island at Possession Point , where the Union Jack was raised under a feu de joie from the marines and a royal salute from the warships . Hong Kong was ceded in the Treaty of Nanking on 29 August 1842 and established as a Crown colony after ratification was exchanged on 26 June 1843 . Growth and expansion ( edit ) Spring Garden Lane , 1846 The treaty failed to satisfy British expectations of a major expansion of trade and profit , which led to increasing pressure for a revision of the terms . In October 1856 , Chinese authorities in Canton detained the Arrow , a Chinese - owned ship registered in Hong Kong to enjoy protection of the British flag . The Consul in Canton , Harry Parkes , claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were `` an insult of very grave character '' . Parkes and Sir John Bowring , the 4th Governor of Hong Kong , seized the incident to pursue a forward policy . In March 1857 , Palmerston appointed Lord Elgin as Plenipotentiary with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty . A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of a French missionary in 1856 . In 1860 , the capture of the Taku Forts and occupation of Beijing led to the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking . In the Treaty of Tientsin , the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports , navigate the Yangtze River , legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing . During the conflict , the British occupied the Kowloon Peninsula , where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground . The area in what is now south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island was ceded in the Convention of Peking . Hong Kong in the 1930s In 1898 , the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence . After negotiations began in April 1898 , with the British Minister in Beijing , Sir Claude MacDonald , representing Britain , and diplomat Li Hongzhang leading the Chinese , the Second Convention of Peking was signed on 9 June . Since the foreign powers had agreed by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory , and in keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to Russia , Germany and France that same year , the extension of Hong Kong took the form of a 99 - year lease . The lease consisted of the rest of Kowloon south of the Shenzhen River and 230 islands , which became known as the New Territories . The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899 . Japanese occupation ( edit ) Main article : Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Japanese Army crossing the border from the mainland , 1941 In 1941 , during the Second World War , the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek that if Japan attacked Hong Kong , the Chinese National Army would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison . On 8 December , the Battle of Hong Kong began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack . Two days later , the Japanese breached the Gin Drinkers Line in the New Territories . The British commander , Major - General Christopher Maltby , concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland . On 18 December , the Japanese crossed Victoria Harbour . By 25 December , organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance . Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor Sir Mark Young , who accepted his advice to reduce further losses . A day after the invasion , Chiang ordered three corps under General Yu Hanmou to march towards Hong Kong . The plan was to launch a New Year 's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region , but before the Chinese infantry could attack , the Japanese had broken Hong Kong 's defences . The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded . The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded . The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities , including rape , on many locals . The population fell in half , from 1.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war 's end because of fleeing refugees ; they returned in 1945 . The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial élite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups . The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the élite and the middle class , with far less terror than in other Chinese cities . Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony , with Japanese businesses replacing the British . However , the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic . The overlords became more brutal and corrupt , and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted . With the surrender of Japan , the transition back to British rule was smooth , for on the mainland the Nationalist and Communist forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong . In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British . Restoration of British rule ( edit ) Further information : 1950s in Hong Kong , 1960s in Hong Kong , 1970s in Hong Kong , 1980s in Hong Kong , and 1990s in Hong Kong British forces reoccupy Hong Kong under Rear - Admiral Cecil Harcourt , 30 August 1945 On 14 August 1945 , when Japan announced its unconditional surrender , the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong . On 1 September , Rear - Admiral Cecil Harcourt proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head . He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in Government House . Young , upon his return as governor in May 1946 , pursued political reform known as the `` Young Plan '' , believing that , to counter the Chinese government 's determination to recover Hong Kong , it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them . Handover to China ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong The Sino - British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Premier of the People 's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing . The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People 's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985 . In the Joint Declaration , the People 's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong ( including Hong Kong Island , Kowloon , and the New Territories ) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997 . In the document , the People 's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong . In accordance with the One Country , Two Systems principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People 's Republic of China , the socialist system of People 's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) , and Hong Kong 's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years . The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies shall be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law . The ceremony of the signing of the Sino - British Joint Declaration took place at 18 : 00 , 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the Great Hall of the People . The Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office at first proposed a list of 60 -- 80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony . The number was finally extended to 101 . The list included Hong Kong government officials , members of the Legislative and Executive Councils , chairmen of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Standard Chartered Bank , Hong Kong celebrities such as Li Ka - shing , Pao Yue - kong and Fok Ying - tung , and also Martin Lee Chu - ming and Szeto Wah . The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997 . The principal British guest was Charles , Prince of Wales who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen . The newly appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Tony Blair , the British Foreign Minister , Robin Cook , the departing Hong Kong governor , Chris Patten , Chief of the Defence Staff of the United Kingdom , Field Marshal Sir Charles Guthrie , also attended . Representing China were the President of the People 's Republic of China , Jiang Zemin , Premier of the People 's Republic of China , Li Peng , and Tung Chee - hwa , the first Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world . Government ( edit ) Elizabeth II Monarch ( 1952 -- 1997 ) Chris Patten Governor ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Anson Chan Chief Secretary ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Hong Kong was a Crown colony of the United Kingdom and maintained an administration roughly modelled after the Westminster system . The Letters Patent formed the constitutional basis of the colonial government and the Royal Instructions detailed how the territory should be governed and organised . The Governor was the head of government and appointed by the British monarch to serve as the representative of the Crown in the colony . Executive power was highly concentrated with the Governor , who himself appointed almost all members of the Legislative Council and Executive Council and also served as President of both chambers . The British government provided oversight for the colonial government ; the Foreign Secretary formally approved any additions to the Legislative and Executive Councils and the Sovereign held sole authority to amend the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions . The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before passing it to the Legislative Council for approval . This advisory body also itself issued secondary legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances . The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds . This chamber was reformed in the last years of colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation . Indirectly elected functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985 and popularly elected geographical constituency seats in 1991 . Further electoral reform in 1994 effectively made the legislature broadly representative . The administrative Civil Service was led by the Colonial Secretary ( later Chief Secretary ) , who was deputy to the Governor . Government House , c. 1873 The judicial system was based on English law , with Chinese customary law taking a secondary role in civil cases involving Chinese residents . The Supreme Court was the highest court and ruled on all civil and criminal cases in the colony . During the early colonial period , extraterritorial appellate cases from other regions of China involving British subjects were also tried in this court . Further appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , which exercised final adjudication over the entire British Empire . Cadets ( edit ) In 1861 , Governor Sir Hercules Robinson introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship , which recruited young graduates from Britain to learn Cantonese and written Chinese for two years , before deploying them on a fast track to the Civil Service . Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration . After the Second World War , ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service , followed by women . Cadets were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s , and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during British rule . Economy ( edit ) Victoria Harbour in 1988 , showing the Bank of China Tower being built The stability , security , and predictability of British law and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade . In the colony 's first decade , the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds . The importance of opium reduced over time , but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941 . Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British , American , and other expatriates , Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city . By the late 1980s , many ethnic Chinese people had become major business figures in Hong Kong . Amongst these billionaires was Sir Ka - shing Li , who had become one of the colony 's wealthiest people by this time . Dissent ( edit ) Police confrontation during the 1967 leftist riots During China 's turbulent period in the 20th century , Hong Kong served as a safe haven for dissidents , political refugees , and officials who lost power . British policy allowed dissidents to live in Hong Kong as long as they did not break local laws or harm British interests . The implementation of this policy varied according to what the senior officials thought constituted British interests and the state of relations with China . The Canton -- Hong Kong strike ( 1925 -- 1926 ) was anti-imperialist in nature . The 1966 riots and Maoist - led 1967 riots , essentially spillovers from the Cultural Revolution , were large scale demonstrations fuelled by tensions surrounding labour disputes and dissatisfaction towards the government . Although the 1967 riots started as a labour dispute , the incident escalated quickly after the leftist camp and mainland officials stationed in Hong Kong seized the opportunity to mobilise their followers to protest against the colonial government . Chinese Communist members organised the Anti-British Struggle Committee during the riots . Historian Steve Tsang wrote that it was `` ironic '' that despite Hong Kong being a symbol of China 's humiliation by Britain , there was not one major movement started by the Chinese residents of the colony for its retrocession to China , even though there had been several upsurges of Chinese nationalism . He explained : In the 1920s , the working class Chinese of Hong Kong did not have a good reason to rally around the Hong Kong government , and they were more susceptible to appeals based on Chinese nationalism . Consequently , the call of the Communists was basically heeded by the working men , and their actions practically paralysed the colony for a year . By the ( end of the ) 1960s , however , the attempts by the Hong Kong government to maintain stability and good order which helped improve everyone 's living conditions , and ... the beginning of the emergence of a Hong Kong identity , changed the attitude of the local Chinese . They overwhelmingly rallied around the colonial British regime . See also ( edit ) List of heads of Hong Kong by education Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No specific variety of Chinese was listed in legislation , but Cantonese was the de facto standard . Jump up ^ The office of Colonial Secretary was renamed to Chief Secretary in 1976 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Main Results ( PDF ) . 1996 Population By - Census ( Report ) . Census and Statistics Department . December 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hong Kong '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Gini Coefficient Fact Sheet ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Legislative Council . December 2004 . Jump up ^ Hong Kong , China ( SAR ) ( PDF ) . Human Development Report 2016 ( Report ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tsang 2004 , pp. 9 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Tsang 2004 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 21 Jump up ^ The Chinese Repository . Volume 10 . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 11 , 21 Jump up ^ Belcher , Edward ( 1843 ) . Narrative of a Voyage Round the World . Volume 2 . London : Henry Colburn . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 33 , 35 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Snow 200 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Tsai , Jung - Fang ( 2005 ) . `` Wartime Experience , Collective Memories , and Hong Kong Identity '' . China Review International 12 ( 1 ) : 229 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Wei - Bin ( 2006 ) . Hong Kong : The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile - Diligence . Nova Publishers . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 143 -- 144 ^ Jump up to : Hong Kong Government ( July 1984 ) . Green Paper : The Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong . Hong Kong : Government Printer . Jump up ^ Lewis , D.J. ( April 1983 ) . `` A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong '' . The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 32 ( 2 ) : 347 -- 379 . Cambridge University Press . JSTOR 759499 . Jump up ^ Jones , Oliver ( 2014 ) . `` A Worthy Predecessor ? The Privy Council on Appeal from Hong Kong , 1853 to 1997 '' . In Ghai , Y. ; Young , S. Hong Kong 's Court of Final Appeal : The Development of the Law in China 's Hong Kong . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . SSRN 2533284 . Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 25 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Tsang 2004 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Tsang 2004 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Cheung , Gary Ka - wai ( 2009 ) . Hong Kong 's Watershed : The 1967 Riots . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . Jump up ^ Cheung , Gary ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` When the Cultural Revolution spilled over into riots in Hong Kong -- and changed lives forever '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tsang 1995 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Tsang 1995 , p. 246 Bibliography ( edit ) Snow , Philip ( 2004 ) . The Fall of Hong Kong : Britain , China and the Japanese Occupation . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0300103735 . Tsang , Steve ( 1995 ) . A Documentary History of Hong Kong : Government and Politics . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 962 - 209 - 392 - 2 . Tsang , Steve ( 2004 ) . A Modern History of Hong Kong . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 419 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Carroll , John M ( 2007 ) . A Concise History of Hong Kong . Plymouth : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3422 - 3 . Clayton , Adam ( 2003 ) . Hong Kong Since 1945 : An Economic and Social History . Endacott , G.B. ( 1964 ) . An Eastern Entrepot : A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 293 . ASIN B0007J07G6 . OCLC 632495979 . Lui , Adam Yuen - chung ( 1990 ) . Forts and Pirates -- A History of Hong Kong . Hong Kong History Society . p. 114 . ISBN 962 - 7489 - 01 - 8 . Liu , Shuyong ; Wang , Wenjiong ; Chang , Mingyu ( 1997 ) . An Outline History of Hong Kong . Foreign Languages Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 7 - 119 - 01946 - 8 . Ngo , Tak - Wing ( 1999 ) . Hong Kong 's History : State and Society Under Colonial Rule . Routledge . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 20868 - 0 . Welsh , Frank ( 1993 ) . A Borrowed Place : The History of Hong Kong . Kodansha International . p. 624 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56836 - 002 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` Official website of the British Hong Kong Government '' . Archived from the original on 24 December 1996 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . British Hong Kong on Facebook Hong Kong History Prehistoric Imperial China Bao'an County and Xin'an County British colony 1800s -- 1930s Battle of Hong Kong Japanese occupation 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Geography Administrative divisions Areas Bays Beaches Buildings and structures Channels Cities and towns Country parks and conservation Ecology Land reclamation Harbours Islands and peninsulas Lakes Marine parks Mountains and peaks Public parks and gardens Reservoirs Rivers Villages Politics Anthem Autonomy Basic Law Chief Executive Districts Councils Elections Flag Foreign relations Government departments and agencies Independence Judiciary Legal system Legislative Council LGBT rights Military One country , two systems Political parties Sino - British Joint Declaration Special administrative regions of China Public services Education Fire services Food and Health Bureau Healthcare Police Royal Hong Kong Regiment Economy Banks Companies Dollar ( currency ) Employment Hawkers Port Stock Exchange Communications The Hongs Real Estate Hegemony Tourism Landmarks and tourist attractions Disneyland Ocean Park Transport Airlines Airport Buses light buses Cycling Ferries List of roads Major roads Chung Ying Street Rail Taxis Culture Architecture Kowloon Walled City Tallest buildings Cinema Comics Cheung Chau Bun Festival Cuisine Cantonese cuisine Street food Gambling Graffiti Hong Kong orchid Honours system International rankings Languages Cantonese English Lion Rock Spirit Literature McDull Media Museums Music Cantonese opera Cantopop Hakka hill song Ngai jong People Demographics Women Youth Public holidays Religion RTHK Shopping Sport National football team National rugby union team Hong Kong Sevens Television Television drama British Empire ( 1583 -- 1997 ) Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1931 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts - Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New - York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New - Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts - Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North - Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South - Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova - Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1846 - 1847 North Australia 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Commons Portal Geography portal History portal Colonialism portal Asia portal China portal Hong Kong portal United Kingdom portal Coordinates : 22 ° 16 ′ N 114 ° 09 ′ E / 22.267 ° N 114.150 ° E / 22.267 ; 114.150 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&oldid=865842903 '' Categories : British Hong Kong 19th century in Hong Kong 20th century in Hong Kong 1841 establishments in Hong Kong 1841 establishments in the British Empire 1997 disestablishments in Hong Kong Concessions in China China -- United Kingdom relations Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia Former polities of the Cold War History of Hong Kong Hong Kong -- United Kingdom relations States and territories established in 1841 States and territories disestablished in 1941 States and territories established in 1945 States and territories disestablished in 1997 Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 14 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the british take control of hong kong	[ "British Hong Kong denotes the period during which Hong Kong was governed as a colony and British Dependent Territory of the United Kingdom. Excluding the Japanese occupation during the Second World War, Hong Kong was under British rule from 1841 to 1997. The colonial period began with the occupation of Hong Kong Island in 1841 during the First Opium War. The island was ceded by Qing China in the aftermath of the war in 1842 and established as a Crown colony in 1843. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. Although Hong Kong Island and Kowloon were ceded in perpetuity, the leased area, which comprised over 90 per cent of the territory, had such a vital role in the economy that Britain agreed to transfer the entire colony to China upon the expiration of that lease in 1997. The transfer has been considered by many as marking the end of the British Empire.\n" ]	[ "1841" ]
7926427537079306591	IDBI Bank	IDBI Bank - Wikipedia IDBI Bank Jump to : navigation , search IDBI Bank A Govt Of India Owned Bank Type Government - owned bank Traded as BSE : 500116 NSE : IDBI Industry Banking , Financial services Predecessor IDBI Founded 1 July 1964 , 52 years ago Headquarters Mumbai India Key people Mahesh Kumar Jain ( Managing Director & CEO ) Products consumer banking , corporate banking , finance and insurance , investment banking , mortgage loans , private banking , private equity , wealth management , Agriculture Loan Revenue ₹ 28,043.10 crore ( US $4.4 billion ) ( 2016 ) Operating income ₹ 5,370 crore ( US $840 million ) ( 2016 ) Net income ₹ - 3,664.80 crore ( US $ − 570 million ) ( 2016 ) Total assets ₹ 374,372.12 crore ( US $58 billion ) ( 2016 ) Number of employees 17,570 ( March 2016 ) Capital ratio 11.76 % ( 2016 ) Website www.idbi.com IDBI Bank ( Hindi : आई. डी. बी. आई बैंक ) was established in 1964 by an Act of Parliament to provide credit and other financial facilities for the development of the fledgling Indian industry. Central government is the owner of this bank and employees will be called as Central Govt staffs.It is one among the public sector banks in india . At present Govt holds 77 % stake in IDBI Bank , has reported yet another surge in bad loans in the April - June quarter . The lender now has the highest proportion of bad loans , with nearly a quarter of its book having turned bad . For the first quarter of the current financial year , the bank reported a net loss of Rs 853 crore compared to a profit of Rs 241 crore in the year - ago period . In the fourth quarter of financial year 2016 - 17 , the bank had reported a loss of Rs 3,200 crore . While the reported loss was lower than the preceding quarter , bad loans continued to surge . It is currently has 3700 ATMs , 1995 branches , including one overseas branch at Dubai , and 1382 centers . The Bank has an aggregate balance sheet size of INR 3.74 trillion as on 31 March 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Overview of development banking in India 1.2 Formation of Industrial Development Bank of India ( IDBI ) 1.3 Conversion of IDBI into a commercial bank 1.4 Acquisition of United Western Bank 2 Listings and shareholding 3 Employees 4 Collaboration With KfW Germany 5 Awards and recognitions 6 Issues 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Overview of development banking in India ( edit ) Development Banking emerged after the Second World War and the Great Depression in 1930s . The demand for reconstruction funds for the affected nations compelled in setting up of national institutions for reconstruction . At the time of Independence in 1947 , India had a fairly developed banking system . The adoption of bank dominated financial development strategy was aimed at meeting the sectoral credit needs , particularly of agriculture and industry . Towards this end , the Reserve Bank concentrated on regulating and developing mechanisms for institution building . The commercial banking network was expanded to cater to the requirements of general banking and for meeting the short - term working capital requirements of industry and agriculture . Specialised development financial institutions ( DFIs ) such as the IDBI , NABARD , NHB and SIDBI were set up to meet the long - term financing requirements of industry and agriculture . Formation of Industrial development Bank of India ( IDBI ) ( edit ) The Industrial Development Bank of India ( IDBI ) was established in 1964 under an Act of Parliament as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India . In 1976 , the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the Government of India and it was made the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in financing , promoting and developing industry in India . IDBI provided financial assistance , both in rupee and foreign currencies , for green - field projects as also for expansion , modernisation and diversification purposes . In the wake of financial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992 , IDBI also provided indirect financial assistance by way of refinancing of loans extended by State - level financial institutions and banks and by way of rediscounting of bills of exchange arising out of sale of indigenous machinery on deferred payment terms . After the public issue of IDBI in July 1995 , the Government shareholding in the Bank came down from 100 % to 75 % . IDBI played a pioneering role , particularly in the pre-reform era ( 1964 -- 91 ) , in catalyzing broad based industrial development in India in keeping with its Government - ordained ' development banking ' charter . Some of the institutions built with the support of IDBI are the Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI ) , National Stock Exchange of India ( NSE ) , the National Securities Depository Limited ( NSDL ) , the Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited ( SHCIL ) , the Credit Analysis & Research Ltd , the Exim Bank ( India ) , the Small Industries Development Bank of India ( SIDBI ) and the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India . Conversion of IDBI into a commercial Bank ( edit ) A committee formed by RBI recommended the development financial institution ( IDBI ) to diversify its activity and harmonise the role of development financing and banking activities by getting away from the conventional distinction between commercial banking and developmental banking . To keep up with reforms in financial sector , IDBI reshaped its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution . With the Industrial Development Bank ( Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal ) Act , 2003 , IDBI attained the status of a limited company viz. , IDBI Ltd . Subsequently , in September 2004 , the Reserve Bank of India incorporated IDBI as a ' scheduled bank ' under the RBI Act , 1934 . Consequently , IDBI , formally entered the portals of banking business as IDBI Ltd. from 1 October 2004 . The commercial banking arm , IDBI BANK , was merged into IDBI in 2005 . Acquisition of United Western Bank ( edit ) In 2006 , IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank ( headquartered at Satara ) in a rescue . By acquiring UWB , IDBI Bank more than doubled the number of its branches from 195 to 425 . Listings and shareholding ( edit ) IDBI Bank 's equity shares are listed on Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India . As on 31 March 2016 , Government of India held 73.98 % shares in IDBI Bank and Life Insurance Corporation of India held approx. 14.37 % of the shares . Employees ( edit ) As on 31 March 2015 , the bank had 16,555 employees , out of which 197 were employees with disabilities . The average age of bank employees on the same date was 34 years . The bank reported business of INR 25.64 crores per employee and net profit of INR 12.17 lakhs per employee during the FY 2012 - 13 . The company incurred INR 1,538 crores towards employee benefit expenses during the same financial year . Collaboration with KfW Germany ( edit ) IDBI Bank Ltd , through its DIFC Branch in Dubai , has signed a loan agreement for USD 340 million with KfW , Germany . The loan has a maturity of 10 years and carries a competitive rate of interest . Shri Melwyn Rego , Deputy Managing Director of IDBI Bank Ltd. represented IDBI Bank Ltd. and Dr. Norbert Kloppenburg , Member of the Executive Board of KfW represented KfW at the signing ceremony held in New Delhi . The loan would be availed by IDBI Bank Ltd. for funding loans to the micro - , smalland medium - sized enterprises ( MSME ) directly or indirectly through Microfinance Institutions ( MFI 's ) and Non Banking Finance Companies ( NBFC 's ) . Part of the loan is dedicated for selected infrastructure projects to support municipalities and communities to improve health and living conditions . Commenting on the occasion , Shri Melwyn Rego , Deputy Managing Director , IDBI Bank Ltd. stated that the Bank is committed to provide financial support to the MSME sector which is one of the thrust areas of the Bank . This loan from KfW would provide further impetus in our endeavor of meeting the growing financial needs of this sector which plays a vital role in the country 's economic growth . Shri N.S. Venkatesh , Chief General Manager , IDBI Bank Ltd. , while speaking at the event , said this transaction with KfW is the testimony to the long - standing relationship between IDBI Bank Ltd. and KfW which goes back to more than two decades . `` With this credit line , KfW is providing the IDBI with an important and broadly effective contribution towards creating income and fighting poverty in India . Growth among small companies triggers local demand and consumption , secures employment and is a key factor in the creation of new jobs '' , said Dr Norbert Kloppenburg , member of the Executive Board of the KfW Group . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) IDBI Bank was ranked # 1197 in the Forbes Global 2000 in May 2013 . It received the ' Overall Best Bank ' and ' Best Public Sector Bank ' awards in the Dun & Bradstreet Banking Awards , 2011 . In 2011 , it received Banking Technology awards for best use of Business Intelligence and the best Risk Management from Indian Banks Association . Issues ( edit ) On 29 feb 2016 , the Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley declared that there is a chance of dilution of the Government of India stake in IDBI Bank to below 50 % . See also ( edit ) IDBI Federal Life Insurance IDBI Intech Ltd . Banking in India List of banks in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report of IDBI Bank '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . IDBI Bank . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . IDBI Bank . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Western Bank to merge with IDBI '' . Rediff.com. 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IDBI Bank '' . BSEindia.com . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IDBI Bank '' . NSE India . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2012 - 13 '' ( PDF ) . IDBI Bank . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bank , IDBI . `` IDBI loans $340 M to KfW '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` IDBI Bank on the Forbes Global 2000 List '' . Forbes . May 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IDBI Bank Wins Dun & Bradstreet Banking Awards 2011 for Overall Best Bank & Best Public Sector Bank '' . Business Standard . 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IDBI Bank bags IBA 's prestigious Banking Technology Awards '' . Business Standard . 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank officers protest IDBI Bank stake sale '' . Business Standard . 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Privatisation move : IDBI Bank staff bombard blog with protest notes '' . BusinessLine. 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the long form of idbi bank	[ "The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was established in 1964 under an Act of Parliament as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. In 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the Government of India and it was made the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry in India. IDBI provided financial assistance, both in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-field projects as also for expansion, modernisation and diversification purposes. In the wake of financial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI also provided indirect financial assistance by way of refinancing of loans extended by State-level financial institutions and banks and by way of rediscounting of bills of exchange arising out of sale of indigenous machinery on deferred payment terms.[citation needed]" ]	[ "The Industrial Development Bank of India" ]
1311906624446695513	List of The Land Before Time characters	List of the Land Before Time characters - wikipedia List of the Land Before Time characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters of The Land Before Time from the TV series . From left to right : Spike , Ducky , Cera , Littlefoot , Petrie , Ruby , and Chomper . This is a list of recurring characters in The Land Before Time , a series of animated children 's films . The main characters include Littlefoot ( Apatosaurus ) , Cera ( Triceratops ) , Ducky ( Saurolophus ) , Petrie ( Pteranodon ) , Spike ( Stegosaurus ) , and in the spin - off television series and the fourteenth movie , Chomper ( Tyrannosaurus ) and Ruby ( Oviraptor ) . Other characters include the families of the main characters , the residents of their home , the Great Valley , and outsiders to the Great Valley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 2 Main characters 2.1 Littlefoot 2.2 Cera 2.3 Ducky 2.4 Petrie 2.5 Spike 2.6 Chomper 2.7 Ruby 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Mr. Thicknose 3.2 Mo 3.3 Guido 3.4 Shorty 3.5 Tippy and his Mother 3.6 Hyp , Mutt , and Nod 3.7 Ali 3.8 Mrs. Twoped 3.9 Doc 4 Supporting characters 4.1 Grandpa and Grandma Longneck 4.2 Bron 4.3 Chomper 's Parents 4.4 Ducky and Spike 's Mother 4.5 Ducky and Spike 's Siblings 4.6 Littlefoot 's Mother 4.7 Petrie 's Mother 4.8 Topps 4.9 Tria 4.10 Cera 's Siblings 5 Allies 5.1 The Tinysauruses 5.2 Kosh 5.3 Rooter 5.4 Foobie 5.5 Hidden Runner 5.6 Loofah and Doofah 5.7 Milo , Lydia , and Plower 5.8 Archie 5.9 Tickles 5.10 Elsie 5.11 Sue 5.12 Pat 5.13 Saro 5.14 Rainbow Faces 5.15 Dara 5.16 Swooper 5.17 Etta 5.18 Wild Arms 6 Antagonists and villains 6.1 Sharptooth 6.2 Ozzy and Strut 6.3 Dil and Ichy 6.4 Red Claw 6.5 Screech and Thud 6.6 Rhett 6.7 Pterano 6.7. 1 Rinkus and Sierra 6.8 The Great Hideous Beast 6.9 Unnamed Sharpteeth 7 References Creation and development ( edit ) The idea for The Land Before Time came during production of An American Tail . Steven Spielberg 's studio Amblin Entertainment was interested in doing a film about dinosaurs , which were popular at the time , leading Spielberg , director Don Bluth , and producer George Lucas to develop the prehistoric setting and its cast . Inspired by the dinosaur - themed `` Rite of Spring '' sequence from Disney 's Fantasia , Spielberg had originally intended for the movie to have no speech , with music queues and body language telling the story , effectively rendering all the characters mute . However , it was decided that the film could n't carry a story without dialogue , and each character was given language accordingly . Despite this , the film 's artists would still use the Fantasia sequence and characters as guides when creating their the very first concept art . Bluth had to learn most of his information about specific dinosaur species before work began , stating `` I had to do lots and lots of research because I never was a fanatic about dinosaurs as a kid . But in many ways it became a fictional fantasy because it 's about these young children who are taught to hate each other ; anyone who is different from him . When they are separated from their parents , these five little children have to learn to get along with each other for survival . So there is a bit of a moral in it , too . '' The films creators wanted to have a Tyrannosaurus as the main villain , which became the `` Sharptooth '' that would define many similar antagonists throughout the series . While Bluth had originally wanted to portray a more `` forceful , dramatic '' representation of prehistoric times , the idea was sometimes at odds with studio executives who wanted a more child - friendly `` get - along gang '' approach , which called for the main characters becoming cuter , but still distinctly detailed , as a compromise . After the release of the first film , neither Bluth , Spielberg , or Lucas had further creative input in the series , with character development and design tweaks now guided by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and associated studios . Main characters ( edit ) Littlefoot ( edit ) `` Littlefoot '' redirects here . For the hominid fossil , see Little Foot . Littlefoot , voiced by Gabriel Damon ( I ) , Scott McAfee ( II - IV ) , Brandon LaCroix ( V ) , Thomas Dekker ( singing voice , V ; singing and speaking , VI - IX ) , Alec Medlock ( X ) , Aaron Spann ( XI ) , Nick Price ( XII ) , Cody Arens ( XIII - TV series ) , Anthony Skillman ( singing voice , XIII - TV series ) and Felix Avitia ( XIV ) , is a brown male Apatosaurus , or `` Longneck '' . His birth marked the beginning of the very first film . When his mother dies protecting him from a Sharptooth , he is forced to travel through the harsh wilderness alone to find his surviving grandparents . After meeting several young dinosaurs along the way who would become his best friends , they arrive in the verdant Great Valley where the series primarily takes place . In Journey Through the Mists , Littlefoot is introduced to his female cousin Ali , a member of another Longneck herd . He is eventually meets his father , Bron , in the film The Great Longneck Migration , who adopts an orphaned Brachiosaurus named Shorty who becomes his foster brother . Littlefoot has been referred to by several species names throughout the series . In the first film he is called a Brontosaurus on the home video packaging and by numerous media outlets . He was also called a Brachiosaurus on the later - released VHS clamshell case and Rotten Tomatoes UK . He is now listed as an Apatosaurus the official website and in modern incarnations of the series . He was originally named `` Thunderfoot '' by the creators of the first film , until it was discovered that a Triceratops character from a children 's book had the same name . The original name was kept very late into production , up until just before the movie 's release . Littlefoot has been compared to characters such as Disney 's Bambi , and Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz , on how he goes on a strange journey and meets many new friends along the way . Cera ( edit ) Cera , voiced by Candace Hutson ( I - IV ) , and Anndi McAfee ( V - XIV ) is a female orange Triceratops , or `` Threehorn '' . Like Littlefoot , she hatches in the first film , and is later separated from her parents and sisters during an earthquake . She accompanies Littlefoot to the Great Valley where she is eventually reunited with her father . She is stubborn , boastful , sometimes reckless , and occasionally belligerent , but is often made look foolish when she is proven wrong . The initial film , and a few sequels , attributed an ego to her species , especially to herself and her father , but this is diminished in later appearances . In the movie Invasion of the Tinysauruses , her dad begins a new relationship with a Threehorn named Tria , who Cera dislikes at first , but eventually comes to accept . By the following film , Tria and Cera 's father have become mates , and have a child named Tricia , Cera 's half - sister . The character was originally conceived as a male Triceratops named `` Bambo '' , but was changed to a female named `` Cera '' at the suggestion of producer George Lucas midway through animation of the first movie . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called Cera `` a fiercely cute and rambunctious little dynamo '' in his review of the 1988 original , with critic Mark R. Leeper likewise calling her `` cute and pugnacious . '' She was the main character of the 2001 children 's book The Land Before Time : Cera 's Big Day Out by Molly Goode , Judy Freudeberg , and Tony Geiss , as well as the 2007 book Cera 's Shiny Stone based on the TV series episode `` The Canyon of Shiny Stones '' . Ducky ( edit ) Ducky , voiced by Judith Barsi ( I ) , Heather Hogan ( II - IV ) and Aria Noelle Curzon ( V - XIV ) , is a female green Saurolophus , known colloquially as a `` Big Mouth '' , `` Duck Bill '' , or `` Swimmer '' . She was one of the young dinosaurs who accompanied Littlefoot to the Great Valley when she was separated from her family . After arriving in her new home , her mother adopted the orphaned Spike , who became her foster younger brother . She has numerous biological siblings , with many being born in the original film and Journey of the Brave . Characterized as having an energetic , cheerful , childlike personality , she speaks enthusiastically often replies to things in triplicate ( `` Yep , yep , yep ! '' or `` Nope , nope , nope ! '' ) . Her species has been inconsistently labeled in various Land Before Time media . While the official website referred to her as a Parasaurolophus , she has also been identified as the similar species Saurolophus , which she more closely resembles , in the 1997 The Land Before Time Sing - Along Songs video cassette . Many sources have also referred to her as an Anatosaurus , including Jerry Beck 's The Animated Movie Guide and David Mansour 's From Abba to Zoom : A Pop - Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . In her review of the 1988 film , Wendy Miller of the Mohave Daily Miner referred to the character as `` an adorably gregarious young anatosaurus who immediately wins the audiences heart . '' Petrie ( edit ) Petrie , voiced by Will Ryan ( I ) and Jeff Bennett ( II - XIV ) , is a male brown Pteranodon , or `` Flyer '' . The comic relief of the first film , he is characterized as panicky and anxious , and traveled with Littlefoot to find his mother and siblings in the Great Valley while learning the basics of flight along the way . He is talkative , but speaks in broken English , usually omitting linking verbs ( is , are , am ) , using `` me '' in place of `` I '' , and referring to himself in third person . He was originally meant to have a larger role in his debut , but much of his screen time was given to Ducky due to how impressed the producers were with Judith Barsi 's performance . He was a central character in the twelfth film The Great Day of the Flyers . The producers of the original film had difficulty deciding on a voice for the character until it was suggested by Steven Spielberg 's son , Max , that he sound similar to Digit from the previous Don Bluth movie , An American Tail . Digit 's voice actor Will Ryan was then asked to fill the role . It was pointed out in the book Test Prep Your IQ with the Essentials of Film that Petrie is the only one of the original five principal characters that is not technically a dinosaur ; Pteranodons are pterosaurs . Spike ( edit ) Spike , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( II - V , VII - XIV ) and Jeff Bennett ( VI ) , is a male green Stegosaurus , or `` Spiketail '' . Despite being the largest , he is actually the youngest of the original main characters ; his hatching being witnessed by Ducky whose parents later adopted him . He is characterized as gluttonous , laid - back , and rarely speaks , communicating mostly in grunts or scat singing . During the fourth film , Journey Through the Mists , he speaks for the first time , calling Ducky 's name , and again in the eighth film The Big Freeze , where calls out to his mother . In the same movie , it is mentioned that his birth parents were probably lost in the earthquake of the first film , and becomes close friends with another Stegosaurus named Tippy . The TV series episode `` Through the Eyes of a Spiketail '' , is told largely from Spike 's point of view , where he speaks , internally , with a low voice , and can `` hear '' the song of plants that guide him to them . Spike 's design was based on Bluth 's pet Chow Chow , Cubby , with the director commenting that he had a personal fondness for the character , calling him `` a pure soul , simple , accommodating , and eager to please . '' He has been described by journalists as the `` fat kid '' of the group , `` quiet and shy , '' and a `` tagalong . '' Chomper ( edit ) Chomper , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( II ) , Cannon Young ( V ) , Max Burkholder ( TV series ) , and Issac Ryan Brown ( XIV ) is a male purple Tyrannosaurus , or `` Sharptooth '' . He first appeared in the second film , The Great Valley Adventure , as a newborn hatchling whom Littlefoot and the others attempt to raise before returning him to his parents . He re-appeared as a supporting character in the fifth movie The Mysterious Island , now able to speak the language of both Sharpteeth and leaf - eaters , where he must convince his parents and Cera that both groups can get along . He became a main character in the TV series , having migrated to the Great Valley under the care of Ruby , and attempts to discover how its residents can live in harmony so he can pass this knowledge to his own kind . He is also known for having an amazing sense of smell , which comes in handy on occasion . Chomper also appears in the Fourteenth movie Journey of the Brave . When he attempts to greet Wild Arms , who passes out . In his debut in The Great Valley Adventure , Steve Rhodes of Rotten Tomatoes UK commended the character 's design , calling him `` a real scene stealer . '' Chomper is the star of the children 's book The Lonely Dinosaur , based on the TV series episode `` The Lonely Journey '' . Ruby ( edit ) Ruby , voiced by Meghan Strange , is a female pink Oviraptor , or `` Fast Runner '' , who first appeared in the television series , debuting in the inaugural episode `` The Cave of Many Voices '' . Originally from the Mysterious Beyond , she meets Chomper and agrees to accompany him to the Great Valley , and becomes separated from her parents and two siblings after they are ambushed by a Sharptooth named Redclaw . Later , she re-unites with her family in the episode `` Return to Hanging Rock '' , but returns to the Valley in order to keep looking after Chomper as promised . She made her film debut in the fourteenth movie Journey of the Brave . Ruby is characterized as being the wisest of her friends , giving advice or encouragement , and often makes repetitive or redundant statements ( `` Hello my friends , my friends hello . '' or `` I think I need to go do some thinking at my thinking place . '' ) Secondary characters ( edit ) Mr. Thicknose ( edit ) Mr. Thicknose , voiced by Robert Guillaume ( VIII ) and Dorian Harewood ( TV series ) , is an elderly Pachyrhinosaurus . In his first appearance , The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , he is a very respected resident of the Great Valley ; having convinced the others that he has been everywhere and seen everything . When snow falls in the Valley for the first known time , and he is unable to explain it , the other adults lose faith in him . While stranded in the Mysterious Beyond , he reveals to the children , to whom he acted as a teacher , that most of his knowledge comes from secondary sources . Despite this , he is able to use the knowledge he learned to guide them back to the Great Valley . The character 's only appearance in the films , to date , was in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , but he has become a regular in the TV series . Mo ( edit ) Mo , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a colorful Ophthalmosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . The character is bilingual , speaking a broken form of the herbivore language , as well as his native dolphin - like language . He is very playful , and becomes popular with the main characters aside from Cera , who is at first annoyed by his playful antics . Though the character 's only prominent roles are in the ninth movie and in the TV episode `` The Missing Fast - Water Adventure '' , he has made a few cameo appearances in the films . In The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , he jumps out of the water during the `` Adventuring '' musical number , and he says `` And fly ! '' during the song `` Flip , Flap and Fly '' in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Guido ( edit ) Guido , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a teal blue Microraptor gui , who first appears in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . He is convinced that he 's the only one of his kind , having never seen another of his kind before . His origins are unknown , as he apparently has no idea what he is or where he came from . Though he tries to fly , he can only glide for a brief period of time . He reappears in the TV episode `` The Hermit of Black Rock '' , in which he and Petrie meet an old blind purple Harpactognathus named Swooper ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) , and learns to fly properly . He often appears neurotic or panicky at times , and easily confused . Shorty ( edit ) Shorty , voiced by Brandon Michael DePaul ( X ) and Elizabeth Daily ( TV series ) is a young dark green Brachiosaurus who first appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . When Bron found Shorty , he was defending a group of much younger Camarasaurus . Shorty bullies Littlefoot at first and antagonizes him , until Littlefoot decides that he can be his adopted older brother , and Shorty accepts . Later , at the end of the film , it is implied that Bron adopts him . Tippy and his mother ( edit ) Tippy , voiced by Jeremy Suarez ( VIII ) and Cree Summer ( TV series ) , is a pink and brown Stegosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , in which his herd migrates into the Great Valley temporarily , after which he quickly befriends Spike . Unlike Spike , Tippy , though with limited use of words , is very vocal . Tippy 's mother ( voiced by Susan Krebs ) is a kindly female Stegosaurus , who invites Spike to spend time with her herd upon learning that he has been adopted by another species and has not spent time around his species . She later invites him to travel with the herd when they leave the Valley in search of food during the freeze . She and her son , together with their herd , reappear in the episode `` The Forbidden Friendship . '' Hyp , Mutt , and Nod ( edit ) Hyp , Mutt , and Nod are a trio of adolescent dinosaurs , who first appeared in The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving , in which they often quarrel with Littlefoot , Cera , and the others . It is also implied near the end of the film that Hyp the gray Hypsilophodon , behaves in this manner because of the aggressive treatment he receives from his father . His lackey , Mutt the green Muttaburrasaurus , is shown to be much softer - hearted , as well as dim - witted , whereas Hyp 's other lackey , Nod the green Nodosaurus , frequently emphasizes Hyp 's statements , as well as allowing him to ride on his back . They become friends with the protagonists after all eight cooperate against a pack of Fast Biters . The trio appear again in the season one finale of the television series , `` The Great Egg Adventure . '' In the film , they were voiced by Whit Hetford ( Hyp ) , Jeff Bennett ( Mutt ) , and Scott Menville ( Nod ) . In the TV series , Bennett and Menville resume their roles , but Hyp is voiced by Mikey Kelley . Ali ( edit ) Ali , voiced by Juliana Hansen ( IV ) and Nika Futterman ( TV series ) , is a young female purple Brontosaurus and a cousin of Littlefoot 's , who first appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists . She quickly befriends Littlefoot , but is wary of the other main characters since they are not Longnecks . However , she befriends them after they all cooperate against common danger . She is their guide through the ' Land of Mists ' through which her family formerly traveled . Ali appears again in the TV episode `` The Brave Longneck Scheme . '' Mrs. Twoped ( edit ) Mrs. Twoped was an unseen friend of Tria around the time of Tricia 's hatching . After Tricia ran for the very first time in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , Tria remarked that she could not wait to tell Mrs. Twoped about it . Due to her last name , Mrs. Twoped can be presumed to be a two - legged dinosaur . In the Swedish translation , her name is `` Fru . Rörhuvud '' , which translates to `` Mrs. Tubehead '' , so she could be a Parasaurolophus . Doc ( edit ) Doc , voiced by Kris Kristofferson ( VI ) and Jeff Bennett ( TV series ) is a nomadic elderly Diplodocus . In his first appearance , he saves Littlefoot shortly after arriving in the Great Valley , and Littlefoot idolizes him thereafter as the legendary ' Lone Dinosaur ' , who purportedly saved the Great Valley from a particularly powerful Sharptooth long before ; Doc 's own statements about having visited the Great Valley before , as well as a large scar on his face resembling one of the legend , support Littlefoot 's ideas . At the end of the film , after Doc and Grandpa Longneck defeat a marauding Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus Rex together , Doc leaves the Valley . He appears again in the TV episode `` The Lone Dinosaur Returns , '' in which he now has a lady - friend . During the episode , he is initially appalled by Littlefoot 's friendship with Chomper , but is gradually convinced to respect the latter . Supporting characters ( edit ) Grandpa and Grandma Longneck ( edit ) Grandpa Longneck , voiced by Bill Erwin ( I ) and Kenneth Mars ( II -- XII , TV series ) and Barry Bostwick ( XIV ) , and Grandma Longneck , voiced by Linda Gary ( II -- IV ) and Miriam Flynn ( V -- XIV , TV series ) , are two older bluish - grey Brontosauruses and are Littlefoot 's maternal grandparents . They are his primary caregivers after his mother 's ( their daughter 's ) death ; whereas Grandpa Longneck , together with Topsy , serves as a leader of the combined herds of the Great Valley . Littlefoot regards his grandfather as an idol . Although both elders seldom fight , each is fully capable of opposing a tyrannosaur . Grandma and Grandpa Longneck appear in all of the Land Before Time films , and in many episodes of the TV series . Their names have never been given : all the characters address them by title , or by the species name of `` Longneck , '' including by each other ; modifying this , Bron appears as their son - in - law , wherefore he identifies them as `` Papa and Mama Longneck . '' Bron ( edit ) Bron , voiced by Kiefer Sutherland ( X ) and Cam Clarke ( TV series ) , and Scott Whyte ( XIV ) is a brown Brontosaurus , the father of Littlefoot , and adoptive father of Shorty . He first appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , wherein Bron reveals that he was separated from his wife and parents - in - law before Littlefoot hatched . Although Littlefoot and Bron are affectionate , they separate at the end of the film , promising to reunite . Bron eventually fulfills this in the TV episode `` The Big Longneck Test , '' in which he administers a series of difficult tasks to Littlefoot . He reappears in the movie `` Journey of The Brave '' where he is trapped near a volcano and is hurt . He is shown to be proud of his son 's will to save him . Chomper 's parents ( edit ) Chomper 's Parents are a pair of Tyrannosaurus , featured in Chomper 's first two film appearances . They are sexually dimorphic , with Chomper 's father being dark green and his mother having an olive green color . They are very protective of their son , as when they invade the Great Valley to search for his egg in The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure , and fighting to protect him from a Giganotosaurus in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . Although the two initially treat the protagonists as prey , they promise to spare them , as a reward for rescuing Chomper from the Giganotosaurus . In The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , a dark green Sharptooth resembling Chomper 's father is chasing a herd of Dryosaurus . Ducky and Spike 's mother ( edit ) Ducky and Spike 's Mother , voiced by Tress MacNeille ( II - XII , TV series ) and Meghan Strange ( XIV ) , is a grayish green Saurolophus and has appeared in most of the movies . Ducky and Spike 's father is rarely seen but has appeared in the initial film , and in the background of The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze . The mother is a kindly , attentive figure , and is treated with respect by all children and adults in the Great Valley . She occasionally has doubts on whether to raise Spike in keeping with her own values or with those of his racial heritage ; this was seen in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze when a stegosaur herd met and befriended Spike . Ducky and Spike 's siblings ( edit ) There are at least 14 young siblings , resembling Ducky herself but seldom seen . In the first film , Ducky 's nest contained about half a dozen eggs , whereas in the second film , Ducky 's parents have another nest , whence an equal number are hatched . As revealed in the latest film , more siblings are younger than Ducky and Spike . Littlefoot 's mother ( edit ) Appeared only in The Land Before Time , Littlefoot 's Mother , voiced by Helen Shaver , lost her life in the first film to save Littlefoot and Cera from the Sharptooth pursuing them . Before her death , she is Littlefoot 's teacher and caregiver , and introduces the story 's principal themes ; and after death , appears in spirit to reveal his destination . She is also shown in a flashback scene in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , wherein she is blue in color , whereas in the first film , she was brown . Petrie 's mother ( edit ) Petrie 's Mother , voiced by Tress MacNeille ( I - XIII , TV series ) and Anndi McAfee ( XIV ) , is a dark blue Pteranodon who appears in the entire series of The Land Before Time . She has major appearances in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island , The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire , and The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . In the seventh film , she flies to the Mysterious Beyond to find Petrie and Ducky , blaming her brother Pterano for endangering them . Topps ( edit ) Topps , voiced by Burke Byrnes ( I ) , John Ingle ( II -- XIII , TV series ) and George Ball ( XIV ) , is a gray Triceratops , and the father of Cera . He was credited as `` Daddy Topps '' in the first film and is otherwise called `` Mr. Threehorn '' . In The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses , the character Tria refers to him by the pet name `` Topsy , '' much to the annoyance of Cera . He is portrayed as belligerent , domineering , sometimes hostile , and stubborn like his daughter , and as such , serves as opposition party to Grandpa Longneck , at any decisive meeting of the herds . Most interspecies racism is associated with him , but his principal anxiety in most appearances , is the protection of Cera . Tria ( edit ) Tria , voiced by Camryn Manheim ( XI -- XII ) and Jessica Gee ( XIII , TV series ) , is a pink `` Three - Horn '' ( Triceratops ) , and Topps ' second mate . Tria is introduced in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses , wherein she is opposed by Cera until later in the story . Tria and Topps have a child in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Cera 's siblings ( edit ) Topps and his first mate are shown to have had several children on at least two occasions . The first time can only be inferred , in that the existence of Dinah and Dana -- Cera 's niece and nephew and Topps ' grandchildren -- implies that Topps and his mate had at least one child before Cera 's egg laying . Cera also had several sisters of an age with herself , though they are seldom seen . As of The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , she has a half - sister named Tricia : the offspring of her father and stepmother , Tria . Allies ( edit ) The Tinysauruses ( edit ) The Tinysauruses are an underground colony of Mussaurus , who appeared in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Their leader is an old cranky Mussaurus with a huge voice named Big Daddy ( voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan ) along with his daughter Lizzie ( voiced by Cree Summer ) . Other individuals include Skitter ( voiced by Leigh Kelly ) , Dusty ( voiced by Ashley Rose Orr ) , and Rocky ( voiced by Nika Futterman ) . The Tinysauruses make a cameo appearance in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , and later are mentioned in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above . '' Kosh ( edit ) Kosh , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( III , minus V ) , Jeff Bennett ( XI -- XII , TV series ) and Pete Sepenuk ( TV series ) , is a gluttonous , pink Ankylosaurus who appears reduces exile in some of The Land Before Time films and the TV series . He is almost always seen eating , and usually ends up having his meal disturbed or interrupted in some way . He is also rather quick to anger , though maybe not as much as Cera 's father . He is apparently on good terms with him , usually being the first to agree with Mr. Threehorn , but often argues with him too . His first name was revealed in the end credits of the TV episode `` The Star Day Celebration . '' Rooter ( edit ) Rooter , voice by Pat Hingle ( who also narrated the first film ) , is an old Turquoise - colored Scolosaurus , who consoles Littlefoot after the latter 's mother has died . His only appearance was in the first film . Foobie ( edit ) Foobie , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a mute Yellow Belly who is considered the Wise One of his herd . Foobie makes friends with Spike . He appears in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . Hidden Runner ( edit ) Hidden Runner , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a green and blue Troodon whose only appearance , so far , has been in The Land Before Time TV series episode `` The Spooky Nighttime Adventure . '' He ( or she ) has the ability to blend in with its habitat due to its multi-colored markings , giving the impression that it can turn invisible , similar to a chameleon or octopus . Loofah and Doofah ( edit ) Loofah and Doofah are two Beipiaosaurus Yellow - Bellies who only appeared in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . Loofah is voiced by Cuba Gooding , Jr. and Doofah is voiced by Sandra Oh . Loofah is the cheerful leader of a herd of Yellow - Bellies who , in the film , are looking for the Berry Valley . Doofah is a prominent female in her herd , and is equally friendly and optimistic . Both of them have short - term memory loss , and are motivated by impulsive needs . Milo , Lydia , and Plower ( edit ) Milo , Lydia , and Plower are three Ceratogaulus featured in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above . '' They believe Spike to be `` The Big Wise One '' . Milo was voiced by Rob Paulsen , Plower by Meghan Strange , and Lydia by Anndi McAfee . Archie ( edit ) Archie is an old Archelon , living in a cave - system just outside the Land of Mists . He has only appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , wherein he guides Littlefoot and his friends through the caves . Tickles ( edit ) Tickles is an arboreal Megazostrodon who appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , to assist the protagonists . He was voiced by Frank Welker . Elsie ( edit ) Elsie is a green Elasmosaurus who returns Littlefoot , Ducky , Cera , Petrie , and Spike to their families at the end of The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . She is voiced by Christina Pickles . Sue ( edit ) Sue is a bright pink Supersaurus . She saved Littlefoot from a Belly Dragger ( Sarcosuchus ) by simply crushing its face in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . She wishes to meet somebody who is taller than her , and once in the crater , she meets a Sauroposeidon that is taller than herself . Sue is kind and gentle , but her real personality remains a mystery because of her short amount of screen - time . She was voiced by Bernadette Peters . Pat ( edit ) Pat is an old but not always wise Apatosaurus , who only appeared in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , and was voiced by James Garner . Saro ( edit ) Saro is an Alamosaurus . He is an old friend of Grandpa Longneck , who has been interested in the stories of the Longnecks all his life . He appears in the episode of the TV series , `` The Legend of the Story Speaker . '' He is voiced by Pete Sepenuk . Rainbow Faces ( edit ) Rainbow Faces are two Gallimimus , who appeared in The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . Throughout their appearance , they show scientific knowledge exceeding that attributed to other characters , and are finally implied to be extraterrestrial in origin . The male Rainbow Face appears again in The Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Dara ( edit ) Dara is a wandering female Diplodocus who first appeared in the TV episode `` The Lone Dinosaur Returns . '' She is the lady - friend of Doc , the ' Lone Dinosaur ' . She is voiced by Susan Blu . Swooper ( edit ) Swooper is a blind , elderly Harpactognathus who Petrie and Guido meet in Black Rock in the TV episode `` The Hermit of Black Rock . '' He is voiced by Jess Harnell . Etta ( edit ) Etta is a Pteranodon who appears in The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave . After Littlefoot meets her after looking for shelter during a `` Sand cloud '' a.k.a. Sand storm , she forces Littlefoot into a cave , and the mouth of the cave is blocked by sand , and later rocks . To cheer up the downtrodden Longneck , Etta tells Littlefoot to ' look for the light ' ; look for the positive in a negative situation . After a song number , she and Littlefoot hear sound from above the cave , coming from a skirmish between the rest of the Prehistoric Pals and a hostile Sharptooth . The dinosaurs ( and pterosaurs ) ride a river and use a waterfall to exit the cave opening , and make their way to the Fire Mountain ; the location of Littlefoot 's imperiled father , Bron . Etta has a burn mark on her arm when a small lava bomb hit her when she was near a volcano called Fire Mountain . She is voiced by Reba McEntire . Wild Arms ( edit ) Wild Arms is a Nothronychus who notifies Littlefoot and the rest of the valley that Bron has been imperiled in the Mysterious Beyond . In the evening , after the kids set off to find Littlefoot 's father , he is enlisted by Grandpa Longneck and Daddy Topps to guide them to the Fire Mountain , the exact location where Bron was put in danger due to a volcanic eruption . It is later revealed by Etta that Wild Arms ' life was nearly cut short during the eruption of the Fire Mountain , the therizinosaur narrowly escaping death due to the involvement of Bron ; though this rescue was ultimately what put Bron 's life on the line . After Bron is rescued , he , alongside Etta , Grandpa , Topps , and the Gang of Seven , head back to the Great Valley as the sun sets . Though Wild Arms 's eccentric behavior does occasionally lead to humor , he is selfish , cowardly , and somewhat mean spirited . He is rather narcissistic , and is very reluctant to help those who need help the most . At the end of the movie , Wild Arms arrogantly tries to take credit for helping with the rescue , saying he `` volunteered '' when boasting to Etta ; who quickly laughs off his arrogance . He also has to be goaded into going into the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth , and , despite being told that Chomper is not a threat to him , passes out when Chomper attempts to greet him , forcing the others to have to carry him until they nearly encounter the Horned Sharptooth . He is voiced by Damon Wayans , Jr . Antagonists and villains ( edit ) Sharptooth ( edit ) Sharptooth is the main antagonist of The Land Before Time . He is an extremely strong , athletic , and powerful Tyrannosaurus , injured in pursuit of Littlefoot and Cera , but also the slayer of Littlefoot 's mother . Having fallen into a crack in the earth during an earthquake , he remains comatose until awoken by Cera , and thereafter pursues the protagonists until the end of the film , wherein they drown him in a lake . In the book adaption , he appears to have a grudge against them after Littlefoot inadvertently injured his right eye during his first encounter with him . Ozzy and Strut ( edit ) Ozzy and Strut are two Struthiomimus . They are the main antagonists of the second movie , The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure , where Ozzy is obsessed with eating eggs while Strut is clumsy and has more interest in plants . Having been prevented thrice from stealing eggs , and twice by Littlefoot and his friends , Ozzy and Strut attempt to drop him from a cliff , but are driven from the Valley by Chomper 's parents , and presumably killed . Ozzy is voiced by Jeff Bennett ( with a British accent ) and Strut is voiced by Rob Paulsen ( also with a British accent ) ; they are the only characters to identify themselves by species name , when Ozzy identifies himself as ' this Struthiomimus ' in their song - sequence . Other characters in the series identify them as `` egg stealers '' , `` fast runners '' , or `` claw - heads '' in movies and books in the franchise . Dil and Ichy ( edit ) Dil and Ichy are the main antagonists of The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists . Dil is a female Deinosuchus ( called a `` big - mouthed bellydragger '' ) and Ichy is a male Ichthyornis ( called a `` sharp beak '' ) . They pursue Littlefoot and his friends throughout the film , but often quarrel among themselves , partly because of the lack of food and partly because Dil is very nearsighted . Ultimately , they separate completely after both saying in the argument that they were going to go it alone ; immediately afterwards , Dil was chased away by a plesiosaur ( a Hydrotherosaurus ) . Dil is voiced by Tress MacNeille and Ichy is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Red Claw ( edit ) Red Claw , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a Tyrannosaurus . He has a distinctive scar extending from his left eye to his left hand , with the blood apparently coloring one of his claws bright red . He appears in various episodes of the show , but survives its events . Screech and Thud ( edit ) Screech and Thud , voiced by Pete Sepenuk and Rob Paulsen , respectively , are two Utahraptor , and companions of Red Claw . In the episode `` Escape From the Mysterious Beyond '' Thud is shown to have sociopathic tendencies and not to understand the concept of friendship . However , after Chomper frees Thud , whose tail had been caught in a rock , Thud leads Red Claw and Screech away from the gang . Rhett ( edit ) Rhett ( voiced by Elizabeth Daily ) is a new friend of Littlefoot 's friend Ali , who is introduced in the TV series episode `` The Brave Longneck Scheme . '' He has an arrogant personality and tries to pass off as a hero by telling exaggerated stories of his heroics to his friends , although his lies are discovered by Littlefoot and the others . He is an Apatosaurus . Pterano ( edit ) Pterano , voiced by Michael York , is the brother of Petrie 's mother and the uncle of Petrie and his siblings , but exiled from the herd for abandoning his own followers to Deinonychus . Having rejoined the herd , he attempts to capture the titular Stone of Cold Fire , but ultimately fails when it turns out the Stone is just a regular asteroid , and is banished anew temporarily . In The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , a lone Flyer resembling Pterano is seen when Littlefoot and his grandparents leave the Valley . Rinkus and Sierra ( edit ) Rinkus , a pink Rhamphorhynchus , and Sierra , a brown Cearadactylus , are the henchmen of Pterano in The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . They assist in kidnapping Ducky and later turn on Pterano when the Stone of Cold Fire proves to be only a metallic meteorite . They are last seen being thrown into the sky by a violent explosion at the end of the film , alive but severely injured . Rinkus is voiced by Rob Paulsen with a Cockney accent and Sierra is voiced by Jim Cummings . The Great Hideous Beast ( edit ) The Great Hideous Beast ( voiced by Dorian Harewood ) is a Microceratus who appears in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above '' . It terrorized a subterranean group of mammals until Spike accidentally buried it in a rockslide . The Great Hideous Beast then escaped to the surface . Unnamed Sharpteeth ( edit ) Many Sharpteeth were featured in several Land Before Time films . Four Velociraptor ( credited as being voiced by Frank Welker ) appear near the end of The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving . They try to kill the adults , but one is knocked out and killed by a rock falling on his head , while the other three are separated from the herd due to a flood of water . A Cretoxyrhina also appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . He tries to attack Littlefoot and the gang , but he was defeated when Littlefoot and the gang end up in the island again . A Giganotosaurus , or `` Plated Sharptooth '' , appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . He had crossed onto the island that Chomper and his parents lived on during the events of the film . It tries to eat the gang , but they are saved by Chomper 's parents . After a short fight where it incapacitates both Chomper 's parents , it eventually falls down a cliff into the sea when Chomper 's father recovers . An Allosaurus , or `` Browridge Sharptooth '' , ( voiced by Danny Mann ) appears in The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock , where it tries to eat the gang on two separate occasions while going to and from Saurus Rock . It halls down a chasm while trying to cross a log to get to the gang . Littlefoot later returns to retrieve a tooth from it , only to realize it is still alive . When Grandpa saves Littlefoot from a Tyrannosaurus , the sharptooth returns , and teams with him against Grandpa . Doc comes to the rescue , and the longnecks pull down a rock spire , crushing the predators to death . A Tyrannosaurus also appears in the sixth film in the climax . It attacks Littlefoot after he temporarily escaped the Allosaurus , but is stopped by Grandpa Longneck . Soon the Allosaurus enters and they team up against the longneck , but Doc comes to the rescue . Both longnecks eventually crush the carnivores to death by pulling a rock spire down on them . A Tyrannosaurus appears in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze . Wandering around the landscape during a blizzard , it tries to eat Ducky , but it is incapacitated after Littlefoot and Cera roll a large snowball into it . It returns and tries to eat the gang as they try to go up a hill . Mr. Thicknose rolls a log into its direction , causing it to slip on it , roll down the hill , and fall off a cliff . A Liopleurodon , dubbed a Sharptooth Swimmer , appears in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . A resident of the Big Water , it is stranded in a body of water in the Great Valley after a large rainstorm . It then tries to eat Littlefoot and the gang , but it becomes trapped in a cave after an earthquake . After getting free , it relentlessly pursues the gang into the Mysterious Beyond , where they encounter it again . The Liopleurodon is lured away by Mo , who is apparently eaten by it , much to Littlefoot 's distress . However , they find Mo safe and sound , and he tells the gang of how he managed to hide from the Liopleurodon , after which it sensed the Big Water was nearby and swam away back to its home . A Sarcosuchus appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . Residing in a swamp in the Mysterious Beyond , it tries to eat Littlefoot after he mistakes it for a rock to jump on , but Littlefoot is saved by Sue , who stomps her foot down on its head . It survives and goes on to try and eat Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike when they venture into its territory while going after Littlefoot . It nearly succeeds in eating Petrie , but he is saved after Cera unintentionally knocks a large tree onto the Sarcosuchus , causing it to release Petrie in the process . Again , the Sarcosuchus survives , but winds up being trapped underneath the log , allowing the gang to escape . Three Tyrannosaurus appear in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . One tries to eat Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike when they mistake it for a rock to sleep against , but loses them . It later reappears alongside two others when they try to eat the gang , along with Bron , Shorty , Pat , and Littlefoot 's grandparents . All three are defeated through the cooperation of the entire group , but they recover and try to attack the entire Longneck herd . However , they are scared off when the Night Circle blocks out the Great Circle . Two Utahraptor appear in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . After chasing the Tinysauruses through a cave , they manage to enter the Great Valley through a hole in the wall . They are eventually chased out of the Valley by the adults after a short fight . A Spinosaurus appears in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Guido disturbs its sleep after sleep - flying into it , after which it tries to eat him . Guido is saved by Petrie , and the two are pursued by the Spinosaurus . It is later trapped underneath a rock after being lured there by the rest of the gang . Four Baryonyx appear in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . They are led by a purple - brown Baryonyx with a scar running over its jaw . The four try to eat Loofah , Doofah , and Foobie , but they chase them into a cave , where the rest of the gang bury them in rocks . They survive and chase after the gang , but are driven off a cliff by the Yellow Belly herd and the kids . A mother Utahraptor appears in the episode The Great Egg Adventure . A pair of featherheaded Yutyrannus appear in The Land Before Time XIV : Journey of the Brave . The kids hatch a plan to cover themselves with stinkweed to get through the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth . It works , though they are almost discovered by the carelessness of Petrie , but a small mammal distracts the two Yutyrannus . The kids later accidentally wash off the stinkweed , and the carnivores chase them . The kids however , defeat the sharpteeth when they corner the gang at the top of a hill next to a cliff . Both sharpteeth survive . A Carnotaurus , or Horned Sharptooth , also appears in Journey of the Brave . It attacks Littlefoot 's friends , but Etta is able to help them get away . Later , it nearly discovers Grandpa , Topps , Chomper , Ruby , and Wild Arms , but is distracted by a flock of ornithomimids . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Don Bluth Land Before Time '' . The Animated Films of Don Bluth. 1994 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leyden , Joe ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` A rundown of the best and worst ' The Land Before Time ' moves '' . The New York Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 18 , 1988 ) . `` The Land Before Time Movie Review ( 1988 ) '' . Roger Ebert.com . 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Wallenfeldt ( Senior Editor ) , Jennifer Howe , Michaela Tuohy ( Associate Editors ) , William Leahy ( Editorial Director ) . Evanston , Illinois : Cinebooks , Inc. 1989 . pp. 185 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 933997 - 20 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Characters : Cera '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Bryan ( March 4 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review -- The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horiuchi , Tami . `` DVD : The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers ( DVD ) '' . Tower.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Land Before Time ' '' . The Washington Post . November 18 , 1988 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leeper , Mark R. ( 1988 ) . `` Review for the Land Before Time ( 1988 ) '' . 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Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Alan David ( 2003 ) . Test - Prep Your IQ with the Essentials of Film . Peterson 's . p. 111 . ISBN 0768911907 . Jump up ^ ^ Benton , Michael J. ( 2004 ) . `` Origin and relationships of Dinosauria '' . In Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; and Osmólska , Halszka ( eds . ) . The Dinosauria ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 7 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Cartoon : Spike '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` dOc treehouse : The Land Before Time : The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) '' . Digitally Obsessed . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , MJ . `` The Land Before Time II '' . MJ Simpson.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( November 24 , 1988 ) . `` ' Before Time ' movie -- the heroes are dinosaurs '' . The Desert News . p. 59 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Other Friends '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Steven ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` Rotten Tomatoes : A pleasant little story of no real consequence ... if you want a compelling story you should go for the original '' . Rotten Tomatoes UK . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scheib , Richard ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island , The '' . Moria . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time : The Lonely Dinosaur ( I Can Read -- Level 2 ( Quality ) ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Well , this is happening ( The Land Before Time 14 : Journey of the Brave Trailer Review ) '' . When Dinosaurs Ruled the Mind . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` The Land Before Time TV review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ( hide ) The Land Before Time Film series The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2006 ) The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Related TV series ( episodes ) Characters Video games `` If We Hold on Together '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Land_Before_Time_characters&oldid=831474888 '' Categories : Fictional dinosaurs Lists of animated film characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals by work The Land Before Time Universal Studios cartoons and characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with a promotional tone from September 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano മലയാളം Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of dinosaur is littlefoot from the land before time	[ "This is a list of recurring characters in The Land Before Time, a series of animated children's films. The main characters include Littlefoot (Apatosaurus[1]), Cera (Triceratops), Ducky (Saurolophus), Petrie (Pteranodon), Spike (Stegosaurus), and in the spin-off television series and the fourteenth movie, Chomper (Tyrannosaurus) and Ruby (Oviraptor). Other characters include the families of the main characters, the residents of their home, the Great Valley, and outsiders to the Great Valley." ]	[ "Apatosaurus" ]
2908638422573109188	Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey	Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Castle which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Islands of Adventure Area The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Status Operating Opening date June 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) Universal Studios Japan Area The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Status Operating Opening date July 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) Universal Studios Hollywood Area The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Status Operating Soft opening date February 12 , 2016 Opening date April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) General statistics Attraction type Dark ride Designer Universal Creative Model RoboCoaster G2 Theme Harry Potter universe Vehicle type Enchanted benches ( Robotic arm ) Vehicles 47 Riders per vehicle Rows Riders per row Duration 4 : 06 Height restriction 48 in ( 122 cm ) Track system Busbar Manufacturer Dynamic Structures , RoboCoaster Ltd , KUKA , UAO Queue hosts Albus Dumbledore Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger The Sorting Hat Ride Hosts Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Single rider line available Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a motion - based dark ride located in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter themed areas of Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida , Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City , California , and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka , Japan . The ride takes guests through scenes and environments in and around Hogwarts Castle from the Harry Potter series of books and films . Mark Woodbury , president of Universal Creative , described the ride as an in - depth look at the world of Harry Potter , which utilizes never - before - seen technology which transforms `` the theme park experience as you know it '' . The ride first opened at Islands of Adventure with The Wizarding World of Harry Potter on June 18 , 2010 , at Universal Studios Japan on July 15 , 2014 , and at Universal Studios Hollywood on April 7 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Queue area 1.2 Station 1.3 Ride 1.4 Restrictions 2 Production 2.1 History 2.2 Ride mechanics 2.3 Design 2.4 Cast 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) This summary describes the attraction at Islands of Adventure . The attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood may have significant differences , mainly the previous integration of 3D technology . Entrance to the ride at Islands of Adventure Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey uses KUKA robocoaster technology , which allows the seats to pivot while being held above the track by a robotic arm . However , the ride is not a roller coaster but a scenic dark ride . The experience includes a flight around Hogwarts castle , an encounter with the Whomping Willow and a horde of Dementors , and a Quidditch match . The ride drops , spins around , twists and turns , but does not turn upside down , though passengers sometimes lie flat on their backs . Over-the - shoulder bars are used to secure guests in their seats , and a single parabolic metal bar is used as a hand grip . At the conclusion of the ride , guests exit into Filch 's Emporium of Confiscated Goods gift shop . As of September 2015 , Universal Express Pass is not available for this attraction , but a single rider queue is available . Queue area ( edit ) The Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom forms a portion of the queue at Islands of Adventure To enter the ride , guests walk through the gates of Hogwarts and begin their journey in the dungeons where they see items featured in the movies and books . Passengers enter through the castle doors , go to the lockers , queue outside in the green house and then enter the back castle doors . Objects recognizable from the series include the Mirror of Erised , the Hogwarts House Jewels , and talking portraits . As guests proceed throughout the hallways , they encounter replicas of the rooms of Hogwarts castle , including the Headmaster 's office , the Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom and the Gryffindor common room . In the Headmaster 's office , Professor Dumbledore extends a warm welcome to all Muggles , informing them that Professor Binns is hosting a lecture on the history of the school . In the Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom , Harry , Ron , and Hermione appear from under the Invisibility Cloak , urging guests to meet them in the Room of Requirement in order to sneak everyone down to a Quidditch match . Ron tries to cast a spell , which goes wrong , and one of several special effects , such as falling snow , is triggered . Before continuing on , visitors receive a safety reminder from the Sorting Hat and several paintings in the next two rooms . Station ( edit ) The `` enchanted bench '' ride vehicles . Next , riders board an enchanted bench inside the Room of Requirement , which lifts off the ground and through the Floo Network for a journey with Harry . The ride combines real sets and animatronics with segments that use wrap - around projection screens . Ride ( edit ) Harry Potter ( Daniel Radcliffe ) in a scene from the ride - film of the attraction . The ride begins with a dousing of Floo Powder from Hermione Granger , who asks the guests to say , `` Observatory '' in order to transport them to their desired location , and the enchanted bench flies off through the Floo Network to the Astronomy Tower . The guests leave the room of requirement through its fireplace and enter the Observatory , where they look out through the open arches to the hills and lake outside Hogwarts ' boundary . As the guests fly out of one of the Observatory 's arches , the ride smoothly switches to a wrap - around projection screen and they follow Harry Potter and Ron Weasley around Hogwarts ' buildings and towers to a Quidditch match . As Harry and Ron travel under a bridge , Hagrid yields the riders and asks them if they have seen a dragon . As Harry redirects the riders ' attentions back to their journey , Hagrid 's pet Hungarian Horntail dragon begins to chase the riders . The bench flies out of the projection screen and into a set of the uneven bridge that crosses the valley behind Hogwarts and , after falling out of a hole in the floor of the bridge , they encounter an animatronic dragon , which breaths pressurized water mist with red lighting pointed to it to make it resemble fire . The riders descend into a set of the Forbidden Forest where they encounter a figure of Aragog , a large , sentient spider who spits water at them . As Hermione tries to help the riders away from Aragog and towards the castle , encountering many spiders on the way , they encounter an animatronic Whomping Willow which swipes at them , knocking them into the Quidditch pitch . The ride returns to a projection screen as the riders become caught up in Harry 's and Ron 's game of Quidditch . As Slytherin scores into Gryffindor 's goal , Dementors arrive at the Quidditch pitch and Harry attempts to lead the riders away through the structure of the pitch and back to the school , but their bench falls into the long - abandoned Chamber of Secrets through a cave entrance in a cliff which Harry , Ron , Ginny , Fawkes , and Gilderoy Lockhart departed through from the Chamber in the second Harry Potter installment . The riders return to a real set as the Dementors appear from the pipelines and chase them . The skeleton of the long - deceased Basilisk lies on the floor of the Chamber , and expels Lord Voldemort 's Dark Mark into the air as the benches are drawn into the mouth of Salazar Slytherin 's statue . Dozens of Dementors emerge from the darkness while one descends and attempts to suck out the riders ' souls . This effect is achieved by projecting the riders ' faces onto a cloud of fog in front of the Dementor , blasting cold air towards the riders , and using a heartbeat - like sound played through the sub-woofers built into the benches . After shaking the riders out of the trance , Harry causes the Dementors to flee with a protective Patronus Charm . After the final Dementor , and while Harry uses his Patronus , the riders enter the final video dome segment , where the cliffs outside the Chamber of Secrets cave in . They fly over the Black Lake , back into Hogwarts and through the Main Hall and Grand Staircase , where they are cheered on by a series of onscreen characters from the movies who appear three - dimensional . Professor Dumbledore sends everyone back through the Floo Network to the Room of Requirement , where they exit their bench . Restrictions ( edit ) Test seats exist at the entrance of the queue at Islands of Adventure . While everyone may walk through the queue , all riders must be at least 48 inches ( 120 cm ) tall . The ride has no maximum weight limit , and riders can test whether the attraction accommodates their size using test seats at the queue entrance and again at the end of the queue , which are equipped with red , yellow , and green lights that indicate whether the rider can be accommodated . Persons requiring modified seating on other rides may have difficulty closing the ride 's over-the - shoulder harness . If passengers are unable to secure the harness , they are not permitted to ride the attraction . In an attempt to alleviate this problem , Universal has modified the restraint system on some of the seats to accommodate larger guests . These modifications will not affect the size of the seat nor create a dangerous situation for smaller guests . Guests who receive a yellow light on the test seats may sit in modified seating . Modified seating is not available on the Hollywood version of the ride . According to the Universal Orlando Resort Rider 's Guide , both legs must protrude from under the restraint and form a lap . In practice , above - knee amputees will not be permitted to ride unless their residual natural limb reaches the edge of the seat ( or at least includes a knee ) , even if the lock - bar appears to successfully engage the limb . Lower - limb prosthetics will not offset this requirement since they must be removed prior to boarding the ride . These particular restrictions are not clearly posted at the ride or on the website , which lists the height requirement only . The lower limb prosthetic removal requirement can be found at the `` Accessibility Information '' page under `` Guests with Prosthetic Limbs . '' The residual limb length requirement is not listed there but will be enforced at the ride prior to boarding . Wheelchair users who are able to transfer directly to the ride vehicle may do so at a separate area , which does not contain the introductory theming of the Floo Network . Instead , wheelchair users pass through a series of unthemed elevators and corridors to arrive at the accessible loading area . Only one accessible ride vehicle is available , and each party must wait for the previous group to return before they may enter the loading area . Production ( edit ) History ( edit ) In January 2007 , rumors arose about the possibility of a Harry Potter themed island at Universal 's Islands of Adventure theme park . This was followed by further rumors that part of the project was codenamed `` Strong Arm '' in reference to the KUKA robotic arm technology it would utilize . On May 31 , 2007 , Universal , in partnership with Warner Bros. , officially announced that The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would be coming to Islands of Adventure . Preparation of the site for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter began in late October 2007 , and the construction of Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey began in February 2008 . Construction ended in the first half of 2010 . Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey began operating on June 1 , 2010 , and officially opened to the public on June 18 , 2010 . On December 6 , 2011 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced that it would open The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2016 , and that one of the attractions would be Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey . On May 5 , 2012 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Universal Studios Japan would also be receiving a The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , with Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey confirmed as one of the attractions . The Japanese ride opened on July 15 , 2014 and , unlike the Orlando version , uses 3 - D projection . On April 7 , 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter : Hogsmeade opened at Universal Studios Hollywood with rides Harry Potter and The Forbidden Journey and Flight of The Hippogriff debuting with the new section . Unlike its Florida counterpart , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey featured 3D HD Technology , in which guests wore 3D `` Quidditch '' goggles . Although the 3D effects were removed only eight months later in December 2016 , the ride was updated with 4K 120 FPS in March 2017 . Ride mechanics ( edit ) KUKA robotic arms , similar to those used on Robocoasters ( pictured ) , are used on Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey in conjunction with busbar track technology . Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey features a RoboCoaster G2 ride system provided by Dynamic Structures , KUKA and RoboCoaster . The first generation RoboCoaster system featured KUKA robotic arm technology anchored to a stationary platform , while the second - generation G2 system mounted the arms on a busbar track . The system was first publicly disclosed at the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions ( IAAPA ) Trade Show in 2003 . At around the same time , rumors began circulating about the possibility of Islands of Adventure adding a Van Helsing - themed ride using this technology . These plans were later scrapped with Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ultimately using the same technology and opening on the same plot of land proposed for the Van Helsing ride . The ride 's seats are mounted on robotic arms which are in turn mounted on a track . This allows the arms to travel through the attraction while performing their movements in synchronization with the ride 's show elements ( animated props , projection surfaces , etc . ) . This concept first appeared in the 2004 International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions ( IAAPA ) Trade Show . The disadvantage of this intricate machinery is that if the ride breaks down , some guests are stranded in uncomfortable positions , such as being tilted backwards in dark enclosed spaces . For the three sections of the ride where wrap - around projection is used , each robotic arm continues its steady movement on the track but is met by its own individual parabolic projection screen and projector traveling at exactly the same pace . Each projection section uses a huge turntable with six of these enormous screens mounted facing outwards - one for each robotic arm as they pass by - and each screen is large enough that when in front of each ride bench its edges can not be seen . The screens appear and disappear behind the edges of the physical sets . The robotic arms can then freely dive , turn and pivot each ride bench within the curved area , giving the illusion of extreme movement when synchronized with the projection , whilst the base of the arm on the track simply follows the slow circular path that each screen takes as it revolves . This is why each projection section of the ride is approximately the same length , as each ride arm must follow each identically - sized projection screen turntable for a set period of time . Design ( edit ) The attraction was designed by Universal Creative in association with Warner Bros. Recreation Group . Thierry Coup , who worked on The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man , Shrek 4 - D and Revenge of the Mummy , was the Creative Director for the ride . Cast ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey features many of the main characters of the film series , which were reprised by their respective actors : Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley Emma Watson as Hermione Granger Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy Bonnie Wright as Ginny Weasley James Phelps as Fred Weasley Oliver Phelps as George Weasley Matthew Lewis as Neville Longbottom Reception ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey has been widely lauded for its innovation and theming . Arthur Levine of About.com stated that he felt he `` had been taken to a truly magical place . For a few glorious moments , the Floo Network , flying benches , and willows that whomp seemed not just possible , but actual . '' He gave the ride a rating of 5 stars out of 5 , and wrote that the ride was the best of its kind . Robert Niles of Theme Park Insider commended Universal Creative for its attention to detail on the ride . Niles wrote that the company had set its expectations almost impossibly high , and that the ride is `` the most advanced and engaging attraction in theme park industry history '' . Ricky Brigante of Inside the Magic described the ride as a `` jaw - dropping journey that no one should miss '' , but criticized the lack of continuity with the story . In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey debuted as the best new ride of 2010 . It went on to win the Best Dark Ride category for five consecutive years from 2011 to 2015 , falling to second ( behind The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror ) in 2016 and 2017 . Golden Ticket Awards : Best Dark Ride Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ranking See also ( edit ) The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Transformers : The Ride References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Only at Universal Orlando Resort '' . Universal Orlando Resort. 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` It 's official : Harry Potter land to debut at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Studios Hollywood Makes Unprecedented Investment in Epic Theme Park Transformation '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal. April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , Lance ( April 4 , 2010 ) . `` Islands of Adventure '' . Screamscape . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Scull , Eric ( 2010 ) . `` The Wizarding World ' Forbidden Journey ' ... ride preview '' . Muggle Net . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Islands of Adventure : Live the adventure of a lifetime '' . Universal Orlando Resort. 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hogwarts Coming to Hollywood '' . Press Release . Universal Studios Hollywood . December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizarding World of Harry Potter -- Media '' . Universal Orlando Resort . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNIVERSAL EXPRESS PLUS PASS '' . 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Inside the Magic ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey queue at the Wizarding World in Universal Orlando '' . Video . YouTube . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nefer , Barbara ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Blow by blow account of Forbidden Journey ride at Wizarding World of Harry Potter '' . Examiner . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride seats modified to fit larger guests '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Harry Potter Automatic News Aggregator ( June 19 , 2010 ) . `` Follow - up : ' Forbidden ' fatties at ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' '' . The Harry Potter Automatic News Aggregator . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Lance ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Islands of Adventure '' . Screamscape . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Harry Potter ride tweaked for larger guests '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ADA Information for Guests of Universal Orlando Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` Universal to Float New Island at its Florida Park '' . About.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter / Lost Continent Transformation '' . Screamscape . February 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Monday Mouse Watch : You 'll believe a car can fly '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sturcke , James ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter theme park to open in Florida '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter theme park swoops to Fla . '' . USA Today . May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter theme park planned '' . BBC News . May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Leaky Cauldron . `` The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Theme Park '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Leaky Cauldron ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Wizarding World of Harry Potter Soft Open Report RoundUp '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sangalang , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' movie stars help christen Wizarding World '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Poof ! Harry Potter park to appear in Hollywood '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter heads to Universal Studios Japan '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu , Elaine ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . CNN . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wizarding World of Harry Potter : What 's different in Hollywood ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Studios Hollywood drops 3 - D from Harry Potter attraction '' . LA times . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride gets 4K - HD upgrade at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter '' . LA times . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio '' . Dynamic Attractions . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Robocoaster . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter World Orlando ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` '' Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey '' Attraction Details `` . Harry Potter World Orlando . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kuka Entertainment -- Robocoaster '' . Kuka Entertainment . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kuka Industrial Robots -- Robocoaster '' . Kuka Industrial Robots . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Large & Theme Park Solutions '' . Robocoaster . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Lance . `` IAAPA News '' . Screamscape . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2003 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAAPA 2004 Innovations - RoboCoaster on track '' . Coasters and More . 2004 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( November 29 , 2003 ) . `` A ' Van Helsing ' Robocoaster for Islands of Adventure ? '' . Theme Park Insider . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Susan ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Guests stuck on Universal 's Wizarding World of Harry Potter ride '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goh , Robin ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Getting to know : Thierry Coup '' . Resorts World Sentosa . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Niles , Robert ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Theme park magic in Orlando has a new home : Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey '' . Theme Park Insider . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Opening Of The Wizarding World Of Harry Potter At Universal Orlando Resort Set For June 18 '' . News Article . Universal Orlando Resort . March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur . `` The Forbidden Journey of Harry Potter Ride '' . About.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiler - Free Review : Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride at Universal Orlando 's Wizarding World '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiler - FILLED Review : Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride at Universal Orlando 's Wizarding World '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 4 , 5 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 4 , 5 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 4 , 5 . September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 4 , 5 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 4 , 5 . September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 4 , 5 . September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 10 . September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park and ride winners '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 21 ( 6.2 ) : 12 . September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey . Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey at the Islands of Adventure website Geographic data related to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey at OpenStreetMap Coordinates : 28 ° 28 ′ 19 '' N 81 ° 28 ′ 26 '' W / 28.47186 ° N 81.47402 ° W / 28.47186 ; - 81.47402 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogsmeade Diagon Alley Attractions Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Live shows Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees Frog Choir The Knight Bus The Tales of Beedle the Bard Triwizard Spirit Rally Theme parks Universal Orlando Resort Universal Studios Japan Universal Studios Hollywood Related A Celebration of Harry Potter Harry Potter Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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Adventure Back to the Future : The Ride Universal Studios Hollywood Former attractions Upper Lot Special Effects Stage The Walking Dead Attraction Universal 's Animal Actors Waterworld : A Live Sea War Spectacular Super Silly Fun Land Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Silly Swirl Springfield The Simpsons Ride Studio Tour Fast & Furious : Supercharged King Kong : 360 3 - D The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Flight of the Hippogriff Frog Choir Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Ollivanders Triwizard Spirit Rally Lower Lot Revenge of the Mummy Transformers : The Ride Jurassic Park Dino - Play Jurassic Park : The Ride Raptor Encounter Simulator rides at Universal Orlando Universal Studios Florida Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts The Simpsons Ride Transformers : The Ride Former Back to the Future : The Ride The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast Islands of Adventure The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride Amusement ride Winners Hades ( 2005 ) The Voyage ( 2006 ) Maverick ( 2007 ) Ravine Flyer II ( 2008 ) Prowler ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ( 2010 ) New Texas Giant ( 2011 ) Wild Eagle ( 2012 ) Outlaw Run ( 2013 ) Flying Turns ( 2014 ) Fury 325 ( 2015 ) Lightning Rod ( 2016 ) Mystic Timbers ( 2017 ) Water slide Winners Black Anaconda ( 2005 ) Bahari River ( 2006 ) Bakuli ( 2007 ) Dragon 's Revenge ( 2008 ) Congo River Expedition ( 2009 ) Wildebeest ( 2010 ) The Falls ( 2011 ) Mammoth ( 2012 ) RiverRush ( 2013 ) Verrückt ( 2014 ) Dive Bomber ( 2015 ) Massiv ( 2016 ) Thunder Rapids ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Forbidden_Journey&oldid=801440635 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 2014 Amusement rides by name Islands of Adventure Universal Studios Florida Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name Universal Studios Japan Universal Studios Hollywood Amusement rides introduced in 2010 Amusement rides manufactured by Dynamic Structures Animatronic attractions Dark rides Harry Potter in amusement parks Licensed - properties at Universal Parks & Resorts Simulator rides Universal Parks & Resorts films 2010 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the harry potter ride at universal	[ "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a motion-based dark ride located in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter themed areas of Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, California, and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. The ride takes guests through scenes and environments in and around Hogwarts Castle from the Harry Potter series of books and films. Mark Woodbury, president of Universal Creative, described the ride as an in-depth look at the world of Harry Potter, which utilizes never-before-seen technology which transforms \"the theme park experience as you know it\".[5] The ride first opened at Islands of Adventure with The Wizarding World of Harry Potter on June 18, 2010,[6] at Universal Studios Japan on July 15, 2014, and at Universal Studios Hollywood on April 7, 2016.[3][7]" ]	[ "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey" ]
8053987798747897000	Founding Fathers of the United States	Founding Fathers of the United States - wikipedia Founding Fathers of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Declaration of Independence , a painting by John Trumbull depicting the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . Signature page of Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) ; the treaty was negotiated by John Adams , Benjamin Franklin and John Jay The Founding Fathers of the United States were those individuals of the Thirteen Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the authority of the British Crown in word and deed and contributed to the establishment of the United States of America . Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers : John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and George Washington . Adams , Jefferson , and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . Hamilton , Madison , and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers , advocating ratification of the Constitution . The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York ( 1777 ) and Massachusetts ( 1780 ) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution Jay , Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) that would end the American Revolutionary War . Washington was Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention . Washington , Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA . All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States , with Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and Madison serving as President . Jay was the nation 's first Chief Justice . Four of these seven - Washington , Jay , Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence . The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the Signers of the embossed version of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 . It is not to be confused with the term Framers ; the Framers are defined by the National Archives as those 55 individuals who were appointed to be delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States . Of the 55 Framers , only 39 were signers of the Constitution . Two further groupings of Founding Fathers include : 1 ) those who signed the Continental Association , a trade ban and one of the colonists ' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774 or 2 ) those who signed the Articles of Confederation , the first U.S. constitutional document . The phrase `` Founding Fathers '' is a twentieth - century appellation , coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916 . In the 19th century , they were referred to as simply , the `` Fathers '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Interesting facts and commonalities 2.1 Education 2.1. 1 Colleges attended 2.1. 2 Advanced degrees and apprenticeships 2.1. 2.1 Doctors of medicine 2.1. 2.2 Theology 2.1. 2.3 Legal apprenticeships 2.1. 3 Self - taught or little formal education 2.2 Demographics 2.3 Political experience 2.4 Occupations and finances 2.5 Religion 2.6 Ownership of slaves and position on slavery 2.7 Attendance at conventions 2.8 Spouses and children 2.9 Charters of freedom and historical documents of the United States 2.10 Post-constitution life 2.11 Youth and longevity 2.12 Founders who were not signatories or delegates 3 Legacy 3.1 Institutions formed by Founders 3.2 Scholarship on the Founders 3.2. 1 Living historians whose focus is the Founding Fathers 3.2. 2 Noted collections of the Founding Fathers 3.3 In stage and film 3.4 Children 's books 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Albany Congress of 1754 was a conference attended by seven colonies , which presaged later efforts at cooperation . The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 included representatives from nine colonies . The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1774 , consisting of fifty - six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies ( excluding Georgia ) that became the United States of America . Among them was George Washington , who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Also in attendance was Patrick Henry , and John Adams , who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies . Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts , John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York 's John Jay . This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown , established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain . When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10 , 1775 , it essentially reconstituted the First Congress . Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second . New arrivals included Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania , John Hancock of Massachusetts , and John Witherspoon of New Jersey . Hancock was elected Congress President two weeks into the session when Peyton Randolph was recalled to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses . Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation . The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . Witherspoon was the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration . He also signed the Articles of Confederation and attended the New Jersey ( 1787 ) convention that ratified the Federal Constitution . The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament . The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation , a declaration that established a national government with a one - house legislature . Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name : the Congress of the Confederation , which met from 1781 to 1789 . Later , the Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787 , in Philadelphia . Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution . Interesting facts and commonalities ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy George Washington served as President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention . Benjamin Franklin , an early advocate of colonial unity , was a foundational figure in defining the U.S. ethos and exemplified the emerging nation 's ideals . Alexander Hamilton wrote the Federalist papers with Jay and Madison John Jay was President of the Continental Congress from 1778 - 1779 and negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Adams and Franklin . James Madison , called the `` Father of the Constitution '' by his contemporaries . Peyton Randolph , as President of the Continental Congress , presided over creation of the Continental Association . Richard Henry Lee , who introduced the Lee Resolution in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies ' independence from Great Britain . A Committee of Five , composed of John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , Roger Sherman , and Robert Livingston , drafted and presented to the Continental Congress what became known as the U.S. Declaration of Independence of July 4 , 1776 . John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress , renowned for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence . John Dickinson authored the first draft of the Articles of Confederation in 1776 while serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania , and signed them late the following year , after being elected to Congress as a delegate from Delaware . Henry Laurens was President of the Continental Congress when the Articles were passed on November 15 , 1777 . Roger Sherman , the only person who signed all four U.S. historical documents . The Founding Fathers represented a cross-section of 18th - century U.S. leadership . Almost all of them were well - educated men of means who were leaders in their communities . Many were also prominent in national affairs . Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army , most of them in positions of command . Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution . Education ( edit ) Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from the colonial colleges , most notably Columbia , Princeton , Harvard , the College of William and Mary , Yale and University of Pennsylvania . Some had previously been home schooled or obtained early instruction from private tutors or academies . Others had studied abroad . Ironically , Benjamin Franklin who had little formal education himself would ultimately establish the University of Pennsylvania based on European models ( 1740 ) ; `` Penn '' would have the first medical school ( 1765 ) in the thirteen colonies where another Founder , Benjamin Rush would eventually teach . With a limited number of professional schools established in the U.S. , Founders also sought advanced degrees from traditional institutions in England and Scotland such as the University of Edinburgh and University of St. Andrews . Colleges attended ( edit ) College of William and Mary : Thomas Jefferson Harvard : John Adams , John Hancock and William Williams Columbia : John Jay , Alexander Hamilton , Gouverneur Morris , Robert R. Livingston and Egbert Benson . Princeton : James Madison , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , Aaron Burr , Benjamin Rush and William Paterson University of Pennsylvania : Hugh Williamson Yale University : Oliver Wolcott James Wilson attended University of St. Andrews and Edinburgh though he never received a degree . Advanced degrees and apprenticeships ( edit ) Doctors of medicine ( edit ) University of Edinburgh : Rush University of Utrecht , Netherlands : Williamson Theology ( edit ) University of Edinburgh : Witherspoon ( attended , no degree ) University of St. Andrews : Witherspoon ( honorary doctorate ) Legal apprenticeships ( edit ) Several like John Jay , James Wilson , John Williams and George Wythe were trained as lawyers through apprenticeships in the colonies while a few trained at the Inns of Court in London . Self - taught or little formal education ( edit ) Franklin , Washington , John Williams and Henry Wisner had little formal education and were largely self - taught or learned through apprenticeship . Demographics ( edit ) Most of the Founding Fathers were natives of the Thirteen Colonies . At least nine were born elsewhere : four ( Butler , Fitzsimons , McHenry , and Paterson ) in Ireland , two ( Davie and Robert Morris ) in England , two ( Wilson and Witherspoon ) in Scotland , and one ( Hamilton ) in the West Indies . Many of them had moved from one state to another . Eighteen had already lived , studied or worked in more than one state or colony : Baldwin , Bassett , Bedford , Davie , Dickinson , Few , Franklin , Ingersoll , Hamilton , Livingston , Alexander Martin , Luther Martin , Mercer , Gouverneur Morris , Robert Morris , Read , Sherman , and Williamson . Several others had studied or traveled abroad . Political experience ( edit ) The Founding Fathers had extensive political experience . Many had been members of the Continental Congress . Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had experience in colonial and state government , and the majority had held county and local offices . Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress . The ones who lacked congressional experience were Bassett , Blair , Brearly , Broom , Davie , Dayton , Alexander Martin , Luther Martin , Mason , McClurg , Paterson , Charles Pinckney , Strong , and Yates . Eight men ( Clymer , Franklin , Gerry , Robert Morris , Read , Roger Sherman , Wilson , and Wythe ) had signed the Declaration of Independence . Six ( Carroll , Dickinson , Gerry , Gouverneur Morris , Robert Morris , and Roger Sherman ) had signed the Articles of Confederation . Two , Sherman and Robert Morris , three of the nation 's historical documents . Dickinson , Franklin , Langdon , and Rutledge had been governors . Occupations and finances ( edit ) Historian Caroline Robbins in 1977 examined the status of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and concluded : There were indeed disparities of wealth , earned or inherited : some Signers were rich , others had about enough to enable them to attend Congress ... The majority of revolutionaries were from moderately well - to - do or average income brackets . Twice as many Loyalists belonged to the wealthiest echelon . But some Signers were rich ; few , indigent ... The Signers were elected not for wealth or rank so much as because of the evidence they had already evinced of willingness for public service . The Founding Fathers practiced a wide range of high and middle - status occupations , and many pursued more than one career simultaneously . They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists , except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions . A few of them were wealthy or had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent , but there are other founders who were less than wealthy . On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists . As many as thirty - five had legal apprenticeship , though not all of them practiced law . Some had also been local judges . At the time of the convention , 13 men were merchants : Blount , Broom , Clymer , Dayton , Fitzsimons , Shields , Gilman , Gorham , Langdon , Robert Morris , Pierce , Sherman , and Wilson . Seven were major land speculators : Blount , Dayton , Fitzsimmons , Gorham , Robert Morris , Washington , and Wilson . Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale : Bedford , Blair , Clymer , Dayton , Fitzsimons , Franklin , King , Langdon , Robert Morris , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , and Sherman . Many owned or managed slave - operated plantations or large farms , particularly in the southern colonies : Bassett , Blair , Blount , Davie , Johnson , Butler , Carroll , Jefferson , Jenifer , Madison , Mason , Charles Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , Rutledge , Spaight , and Washington . Many wealthy Northerners owned domestic slaves : Franklin later freed his slaves and was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society . Jay founded the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , for which Hamilton became an officer . They and other members of the Society founded the African Free School in New York City , to educate the children of free blacks and slaves . When Jay was governor of New York in 1798 , he signed into law a gradual abolition law ; fully ending slavery as of 1827 . He freed his own slaves in 1798 . Broom and Few were small farmers . Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office : Baldwin , Blair , Brearly , Gilman , Livingston , Madison , and Rutledge . Three had retired from active economic endeavors : Franklin , McHenry , and Mifflin . Franklin and Williamson were scientists , in addition to their other activities . McClurg , McHenry , Rush , and Williamsonwere physicians Johnson and Witherspoon were college presidents . Religion ( edit ) Franklin T. Lambert ( 2003 ) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of the Founders . Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , 28 were Anglicans ( in the Church of England ; or Episcopalian , after the American Revolutionary War was won ) , 21 were Protestants , and two were Roman Catholics ( D. Carroll , and Fitzsimons ) . Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention , eight were Presbyterians , seven were Congregationalists , two were Lutherans , two were Dutch Reformed , and two were Methodists . A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson , who constructed the Jefferson Bible , and Benjamin Franklin . Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the leading Founders ( Adams , Jefferson , Franklin , Wilson , Morris , Madison , Hamilton , and Washington ) were neither Christians nor Deists , but rather supporters of a hybrid `` theistic rationalism '' . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book that discusses the religion held by the founding fathers , written in 2006 by historian of U.S. religion David L. Holmes . Ownership of slaves and position on slavery ( edit ) Portrait of George Washington and his valet slave William Lee . See also : George Washington and slavery and Thomas Jefferson and slavery One of the greatest contradictions of the Founding Fathers was their disunity with regard to slavery at a time that they were seeking liberty for themselves . In her study of Thomas Jefferson , historian Annette Gordon - Reed emphasizes this irony , `` Others of the founders held slaves , but no other founder drafted the charter for freedom , '' In addition to Jefferson , George Washington , John Jay and many other of the Founding Fathers practiced slavery but were also conflicted by the institution which many saw as immoral and politically divisive . Benjamin Franklin owned slaves ( though Franklin later became an abolitionist ) . John Jay would try unsuccessfully to abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York but was overruled ( though he would later sign the Gradual Emancipation Act into law while Governor ) . Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery , as his experiences in life left him very familiar with slavery and its effect on slaves and on slaveholders , although he did negotiate slave transactions for his wife 's family , the Schuylers . John Adams , Samuel Adams , and Thomas Paine never owned slaves Slaves and slavery are mentioned only indirectly in the 1787 Constitution . For example , Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 prescribes that `` three fifths of all other Persons '' are to be counted for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes . Additionally , in Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , slaves are referred to as `` persons held in service or labor '' . The Founding Fathers , however , did make important efforts to contain slavery . Many Northern states had adopted legislation to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution . In 1782 Virginia passed a manumission law that allowed slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed . As a result , thousands of slaves were manumitted in Virginia . Thomas Jefferson , in 1784 , proposed to ban slavery in all the Western Territories , which failed to pass Congress by one vote . Partially following Jefferson 's plan , Congress did ban slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , for lands north of the Ohio River . The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina , by 1800 . Finally in 1807 , President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally - enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S. and its territories . It became a federal crime to import or export a slave . However , the domestic slave trade was allowed , for expansion , or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory . Attendance at conventions ( edit ) In the winter and spring of 1786 -- 1787 , twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia . Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates ; for example , Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics were far more interesting and important than national politics , though during the ratification controversy of 1787 -- 1788 he claimed , `` I smelled a rat . '' Rhode Island did not send delegates because of its politicians ' suspicions of the Convention delegates ' motivations . As the colony was founded by Roger Williams as a sanctuary for Baptists , Rhode Island 's absence at the Convention in part explains the absence of Baptist affiliation among those who did attend . Of the 55 who did attend at some point , no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time . Spouses and children ( edit ) Most of the Founding Fathers married and had children . Many of their spouses , like Eliza Schuyler Hamilton , Martha Washington , Abigail Adams , Sarah Livingston Jay , Dolley Madison , Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer were strong women and made significant contributions of their own to the fight for liberty . Sherman fathered the largest family : 15 children by two wives . At least nine ( Bassett , Brearly , Johnson , Mason , Paterson , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , Sherman , Wilson , and Wythe ) married more than once . Four ( Baldwin , Gilman , Jenifer , and Alexander Martin ) were lifelong bachelors . Many of the delegates also had children conceived illegitimately . George Washington , `` The Father of our Country , '' had no biological descendants . Charters of Freedom and Historical documents of the United States ( edit ) The National Archives and Records Administration also known as NARA , defines U.S. Founding Documents , or Charters of Freedom , as the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , The Constitution ( 1787 ) and the Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) . These original instruments which represent the philosophy of the United States are housed in Washington , D.C. in the NARA Rotunda . The Library of Congress further identifies the Articles of Confederation , also preserved at NARA , as a primary U.S. document . The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States until its replacement by the present Constitution on March 4 , 1789 . Signatories of the Continental Association ( CA ) , Declaration of Independence ( DI ) , Articles of Confederation ( AC ) , and the United States Constitution ( USC ) ) : Name Province / State CA ( 1774 ) DI ( 1776 ) AC ( 1777 ) USC ( 1787 ) Andrew Adams Connecticut Yes John Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Samuel Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Thomas Adams Virginia Yes John Alsop New York Yes Abraham Baldwin Georgia Yes John Banister Virginia Yes Josiah Bartlett New Hampshire Yes Yes Richard Bassett Delaware Yes Gunning Bedford , Jr . Delaware Yes Edward Biddle Pennsylvania Yes John Blair Virginia Yes Richard Bland Virginia Yes William Blount North Carolina Yes Simon Boerum New York Yes Carter Braxton Virginia Yes David Brearley New Jersey Yes Jacob Broom Delaware Yes Pierce Butler South Carolina Yes Charles Carroll of Carrollton Maryland Yes Daniel Carroll Maryland Yes Yes Richard Caswell North Carolina Yes Samuel Chase Maryland Yes Yes Abraham Clark New Jersey Yes William Clingan Pennsylvania Yes George Clymer Pennsylvania Yes Yes John Collins Rhode Island Yes Stephen Crane New Jersey Yes Thomas Cushing Massachusetts Yes Francis Dana Massachusetts Yes Jonathan Dayton New Jersey Yes Silas Deane Connecticut Yes John De Hart New Jersey Yes John Dickinson Delaware Yes Yes Pennsylvania Yes William Henry Drayton South Carolina Yes James Duane New York Yes Yes William Duer New York Yes Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut Yes William Ellery Rhode Island Yes Yes William Few Georgia Yes Thomas Fitzsimons Pennsylvania Yes William Floyd New York Yes Yes Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Yes Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania Yes Yes Christopher Gadsden South Carolina Yes Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Yes Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Yes Yes Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire Yes Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts Yes Button Gwinnett Georgia Yes Lyman Hall Georgia Yes Alexander Hamilton New York Yes John Hancock Massachusetts Yes Yes John Hanson Maryland Yes Cornelius Harnett North Carolina Yes Benjamin Harrison Virginia Yes Yes John Hart New Jersey Yes John Harvie Virginia Yes Patrick Henry Virginia Yes Joseph Hewes North Carolina Yes Yes Thomas Heyward , Jr . South Carolina Yes Yes Samuel Holten Massachusetts Yes William Hooper North Carolina Yes Yes Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Yes Yes Francis Hopkinson New Jersey Yes Titus Hosmer Connecticut Yes Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania Yes Samuel Huntington Connecticut Yes Yes Richard Hutson South Carolina Yes Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania Yes William Jackson South Carolina Yes John Jay New York Yes Thomas Jefferson Virginia Yes Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland Yes Thomas Johnson Maryland Yes William Samuel Johnson Connecticut Yes Rufus King Massachusetts Yes James Kinsey New Jersey Yes John Langdon New Hampshire Yes Edward Langworthy Georgia Yes Henry Laurens South Carolina Yes Francis Lightfoot Lee Virginia Yes Yes Richard Henry Lee Virginia Yes Yes Yes Francis Lewis New York Yes Yes Philip Livingston New York Yes Yes William Livingston New Jersey Yes Yes James Lovell Massachusetts Yes Isaac Low New York Yes Thomas Lynch South Carolina Yes Thomas Lynch , Jr . South Carolina Yes James Madison Virginia Yes Henry Marchant Rhode Island Yes John Mathews South Carolina Yes James McHenry Maryland Yes Thomas McKean Delaware Yes Yes Yes Arthur Middleton South Carolina Yes Henry Middleton South Carolina Yes Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Yes Yes Gouverneur Morris New York Yes Pennsylvania Yes Lewis Morris New York Yes Robert Morris Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes John Morton Pennsylvania Yes Yes Thomas Nelson , Jr . Virginia Yes William Paca Maryland Yes Yes Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts Yes Yes William Paterson New Jersey Yes Edmund Pendleton Virginia Yes John Penn North Carolina Yes Yes Charles Pinckney South Carolina Yes Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina Yes Peyton Randolph Virginia Yes George Read Delaware Yes Yes Yes Joseph Reed Pennsylvania Yes Daniel Roberdeau Pennsylvania Yes Caesar Rodney Delaware Yes Yes George Ross Pennsylvania Yes Yes Benjamin Rush Pennsylvania Yes Edward Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes John Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes Nathaniel Scudder New Jersey Yes Roger Sherman Connecticut Yes Yes Yes Yes James Smith Pennsylvania Yes Jonathan Bayard Smith Pennsylvania Yes Richard Smith New Jersey Yes Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina Yes Richard Stockton New Jersey Yes Thomas Stone Maryland Yes John Sullivan New Hampshire Yes George Taylor Pennsylvania Yes Edward Telfair Georgia Yes Matthew Thornton New Hampshire Yes Matthew Tilghman Maryland Yes Nicholas Van Dyke Delaware Yes George Walton Georgia Yes John Walton Georgia Yes Samuel Ward Rhode Island Yes George Washington Virginia Yes Yes John Wentworth , Jr . New Hampshire Yes William Whipple New Hampshire Yes John Williams North Carolina Yes William Williams Connecticut Yes Hugh Williamson North Carolina Yes James Wilson Pennsylvania Yes Yes Henry Wisner New York Yes John Witherspoon New Jersey Yes Yes Oliver Wolcott Connecticut Yes Yes George Wythe Virginia Yes Post-constitution life ( edit ) Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure , reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate . Washington , Adams , Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President . Jay would be elected to two terms as Governor of New York . Seven ( Fitzsimons , Gorham , Luther Martin , Mifflin , Robert Morris , Pierce , and Wilson ) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy . Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals . Two , Blount and Dayton , were involved in possibly treasonous activities . Yet , as they had done before the convention , most of the group continued to render public service , particularly to the new government they had helped to create . Youth and longevity ( edit ) Death age of the Founding Fathers . Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 : James Armistead Lafayette was 15 , Marquis de Lafayette was 18 , Alexander Hamilton was 19 , Aaron Burr was 20 , Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross were 24 . The oldest were Benjamin Franklin , 70 and Samuel Whittemore , 81 . Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94 . Johnson died at 92 . John Adams lived to the age of 90 . A few -- Franklin , Jay , Jefferson , Madison , Hugh Williamson , and George Wythe -- lived into their eighties . Approximately 16 died in their seventies , 21 in their sixties , 8 in their fifties , and 5 in their forties . Three ( Alexander Hamilton , Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett ) were killed in duels . Friends and political adversaries John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day - July 4 , 1826 The last remaining founders , also called the `` Last of the Romans '' , lived well into the nineteenth century . Founders who were not signatories or delegates ( edit ) The following men and women are also recognized by many as having been founders of the United States based upon their significant contributions to the formation of American nation and democracy . Abigail Adams , advisor , First Lady and mother of a president . Ethan Allen , military and political leader in Vermont . Richard Allen , African - American bishop . John Bartram , botanist , horticulturist and explorer . Egbert Benson , politician from New York . Elias Boudinot , New Jersey delegate to Continental Congress . Aaron Burr , Vice President under Jefferson . George Rogers Clark , army general . George Clinton , New York governor and Vice President of the U.S. Tench Coxe , economist in Continental Congress . William Richardson Davie , delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( leaving before he could sign it ) , and Governor of North Carolina . Albert Gallatin , politician and Treasury Secretary . Horatio Gates , army general . Nathanael Greene , army general . Nathan Hale , captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776 . Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , wife of Alexander Hamilton James Iredell , advocate for Constitution , judge . John Paul Jones , navy captain . Henry Knox , army general , Secretary of War . Tadeusz Kościuszko , Polish army general . Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , French army general . Henry Lee III , army officer and Virginia governor . Robert R. Livingston , diplomat and jurist . William Maclay , Pennsylvania politician and U.S. Senator . Dolley Madison , spouse of President James Madison . John Marshall , fourth Chief Justice of the United States . George Mason , revolutionary writer , co-father of the Bill of Rights . Philip Mazzei , Italian physician , merchant and author . James Monroe , fifth President of the United States Daniel Morgan , military hero and Virginia Congressman . James Otis , Jr. , Massachusetts lawyer and politician . Thomas Paine , author of Common Sense . Andrew Pickens , army general and SC congressman . Timothy Pickering , U.S. Secretary of State from Massachusetts . Israel Putnam , army general . Edmund Randolph , first United States Attorney General , second Secretary of State . Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau , French army general . Haym Solomon , financier and spy for Continental Army . Thomas Sumter , SC military hero and congressman . Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , Prussian officer . Joseph Warren , doctor , revolutionary leader . Mercy Otis Warren , political writer . Anthony Wayne , army general and politician . Noah Webster , writer , lexicographer , educator . Thomas Willing , banker . Paine Wingate , oldest survivor , Continental Congress . Legacy ( edit ) Institutions formed by founders ( edit ) Several Founding Fathers were instrumental in establishing schools and societal institutions that still exist today : Benjamin Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania , while Jefferson founded the University of Virginia . Benjamin Rush founded Dickinson College and Franklin College , ( today Franklin and Marshall ) as well as the College of Physicians of Philadelphia , the oldest medical society in America . Alexander Hamilton founded the New York Post , as well as the United States Coast Guard . Henry Knox helped found the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783 ; the society was predicated on service as an officer in the Revolutionary War and heredity . Members included Washington , Hamilton and Burr . Other Founders like Sam Adams , John Adams , Franklin and Jay criticized the formation of what they considered to be an elitist body and threat to the Constitution . Franklin would later accept an honorary membership though Jay declined . Scholarship on the founders ( edit ) Articles and books by twenty - first century historians combined with the digitization of primary sources like handwritten letters continue to contribute to an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Founding Fathers . Living historians whose focus is the Founding Fathers ( edit ) Ron Chernow won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of George Washington . His bestselling book about Alexander Hamilton inspired the blockbuster musical of the same name . Joseph J. Ellis - According to Ellis , the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out . Ellis says `` the founders '' , or `` the fathers '' , comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness . For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s -- men like Andrew Jackson , Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , and John C. Calhoun -- `` the founders '' represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison . `` We can win no laurels in a war for independence , '' Webster acknowledged in 1825 . `` Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all . Nor are there places for us ... ( as ) the founders of states . Our fathers have filled them . But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation . '' Joanne B. Freeman Freeman 's area of expertise is the life and legacy of Alexander Hamilton as well as political culture of the revolutionary and early national eras . Freeman has documented the often opposing visions of the Founding Fathers as they tried to build a new framework for governance , `` Regional distrust , personal animosity , accusation , suspicion , implication , and denouncement -- this was the tenor of national politics from the outset . '' Annette Gordon - Reed is an American historian and Harvard Law School professor . She is noted for changing scholarship on Thomas Jefferson regarding his relationship with Sally Hemings and her children . She has studied the challenges facing the Founding Fathers particularly as it relates to their position and actions on slavery . She points out `` the central dilemma at the heart of American democracy : the desire to create a society based on liberty and equality '' that yet does not extend those privileges to all . '' Jack N. Rakove - Thomas Jefferson Peter S. Onuf - Thomas Jefferson Noted collections of the Founding Fathers ( edit ) Adams Papers Project Founders Online Founders Online is a searchable database of over 178,000 documents authored by or addressed to George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams ( and family ) , Thomas Jefferson , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton The Selected Papers of John Jay at Columbia University The Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University The Papers of James Madison at University of Virginia The Washington Papers at University of Virginia The Franklin Papers at Yale University In stage and film ( edit ) The Founding Fathers were portrayed in the Tony Award winning musical 1776 , a stage production about the debates over , and eventual adoption of , the Declaration of Independence ; the popular performance was later turned into the 1972 film More recently , several of the Founding Fathers - Hamilton , Washington , Jefferson , Madison , Laurens and Burr - were reimagined in Hamilton an acclaimed production about the life of Alexander Hamilton , with music , lyrics and book by Lin - Manuel Miranda. The show was inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . The rap musical won 11 Tony Awards . Children 's Books ( edit ) In their 2015 children 's book , The Founding Fathers author Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorized 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the formation of America - the Varsity Squad ( Washington , Franklin , Jefferson , John Adams , Madison , Jay , and Hamilton ) and the Junior Varsity Squad ( Sam Adams , Hancock , Henry , Morris , Marshall , Rush , and Paine ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal List of national founders ( worldwide ) History of the United States Constitution Rights of Englishmen Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Revolution : Key to Declaration of Independence '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellinkoff , David . Mellinkoff 's Dictionary of American Legal Usage ( West Publishing , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries ( New York : Harper & Row , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Kettler , Sarah . `` The Founding Fathers : Who Were They Really ? '' . Biography . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About America , The Constitution of the United States '' ( PDF ) . World Book . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour . `` Forgotten Founding Father '' . Jump up ^ Rose , P.K. `` The Founding Fathers of American Intelligence '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Did any of our `` Founding Fathers '' NOT sign the Declaration of Independence ? `` . Harvard University : Declaration Resources Project . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Signers of the Declaration '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Meet the Framers of the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ US Constitution Online . `` The Framers '' . Jump up ^ Carl G. Karsch . `` The First Continental Congress : A Dangerous Journey Begins '' . Carpenter 's Hall . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanfield , Jack . America 's Founding Fathers : Who Are They ? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots ( Universal - Publishers , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Whites of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle American History ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2010 ) , 16 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Baron of Beacon Hill , 189 . Jump up ^ `` Signers of the Declaration '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . p . Biography # 54 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Congress '' . Ohio Historical Society . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calvin C. Jillson ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ See Brown ( 19764 ) ; Martin ( 19739 ) ; `` Data on the Framers of the Constitution , '' at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brown ( 1976 ) ; Harris ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` The Alma Maters of Our Founding Fathers '' . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Columbia '' . Columbia University . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Rush ( 1746 - 1813 ) access - date = April 9 , 2017 '' . Penn University Archives and Records Center . Jump up ^ `` George Wythe '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1973 ) ; Greene ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Caroline Robbins , `` Decision in ' 76 : Reflections on the 56 Signers '' Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol. 89 ( 1977 ) , pp. 72 - 87 online quoting page 83 . Jump up ^ Greene ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Greene ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ William R. Davie , Blackwell P. Robinson . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 1957 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Franklin T. ( 2003 ) . The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press ( published 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0691126029 . Jump up ^ Letter to Alexander von Humboldt , December 6 , 1813 `` History , I believe , furnishes no example of a priest - ridden people maintaining a free civil government , '' Jump up ^ Letter to Horatio G. Spafford , March 17 , 1814 `` In every country and in every age , the priest has been hostile to liberty . He is always in alliance with the despot , abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own . '' Jump up ^ The Religion of Thomas Jefferson Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ Quoted in The New England Currant ( July 23 , 1722 ) , `` Silence Dogood , No. 9 ; Corruptio optimi est pessima . '' `` And it is a sad Observation , that when the People too late see their Error , yet the Clergy still persist in their Encomiums on the Hypocrite ; and when he happens to die for the Good of his Country , without leaving behind him the Memory of one good Action , he shall be sure to have his Funeral Sermon stuff 'd with Pious Expressions which he dropt at such a Time , and at such a Place , and on such an Occasion ; than which nothing can be more prejudicial to the Interest of Religion , nor indeed to the Memory of the Person deceas 'd . The Reason of this Blindness in the Clergy is , because they are honourably supported ( as they ought to be ) by their People , and see nor feel nothing of the Oppression which is obvious and burdensome to every one else . '' Jump up ^ Frazer , Gregg L. ( 2012 ) . The Religious Beliefs of America 's Founders : Reason , Revelation , and Revolution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700620214 . ^ Jump up to : Annette Gordon - Reed , Engaging Jefferson : Blacks and the Founding Father , The William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 57 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2000 ) , pp. 171 - 182 Jump up ^ `` The Founders and Slavery : John Jay Saves the Day '' . The Economist . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , William D. ( 2002 ) . Critical Reflections on Black History . West Port , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 125 . Jump up ^ The Selected Papers of John Jay , Columbia University , http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/inside/dev/jay/JaySlavery.html Jump up ^ Horton , James O. ( 2004 ) . `` Alexander Hamilton : Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation '' . New York Journal of American History . New York Historical Society ( 3 ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magness , Phillip . `` Alexander Hamilton 's Exaggerated Abolitionism '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 87 . JSTOR 1856595 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . ^ Jump up to : The Cambridge History of Law in America . 2008 . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 88 . JSTOR 1856595 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 85 . JSTOR 1856595 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . Jump up ^ See the discussion of the Convention in Clinton L. Rossiter , 1787 : The Grand Convention ( New York : Macmillan , 1966 ; reprint ed. , with new foreword by Richard B. Morris , New York : W.W. Norton , 1987 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griswold , Rufus ( 1855 ) , The Republican Court , or , American Society in the Days of Washington , D. Appleton & Co . Jump up ^ Staar ( January 2009 ) . `` Our Founding Fathers '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's Mount Vernon . `` Father of His Country '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` America 's Founding Documents '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Andrlik , Todd . `` How Old Were the Leaders of the American Revolution on July 4 , 1776 ? '' . Jump up ^ History . `` Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Die '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox - Genovese ; Eugene D. Genovese ( 2005 ) . The Mind of the Master Class : History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders ' Worldview . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 9780521850650 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica . Founding fathers : the essential guide to the men who made America ( John Wiley and Sons , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ McWilliams , J. ( 1976 ) . `` The Faces of Ethan Allen : 1760 - 1860 '' . The New England Quarterly . 49 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 282 . JSTOR 364502 . doi : 10.2307 / 364502 . Jump up ^ Newman , Richard . Freedom 's Prophet : Bishop Richard Allen , the AME Church , and the Black Founding Fathers ( NYU Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jane Goodall ( 27 August 2013 ) . Seeds of Hope : Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 1321 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ballenas , Carl . Images of America : Jamaica ( Arcadia Publishing , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes , David . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers . ( Oxford University Press US , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters , What Made the Founding Fathers Different . ( New York : Penguin Books , 2007 ) 225 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , John . `` Founding Fighters : The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence ( review ) '' . The Journal of Military History ( Volume 71 , Number 2 , April 2007 ) , pp. 522 -- 524 . ^ Jump up to : R.B. Bernstein , The Founding Fathers Reconsidered ( New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen Yafa ( 2006 ) . Cotton : The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber . Penguin . p. 75 . ISBN 9780143037224 . ^ Jump up to : Dungan , Nicholas . Gallatin : America 's Swiss Founding Father ( NYU Press 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie . `` Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation '' . Harper Perennial , 2005 Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie . `` Ladies of Liberty : The Women Who Shaped Our Nation '' . Harper , 2008 Jump up ^ Broadwater , Jeff ( 2006 ) . George Mason , Forgotten Founder . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3053 - 6 . OCLC 67239589 . Jump up ^ LaGumina , Salvatore . The Italian American experience : an encyclopedia , page 361 ( Taylor & Francis , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Unger , Harlow ( 2009 ) . James Monroe : The Last Founding Father . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81808 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kann , Mark E. ( 1999 ) . The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy . ABC - CLIO . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96112 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Father Thomas Paine : He Genuinely Abhorred Slavery '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 48 ) : 45 . 2005 . doi : 10.2307 / 25073236 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . Jump up ^ David Braff , `` Forgotten Founding Father : The Impact of Thomas Paine , '' in Joyce Chumbley . ed. , Thomas Paine : In Search of the Common Good ( 2009 ) pp. 39 -- 43 Jump up ^ Burstein , Andrew . `` Politics and Personalities : Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder , slavery and the shaping of America '' , Chicago Tribune ( November 09 , 2003 ) : `` Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency . '' ^ Jump up to : Rafael , Ray . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Founding Fathers : And the Birth of Our Nation ( Penguin , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution : Haym Solomon and Others , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co. , 1987 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Joshua . The Forgotten Founding Father : Noah Webster 's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture ( Penguin 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Wright , R.E. ( 1996 ) . `` Thomas Willing ( 1731 - 1821 ) : Philadelphia Financier and Forgotten Founding Father '' . Pennsylvania History . 63 ( 4 ) : 525 -- 560 . JSTOR 27773931 . doi : 10.2307 / 27773931 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Patriot of Early New England '' , New York Times ( December 20 , 1931 ) . This book review referred to Wingate as one of the `` Fathers '' of the United States , per the book title . Jump up ^ The New Yorker , Volume I , page 398 ( September 10 , 1836 ) : `` ' The Last of the Romans ' -- This was said of Madison at the time of his decease , but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction . Paine Wingate of Stratham , N.H. still survives . '' Jump up ^ `` THE FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY , 1783 -- 1784 '' . Society of the Cincinnati . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut '' . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ; Passionate Sage : The Character and Legacy of John Adams . ( 2001 ) p. 214 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Schuessler . `` Up From the Family Basement , a Little - Seen Hamilton Trove '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman . `` The Long History of Political Idiocy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman . `` How Hamilton Uses History : What Lin - Manuel Miranda Included in His Portrait of a Heroic , Complicated Founding Father -- and What He Left Out '' . Slate . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Bray . `` Tip and Gip Sip and Quip - The politics of never '' . The Baffler . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Viagas. `` Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins '' . Playbill . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jonah and Blitt , Barry , The Founding Fathers ! Those Horse - Ridin ' , Fiddle - Playin ' , Book - Readin ' , Gun - Totin ' Gentlemen Who Started America Simon and Schuster , New York ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) American National Biography Online , ( 2000 ) . Bernard Bailyn , To Begin the World Anew Knopf , 2003 . Richard B. Bernstein , Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1987 . R.B. Bernstein , The Founding Fathers Reconsidered ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Richard D. Brown . `` The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787 : A Collective View , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Ser. , Vol. 33 , No. 3 ( Jul. 1976 ) , pp. 465 -- 480 online at JSTOR . Henry Steele Commager , `` Leadership in Eighteenth - Century America and Today , '' Daedalus 90 ( Fall 1961 ) : 650 -- 673 , reprinted in Henry Steele Commager , Freedom and Order ( New York : George Braziller , 1966 ) . Joseph J. Ellis . Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2000 ) , winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History . Joseph J. Ellis . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution , 1783 - 1789 ( New York : First Vintage Books Edition , May 2016 ) . Joanne B. Freeman , Affairs of Honor : National Politics in the New Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2001 . Steven K. Green , Inventing a Christian America : The Myth of the Religious Founding . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press , 2015 . Jack P. Greene . `` The Social Origins of the American Revolution : An Evaluation and an Interpretation , '' Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 88 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1973 ) , pp. 1 -- 22 online in JSTOR . P.M.G. Harris , `` The Social Origins of American Leaders : The Demographic Foundations , '' Perspectives in American History 3 ( 1969 ) : 159 -- 364 . Mark E. Kann ; The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy ( New York : Frederick Praeger , 1999 ) . Adrienne Koch ; Power , Morals , and the Founding Fathers : Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment ( Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1961 ) . K.M. Kostyal . Founding Fathers : The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty ( 2014 ) Franklin T. Lambert , The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . ( Princeton , NJ Princeton University Press , 2003 ) . James Kirby Martin , Men in Rebellion : Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution , ( New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press , 1973 ; reprint , New York : Free Press , 1976 ) . Richard B. Morris , Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries ( New York : Harper & Row , 1973 ) . Robert Previdi ; `` Vindicating the Founders : Race , Sex , Class , and Justice in the Origins of America , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 29 , 1999 Rakove , Jack . Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ; 2010 ) 487 pages ; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action , beginning in the 1770s Cokie Roberts . Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation . New York : William Morrow , 2005 . Gordon S. Wood . Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( New York : Penguin Press , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . Founders Online : Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States Debunks -- along with other fact finding sites -- the Internet Myth of `` What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence '' ( retrieved 01 - 30 - 15 ) `` What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today ? '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 14 , 2007 ) `` Founding Father Quotes , Biographies , and Writings '' Founding Fathers and their related articles John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family John Adams ( second cousin ) John Dickinson 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital The Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Tower John Hancock Center Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 miniseries ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishments Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v. Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Robert Morris United States Senator , Pennsylvania , 1789 -- 1795 Superintendent of Finance of the United States , 1781 -- 1784 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 United States Founding events Financier of the American Revolution Signed , Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation Signed , United States Constitution 1776 Model Treaty Committee of Secret Correspondence , Second Continental Congress Chairman , Pennsylvania Committee of Safety U.S. Superintendent of Finance Agent of the Marine Bank of North America Philadelphia as U.S. capital city , 1790 -- 1800 Residence Act President 's House Other events Willing , Morris & Co . ( Slavery ) Use of the dollar sign Newburgh Conspiracy Empress of China merchant ship Old China Trade Phelps and Gorham Purchase Life Early life Summerseat home 1788 U.S. Senate election Panic of 1796 -- 97 Christ Church , Philadelphia , burial site Legacy Robert Morris University , Pennsylvania Robert Morris University , Illinois Robert Morris statue , Philadelphia Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Heald Square Monument , Chicago Mount Morris , New York village dam Morrisville , Pennsylvania Related Founding Fathers Thomas Willing USS Alfred Family Thomas Morris ( son ) Bishop William White ( brother - in - law ) Thomas Paine Writings Common Sense ( January 1776 ) The American Crisis ( December 1776 ) Rights of Man ( March 1791 , February 1792 ) The Age of Reason ( 1794 , 1795 , 1807 ) Agrarian Justice ( 1797 ) Life Early life Member , French National Convention 1792 Rights of Man trial Designed , Sunderland Bridge ( 1796 ) Thomas Paine Cottage Legacy Thomas Paine National Historical Association Memorial Museum Thomas Paine Monument , New Rochelle , New York Institute of Thomas Paine Studies U.S. postage stamp In Lambeth ( 1989 play ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary miniseries ) A New World : A Life of Thomas Paine ( 2009 play ) Related American Revolution French Revolution Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Deism Founding Fathers Revolution Controversy Headstrong Club Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States&oldid=808645365 '' Categories : Age of Enlightenment American Revolution Articles about multiple people Patriots in the American Revolution Political leaders of the American Revolution National founders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Use mdy dates from April 2011 Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the founding fathers of the usa	[ "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]", "Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.[3][4] Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers, advocating ratification of the Constitution. The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution [5] Jay, Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War.[6] Washington was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention. Washington, Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA.[7] All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States, with Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison serving as President. Jay was the nation's first Chief Justice. Four of these seven - Washington, Jay, Hamilton and Madison - were not signers of the Declaration of Independence.[8]" ]	[ "John Adams", "Benjamin Franklin", "Alexander Hamilton", "John Jay", "Thomas Jefferson", "James Madison", "George Washington" ]
5930414421827090041	Amazon River	Amazon river - wikipedia Amazon river Jump to : navigation , search Amazon River ( Amazonia ) Apurímac , Ene , Tambo , Ucayali , Amazonas , Solimões River Sunset over the Amazon near Leticia , Colombia Countries Brazil , Colombia , Peru Tributaries - left Marañón , Japurá / Caquetá , Rio Negro / Guainía , Putumayo - right Ucayali , Purús , Madeira , Tapajós , Xingu City Iquitos ( Peru ) ; Leticia ( Colombia ) ; Tabatinga ( Brazil ) ; Tefé ( Brazil ) ; Itacoatiara ( Brazil ) Parintins ( Brazil ) ; Óbidos ( Brazil ) ; Santarém ( Brazil ) ; Almeirim ( Brazil ) ; Macapá ( Brazil ) ; Manaus ( Brazil ) Source Rio Mantaro - location Huancayo , Huancayo Province , Peru - elevation 5,220 m ( 17,126 ft ) - coordinates 10 ° 43 ′ 55 '' S 76 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W / 10.73194 ° S 76.64778 ° W / - 10.73194 ; - 76.64778 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W / 0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 Coordinates : 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W / 0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 Length 6,400 km ( 3,977 mi ) Basin 7,050,000 km ( 2,722,000 sq mi ) Discharge - average 209,000 m / s ( 7,381,000 cu ft / s ) - max 340,000 m / s ( 12,007,000 cu ft / s ) - min 180,000 m / s ( 6,357,000 cu ft / s ) Amazon River and drainage basin Topography of the Amazon River Basin The Amazon River , usually abbreviated to Amazon ( US : / ˈæməzɒn / or UK : / ˈæməzən / ; Spanish and Portuguese : Amazonas ) , in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world and according to some authors , the longest in length . The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon 's most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac confluence , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn confluences with the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters ( Portuguese : Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus , the river 's largest city . At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ; 209,000,000 L / s ; 55,000,000 USgal / s ) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum ( 1,581 cu mi / a ) , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20 % of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,720,000 sq mi ) . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Columbian era 1.2 European discovery 1.3 Exploration 1.4 Scientific exploration 1.5 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement 1.6 20th - century development 2 Course 2.1 Origins 2.2 The Upper Amazon or Solimões 2.3 The Lower Amazon 2.4 Mouth 2.5 Dispute regarding length 3 Watershed 3.1 Flooding 4 Geology 5 Protected areas 6 Flora and fauna 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna 6.2. 1 Mammals 6.2. 2 Birds 6.2. 3 Reptiles 6.2. 4 Fish 6.2. 5 Microbiota 7 Major tributaries 7.1 List by length 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Amazon history Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) The Jivaro people were famous for their head - hunting raids and shrinking the heads from these raids . During what many archaeologists call the formative stage , Amazonian societies were deeply involved in the emergence of South America 's highland agrarian systems . The trade with Andean civilisations in the terrains of the headwaters in the Andes , formed an essential contribution to the social and religious development of the higher altitude civilisations of among others the Muisca and Incas . Early human settlements were typically based on low - lying hills or mounds . Five types of archaeological mound have been noted in the Amazon region : shell refuse and artificial mounds , artificial earth platforms for entire villages , earth mounds and ridges for cultivation , causeways and canals , and figurative mounds , both geometric and biomorphic . Shell mounds were the earliest evidences of habitation ; they represent piles of human refuse and are mainly dated between 7500 and 4000 years BP . They are associated with ceramic age cultures ; no preceramic shell mounds have been documented so far by archaeologists . Artificial earth platforms for entire villages are the second type of mounds . They are best represented by the Marajoara culture . Figurative mounds are the most recent types of occupation . There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large - scale indigenous societies , mainly chiefdoms who developed large towns and cities . Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana travelled across the Amazon in 1541 , more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon . These pre-Columbian settlements created highly developed civilisations . For instance , pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people . In order to achieve this level of development , the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest 's ecology by selective cultivation and the use of fire . Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repetitiously , the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients . This created dark soil areas known as terra preta de índio ( `` indian dark earth '' ) . Because of the terra preta , indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large - scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures . Further research has hypothesised that this practice began around 11,000 years ago . Some say that its effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the Amazon basin . Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare . James Stuart Olson wrote : `` The Munduruku expansion dislocated and displaced the Kawahíb , breaking the tribe down into much smaller groups ... ( Munduruku ) first came to the attention of Europeans in 1770 when they began a series of widespread attacks on Brazilian settlements along the Amazon River . '' European discovery ( edit ) Amazon tributaries near Manaus In March 1500 , Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first documented European to sail up the Amazon River . Pinzón called the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce , later shortened to Mar Dulce , literally , sweet sea , because of its fresh water pushing out into the ocean . Another Spanish explorer , Francisco de Orellana , was the first European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins , situated in the Andes , to the mouth of the river . In this journey , Orellana baptised some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro , Napo and Jurua . The name Amazonas is taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition , mostly women , that reminded De Orellana of the female Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece . Exploration ( edit ) Samuel Fritz 's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco Native Mundurukú Painting by Hercules Florence Gonzalo Pizarro set off in 1541 to explore east of Quito into the South American interior in search of El Dorado , the `` city of gold '' and La Canela , the `` valley of cinnamon '' . He was accompanied by his second - in - command Francisco de Orellana . After 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) , the Coca River joined the Napo River ( at a point now known as Puerto Francisco de Orellana ) ; the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence . They continued downriver through an uninhabited area , where they could not find food . Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River , then known as Río de la Canela ( `` Cinnamon River '' ) and return with food for the party . Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola , they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north . De Orellana took about 57 men , the boat , and some canoes and left Pizarro 's troops on 26 December 1541 . However , De Orellana apparently missed the confluence ( probably with the Aguarico ) where he was searching supplies for his men . By the time he and his men reached another village , many of them were sick from hunger and eating `` noxious plants '' , and near death . Seven men died at that village . His men threatened to mutiny if he followed his orders and the expedition turned back to join Pizarro 's larger party . He accepted to change the purpose of the expedition to discover new lands in the name of the king of Spain , and the men built a larger boat in which to navigate downstream . After a journey of 600 km down the Napo River they reached a further major confluence , at a point near modern Iquitos , and then followed the upper Amazon , now known as the Solimões , for a further 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) to its confluence with the Rio Negro ( near modern Manaus ) , which they reached on 3 June 1542 . On the Nhamunda River , a tributary of the Amazon downstream from Manaus , Orellana 's party had a fierce battle with warriors who , they reported , were led by fierce female warriors who beat the men to death with clubs if they tried to retreat . Orellana 's men began referring to the women as Amazons , a reference to the tribe of women warriors from Greek mythology . The river was initially known as the Marañón ( the name by which the Peruvian part of the river is still known today ) or Rio de Orellana . It later became known as the Rio Amazonas , the name by which it is still known in both Spanish and Portuguese . Regarding the initial mission of finding cinnamon , Pizarro reported to the king that they had found cinnamon trees , but that they could not be profitably harvested . In fact , true cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) is not native to South America . Other related cinnamon - containing plants ( of the family Lauraceae ) are fairly common in that part of the Amazon and Pizarro probably saw some of these . The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon on 24 August 1542 , demonstrating the practical navigability of the Great River . In 1560 another Spanish conquistador , Lope de Aguirre , may have made the second descent of the Amazon . Historians are uncertain whether the river he descended was the Amazon or the Orinoco River , which runs more or less parallel to the Amazon further north . Portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira was the first European to travel up the entire river . He arrived in Quito in 1637 , and returned via the same route . From 1648 to 1652 , Portuguese Brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares led an expedition from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the Amazon , investigating many of its tributaries , including the Rio Negro , and covering a distance of more than 10,000 km ( 6,214 mi ) . In what is currently Brazil , Ecuador , Bolivia , Colombia , Peru , and Venezuela , a number of colonial and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for the purpose of trade , slaving and evangelisation among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest , such as the Urarina . In the late 1600s Spanish Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz , apostle of the Omaguas , established some forty mission villages . Scientific exploration ( edit ) Henry Walter Bates was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon ( 1848 -- 1859 ) . Early scientific , zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century . Charles Marie de La Condamine explored the river in 1743 . Alexander von Humboldt , 1799 -- 1804 Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , 1817 -- 1820 Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace , 1848 -- 1859 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement ( edit ) Amazonas state Amazon Theatre opera house in Manaus built in 1896 during the rubber boom This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cabanagem revolt ( 1835 -- 1840 ) was directed against the white ruling class . It is estimated that from 30 to 40 % of the population of Grão - Pará , estimated at 100,000 people , died . The total population of the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin in 1850 was perhaps 300,000 , of whom about two - thirds were Europeans and slaves , the slaves amounting to about 25,000 . The Brazilian Amazon 's principal commercial city , Pará ( now Belém ) , had from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants , including slaves . The town of Manáos , now Manaus , at the mouth of the Rio Negro , had a population between 1,000 and 1,500 . All the remaining villages , as far up as Tabatinga , on the Brazilian frontier of Peru , were relatively small . On 6 September 1850 , Emperor Pedro II of Brazil sanctioned a law authorising steam navigation on the Amazon and gave the Viscount of Mauá ( Irineu Evangelista de Sousa ) the task of putting it into effect . He organised the `` Companhia de Navegação e Comércio do Amazonas '' in Rio de Janeiro in 1852 ; in the following year it commenced operations with four small steamers , the Monarca ( ' Monarch ' ) , the Cametá , the Marajó and the Rio Negro . At first , navigation was principally confined to the main river ; and even in 1857 a modification of the government contract only obliged the company to a monthly service between Pará and Manaus , with steamers of 200 tons cargo capacity , a second line to make six round voyages a year between Manaus and Tabatinga , and a third , two trips a month between Pará and Cametá . This was the first step in opening up the vast interior . The success of the venture called attention to the opportunities for economic exploitation of the Amazon , and a second company soon opened commerce on the Madeira , Purús and Negro ; a third established a line between Pará and Manaus ; and a fourth found it profitable to navigate some of the smaller streams . In that same period , the Amazonas Company was increasing its fleet . Meanwhile , private individuals were building and running small steam craft of their own on the main river as well as on many of its tributaries . On 31 July 1867 the government of Brazil , constantly pressed by the maritime powers and by the countries encircling the upper Amazon basin , especially Peru , decreed the opening of the Amazon to all countries , but they limited this to certain defined points : Tabatinga -- on the Amazon ; Cametá -- on the Tocantins ; Santarém -- on the Tapajós ; Borba -- on the Madeira , and Manaus -- on the Rio Negro . The Brazilian decree took effect on 7 September 1867 . Thanks in part to the mercantile development associated with steamboat navigation coupled with the internationally driven demand for natural rubber , the Peruvian city of Iquitos became a thriving , cosmopolitan centre of commerce . Foreign companies settled in Iquitos , from whence they controlled the extraction of rubber . In 1851 Iquitos had a population of 200 , and by 1900 its population reached 20,000 . In the 1860s , approximately 3,000 tons of rubber were being exported annually , and by 1911 annual exports had grown to 44,000 tons , representing 9.3 % of Peru 's exports . During the rubber boom it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants , such as typhus and malaria , killed 40,000 native Amazonians . The first direct foreign trade with Manaus commenced around 1874 . Local trade along the river was carried on by the English successors to the Amazonas Company -- the Amazon Steam Navigation Company -- as well as numerous small steamboats , belonging to companies and firms engaged in the rubber trade , navigating the Negro , Madeira , Purús and many other tributaries , such as the Marañón , to ports as distant as Nauta , Peru . By the turn of the 20th century , the exports of the Amazon basin were India - rubber , cacao beans , Brazil nuts and a few other products of minor importance , such as pelts and exotic forest produce ( resins , barks , woven hammocks , prized bird feathers , live animals ) and extracted goods , such as lumber and gold . 20th - century development ( edit ) Manaus , the largest city in Amazonas , as seen from a NASA satellite image , surrounded by the dark Rio Negro and the muddy Amazon River Floating houses in Leticia , Colombia Since colonial times , the Portuguese portion of the Amazon basin has remained a land largely undeveloped by agriculture and occupied by indigenous people who survived the arrival of European diseases . Four centuries after the European discovery of the Amazon river , the total cultivated area in its basin was probably less than 65 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , excluding the limited and crudely cultivated areas among the mountains at its extreme headwaters . This situation changed dramatically during the 20th century . Wary of foreign exploitation of the nation 's resources , Brazilian governments in the 1940s set out to develop the interior , away from the seaboard where foreigners owned large tracts of land . The original architect of this expansion was president Getúlio Vargas , with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II providing funding for the drive . In the 1960s , economic exploitation of the Amazon basin was seen as a way to fuel the `` economic miracle '' occurring at the time . This resulted in the development of `` Operation Amazon '' , an economic development project that brought large scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia . This was done through a combination of credit and fiscal incentives . However , in the 1970s the government took a new approach with the National Integration Programme . A large - scale colonisation programme saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the `` land without people '' in the Amazon Basin . This was done in conjunction with infrastructure projects mainly the Trans - Amazonian Highway ( Transamazônica ) . The Trans - Amazonian Highway 's three pioneering highways were completed within ten years but never fulfilled their promise . Large portions of the Trans - Amazonian and its accessory roads , such as BR - 319 ( Manaus - Porto Velho ) , are derelict and impassable in the rainy season . Small towns and villages are scattered across the forest , and because its vegetation is so dense , some remote areas are still unexplored . Many settlements grew along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and National Integration Programme however the programme failed as the settlers were unequipped to live in the delicate rainforest ecosystem . This , although the government believed it could sustain millions , instead could sustain very few . With a population of 1.9 million people in 2014 , Manaus is the largest city on the Amazon . Manaus alone makes up approximately 50 % of the population of the largest Brazilian state of Amazonas . The racial makeup of the city is 64 % pardo ( mulatto and mestizo ) and 32 % white . Although the Amazon river remains largely undammed , around 412 dams are in operation in the Amazon 's tributary rivers . From these 412 dams , 151 are constructed over six of the main tributary rivers that drain into the Amazon . Since only four percent of the Amazon 's hydropower potential has been developed in countries like Brazil , more damming projects are underway and hundreds more are planned . After witnessing the negative effects of environmental degradation , sedimentation , navigation and flood control caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River , scientists are worried that constructing more dams in the Amazon will harm its biodiversity in the same way by `` blocking - fish spawning runs , reducing the flows of vital oil nutrients and clearing forests '' . Damming the Amazon River could potentially bring about the `` end of free flowing rivers '' and contribute to an `` ecosystem collapse '' that will cause major social problems . Course ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Amazon was thought to originate from the Apacheta cliff in Arequipa at the Nevado Mismi , marked only by a wooden cross . Source of the Amazon Marañón River in Peru The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century . Such studies continued to be published even recently , such as in 1996 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2008 , where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m ( 18,363 ft ) Nevado Mismi peak , located roughly 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km ( 430 mi ) southeast of Lima , as the most distant source of the river . From that point , Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi , joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the Río Apurímac . A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area , a peer - reviewed journal of the Royal Geographic Society , however , identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the Río Mantaro drainage . A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence , showing the longer length of the Mantaro . Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured , which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin ( and therefore in the entire Amazon basin ) . The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence ( performed by Contos ) . Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the class IV -- V nature of each of these rivers , especially in their lower `` Abyss '' sections . Ultimately , they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt . Mismi in the Apurímac drainage , and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about 80 km longer than previously thought . Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source ( finishing November 2012 ) , a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread . After about 700 km ( 430 mi ) , the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to form the Ene , which joins the Perene to form the Tambo , which joins the Urubamba River to form the Ucayali . After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali , the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by floodplain . From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón , some 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) , the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage . The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills , and the river enters the enormous Amazon rainforest . The upper Amazon or Solimões ( edit ) Amazon River near Iquitos , Peru Although the Ucayali -- Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper , in Brazil the river is known at this point as the Solimões das Águas . The river systems and flood plains in Brazil , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia and Venezuela , whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries , are called the `` Upper Amazon '' . The Amazon proper runs mostly through Brazil and Peru , and is part of the border between Colombia and Perú . It has a series of major tributaries in Colombia , Ecuador and Peru , some of which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali , and others directly into the Amazon proper . These include rivers Putumayo , Caquetá , Vaupés , Guainía , Morona , Pastaza , Nucuray , Urituyacu , Chambira , Tigre , Nanay , Napo , and Huallaga . At some points the river divides into anabranches , or multiple channels , often very long , with inland and lateral channels , all connected by a complicated system of natural canals , cutting the low , flat igapó lands , which are never more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) above low river , into many islands . From the town of Canaria at the great bend of the Amazon to the Negro , vast areas of land are submerged at high water , above which only the upper part of the trees of the sombre forests appear . Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa , nearly opposite the river Madeira , the banks of the Amazon are low , until approaching Manaus , they rise to become rolling hills . The lower Amazon ( edit ) Meeting of Waters ; the confluence of Rio Negro ( black ) and Amazon ( sandy ) near Manaus , Brazil Water samples of the Solimões ( left ) and Rio Negro ( right ) The Lower Amazon begins where the darkly coloured waters of the Rio Negro meet the sandy coloured Rio Solimões , and for over 6 km ( 4 mi ) these waters run side by side without mixing . At Óbidos , a bluff 17 m ( 56 ft ) above the river is backed by low hills . The lower Amazon seems to have once been a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean , the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos . Only about ten percent of the Amazon 's water enters downstream of Óbidos , very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley . The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about 5,000,000 square kilometres ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) , and , below , only about 1,000,000 square kilometres ( 390,000 sq mi ) ( around 20 % ) , exclusive of the 1,400,000 square kilometres ( 540,000 sq mi ) of the Tocantins basin . The Tocantins River enters the southern portion of the Amazon delta . In the lower reaches of the river , the north bank consists of a series of steep , table - topped hills extending for about 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as far as Monte Alegre . These hills are cut down to a kind of terrace which lies between them and the river . On the south bank , above the Xingu , a line of low bluffs bordering the floodplain extends nearly to Santarém in a series of gentle curves before they bend to the southwest , and , abutting upon the lower Tapajós , merge into the bluffs which form the terrace margin of the Tapajós river valley . Mouth ( edit ) Satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River , from the north looking south Belém is the major city and port at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean . The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located , and how wide it is , is a matter of dispute , because of the area 's peculiar geography . The Pará and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called furos near the town of Breves ; between them lies Marajó , the world 's largest combined river / sea island . If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are included , the Amazon estuary is some 325 kilometres ( 202 mi ) wide . In this case , the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte , the cape located straight east of Pracuúba in the Brazilian state of Amapá , to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of Curuçá , in the state of Pará . A more conservative measurement excluding the Pará river estuary , from the mouth of the Araguari River to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of Marajó , would still give the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) . If only the river 's main channel is considered , between the islands of Curuá ( state of Amapá ) and Jurupari ( state of Pará ) , the width falls to about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) . The plume generated by the river 's discharge covers up to 1.3 million square kilometres and is responsible for muddy bottoms influencing a wide area of the tropical north Atlantic in terms of salinity , pH , light penetration , and sedimentation . Dispute regarding length ( edit ) River taxi in Peru While debate as to whether the Amazon or the Nile is the world 's longest river has gone on for many years , the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second longest river in the world , with the Nile being the longest . However , the Amazon has been measured by different geographers as being anywhere between 6,259 and 6,992 kilometres ( 3,889 and 4,345 mi ) long . It is often said to be `` at least '' 6,400 kilometres ( 4,000 mi ) long . The Nile is reported to be anywhere from 5,499 to 6,690 kilometres ( 3,417 to 4,157 mi ) . Often it is said to be `` about '' 6,650 kilometres ( 4,130 mi ) long . There are many factors that can affect these measurements . A study by Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile . Using Nevado Mismi , which in 2001 was labelled by the National Geographic Society as the Amazon 's source , these scientists made new calculations of the Amazon 's length . They calculated the Amazon 's length as 6,992 kilometres ( 4,345 mi ) . Using the same techniques , they calculated the length of the Nile as 6,853 kilometres ( 4,258 mi ) , which is longer than previous estimates but still shorter than the Amazon . They made it possible by measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then , after a sharp turn back , following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and finally including the marine waters of the Río Pará bay in its entire length . Guido Gelli , director of science at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) , told the Brazilian TV network Globo in June 2007 that it could be considered as a fact that the Amazon was the longest river in the world . However , other geographers have had access to the same data since 2001 , and a consensus has yet to emerge to support the claims of these Brazilian scientists . The length of both the Amazon and the Nile remains open to interpretation and continued debate . Watershed ( edit ) Main article : Amazon basin The Amazon basin , the largest in the world , covers about 40 % of South America , an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,722,020 sq mi ) . It drains from west to east , from Iquitos in Peru , across Brazil to the Atlantic . It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude . Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau , just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean . The locals often refer to it as `` El Jefe Negro '' , referring to an ancient god of fertility . The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by extensive forested areas that become flooded every rainy season . Every year , the river rises more than 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , flooding the surrounding forests , known as várzea ( `` flooded forests '' ) . The Amazon 's flooded forests are the most extensive example of this habitat type in the world . In an average dry season , 110,000 square kilometres ( 42,000 sq mi ) of land are water - covered , while in the wet season , the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) . The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous : up to 300,000 cubic metres per second ( 11,000,000 cu ft / s ) in the rainy season , with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ) from 1973 to 1990 . The Amazon is responsible for about 20 % of the Earth 's fresh water entering the ocean . The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean . The plume is about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) long and between 100 and 200 kilometres ( 62 and 124 mi ) wide . The fresh water , being lighter , flows on top of the seawater , diluting the salinity and altering the colour of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) in extent . For centuries ships have reported fresh water near the Amazon 's mouth yet well out of sight of land in what otherwise seemed to be the open ocean . The Atlantic has sufficient wave and tidal energy to carry most of the Amazon 's sediments out to sea , thus the Amazon does not form a true delta . The great deltas of the world are all in relatively protected bodies of water , while the Amazon empties directly into the turbulent Atlantic . There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins , the so - called Casiquiare canal . The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the upper Orinoco , which flows southward into the Rio Negro , which in turn flows into the Amazon . The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems , a so - called bifurcation . Flooding ( edit ) NASA satellite image of a flooded portion of the river Not all of the Amazon 's tributaries flood at the same time of the year . Many branches begin flooding in November and may continue to rise until June . The rise of the Rio Negro starts in February or March and begins to recede in June . The Madeira River rises and falls two months earlier than most of the rest of the Amazon . The depth of the Amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos has been calculated as between 20 to 26 metres ( 66 to 85 ft ) . At Manacapuru , the Amazon 's water level is only about 24 metres ( 79 ft ) above mean sea level . More than half of the water in the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is below sea level . In its lowermost section , the Amazon 's depth averages 20 to 50 metres ( 66 to 164 ft ) , in some places as much as 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus , 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) upriver from the mouth . Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes ( 3,000 or 8,900 long tons ; 3,300 or 9,900 short tons ) and 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) draft can reach as far as Iquitos , Peru , 3,600 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) from the sea . Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres ( 480 mi ) higher , as far as Achual Point . Beyond that , small boats frequently ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche , just above Achual Point in Peru . Annual flooding occurs in late northern latitude winter at high tide when the incoming waters of the Atlantic are funnelled into the Amazon delta . The resulting undular tidal bore is called the pororoca , with a leading wave that can be up to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high and travel up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) inland . Geology ( edit ) The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene . The proto - Amazon during the Cretaceous flowed west , as part of a proto - Amazon - Congo river system , from the interior of present - day Africa when the continents were connected , forming western Gondwana . Fifteen million years ago , the main tectonic uplift phase of the Andean chain started . This tectonic movement is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate . The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields , blocked the river and caused the Amazon Basin to become a vast inland sea . Gradually , this inland sea became a massive swampy , freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater . For example , over 20 species of stingray , most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean , can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon . Eleven to ten million years ago , waters worked through the sandstone from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward , leading to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest . During glacial periods , sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river , which would eventually become the world 's largest , draining the most extensive area of rainforest on the planet . Paralleling the Amazon River is a large aquifer , dubbed the Hamza River , the discovery of which was made public in August 2011 . Protected areas ( edit ) Name Country Coordinates Image ( hide ) Notes Allpahuayo - Mishana National Reserve Peru 3 ° 56 ′ S 73 ° 33 ′ W / 3.933 ° S 73.550 ° W / - 3.933 ; - 73.550 Amacayacu National Park Colombia 3 ° 29 ′ S 72 ° 12 ′ W / 3.483 ° S 72.200 ° W / - 3.483 ; - 72.200 Amazônia National Park Brazil 4 ° 26 ′ S 56 ° 50 ′ W / 4.433 ° S 56.833 ° W / - 4.433 ; - 56.833 Anavilhanas National Park Brazil 2 ° 23 ′ S 60 ° 55 ′ W / 2.383 ° S 60.917 ° W / - 2.383 ; - 60.917 Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Biodiversity of Colombia § Amazon natural region Flora ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Fauna ( edit ) Cichlid native to rivers of the Amazon basin More than one - third of all known species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest , a giant tropical forest and river basin with an area that stretches more than 5,400,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) . It is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of biodiversity . There are over 3,000 species of fish currently recognised in the Amazon basin , with more being discovered every year . In addition to the thousands of species of fish , the river supports crabs , algae , and turtles . Mammals ( edit ) Amazon river dolphin Along with the Orinoco , the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the boto , also known as the Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) . It is the largest species of river dolphin , and it can grow to lengths of up to 2.6 metres ( 8 ft 6 in ) . The colour of its skin changes with age ; young animals are gray , but become pink and then white as they mature . The dolphins use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river 's tricky depths . The boto is the subject of a legend in Brazil about a dolphin that turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside . The tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) , also a dolphin species , is found both in the rivers of the Amazon basin and in the coastal waters of South America . The Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ) , also known as `` seacow '' , is found in the northern Amazon River basin and its tributaries . It is a mammal and a herbivore . Its population is limited to freshwater habitats , and , unlike other manatees , it does not venture into salt water . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) . It is a member of the weasel family and is the largest of its kind . Because of habitat destruction and hunting , its population has dramatically decreased . Birds ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Reptiles ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) The anaconda is found in shallow waters in the Amazon basin . One of the world 's largest species of snake , the anaconda spends most of its time in the water with just its nostrils above the surface . The caiman , which is related to alligators and other crocodilians , also inhabits the Amazon as do varieties of turtles . Fish ( edit ) Characins , such as the piranha species , are prey for the giant otter , but these aggressive fish may also pose a danger to humans . The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for neotropical fishes . 5,600 species are currently known , and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year . The arapaima , known in Brazil as the pirarucu , is a South American tropical freshwater fish , one of the largest freshwater fish in the world , with a length of up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana ( or aruanã in Portuguese ) , such as the silver arowana ( Osteoglossum bicirrhosum ) , which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima , but only reaches a length of 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha , an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans . There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha . However , only a few of its species are known to attack humans , most notably Pygocentrus nattereri , the red - bellied piranha . The candirú , native to the Amazon River , is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae , just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin . Other catfish ' walk ' overland on their ventral fins , while the kumakuma ( Brachyplatystoma filamentosum ) , aka piraiba or `` goliath catfish '' , can reach 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) in length and 200 kilograms ( 440 lb ) in weight . The electric eel ( Electrophorus electricus ) and more than 100 species of electric fishes ( Gymnotiformes ) inhabit the Amazon basin . River stingrays ( Potamotrygonidae ) are also known . The bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) has been reported 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru . Microbiota ( edit ) Freshwater microbes are generally not very well known , even less so for a pristine ecosystem like the Amazon . Recently , metagenomics has provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river . The most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria , Alphaproteobacteria , Betaproteobacteria , Gammaproteobacteria and Crenarchaeota . Major tributaries ( edit ) Solimões , the section of the upper Amazon River Aerial view of an Amazon tributary The Amazon has over 1,100 tributaries , 12 of which are over 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) long . Some of the more notable ones are : Branco Casiquiare canal Caqueta River Huallaga Putumayo ( or Içá River ) Javary Juruá Madeira Marañón Morona Nanay Napo Negro Pastaza Purús Tambo Tapajós Tigre Tocantins Trombetas Ucayali Xingu Yapura List by length ( edit ) 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) to 6,992 km ( 4,345 mi ) -- Amazon , South America 3,250 km ( 2,020 mi ) -- Madeira , Bolivia / Brazil 3,211 km ( 1,995 mi ) -- Purús , Peru / Brazil 2,820 km ( 1,750 mi ) -- Japurá or Caquetá , Colombia / Brazil 2,639 km ( 1,640 mi ) -- Tocantins , Brazil 2,627 km ( 1,632 mi ) -- Araguaia , Brazil ( tributary of Tocantins ) 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) -- Juruá , Peru / Brazil 2,250 km ( 1,400 mi ) -- Rio Negro , Brazil / Venezuela / Colombia 1,992 km ( 1,238 mi ) -- Tapajós , Brazil 1,979 km ( 1,230 mi ) -- Xingu , Brazil 1,900 km ( 1,200 mi ) -- Ucayali River , Peru 1,749 km ( 1,087 mi ) -- Guaporé , Brazil / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,575 km ( 979 mi ) -- Içá ( Putumayo ) , Ecuador / Colombia / Peru 1,415 km ( 879 mi ) -- Marañón , Peru 1,370 km ( 850 mi ) -- Teles Pires , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) -- Iriri , Brazil ( tributary of Xingu ) 1,240 km ( 770 mi ) -- Juruena , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,130 km ( 700 mi ) -- Madre de Dios , Peru / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) -- Huallaga , Peru ( tributary of Marañón ) See also ( edit ) Geography portal Brazil portal Colombia portal Ecuador portal Peru portal Amazon natural region 1930 Curuçá River event Hamza River Peruvian Amazon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amazon River at GEOnet Names Server ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Seyler , Patrick ; Laurence Maurice - Bourgoin ; Jean Loup Guyot . `` Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries '' . Geological Survey of Brazil ( CPRM ) . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Contos ; Nicholas Tripcevich ( March 2014 ) . `` Correct placement of the most distant source of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River drainage '' . Area . 46 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / area. 12069 . ^ Jump up to : Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 042 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moura , Rodrigo L. ; Amado - Filho , Gilberto M. ; Moraes , Fernando C. ; Brasileiro , Poliana S. ; Salomon , Paulo S. ; Mahiques , Michel M. ; Bastos , Alex C. ; Almeida , Marcelo G. ; Silva , Jomar M. ; Araujo , Beatriz F. ; Brito , Frederico P. ; Rangel , Thiago P. ; Oliveira , Braulio C.V. ; Bahia , Ricardo G. ; Paranhos , Rodolfo P. ; Dias , Rodolfo J.S. ; Siegle , Eduardo ; Figueiredo , Alberto G. ; Pereira , Renato C. ; Leal , Camellia V. ; Hajdu , Eduardo ; Asp , Nils E. ; Gregoracci , Gustavo B. ; Neumann - Leitão , Sigrid ; Yager , Patricia L. ; Francini - Filho , Ronaldo B. ; Fróes , Adriana ; Campeão , Mariana ; Silva , Bruno S. ; Moreira , Ana P.B. ; Oliveira , Louisi ; Soares , Ana C. ; Araujo , Lais ; Oliveira , Nara L. ; Teixeira , João B. ; Valle , Rogerio A.B. ; Thompson , Cristiane C. ; Rezende , Carlos E. ; Thompson , Fabiano L. ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth '' . Science Advances . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 2 ( 4 ) : e1501252 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1501252 . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 7th German Printing , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel J.H. ( 2003 ) . Amazon Sweet Sea : Land , Life , and Water at the River 's Mouth . University of Texas Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77770 - 5 . Jump up ^ Anna Roosevelt ( 1996 ) . Silberman , Neil Asher , ed . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 429 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wohl , 2011 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Wohl , 2011 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 1991 ) . The Indians of Central and South America : an ethnohistorical dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 57 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26387 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel ( 1974 ) . The European Discovery of America : The Southern Voyages , 1492 -- 1616 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Francisco de Orellana Francisco de Orellana ( Spanish explorer and soldier ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Graham , Devon . `` A Brief History of Amazon Exploration '' . Project Amazonas . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles - Marie de La Condamine ( French naturalist and mathematician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Renato Cancian . `` Cabanagem ( 1835 -- 1840 ) : Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial '' . Universo Online Liçao de Casa ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 789 . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Escravos e Regatões '' ( pdf ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Historia del Peru , Editorial Lexus . p. 93 . Jump up ^ La Republica Oligarquica . Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 790 . ^ Jump up to : Campari , João S. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . The Economics of Deforestation in the Amazon : Dispelling the Myths . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781845425517 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Susanna B. ; Cockburn , Alexander ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Fate of the Forest : Developers , Destroyers , and Defenders of the Amazon , Updated Edition . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226322728 . Jump up ^ Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2000 ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Manaus , Brazil : IBGE. 2000 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Retrieved 31 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , David ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` More than 400 dams planned for the Amazon and headwaters '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Barbara ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon Dams Keep the Lights On But Could Hurt Fish , Forests '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 279 . Jump up ^ `` Source of the Amazon River Identificated ( Jacek Palkiewicz ) '' . Palkiewicz.com. 19 November 1999 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Donald ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Explorers Pinpoint Source of the Amazon ( National Geographic News ) '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon river ' longer than Nile ' '' . BBC News . 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140 km longer than the Nile '' . Brazilian National Institute for Space Research . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Contos , James ( Rocky ) ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Redefining the Upper Amazon River '' . Geography Directions . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 788 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , pp. 788 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Guo , Rongxing ( 2006 ) . Territorial Disputes and Resource Management : A Global Handbook . Nova . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 445 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 784 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River and Flooded Forests '' . World Wide Fund for Nature . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Molinier M ; et al. ( 22 November 1993 ) . `` Hydrologie du Bassin de l'Amazone '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Junk , Wolfgang J. ( 1997 ) . The Central Amazon Floodplain : Ecology of a Pulsing System . Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 59276 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitton , B.A. ( 1975 ) . River Ecology . University of California Press . p. 462 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Jon ( 14 May 2014 ) . Environmental Geology : Facing the Challenges of Our Changing Earth . Infobase Publishing . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 9781438109633 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , David K. ( 1982 ) . `` Tidal Bores '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , J. ; Hoorn , C. ; van der Ven , P. ; Soares , E. ( 2009 ) . `` Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep - sea fan : Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin '' . Geology. 37 ( 7 ) : 619 -- 22 . doi : 10.1130 / g25567a. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Massive River Found Flowing Beneath the Amazon '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Allpahuayo Mishana '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado . Jump up ^ `` Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu '' ( in Spanish ) . Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia . Jump up ^ `` Parna da Amazônia '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Jump up ^ `` Parna de Anavilhanas '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Jump up ^ World Bank ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Brazilian Amazon rain forest fact sheet '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Albert , J.S. ; Reis , R.E. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . 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Fish Conservation : A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources . Island Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781597267601 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghai R , Rodriguez - Valera F , McMahon KD , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 8 ) : e23785 . PMC 3158796 . PMID 21915244 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0023785 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 8th German Printing , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Extreme Science ( 2015 ) . `` World 's Greatest River : The Amazon '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira ( river ) '' . Talktalk.co.uk . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Purus River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Amy ( 9 February 2007 ) . `` Japurá River ( river , South America ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . 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Bibliography ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Church , George Earl ( 1911 ) . `` Amazon '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 783 -- 90 . Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins . A World of Rivers . The University of Chicago Press . 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Nuestro patrimonio - 100 tesoros de Colombia - Our heritage - 100 treasures of Colombia , 1 - 311 . El Tiempo . New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain VIAF : 127841845 GND : 4001626 - 2 BNF : cb13963444t ( data ) NDL : 00628108 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_River&oldid=801733062 '' Categories : Amazon River Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Upper Amazon Rivers of South America International rivers of South America Rivers of Colombia Rivers of Ecuador Rivers of Peru Colombia -- Peru border Rivers of Amapá Rivers of Amazonas ( Brazilian state ) Rivers of Loreto Region Rivers of Pará Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	into which sea or ocean does the amazon river flow	[ "At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft/s; 209,000,000 L/s; 55,000,000 USgal/s)—approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum (1,581 cu mi/a), greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined—the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean.[6] The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world, with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,720,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one-fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river.[7][8]" ]	[ "the Atlantic Ocean" ]
-191622753214256557	Three-sector theory	Three - sector theory - wikipedia Three - sector theory Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Economic sectors Three - sector theory Primary sector : raw materials Secondary sector : manufacturing Tertiary sector : services Additional sectors Quaternary sector : information services Quinary sector : human services Theorists AGB Fisher Colin Clark Jean Fourastié Sectors by ownership Business sector Private sector Public sector Voluntary sector Industrial output in 2005 Service output in 2005 The three - sector theory is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity : extraction of raw materials ( primary ) , manufacturing ( secondary ) , and services ( tertiary ) . It was developed by Allan Fisher , Colin Clark and Jean Fourastié . According to the theory , the main focus of an economy 's activity shifts from the primary , through the secondary and finally to the tertiary sector . Fourastié saw the process as essentially positive , and in The Great Hope of the Twentieth Century he writes of the increase in quality of life , social security , blossoming of education and culture , higher level of qualifications , humanisation of work , and avoidance of unemployment . Countries with a low per capita income are in an early state of development ; the main part of their national income is achieved through production in the primary sector . Countries in a more advanced state of development , with a medium national income , generate their income mostly in the secondary sector . In highly developed countries with a high income , the tertiary sector dominates the total output of the economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structural transformation according to Fourastié 1.1 First phase : Traditional civilizations 1.2 Second phase : Transitional period 1.3 Third phase : Tertiary civilization 2 See also 3 Further reading Structural transformation according to Fourastié ( edit ) Three sectors according to Fourastié Clark 's sector model This figure illustrates the percentages of a country 's economy made up by different sector . The figure illustrates that countries with higher levels of socio - economic development tend to have less of their economy made up of primary and secondary sectors and more emphasis in tertiary sectors . The less developed countries exhibit the inverse pattern . The distribution of the workforce among the three sectors progresses through different stages as follows , according to Fourastié : First phase : Traditional civilizations ( edit ) Workforce quotas : Primary sector : 65 % Secondary sector : 20 % Tertiary sector : 15 % This phase represents a society which is scientifically not yet very developed , with a negligible use of machinery . The state of development corresponds to that of European countries in the early Middle Ages , or that of a modern - day developing country . Second phase : transitional period ( edit ) Workforce quotas : Primary sector : 40 % Secondary sector : 40 % Tertiary sector : 20 % More machinery is deployed in the primary sector , which reduces the number of workers needed . As a result , the demand for machinery production in the secondary sector increases . The transitional way or phase begins with an event which can be identified with the industrialisation : far - reaching mechanisation ( and therefore automation ) of manufacture , such as the use of conveyor belts . The tertiary sector begins to develop , as do the financial sector and the power of the state . Third phase : tertiary civilization ( edit ) Workforce quotas : Primary sector : 10 % Secondary sector : 20 % Tertiary sector : 70 % The primary and secondary sectors are increasingly dominated by automation , and the demand for workforce numbers falls in these sectors . It is replaced by the growing demands of the tertiary sector . The situation now corresponds to modern - day industrial societies and the society of the future , the service or post-industrial society . Today the tertiary sector has grown to such an enormous size that it is sometimes further divided into an information - based quaternary sector , and even a quinary sector based on human services . See also ( edit ) Colin Clark ( economist ) Jean Fourastié Primary sector of the economy Secondary sector of the economy Tertiary sector of the economy Quaternary sector of the economy Information Revolution De-industrialization crisis Private sector Further reading ( edit ) Bernhard Schäfers : Sozialstruktur und sozialer Wandel in Deutschland . ( `` Social Structure and Social Change in Germany '' ) Lucius und Lucius , Stuttgart 7th edition 2002 Clark , Colin ( 1940 ) Conditions of Economic Progress Fisher , Allan GB . `` Production , primary , secondary and tertiary . '' Economic Record 15.1 ( 1939 ) : 24 - 38 Rainer Geißler : Entwicklung zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft . In : Informationen zur politischen Bildung . Nr. 269 : Sozialer Wandel in Deutschland , 2000 , p. 19f . Jean Fourastié : Die große Hoffnung des 20 . Jahrhunderts . ( `` The Great Hope of the 20th Century '' ) Köln - Deutz 1954 Hans Joachim Pohl : Kritik der Drei - Sektoren - Theorie . ( `` Criticism of the Three Sector Theory '' ) In : Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt - und Berufsforschung . Issue 4 / Year 03 / 1970 , p. 313 - 325 Stefan Nährlich : Dritter Sektor : `` Organisationen zwischen Markt und Staat . '' ( `` Third Sector : Organizations Between Market and State '' ) . From `` Theorie der Bürgergesellschaft '' des Rundbriefes Aktive Bürgerschaft ( `` Theory of the Civil Society '' of the newsletter `` Active Civil Society '' ) 4 / 2003 Uwe Staroske : Die Drei - Sektoren - Hypothese : Darstellung und kritische Würdigung aus heutiger Sicht ( `` The Three - Sector - Hypothesis : Presentation and Critical Appraisal from a Contemporary View '' ) . Roderer Verlag , Regensburg 1995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-sector_theory&oldid=827380007 '' Categories : Economic theories Economic sectors Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara हिन्दी Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 11 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are primary secondary and tertiary sectors of economy	[ "The three-sector theory is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary). It was developed by Allan Fisher, Colin Clark and Jean Fourastié.", "The three-sector theory is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary). It was developed by Allan Fisher, Colin Clark and Jean Fourastié.", "The three-sector theory is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary). It was developed by Allan Fisher, Colin Clark and Jean Fourastié." ]	[ "extraction of raw materials (primary)", "manufacturing (secondary)", "services (tertiary)" ]
-556745697330091150	Kelly Kruger	Kelly Kruger - wikipedia Kelly Kruger Jump to : navigation , search Kelly Kruger Brooks ( 1982 - 11 - 12 ) November 12 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Montreal , Quebec , Canada Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Darin Brooks ( m . 2016 ) Website http://www.kelly-kruger.com Kelly Kruger ( born November 12 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actress . She is best known for playing Mackenzie Browning on The Young and the Restless . She currently portrays the recurring role of Eva on The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal Life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) She was born and raised in Montreal , Quebec , and speaks French fluently . In 2010 , Kruger began dating former Days of Our Lives actor Darin Brooks . In February 2014 , they partnered with an organization called Aid Still Required . On March 21 , 2016 , Kruger married Brooks in a wedding ceremony in Brooks ' home state of Hawaii . In August 2014 , Kelly launched a Beauty & Lifestyle Blog called Madison Charles . Career ( edit ) At 17 , Kelly was discovered by Elite Models while visiting her family in Los Angeles . She worked with multiple teen magazines , Macy 's , Sebastian Hair and others . After working as a model , she began pursuing her real passion of acting . Kelly landed a lead role in the feature film Vampire Clan . Kruger appeared on the CBS daytime soap opera , The Young and the Restless as Mackenzie Browning , from February 2002 to July 2003 . Kruger also appeared in several movies , as well as one episode each of the TV series Knight Rider and Blue Mountain State . Kelly has appeared on Hit shows such as Entourage , Bones , Criminal Minds and Castle . In 2014 , it was announced that Kruger had joined the cast of The Bold and the Beautiful , as a day player . Kruger will make her debut as Eva , in an episode as part of the show 's location shoot in Paris , in August 2014 . Kelly Kruger continues to recur as Eva . On March 9 , 2018 , it was announced by the Soap Opera Digest that Kruger is returning to The Young and the Restless as Mackenzie , the role that she last played in 2003 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Vampire Clan Heather Ann Wendorf Mysterious Skin Deborah 2005 Self Medicated Tori 2008 I Heart Veronica Martin Virginia Short film 2008 Infamous Cowgirl Carrie Video Wreckage Jessica 2011 1 Out of 7 Tasha 2013 Nevermind the Dawn Anne Short film 2015 Blue Mountain State : The Rise of Thadland Julia King Completed 2016 Resurrecting McGinn ( s ) Anastasie McGinn Completed 2016 Broken Strings Girl Short film , filming 2016 Girls Night Out Joelle TV film 2017 Untitled 3D Horror Taylor Announced Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 - 03 , 18 The Young and the Restless Mackenzie Browning Regular role 2006 Criminal Minds Kelly Seymour `` North Mammon '' 2007 Bones Abigail Sims `` The Girl in the Gator '' 2007 Entourage Lori `` The Young and the Stoned '' 2008 Knight Rider Nikki Childress `` I Wanna Rock and Roll All Knight '' How to Make It in America Charlie `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 Prayer Hour Abby TV film Blue Mountain State Julia King `` Bowl Game '' 2011 Blue Mountain State Julia King `` Riot '' 2013 Brodowski & Company Heather TV film 2013 Thirtyish Kelsey Crawford TV film 2013 Rizzoli & Isles Jenny Cabot `` Partners in Crime '' 2014 Republic of Doyle Felicity Shepherd `` If the Shoe Fits '' 2014 Castle Laura Westbourne `` Room 147 '' 2014 - present The Bold and the Beautiful Eva Recurring role References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IMDB - Kelly Kruger Biography '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet . `` Catching up with Darin Brooks '' . About.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parziale , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tag Archives : Darin Brooks '' . Aidstillrequired.org . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seaver , Maggie ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Actors Kelly Kruger and Darin Brooks Had a Gorgeous Wedding in Hawaii '' . Theknot.com . United States : XO Group Inc . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( January 18 , 2002 ) . `` New Mackenzie named '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( June 11 , 2003 ) . `` Y&R trims cast of three contract roles '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kelly Kruger To Appear on ' The Bold and the Beautiful ' '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Kruger Dishes About Y&R Comeback '' . Soap Opera Digest . March 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Soapcentral.com biography Kelly Kruger on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Kruger&oldid=832997947 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people 21st - century Canadian actresses Actresses from Montreal Canadian film actresses Canadian soap opera actresses Canadian television actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 03 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actress playing mac on young and the restless	[ "Kelly Kruger (born November 12, 1982) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for playing Mackenzie Browning on The Young and the Restless. She currently portrays the recurring role of Eva on The Bold and the Beautiful." ]	[ "Kelly Kruger" ]
-1847934716180690865	Chris Noth	Chris Noth - wikipedia Chris Noth Jump to : navigation , search Chris Noth Noth in 2008 Christopher David Noth ( 1954 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1954 ( age 62 ) Madison , Wisconsin , U.S. Other names Christopher Noth Alma mater Marlboro College Yale School of Drama Occupation Actor Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Tara Lynn Wilson ( m . 2012 ) Children Christopher David `` Chris '' Noth ( / ˈnoʊθ / NOHTH ; born November 13 , 1954 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles as Detective Mike Logan on Law & Order ( 1990 -- 95 ) , Big on Sex and the City ( 1998 -- 2004 ) , and Governor Peter Florrick on The Good Wife ( 2009 -- 16 ) . He reprised his role of Mike Logan on Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2005 -- 08 ) , and reprised his role of Big in the films , Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . He was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television for Sex and the City in 1999 and for The Good Wife in 2010 . Chris Noth also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Noth was born in Madison , Wisconsin , the youngest of three sons of Jeanne L. Parr ( March 30 , 1924 -- May 20 , 2016 ) , later a CBS News correspondent , and Charles James Noth , an insurance salesman turned marketing - company executive who died after a car accident in 1966 . Noth has German and Irish ancestry . During childhood , Noth traveled with his mother and brothers throughout the United Kingdom , Spain and Czechoslovakia . Chris reminds people that his last name rhymes with `` both . '' Noth spent part of his undergraduate years at Marlboro College , where he built a cabin for himself . He earned an MFA from the Yale School of Drama , where he acted in some 25 plays and was a pupil of acting coach Sanford Meisner . Career ( edit ) Noth played small parts in films , including Smithereens ( 1982 ) and Baby Boom ( 1987 ) before his first starring role in the low - budget 1988 film Peluru dan Wanita ( Bullets & Women ) in Indonesia . Noth joined the cast of Hill Street Blues in the sixth season in 1986 , where he was billed as `` Christopher Noth . '' He also appeared in Another World . He filmed a pilot for the legal / police drama series Law & Order in 1988 . In 1990 NBC began airing the show , which slowly gained recognition from critics and fans . Noth was fired from the show in 1995 . Personality differences between Noth and L&O creator / executive producer Dick Wolf settled down long enough to film a TV movie , Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) . In 1998 Noth returned to prime - time television when he took the role of Carrie Bradshaw 's enigmatic on - again , off - again boyfriend `` Big '' on HBO 's Sex and the City . He played the role for six years , during which he also appeared in a small role as Helen Hunt 's husband in the hit film Cast Away ( 2000 ) , and starred in a Broadway revival of The Best Man . In 2001 he played an FBI agent on a three - episode arc of Crossing Jordan , re-uniting him with Law & Order co-star , Jill Hennessy . Noth returned to the role of Mike Logan on Law & Order : Criminal Intent in 2005 , joining the show in its fifth season following a guest appearance on a fourth - season episode . On this spin - off of the original Law & Order , Noth 's detective team alternated episodes with Vincent D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe 's characters . On June 26 , 2008 , it was announced that Noth was leaving the series , and that Jeff Goldblum would be joining the cast . Noth reprised the role of Big for the Sex and the City film , released on May 30 , 2008 . and its 2010 sequel . Noth stars with Julianna Margulies in the CBS series The Good Wife , which debuted on September 22 , 2009 . Also in 2009 , Noth became the spokesperson for the North American market for the Biotherm line of male skin - care products . Noth starred in a revival of Gore Vidal 's 1960 Broadway play The Best Man in 2000 , and also starred in a Broadway revival of the 1972 play That Championship Season in 2011 , playing Phil Romano , a role originated by his one - time Law & Order co-star Paul Sorvino . In 2013 he appeared in the Napa Valley , California , theater festival Plaza Del Sol with other performers including Dennis Haysbert . Personal life ( edit ) Noth is co-owner of The Cutting Room , a music venue in New York City that opened in late 1999 , with Steve Walter , a former student at Berklee College of Music . Noth met his wife , actress Tara Lynn Wilson , while he was working the bar at The Cutting Room . Wilson has appeared in Frame of Mind and Law and Order : Criminal Intent before Noth joined the cast . The couple began dating in 2004 . Their son , Orion Christopher Noth , was born in January 2008 , and the couple married on April 6 , 2012 . Noth also owned the semi-private club The Plumm with Noel Ashman , David Wells , Damon Dash , Ann Dexter - Jones , Joey McIntyre , and Bo Dietl . Noth and Wilson owned Once Upon a Tea Cup , a tea - party themed restaurant franchise with branches in Windsor and London , Ontario ( both locations now closed ) . He is also a supporter of Da Marino in New York City , where he has performed as a singer . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Cutter 's Way Guard Uncredited 1981 Waitress ! Cowley 's office 1982 Smithereens Prostitute 1986 Off Beat Ely Wareham , Jr . Baby Boom Yuppie Husband Peluru dan Wanita Falco 1993 Naked in New York Jason Brett 1995 Burnzy 's Last Call Kevin 1995 Nothing Last Forever Dr. Ken Mallory 1997 The Deli Sal 1997 Cold Around the Heart 1998 The Broken Giant Jack Frey 1999 Getting to Know You Sonny 1999 The Confessions Camposo 1999 A Texas Funeral Clinton 1999 Pigeonholed Devon 's father 2000 The Acting Class Martin Ballsac 2000 Cast Away Jerry Lovett 2001 Double Whammy Chick Dimitri 2001 The Glass House Uncle Jack 2002 Searching for Paradise Michael De Santis Mr. 3000 Schiembri Tooth Fairy Dad Short film 2005 The Perfect Man Ben Cooper 2008 Sex and the City Mr. Big 2008 Frame of Mind Steve Lynde 2009 My One and Only Harlan Sex and the City 2 Mr. Big Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Lex Luthor ( voice ) Sure Fire Hit Tony 2011 From Up on Poppy Hill Akio Kazama ( voice ) 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Jack 2013 Lovelace Anthony Romano 2014 Elsa & Fred Jack 2015 After the Ball Lee Kassell 2016 White Girl George Fratelli 2016 Chronically Metropolitan Christopher Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Killer in the Mirror Johnny Mathews Television movie 1986 Hill Street Blues Officer Ron Lipsky 3 episodes 1986 Apology Roy Burnette Television movie At Mother 's Request Steve Klein Television movie I 'll Take Manhattan Fred Knox Television movie Monsters The Devil Episode : `` Satan in the Suburbs '' 1990 -- 1995 Law & Order Mike Logan 111 episodes 1993 With Harmful Intent Dr. Ferries Television movie 1994 Where Are My Children ? Cliff Vernon Television movie 1995 Homicide : Life on the Street Mike Logan Episode : `` Law & Disorder '' Abducted : A Father 's Love Larry Coster Television movie Born Free : A New Adventure Dr. David Thompson Television movie 1997 Rough Riders Craig Wadsworth Television movie 1997 Touched by an Angel Carl Atwater Episode : `` Full Moon '' 1997 Medusa 's Child Tony DiStefano Television movie 1998 -- 2004 Sex and the City Mr. Big 41 episodes 1998 Exiled : A Law & Order Movie Mike Logan Television movie 2001 Crossing Jordan FBI Special Agent Drew Haley 2 episodes 2001 The Judge Paul Madriani Television movie 2003 Julius Caesar Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Television miniseries Bad Apple Mike Tozzi Television movie 2005 -- 2008 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Mike Logan 36 episodes 2009 -- 2016 The Good Wife Peter Florrick 101 episodes 2012 Titanic : Blood and Steel J.P. Morgan 6 episodes 2016 Tyrant General Cogswell 10 episodes 2017 Manhunt : Unabomber Don Ackerman 2017 Gone FBI Agent Frank Booth Lead role ; in production Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1994 Viewers for Quality Television Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Law & Order Nominated 1995 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2000 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Sex and the City Nominated 2003 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Series Nominated 2009 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cast Sex and the City Nominated 2011 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film The Good Wife Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Noth '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Noth Biography ( 1957 ? -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Full name , Christopher David Noth ; born November 13 , 1957 ( some sources cite 1954 or 1956 ) , in Madison , WI ... Jump up ^ `` Charles James Noth '' . The New York Times . March 15 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Surviving are his widow , who is Jeanne Parr , the television weather reporter on Channel 2 ; three sons , Charles James 2nd , Michael and Christopher ... ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Mr. Big Chris Noth drops 20 pounds for ' Sex and the City 2 ' '' . IrishCentral.com. 2010 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Starpulse.com Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Archived October 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio Jump up ^ Vancouver Sun Archived August 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Goldblum Has ' Criminal Intent , ' Chris Noth leaving ' Law & Order ' series '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Yahoo news : `` More ' Sex ' puts Big on big screen '' Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Cosmetics mag Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Broadwayworld.Com Jump up ^ Cutting Room web site Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Meredith Goldstein & Christopher Muther ( 2007 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Grab a bite at a star - owned eatery '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lee , Linda ( May 12 , 2002 ) . `` GOOD COMPANY ; There 's a Party ( and a Host ) Somewhere Around Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caplan , David ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Chris Noth & His Girlfriend Have a Boy '' . People . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chris Noth & His Girlfriend Have a Boy people.com retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Baltimore Sun Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ; Lehner , Marla ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Chris Noth Is Married '' . People . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Noth '' . Cityfile . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chris Noth Biography -- Yahoo ! Movies Archived October 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Once Upon a Tea Cup Retrieved June 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jeryl Brunner ( 2011 ) . My City , My New York : Famous New Yorkers Share Their Favorite Places . Globe Pequot . p. 63 . ISBN 9780762777167 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austin Smith ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Noth has second calling as singer '' . PageSix . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` NBCU International Studios , RTL & TF1 Greenlight ' Gone ' Procedural Drama Series Starring Chris Noth '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Noth . Chris Noth on IMDb Tara Lynn Wilson on IMDb VIAF : 25751273 LCCN : no98089940 ISNI : 0000 0001 1440 0329 GND : 131979035 SUDOC : 169237818 BNF : cb15016583d ( data ) IATH : w6vj8j6f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Noth&oldid=803760712 '' Categories : 1954 births American male film actors American male television actors American people of German descent American people of Irish descent Living people Nightclub owners Actors from Madison , Wisconsin Male actors from New York City Male actors from Wisconsin Yale School of Drama alumni Marlboro College alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2011 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did chris noth play in baby boom	[ "\n\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n\n1981\nCutter's Way\nGuard\nUncredited\n\n\n1981\nWaitress!\nCowley's office\n\n\n\n1982\nSmithereens\nProstitute\n\n\n\n1986\nOff Beat\nEly Wareham, Jr.\n\n\n\n1987\nBaby Boom\nYuppie Husband\n\n\n\n1988\nPeluru dan Wanita\nFalco\n\n\n\n1993\nNaked in New York\nJason Brett\n\n\n\n1995\nBurnzy's Last Call\nKevin\n\n\n\n1995\nNothing Last Forever\nDr. Ken Mallory\n\n\n\n1997\nThe Deli\nSal\n\n\n\n1997\nCold Around the Heart\nT\n\n\n\n1998\nThe Broken Giant\nJack Frey\n\n\n\n1999\nGetting to Know You\nSonny\n\n\n\n1999\nThe Confessions\nCamposo\n\n\n\n1999\nA Texas Funeral\nClinton\n\n\n\n1999\nPigeonholed\nDevon's father\n\n\n\n2000\nThe Acting Class\nMartin Ballsac\n\n\n\n2000\nCast Away\nJerry Lovett\n\n\n\n2001\nDouble Whammy\nChick Dimitri\n\n\n\n2001\nThe Glass House\nUncle Jack\n\n\n\n2002\nSearching for Paradise\nMichael De Santis\n\n\n\n2004\nMr. 3000\nSchiembri\n\n\n\n2004\nTooth Fairy\nDad\nShort film\n\n\n2005\nThe Perfect Man\nBen Cooper\n\n\n\n2008\nSex and the City\nMr. Big\n\n\n\n2008\nFrame of Mind\nSteve Lynde\n\n\n\n2009\nMy One and Only\nHarlan\n\n\n\n2010\nSex and the City 2\nMr. Big\n\n\n\n2010\nJustice League: Crisis on Two Earths\nLex Luthor (voice)\n\n\n\n2010\nSure Fire Hit\nTony\n\n\n\n2011\nFrom Up on Poppy Hill\nAkio Kazama (voice)\n\n\n\n2012\n3,2,1... Frankie Go Boom\nJack\n\n\n\n2013\nLovelace\nAnthony Romano\n\n\n\n2014\nElsa & Fred\nJack\n\n\n\n2015\nAfter the Ball\nLee Kassell\n\n\n\n2016\nWhite Girl\nGeorge Fratelli\n\n\n\n2016\nChronically Metropolitan\nChristopher\n\n\n" ]	[ "Yuppie Husband" ]
-5026229818876361738	Gap (chart pattern)	Gap ( chart pattern ) - wikipedia Gap ( chart pattern ) Jump to : navigation , search Sequence of Gaps A gap is defined as an unfilled space or interval . On a technical analysis chart , a gap represents an area where no trading takes place . On the Japanese candlestick chart , a window is interpreted as a gap . In an upward trend , a gap is produced when the highest price of one day is lower than the lowest price of the following day . Thus , in a downward trend , a gap occurs when the lowest price of any one day is higher than the highest price of the next day . For example , the price of a share reaches a high of $30.00 on Wednesday , and opens at $31.20 on Thursday , falls down to $31.00 in the early hour , moves straight up again to $31.45 , and no trading occurs in between $30.00 and $31.00 area . This no - trading zone appears on the chart as a gap . Gaps can play an important role when spotted before the beginning of a move . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of gaps 2 Caution 3 Trading gaps for profit 4 Examples 5 References 6 External links Types of gaps ( edit ) There are four types of gaps , excluding the gap that occurs as a result of a stock going ex-dividend . Each type has its own distinctive implication so it is important to be able to distinguish between them . Breakaway gap -- occurs when prices break away from an area of congestion . When the price is breaking away from a triangle ( Ascending or Descending ) with a gap then it can be implied that change in sentiment is strong and coming move will be powerful . One must keep an eye on the volume . If it is heavy after the gap is formed then there is a good chance that market does not return to fill the gap . When the price is breaking away on a low volume , there is a possibility that the gap will be filled before prices resume their trend . Common gap -- also known as an area gap , pattern gap , or temporary gap , tend to occur when trading is bound between support and resistance level on a short span of time and market price is moving sideways ( `` where the price trend ... has been experiencing neither an uptrend nor a downtrend . Instead , the price activity has been oscillating between a relatively narrow range without forming any distinct trends '' ) . One can also see them in price congestion area . Usually , the price moves back or goes up in order to fill the gaps in the coming days . If the gap is filled , they offer little forecasting significance . Exhaustion gap -- signals the end of a move . These gaps are associated with a rapid , straight - line advance or decline . A reversal day can easily help to differentiate between the Measuring gap and the Exhaustion gap . When it is formed at the top with heavy volume , there is significant chance that the market is exhausted and prevailing trend is at halt which is ordinarily followed by some other area pattern development . An Exhaustion gap should not be read as a major reversal . Measuring Gap -- also known as a runaway gap , formed usually in the half way of a price move . It is not associated with the congestion area , it is more likely to occur approximately in the middle of rapid advance or decline . It can be used to measure roughly how much further ahead a move will go . Runaway gaps are not normally filled for a considerable period of time . Caution ( edit ) It is quite possible that confusion between measuring gap and exhaustion gap can cause an investor to position himself incorrectly and to miss significant gains during the last half of a major uptrend . Keeping an eye on the volume can help to find the clue between measuring gap and exhaustion gap . Normally , noticeable heavy volume accompanies the arrival of exhaustion gap . Trading gaps for profit ( edit ) Some market speculators `` Fade '' the gap on the opening of a market . This means for example that if the S&P 500 closed the day before at 1150 ( 16 : 15 EST ) and opens today at 1160 ( 09 : 30 EST ) , they will short the market expecting this `` upgap '' to close . A `` downgap '' would mean today opens at , for example , 1140 , and the speculator buys the market at the open expecting the `` downgap to close '' . The probability of this happening on any given day is around 70 % , depending on the market . Once the probability of `` gap fill '' on any given day or technical position is established , then the best setups for this trade can be identified . Some days have such a low probability of the gap filling that speculators will trade in the direction of the gap . Examples ( edit ) Measuring gap Exhaustion gap Common gaps Breakaway gap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sideways Market / Sideways Drift '' . Investopedia . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Exhaustion gap - investopedia.com Jump up ^ Common gap - investopedia.com Jump up ^ Breakaway gap - investopedia.com External links ( edit ) Gap Video ; all referenced sources Analyzing Chart Patterns : Gaps at investopedia.com Playing The Gap at investopedia.com Windows ( Gaps ) at onlinetradingconcepts.com ( hide ) Technical analysis Concepts Breakout Dead cat bounce Dow theory Elliott Wave Principle Market trend Charts Candlestick chart Kagi chart Line chart OHLC chart Point and figure chart Patterns Chart Broadening top Cup and handle Double top and double bottom Flag and pennant Gap Head and shoulders Island reversal Price channels Triangle Triple top and triple bottom Wedge pattern Candlestick Simple Doji Hammer Hanging man Inverted hammer Marubozu Shooting star Spinning top Complex Hikkake pattern Morning star Three Black Crows Three white soldiers Indicators Support & resistance Bottom Fibonacci retracement Pivot point ( PP ) Top Trend Average directional index ( A.D.X. ) Commodity channel index ( CCI ) Detrended price oscillator ( DPO ) Know sure thing oscillator ( KST ) Ichimoku Kinkō Hyō Moving average convergence / divergence ( MACD ) Mass index Moving average ( MA ) Parabolic SAR ( SAR ) Smart money index ( SMI ) Trend line Trix Vortex Indicator ( VI ) Momentum Money flow index ( MFI ) Relative strength index ( RSI ) Stochastic oscillator True strength index ( TSI ) Ultimate oscillator Williams % R ( % R ) Volume Accumulation / distribution line Ease of movement ( EMV ) Force index ( FI ) Negative volume index ( NVI ) On - balance volume ( OBV ) Put / call ratio ( PCR ) Volume -- price trend ( VPT ) Volatility Average true range ( ATR ) Bollinger Bands ( BB ) Donchian channel Keltner channel CBOE Market Volatility Index ( VIX ) Standard deviation ( σ ) Breadth Advance -- decline line ( ADL ) Arms index ( TRIN ) McClellan oscillator Other Coppock curve Ulcer index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gap_(chart_pattern)&oldid=712988558 '' Categories : Chart patterns Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2016 , at 06 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a gap on a stock chart	[ "A gap is defined as an unfilled space or interval. On a technical analysis chart, a gap represents an area where no trading takes place. On the Japanese candlestick chart, a window is interpreted as a gap." ]	[ "area where no trading takes place" ]
-5124520568357846155	Essential fatty acid	Essential fatty acid - wikipedia Essential fatty acid Jump to : navigation , search Types of fats in food Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat ω − 7 ω − 9 Polyunsaturated fat ω − 3 ω − 6 Trans fat Saturated fat Interesterified fat See also Fatty acid Essential fatty acid Conditionally essential fatty acid Cholesterol Not to be confused with essential oil . Essential fatty acids , or EFAs , are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but can not synthesize them . Those not essential are non-essential fatty acids . The term `` essential fatty acid '' refers to fatty acids required for biological processes but does not include the fats that only act as fuel . Essential fatty acids should not be confused with essential oils , which are `` essential '' in the sense of being a concentrated essence . Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans : alpha - linolenic acid ( an omega - 3 fatty acid ) and linoleic acid ( an omega - 6 fatty acid ) . Some other fatty acids are sometimes classified as `` conditionally essential , '' meaning that they can become essential under some developmental or disease conditions ; examples include docosahexaenoic acid ( an omega - 3 fatty acid ) and gamma - linolenic acid ( an omega - 6 fatty acid ) . When the two EFAs were discovered in 1923 , they were designated `` vitamin F '' , but in 1929 , research on rats showed that the two EFAs are better classified as fats rather than vitamins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Nomenclature and terminology 2.1 Examples 2.2 Essential fatty acids 2.3 Conditionally essential 3 Food sources 4 Human health 4.1 Reference intake values 4.2 Essential fatty acid deficiency 5 See also 6 References Functions ( edit ) The biological effects of the ω - 3 and ω - 6 fatty acids are mediated by their mutual interactions , see Essential fatty acid interactions for detail . In the body , essential fatty acids serve multiple functions . In each of these , the balance between dietary ω - 3 and ω - 6 strongly affects function . They are modified to make the classic eicosanoids ( affecting inflammation and many other cellular functions ) the endocannabinoids ( affecting mood , behavior and inflammation ) the lipoxins which are a group of eicosanoid derivatives formed via the lipoxygenase pathway from ω - 6 EFAs and resolvins from ω - 3 ( in the presence of acetylsalicylic acid , downregulating inflammation ) the isofurans , neurofurans , isoprostanes , hepoxilins , epoxyeicosatrienoic acids ( EETs ) and Neuroprotectin D They form lipid rafts ( affecting cellular signaling ) They act on DNA ( activating or inhibiting transcription factors such as NF - κB , which is linked to pro-inflammatory cytokine production ) Nomenclature and terminology ( edit ) Fatty acids are straight chain hydrocarbons possessing a carboxyl ( COOH ) group at one end . The carbon next to the carboxylate is known as α , the next carbon β , and so forth . Since biological fatty acids can be of different lengths , the last position is labelled as a `` ω '' , the last letter in the Greek alphabet . The physiological properties of unsaturated fatty acids largely depend on the position of the first unsaturation relative to the end position and not the carboxylate . For example , the term ω - 3 signifies that the first double bond exists as the third carbon - carbon bond from the terminal CH end ( ω ) of the carbon chain . The number of carbons and the number of double bonds are also listed . ω - 3 18 : 4 ( stearidonic acid ) or 18 : 4 ω - 3 or 18 : 4 n − 3 indicates an 18 - carbon chain with 4 double bonds , and with the first double bond in the third position from the CH end . Double bonds are cis and separated by a single methylene ( CH ) group unless otherwise noted . So in free fatty acid form , the chemical structure of stearidonic acid is : Examples ( edit ) For complete tables of ω - 3 and ω - 6 essential fatty acids , see Polyunsaturated fatty acids . The essential fatty acids start with the short chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( SC - PUFA ) : ω - 3 fatty acids : α - Linolenic acid or ALA ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) ω - 6 fatty acids : Linoleic acid or LA ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) These two fatty acids can not be synthesized by humans because humans lack the desaturase enzymes required for their production . They form the starting point for the creation of longer and more desaturated fatty acids , which are also referred to as long - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC - PUFA ) : ω - 3 fatty acids : eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA ( 20 : 5n - 3 ) docosahexaenoic acid or DHA ( 22 : 6n - 3 ) ω - 6 fatty acids : gamma - linolenic acid or GLA ( 18 : 3n - 6 ) dihomo - gamma - linolenic acid or DGLA ( 20 : 3n - 6 ) arachidonic acid or AA ( 20 : 4n - 6 ) ω - 9 fatty acids are not essential in humans because they can be synthesized from carbohydrates or other fatty acids . Essential fatty acids ( edit ) Mammals lack the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbon 9 and 10 , hence ω - 6 linoleic acid ( 18 : 2 , 9 , 12 ) , abbreviated LA ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) , and the ω - 3 linolenic acid ( 18 : 3 , 9 , 12 , 15 ) , abbreviated ALA ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) , are essential for humans in the diet . In humans , arachidonic acid ( 20 : 4 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 , abbreviated 20 : 4n - 6 ) can be synthesized from LA by alternative desaturation and chain elongation . Humans can convert both LA and ALA to docosapentaenoic acid ( 22 : 5n - 6 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( 22 : 6n - 3 ; DHA ) respectively , although the conversion to DHA is limited , resulting in lower blood levels of DHA than through direct ingestion . This is illustrated by studies in vegans and vegetarians . If there is relatively more LA than ALA in the diet it favors the formation of docosapentaenoic acid ( 22 : 5n - 6 ) from LA rather than docosahexaenoic acid ( 22 : 6n - 3 ) from ALA . This effect can be altered by changing the relative ratio of LA : ALA , but is more effective when total intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is low . However , the capacity to convert LA to AA and ALA to DHA in the preterm infant is limited , and preformed AA and DHA may be required to meet the needs of the developing brain . Both AA and DHA are present in breastmilk and contribute along with the parent fatty acids LA and ALA to meeting the requirements of the newborn infant . Many infant formulas have AA and DHA added to them with an aim to make them more equivalent to human milk . Essential nutrients are defined as those that can not be synthesized de novo in sufficient quantities for normal physiological function . This definition is met for LA and ALA but not the longer chain derivatives in adults . The longer chain derivatives particularly , however , have pharmacological properties that can modulate disease processes , but this should not be confused with dietary essentiality . Between 1930 and 1950 , arachidonic acid and linolenic acid were termed ' essential ' because each was more or less able to meet the growth requirements of rats given fat - free diets . However , they were yet to be recognized as essential nutrients for humans . In the 1950s Arild Hansen showed that infants fed skimmed milk developed essential fatty acid deficiency . It was characterized by an increased food intake , poor growth , and a scaly dermatitis , and was cured by the administration of corn oil . Later work by Hansen randomized 426 children , mainly black , to four treatments : modified cow 's milk formula , skimmed milk formula , skimmed milk formula with coconut oil , or cow 's milk formula with corn oil . The infants who received the skimmed milk formula or the formula with coconut oil developed essential fatty acid deficiency signs and symptoms . This could be cured by administration of ethyl linoleate ( the ethyl ester of linoleic acid ) with about 1 % of the energy intake . Collins et al. 1970 were the first to demonstrate linoleic acid deficiency in adults . They found that patients undergoing intravenous nutrition with glucose became isolated from their fat supplies and rapidly developed biochemical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency ( an increase in 20 : 3n - 9 / 20 : 4n - 6 ratio in plasma ) and skin symptoms . This could be treated by infusing lipids , and later studies showed that topical application of sunflower oil would also resolve the dermal symptoms . Linoleic acid has a specific role in maintaining the skin water - permeability barrier , probably as constituents of acylglycosylceramides . This role can not be met by any ω - 3 fatty acids or by arachidonic acid . The main physiological requirement for ω - 6 fatty acids is attributed to arachidonic acid . Arachidonic acid is the major precursor of prostaglandins , leukotrienes , and anandamides that play a vital role in cell signaling . Metabolites from the ω - 3 pathway , mainly from eicosapentaenoic acid , are mostly inactive , and this explains why ω - 3 fatty acids do not correct the reproductive failure in rats where arachidonic is needed to make active prostaglandins that cause uterine contraction . To some extent , any ω - 3 or ω - 6 can contribute to the growth - promoting effects of EFA deficiency , but only ω - 6 fatty acids can restore reproductive performance and correct the dermatitis in rats . Particular fatty acids are still needed at critical life stages ( e.g. lactation ) and in some disease states . In nonscientific writing , common usage is that the term essential fatty acid comprises all the ω - 3 or - 6 fatty acids . Conjugated fatty acids like calendic acid are not considered essential . Authoritative sources include the whole families , but generally only make dietary recommendations for LA and ALA with the exception of DHA for infants under the age of 6 months . Recent reviews by WHO / FAO in 2009 and the European Food Safety Authority have reviewed the evidence and made recommendations for minimal intakes of LA and ALA and have also recommended intakes of longer chain ω - 3 fatty acids based on the association of oily fish consumption with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease . Some earlier review lumped all polyunsaturated fatty acids together without qualification whether they were short or long - chain PUFA or whether they were ω - 3 and ω - 6 PUFA . Conditionally essential ( edit ) Traditionally speaking , the LC - PUFAs are not essential . Because the LC - PUFA are sometimes required , they may be considered conditionally essential fatty acids , or not essential to healthy adults . Food sources ( edit ) Some of the food sources of ω - 3 and ω - 6 fatty acids are fish and shellfish , flaxseed ( linseed ) and flaxseed oil , hemp seed , olive oil , soya oil , canola ( rapeseed ) oil , chia seeds , pumpkin seeds , sunflower seeds , leafy vegetables , and walnuts . Essential fatty acids play a part in many metabolic processes , and there is evidence to suggest that low levels of essential fatty acids , or the wrong balance of types among the essential fatty acids , may be a factor in a number of illnesses , including osteoporosis . Fish is the main source of the longer omega - 3 fats ; eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) . Some plant - based foods contain omega - 3 in the form of alpha - linolenic acid ( ALA ) , which appears to have a modest benefit for cardiovascular health . The human body can ( and in case of a purely vegetarian diet often must unless certain algae or supplements derived from them are consumed ) convert ALA to EPA and subsequently DHA . This elongation of ALA is inefficient . Interestingly , conversion to DHA is higher in women than in men ; this is thought to reflect the need to provide DHA to the fetus and infant during pregnancy and breast feeding . The IUPAC Lipid Handbook provides a very large and detailed listing of fat contents of animal and vegetable fats , including ω - 3 and - 6 oils . The National Institutes of Health 's EFA Education group publishes Essential Fats in Food Oils . This lists 40 common oils , more tightly focused on EFAs and sorted by n - 6 : 3 ratio . Vegetable Lipids as Components of Functional Food lists notable vegetable sources of EFAs as well as commentary and an overview of the biosynthetic pathways involved . Careful readers will note that these sources are not in excellent agreement . EFA content of vegetable sources varies with cultivation conditions . Animal sources vary widely , both with the animal 's feed and that the EFA makeup varies markedly with fats from different body parts . Human health ( edit ) Main article : Diet and heart disease Almost all the polyunsaturated fats in the human diet are EFAs . Essential fatty acids play an important role in the life and death of cardiac cells . Reference intake values ( edit ) Reference intake values for as published by the Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) . Common name Type Reference intake values alpha - Linolenic acid ( ALA ) Omega - 3 2g Linoleic acid ( LA ) Omega - 6 10g In the United States , the recommendations for omega - 3 fatty acids covers ALA , EPA and DHA , and for adults the values are 1.6 g / day for men and 1.1. g / day for women . The recommendation for omega - 6 fatty acids is for linoleic acid : 17 g / day for younger men , dropping to 14 g / day for older men ; for women 12 and 11 g / day . Essential fatty acid deficiency ( edit ) Essential fatty acid deficiency results in a dermatitis similar to that seen in zinc or biotin deficiency . See also ( edit ) Eicosanoid Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid Leukotriene Prostaglandin Thromboxane Specialized proresolving mediators Endogenous cannabinoid Essential amino acid Essential fatty acid interactions Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid synthase Nonclassic eicosanoid Oily fish Omega - 3 fatty acid Omega - 6 fatty acid Polyunsaturated fat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert S. Goodhart ; Maurice E. Shils ( 1980 ) . Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease ( 6th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lea and Febinger . pp. 134 -- 138 . ISBN 0 - 8121 - 0645 - 8 . Jump up ^ Whitney Ellie ; Rolfes SR ( 2008 ) . Understanding Nutrition ( 11th ed . ) . California : Thomson Wadsworth . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Burr , G.O. , Burr , M.M. and Miller , E. ( 1930 ) . `` On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 86 ( 587 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Stillwell W , Shaikh SR , Zerouga M , Siddiqui R , Wassall SR ( 2005 ) . `` Docosahexaenoic acid affects cell signaling by altering lipid rafts '' . Reproduction , Nutrition , Development . 45 ( 5 ) : 559 -- 79 . doi : 10.1051 / rnd : 2005046 . PMID 16188208 . Jump up ^ Calder PC ( December 2004 ) . `` n - 3 fatty acids , inflammation , and immunity -- relevance to postsurgical and critically ill patients '' . Lipids. 39 ( 12 ) : 1147 -- 61 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 004 - 1342 - z . PMID 15736910 . Jump up ^ Sanders TA ( 2009 ) . `` DHA Status of vegetarians '' . Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 81 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 137 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plefa. 2009.05. 013 . PMID 19500961 . Jump up ^ FAO / WHO Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition . Report of an expert consultation . FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 91 , Rome 2011 . ISSN 0254 - 4725 Jump up ^ Wiese , H ; Hansen , A ; Adams , DJ ( 1958 ) . `` Text '' . Journal of Nutrition. 66 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 360 . PMID 13611579 . Jump up ^ Collins FD , Sinclair AJ , Royle JP , Coats DA , Maynard AT , Leonard RF ( 1971 ) . `` Plasma lipids in human linoleic acid deficiency '' . Nutr Metab. 13 ( 3 ) : 150 -- 67 . doi : 10.1159 / 000175332 . PMID 5001758 . Jump up ^ Prottey , C ; Hartop , PJ ; Press , M ( 1975 ) . `` Correction of the cutaneous manifestations of essential fatty acid deficiency in man by application of sunflower - seed oil to the skin '' . J Invest Dermatol. 64 ( 4 ) : 228 -- 34 . doi : 10.1111 / 1523 - 1747. ep12510667 . PMID 1117180 . Jump up ^ Sanders T and Emery P . The Molecular Basis of Human Nutrition , Taylor Frances , London , 2003 ISBN 0 - 748 - 40753 - 7 Jump up ^ Jones , A ( 2010 ) . `` EFSA Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats , including saturated fatty acids , polyunsaturated fatty acids , monounsaturated fatty acids , trans fatty acids and cholesterol '' . EFSA Journal . 8 ( 3 ) : 1461 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2010.1461 . Jump up ^ Heather Hutchins , MS , RD ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Symposium Highlights -- Omega - 3 Fatty Acids : Recommendations for Therapeutics and Prevention '' . Omega - 3 fatty acids and their counterparts , n - 6 fatty acids , are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) because they can not be synthesized de novo in the body . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nugent KP , Spigelman AD , Phillips RK ( June 1996 ) . `` Tissue prostaglandin levels in familial adenomatous polyposis patients treated with sulindac '' . Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 39 ( 6 ) : 659 -- 62 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02056946 . PMID 8646953 . Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid ... Jump up ^ Carlstedt - Duke J , Brönnegård M , Strandvik B ( December 1986 ) . `` Pathological regulation of arachidonic acid release in cystic fibrosis : the putative basic defect '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 83 ( 23 ) : 9202 -- 6 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 83.23. 9202 . PMC 387103 . PMID 3097647 . ( T ) he turnover of essential fatty acids is increased ( 7 ) . Arachidonic acid is one of the essential fatty acids affected . Jump up ^ Cunnane SC ( November 2003 ) . `` Problems with essential fatty acids : time for a new paradigm ? '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 42 ( 6 ) : 544 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / S0163 - 7827 ( 03 ) 00038 - 9 . PMID 14559071 . Jump up ^ Kruger MC , Horrobin DF ( September 1997 ) . `` Calcium metabolism , osteoporosis and essential fatty acids : a review '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 36 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 131 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / S0163 - 7827 ( 97 ) 00007 - 6 . PMID 9624425 . Jump up ^ Pan A , Chen M , Chowdhury R , et al. ( December 2012 ) . `` α - Linolenic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr . ( Systematic review ) . 96 ( 6 ) : 1262 -- 73 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 112.044040 . PMC 3497923 . PMID 23076616 . Jump up ^ Burdge GC , Calder PC ( September 2005 ) . `` Conversion of alpha - linolenic acid to longer - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults '' . Reprod . Nutr . Dev. 45 ( 5 ) : 581 -- 97 . doi : 10.1051 / rnd : 2005047 . PMID 16188209 . Jump up ^ IUPAC Lipid Handbook Jump up ^ Essential Fats in Food Oils Jump up ^ Vegetable Lipids as Components of Functional Food , Stuchlik and Zak Jump up ^ Honoré E , Barhanin J , Attali B , Lesage F , Lazdunski M ( March 1994 ) . `` External blockade of the major cardiac delayed - rectifier K+ channel ( Kv1. 5 ) by polyunsaturated fatty acids '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 91 ( 5 ) : 1937 -- 41 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.5. 1937 . PMC 43279 . PMID 8127910 . Jump up ^ Reiffel JA , McDonald A ( August 2006 ) . `` Antiarrhythmic effects of omega - 3 fatty acids '' . The American Journal of Cardiology. 98 ( 4A ) : 50i -- 60i . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjcard. 2005.12. 027 . PMID 16919517 . Jump up ^ Landmark K , Alm CS ( November 2006 ) . `` ( Alpha - linolenic acid , cardiovascular disease and sudden death ) '' . Tidsskrift for Den Norske Lægeforening ( in Norwegian ) . 126 ( 21 ) : 2792 -- 4 . PMID 17086218 . Jump up ^ Herbaut C ( September 2006 ) . `` ( Omega - 3 and health ) '' . Revue médicale de Bruxelles ( in French ) . 27 ( 4 ) : S355 -- 60 . PMID 17091903 . Jump up ^ European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Labelling reference intake values for n - 3 and n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids '' . EFSA Journal . 7 ( 7 ) : n / a -- n / a . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2009.1176 . ISSN 1831 - 4732 . Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology . ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Types of lipids General Saturation : Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Essential fatty acid Other : Fat Oil Geometry Trans fat Omega - 3 fatty acid Omega - 6 fatty acid Omega - 9 fatty acid Eicosanoids Arachidonic acid Prostaglandins Prostacyclin Thromboxane Leukotrienes Fatty acids Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Glycerides Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Triheptanoin Trimyristin Tripalmitin Tristearin Trilinolein Triolein Phospholipids Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Cardiolipin Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Sphingolipids Ceramide Steroids Cholesterol Corticosteroids Sex steroids Secosteroids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essential_fatty_acid&oldid=791661117 '' Categories : Essential fatty acids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fatty acids that cannot be synthesized within an organism are referred to as	[ "Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them.[1] Those not essential are non-essential fatty acids." ]	[ "non-essential fatty acids" ]
8158355960532434606	Britain's Got Talent (series 2)	Britain 's Got Talent ( series 2 ) - wikipedia Britain 's Got Talent ( series 2 ) Britain 's Got Talent Series 2 Broadcast from 12 April -- 31 May 2008 Judges Simon Cowell Amanda Holden Piers Morgan Presenter ( s ) Anthony McPartlin ( ITV ) Declan Donnelly ( ITV ) Co-presenter ( s ) Stephen Mulhern ( ITV2 ) Broadcaster ITV ITV2 ( BGMT ) Winner George Sampson Origin Warrington , England Genre ( s ) Street dance Runner - up Signature Chronology ◀ 2008 ▶ Series Two of Britain 's Got Talent , a British talent competition series , began broadcasting in the UK during 2008 , from 12 April to 31 May on ITV . Following the success of its first series , the show returned with an expanded schedule , allowing for additional live semi-finals to take place and a larger number of finalists moving on towards the live final , while having holding auditions in a larger variety of locations ; apart from England and Wales , the show also held auditions within Scotland for the first time . Both the judges from the first series - Simon Cowell , Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan - and the hosts Ant & Dec , returned for the second series , along with Stephen Mulhern returning to front the second series of Britain 's Got More Talent on ITV 2 . The second series was won by street dancer George Sampson , with dance duo Signature coming in second and singer Andrew Johnston in third . During its broadcast , the series proved to be a greater ratings success , averaging 10.2 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Semi-final summary 1.1. 1 Semi-final 1 ( 26 May ) 1.1. 2 Semi-final 2 ( 27 May ) 1.1. 3 Semi-final 3 ( 28 May ) 1.1. 4 Semi-final 4 ( 29 May ) 1.1. 5 Semi-final 5 ( 30 May ) 1.2 Final ( 31 May ) 2 Ratings 3 Controversies 3.1 Professional participants 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Following open auditions held the previous year , the Judge 's Auditions took place early in 2008 , within London , Manchester , Birmingham , Cardiff , Glasgow and Blackpool . Of the participants that took part , only forty made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals , with eight appearing in each one , and ten of these acts making it into the live final . The following below lists the results of each participant 's overall performance in this series : Winner Runner - up Third place Finalist Semi-finalist ( lost judges'vote ) Semi-finalist ( eliminated ) Participant Age ( s ) Genre Act From Semi-Final Result Andrew Johnston 13 Singing Boy soprano Carlisle 3 ! Third place Andrew Muir 24 Singing Pop Fauldhouse , West Lothian 4 ! Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Anya Sparks 42 Dancing Solo Dance London 5 5.5 ! Eliminated Bang On 34 / 27 Music Percussionists Hounslow 5.5 ! Eliminated Boogie Babes 8 -- 12 Dancing 19 - strong troupe Appleby 5.5 ! Eliminated Boogie Wonderland 12 -- 21 Dancing 16 - strong troupe Liverpool 5.5 ! Eliminated Caburlesque 22 - 26 Dancing Cabaret / Burlesque London 5 5.5 ! Eliminated Charlie Green 10 Singing Swing music Worcestershire 5 ! Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Charlie Wernham 13 Comedy Stand - up comedy Essex 5.5 ! Eliminated Cheeky Monkeys 8 / 9 Dancing Junior Couples Dance Burnley 4 ! Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Craig Harper 35 Singing / Comedy Pop / Impressionist Hull 5 5 ! Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Dean Wilson 18 Singing Musical Theatre Middlesbrough 5 ! Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Deans of Magic 46 / 38 Magic Erotic magic Daventry 5.5 ! Eliminated Diva Las Vegas 20 - 48 Dancing 7 - strong cabaret act Runcorn 5 5.5 ! Eliminated Escala 23 -- 26 Music String quartet London 5 4 ! Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Faryl Smith 12 Singing Classical Kettering 4 ! Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Flava 17 -- 28 Dancing Hip - hop Dance Cornwall 5 ! Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) George Sampson 14 Dancing Breakdancing Warrington 1 ! Winner Harlequin Stage School 8 -- 13 Dancing 22 - strong troupe Worcester 5.5 ! Eliminated Hoop La La 22 / 23 / 24 Dancing Hula hoops Inverness 5.5 ! Eliminated Iona Luvsandorj 27 Contortionist Solo Contortionist London 5.5 ! Eliminated Irresistible 23 / 21 / 23 Singing / Dancing Pop Tyne & Wear 5.5 ! Eliminated James Stone 52 Singing Pop Rhyl 5.5 ! Eliminated Jeremy Lynch 20 Acrobatics Football skills Essex 5 ! Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Kate And Gin 16 / 6 Dancing / Animals Musical canine freestyle Norbury , Cheshire 4 ! Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Kay And Harvey 56 / 71 Singing Opera Bristol 5.5 ! Eliminated Madonna Decena 32 Singing Pop Manchester 5 5.5 ! Eliminated Mandy Ellen Dancers 10 -- 24 Dancing 39 - strong troupe Maidstone 5.5 ! Eliminated Mary Halford March 6 -- 9 Dancing 24 - strong troupe Liverpool 5.5 ! Eliminated Michael Machell 57 Music Electric Keyboardist Hastings 5.5 ! Eliminated Nemesis 18 -- 22 Dancing 5 - strong troupe Milton Keynes 5 4 ! Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Per Diem 24 / 23 Music Guitar and voice Liverpool 5 5.5 ! Eliminated Phil Blackmore 34 Juggling Balancing Act Kingston - upon - Thames 5.5 ! Eliminated Sauris Nandi 64 Magic Deception & Illusion London 5.5 ! Eliminated Signature 29 / 34 Dancing Michael Jackson / Bhangra London 2 ! 2nd Place Sophie Mei 20 Dancing Belly - dancing Sheffield 5.5 ! Eliminated Strike 22 / 19 Dancing Martial arts demo Sheffield 4 ! Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Tracy Lee Collins 44 Singing Drag act Leicester 5.5 ! Eliminated Urban Gypsies 35 -- 50 Dancing 7 - strong belly - dancing troupe Blackpool 5.5 ! Eliminated Vizage 34 / 30 Magic / Singing Quick change artists and singers Hull 5.5 ! Eliminated ^ 1 Ages denoted here are for their last performance in the series . Semi-final summary ( edit ) Buzzed out Judges ' vote Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote Lost the judges ' vote Eliminated Semi-final 1 ( 26 May ) ( edit ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Cowell 0 ! Holden 0 ! Morgan Boogie Wonderland Dance Group Eliminated Kate and Gin Dancing Dog Act 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Michael Machell Electric Keyboardist Eliminated Dean Wilson Musical Theatre Performer 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Sophie Mei 5 Belly Dancer Eliminated Tracey Lee Collins 6 Drag Act Eliminated Phil Blackmore 7 Balancer And Juggler Eliminated Signature 8 Michael Jackson / Bhangra Dance Duo 1st ( Won Public vote ) Semi-final 2 ( 27 May ) ( edit ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Cowell 0 ! Holden 0 ! Morgan Mandy Ellen Dancers Dance Group Eliminated Iona Luvsandorj Contortionist Eliminated Cheeky Monkeys Junior Dance Duo 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Kay and Harvey Opera Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Bang On ! 5 Urban Percussionists Eliminated Flava 6 Hip - Hop Dance Group 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Sauris Nandi 7 Illusionist Eliminated Andrew Johnston 8 Boy soprano 1st ( Won Public vote ) Semi-final 3 ( 28 May ) ( edit ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Cowell 0 ! Holden 0 ! Morgan Irresistible Vocal Group Eliminated Strike Martial Artists 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Mary Halford March Dance Group Eliminated The Deans of Magic Magician Eliminated Charlie Green 5 Singer 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Urban Gypsies 6 Belly Dancing Group Eliminated Hoop La La 7 Hula Hoop Performers Eliminated George Sampson 8 Breakdancer 1st ( Won Public vote ) Semi-final 4 ( 29 May ) ( edit ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Cowell 0 ! Holden 0 ! Morgan James Stone Singer Eliminated Charlie Wernham Stand - up Comedian Eliminated Harlequin Stage School Dance Group Eliminated Andrew Muir Singer 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) The Boogie Babes 5 Dance Group Eliminated Vizage 6 Quick - change Eliminated Jeremy Lynch 7 Football Player 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Faryl Smith 8 Classical Singer 1st ( won public vote ) ^ 2 Amanda Holden stated after the act that Simon Cowell pressed her buzzer . Semi-final 5 ( 30 May ) ( edit ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result 0 ! Cowell 0 ! Holden 0 ! Morgan Caburlesque Cabaret / Burlesque Group Eliminated Madonna Decena Singer Eliminated Anya Sparks Dancer Eliminated Craig Harper Vocal Impersonator 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Diva Las Vegas 5 Cabaret Group Eliminated Nemesis 6 Dance Group 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Per Diem 7 Singer And Guitarist Eliminated Escala 8 Electric String Quartet 1st ( won public vote ) Final ( 31 May ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Britain 's Got Talent finalists ( series 2 ) Winner Runner - up 3rd place Finalist Order Act Finished Cheeky Monkeys Junior Dance Duo 10th Andrew Muir Singer 6th Kate and Gin Dancing Dog Act 7th Nemesis Dance Group 9th Strike 5 Martial Artists 8th Andrew Johnston 6 Boy soprano 3rd George Sampson 7 Breakdancer 1st Faryl Smith 8 Classical Singer 4th Escala 9 Electric String Quartet 5th Signature 10 Michael Jackson / Bhangra 2nd Ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of Britain 's Got Talent episodes Episode Date Official ITV1 rating ( millions ) Weekly rank Share Auditions 1 12 April 9.44 6 37.0 % Auditions 2 19 April 10.96 43.3 % Auditions 3 26 April 9.86 41.3 % Auditions 4 3 May 9.12 5 39.1 % Auditions 5 10 May 8.17 6 37.9 % Auditions 6 17 May 9.11 37.5 % Auditions 7 24 May 8.27 5 37.2 % Semi-final 1 26 May 11.33 42.0 % Semi-final 2 27 May 9.29 9 35.3 % Semi-final 3 28 May 10.03 6 35.9 % Semi-final 4 29 May 10.13 5 41.9 % Semi-final 5 30 May 11.86 50.0 % Live final 31 May 11.52 51.1 % Live final results 13.88 55.1 % Controversies ( edit ) Professional participants ( edit ) During the initial broadcast of the second series , several accusations were made in relation to unfair conduct , in which the show was criticised for allowing a professional group of performers to take part . The group in question , Escala , was noted in the media for having already performed during The X Factor wrap party in late 2007 , before being invited to take part in the competition by by Simon Cowell after the party . While the band had already been involved in a legal matter over their initial name of `` Scala '' when they auditioned , after it was found to be already in use by a female voice choir in Belgium , ITV refuted the accusations highlighted by the media , stating that they had gone through `` the same application and audition process as everyone else '' , and that the programme was open to any performer `` be it professional or amateur , with any talent '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reality TV hurts too much -- WalesOnline '' . Icwales.icnetwork.co.uk. 31 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Top 40 Acts Archived 29 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Breakdancer wins TV talent contest '' . The Press Association . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Brook , Stephen ( 14 April 2008 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent back with 8.8 m '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Brook , Stephen ( 21 April 2008 ) . `` Ratings soar for Britain 's Got Talent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Reevell , Philip ( 30 April 2008 ) . `` International formats bolster ITV weekend '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Talent shines but viewers head outdoors '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Talent sizzles as heat hits ratings '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Caitlin ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` FA Cup final scores a ratings victory '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Caitlin ( 27 May 2008 ) . `` TV ratings : 7.1 m UK viewers tune in to Eurovision '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 27 May 2008 ) . `` TV ratings : Britain 's Got Talent dances off with honours '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jon ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` ITV1 delivers masterclass to The Apprentice '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jon ( 29 May 2008 ) . `` 2.8 m get the Mary Whitehouse experience '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jon ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` Thursday peaktime blues for BBC1 '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 2 June 2008 ) . `` TV ratings : Britain 's Got Talent semi-final shines for ITV '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britain 's Got Talent wins ratings war -- Showbiz -- News -- Manchester Evening News '' . Manchestereveningnews.co.uk. 18 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Britain 's Got Talent : row over Scala 's name Jump up ^ Scala Are Bunch Of Real Pros Archived 1 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine . hide Britain 's Got Talent Episodes Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Paul Potts George Sampson Diversity Spelbound Jai McDowall Ashleigh and Pudsey Attraction Collabro Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse Richard Jones Tokio Myers Lost Voice Guy Other notable contestants Series 1 Damon Scott Bessie Cursons Connie Talbot Bar Wizards Jake Pratt Series 2 Signature Andrew Johnston Escala Faryl Smith Kate and Gin Charlie Green Charlie Wernham Series 3 Susan Boyle Julian Smith Stavros Flatley Aidan Davis Hollie Steel Shaheen Jafargholi DJ Talent Flawless John Farnworth Sue Son Megan McKenna Elliot Evans Series 4 Twist and Pulse Paul Burling ReConnected Myles and Connor Kev Orkian Stevie Starr Cheeky Girls and Darius Matthew Ahmet Series 5 Ronan Parke Out of the Blue Series 6 Jonathan and Charlotte Only Boys Aloud Loveable Rogues Ryan O'Shaughnessy The Mend The Zimmers Series 7 Jack Carroll Richard & Adam Steve Hewlett Luminites Gabz Francine Lewis Asanda James More Aaron Crow MckNasty Freelusion AJ & Chloe Series 8 Bars and Melody Jon Clegg Paddy & Nico Ed Drewett Light Balance Series 9 Côr Glanaethwy Old Men Grooving Isaac Waddington Calum Scott Lorraine Bowen Ruby Red Performers Alison Jiear Series 10 Alex Magala Beau Dermott Rachael Wooding Series 11 Daliso Chaponda Destiny Chukunyere Jess Robinson Series 12 Ray Kelly Ben Pridmore B Positive Choir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%27s_Got_Talent_(series_2)&oldid=845444853 '' Categories : 2008 British television seasons Britain 's Got Talent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2013 EngvarB from July 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the 2nd semi final of bgt	[ "\n\nSemi-Finalist\nOrder\nAct\nBuzzes and judges' votes\nResult\n\n0 ! Cowell\n0 ! Holden\n0 ! Morgan\n\n\n\nMandy Ellen Dancers\n1\nDance Group\n\n\n\nEliminated\n\n\nIona Luvsandorj\n2\nContortionist\n\n\n\nEliminated\n\n\nCheeky Monkeys\n3\nJunior Dance Duo\n\n\n\n2nd (Won Judges' vote)\n\n\nKay and Harvey\n4\nOpera Singer And Keyboardist\n\n\n\nEliminated\n\n\nBang On!\n5\nUrban Percussionists\n\n\n\nEliminated\n\n\nFlava\n6\nHip-Hop Dance Group\n\n\n\n3rd (Lost Judges' vote)\n\n\nSauris Nandi\n7\nIllusionist\n\n\n\nEliminated\n\n\nAndrew Johnston\n8\nBoy soprano\n\n\n\n1st (Won Public vote)\n\n" ]	[ "Andrew Johnston" ]
5912609955916311620	List of Super Bowl champions	List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD 57 ! LVII 000000002023 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2023 X 2022 ! 2022 -- 23 AFC champion at 2022 -- 23 NFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2023 ! To be determined University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 3 ) Glendale , Arizona ! Glendale , Arizona ( 4 ) TBD 58 ! LVIII 000000002024 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2024 X 2023 ! 2023 -- 24 NFC champion at 2023 -- 24 AFC champion 0023 ! -- X 2024 ! To be determined Mercedes - Benz Superdome 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 8 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 11 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 11 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . 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National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teope , Herbie . `` Arizona , New Orleans chosen as Super Bowl hosts '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Teope , Herbie . `` Arizona , New Orleans chosen as Super Bowl hosts '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) LVIII ( 2024 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=842702483 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has more super bowls nfc or afc	[ "Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL), the two leagues met in four such contests. The first two were marketed as the \"AFL–NFL World Championship Game\", but were also casually referred to as \"the Super Bowl game\" during the television broadcast.[3] Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the \"Super Bowl\" moniker in official marketing; the names \"Super Bowl I\" and \"Super Bowl II\" were retroactively applied to the first two games.[4] The NFC/NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27, while the AFC/AFL has won 25. Twenty franchises, including teams that have relocated to another city, have won the Super Bowl.[5]" ]	[ "NFC" ]
4851557122616703678	North Island	North Island - wikipedia North Island Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the island in New Zealand . For other uses , see North Island ( disambiguation ) . North Island Te Ika - a-Māui Satellite image of the North Island North Island Te Ika - a-Māui Geography Location Oceania Coordinates 38 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 43 ′ E / 38.400 ° S 175.717 ° E / - 38.400 ; 175.717 Archipelago New Zealand Area 113,729 km ( 43,911 sq mi ) Area rank 14th Highest elevation 2,797 m ( 9,177 ft ) Highest point Mount Ruapehu Administration New Zealand ISO 3166 - 2 : NZ NZ - N Regions 9 Territorial authorities 43 Largest settlement Auckland ( pop . 1,495,000 ) Demographics Population 3,596,200 ( June 2016 ) Pop . density 31.6 / km ( 81.8 / sq mi ) The North Island or Te Ika - a-Māui ( Māori ) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait . The island 's area is 113,729 square kilometres ( 43,911 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 14th - largest island . It has a population of 3,596,200 ( June 2016 ) . Twelve main urban areas ( half of them officially cities ) are in the North Island . From north to south , they are Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and Wellington , the capital , located at the south - west extremity of the island . About 77 % of New Zealand 's population lives in the North Island . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming and usage 2 Māori mythology 3 Economy 4 Ecology 5 Regions 6 Cities and towns 7 Healthcare 8 Major geographic features 8.1 Bays and coastal features 8.2 Lakes and rivers 8.3 Capes and peninsulas 8.4 Forests and national parks 8.5 Volcanology 8.6 Other 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Naming and usage ( edit ) Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years , in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that , along with the South Island , the North Island had no official name . After a public consultation , the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika - a-Maui in October 2013 . In prose , the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island , with the definite articles . It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on , for example `` Hamilton is in the North Island '' , `` my mother lives in the North Island '' . Maps , headings , tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the . Māori mythology ( edit ) According to Māori mythology , the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui . Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe ( the South Island ) when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea . While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and chopped it up . This great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika - a-Māui ( The Fish of Māui ) . The mountains and valleys are believed to have been formed as a result of Māui 's brothers ' hacking at the fish . Until the early 20th Century , an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa . In present usage , Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole . Economy ( edit ) The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US $102.863 billion in 2003 , 79 % of New Zealand 's national GDP . Ecology ( edit ) The North Island is divided into two ecoregions within the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Biome , the northern part being the Northland temperate kauri forest , and the southern part being the North Island temperate forests . The island has an extensive flora and bird population , with numerous National Parks and other protected areas . Regions ( edit ) Territorial authorities of the North Island Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands and territorial waters . Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Taranaki Manawatu - Wanganui Hawkes Bay Wellington Cities and towns ( edit ) The North Island has a larger population than the South Island with both the country 's largest city , Auckland as well as the capital , Wellington at either ends of the island . Map of the North Island showing some of its cities Urban areas of the North Island by population Urban area Region Population ( June 2016 ) Urban area Region Population ( June 2016 ) Auckland Auckland 7006149500000000000 ♠ 1,495,000 11 Wanganui Manawatu - Wanganui 7004396000000000000 ♠ 39,600 Wellington Wellington 7005405000000000000 ♠ 405,000 13 Gisborne Gisborne 7004361000000000000 ♠ 36,100 Hamilton Waikato 7005230000000000000 ♠ 230,000 13 Pukekohe Auckland 7004298000000000000 ♠ 29,800 Tauranga Bay of Plenty 7005134400000000000 ♠ 134,400 14 Taupo Waikato 7004241000000000000 ♠ 24,100 5 Napier - Hastings Hawke 's Bay 7005131000000000000 ♠ 131,000 15 Masterton Wellington 7004212000000000000 ♠ 21,200 6 Palmerston North Manawatu - Wanganui 7004843000000000000 ♠ 84,300 16 Levin Manawatu - Wanganui 7004206000000000000 ♠ 20,600 7 Rotorua Bay of Plenty 7004578000000000000 ♠ 57,800 17 Whakatāne Bay of Plenty 7004196000000000000 ♠ 19,600 8 New Plymouth Taranaki 7004568000000000000 ♠ 56,800 18 Feilding Manawatu - Wanganui 7004162500000000000 ♠ 16,250 9 Whangarei Northland 7004564000000000000 ♠ 56,400 19 Tokoroa Waikato 7004137000000000000 ♠ 13,700 10 Kapiti Wellington 7004418000000000000 ♠ 41,800 20 Hawera Taranaki 7004118000000000000 ♠ 11,800 Healthcare ( edit ) See also : Health care in New Zealand Healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards ( DHBs ) . Organised around geographical areas of varying population sizes , they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions . District Health Board District Population Northland District Health Board ( Te Poari Hauora a Rohe o te Tai Tokerau ) Whangarei District , Far North District , Kaipara District 159,160 Waitemata District Health Board ( Te Wai Awhina ) Auckland Region 525,000 Auckland District Health Board ( Te Toka Tumai ) Auckland Region 468,000 Counties Manukau District Health Board ( A Community Partnership ) Auckland Region 490,610 Waikato District Health Board ( Waikato DHB ) Hamilton City , Hauraki District , Matamata - Piako District , Otorohanga District , part of Ruapehu District , South Waikato , Thames - Coromandel District , Waikato District , Waipa District , Waitomo District 372,865 Bay of Plenty District Health Board ( Hauora a Toi ) Tauranga City , Western Bay of Plenty District , Whakatāne District , Kawerau District , Opotiki District 214,170 Lakes District Health Board ( Lakes DHB ) Rotorua District , Taupo District 102,000 Tairawhiti District Health Board ( Te Mana Hauora o te Tairawhiti ) Gisborne District 44,499 Hawke 's Bay District Health Board ( Whakawateatia ) Napier City , Hastings District , Wairoa District , Central Hawke 's Bay District , Chatham Islands 155,000 Taranaki District Health Board ( Taranaki DHB ) New Plymouth District , Stratford District , South Taranaki District 104,280 Whanganui District Health Board ( Whanganui DHB ) Wanganui District , Rangitikei District , part of Ruapehu District 62,210 Mid Central District Health Board ( Te Pae Hauora o Ruahine o Tararua ) Palmerston North City , Horowhenua District , Manawatu District , Tararua District , part of Kapiti Coast District 158,838 Wairarapa District Health Board ( Te Poari Hauora a Rohe o Wairarapa ) South Wairarapa District , Carterton District , Masterton District 38,200 Hutt Valley District Health Board ( Healthy People ) Lower Hutt City , Upper Hutt City 145,000 Capital and Coast District Health Board ( Upoko ki te Uru Hauora ) Wellington City , Porirua City , part of Kapiti Coast District 270,000 Major geographic features ( edit ) The North Island , in relation to the South Island Bays and coastal features ( edit ) Bay of Plenty Hauraki Gulf Hawke Bay Ninety Mile Beach Lakes and rivers ( edit ) Lake Taupo Waikato River Capes and peninsulas ( edit ) Coromandel Peninsula North Auckland Peninsula Cape Palliser Cape Reinga East Cape Forests and national parks ( edit ) Tongariro National Park Waipoua Kauri Forest Volcanology ( edit ) Mount Ruapehu Mount Taranaki Volcanic Plateau Other ( edit ) Waitomo Caves Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu See also ( edit ) List of islands of New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts - Land and Environment : Geography - Physical Features '' . Statistics New Zealand . 2000 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Subnational Population Estimates : At 30 June 2016 ( provisional ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 21 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . For urban areas , `` Subnational population estimates ( UA , AU ) , by age and sex , at 30 June 1996 , 2001 , 2006 - 16 ( 2017 boundary ) '' . Statistics New Zealand . 21 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ On some 19th - century maps , the North Island is named New Ulster , which was also a province of New Zealand that included the North Island . Jump up ^ `` The New Zealand Geographic Board Considers North and South Island Names '' . Land Information New Zealand . 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two official options for NZ island names '' . NZ Herald . 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Gross Domestic Product '' . Statistics New Zealand . 2007 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . External links ( edit ) North Island travel guide from Wikivoyage ( hide ) Regions of New Zealand North Island Northland Auckland * Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne * Hawke 's Bay Taranaki Manawatu - Wanganui Wellington South Island Tasman * Marlborough * Nelson * West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland * Governed by a unitary authority rather than a regional council Coordinates : 38 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 43 ′ E / 38.400 ° S 175.717 ° E / - 38.400 ; 175.717 VIAF : 240327130 GND : 4042529 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Island&oldid=801028910 '' Categories : Islands of New Zealand North Island Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 07 : 00 . About Wikipedia	population of the north island of new zealand	[ "The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui (Māori) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island's area is 113,729 square kilometres (43,911 sq mi),[1] making it the world's 14th-largest island. It has a population of 3,596,200 (June 2016).[2]" ]	[ "3,596,200" ]
-5108866049056201814	Ladder	Ladder - wikipedia Ladder For other uses , see Ladder ( disambiguation ) . `` Step ladder '' redirects here . For the EP by Teddy Geiger , see Step Ladder ( EP ) . An extension ladder An aluminum stepladder A ladder used for ceremonial purposes in Indonesia A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps . There are two types : rigid ladders that are self - supporting or that may be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall , and rollable ladders , such as those made of rope or aluminium , that may be hung from the top . The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails ( US ) or stiles ( UK ) . Rigid ladders are usually portable , but some types are permanently fixed to a structure , building , or equipment . They are commonly made of metal , wood , or fiberglass , but they have been known to be made of tough plastic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations 1.1 Rigid ladders 1.2 Flexible ladders 2 Safety 3 Ladder classes 4 Uses 5 Historical usages 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References used 10 External links Variations ( edit ) Rigid ladders ( edit ) Rigid ladders are available in many forms , such as : Accommodation ladder are portable steps down the side of a ship for boarding Assault ladder , used in siege warfare to assist in climbing walls and crossing moats Attic ladder , pulled down from the ceiling to allow access to an attic or loft Bridge ladder , a ladder laid horizontally to act as a passage between two points separated by a drop Cat ladder ( US chicken ladder ) , a lightweight ladder frame used on steep roofs to prevent workers from sliding Christmas tree ladder , a type of boarding ladder for divers which has a single central rail and is open at the sides to allow the diver to climb the ladder while wearing swimfins Counterbalanced ladder , a fixed ladder with a lower sliding part . A system of counterweights is used to let the lower sliding part descend gently when released Extension ladder or `` telescopic ladder '' , a fixed ladder divided into two or more lengths for more convenient storage ; the lengths can be slid together for storage or slid apart to expand the length of the ladder ; a pulley system may be fitted so that the ladder can be easily extended by an operator on the ground then locked in place using the dogs and pawls. 65 ft ( 20 m ) , 50 ft ( 15 m ) and some 35 ft ( 10 m ) extension ladders for fire service use `` bangor poles '' , `` tormentor poles '' or `` stay poles '' to assist `` raise , pivot , steady , extend , place , retract and lower '' them due to the heavy weight . Fixed ladder , two side members joined by several rungs ; affixed to structure with no moving parts Folding ladder , a ladder in the step ladder style with one or more ( usually no more than three ) one - way hinges . Ideal for use on uneven ground ( i.e. stairs ) , as a trestle or when fully extended a Fixed ladder . Some variations feature a central one - way hinge with extensible locking legs Hook ladder or pompier ladder , a rigid ladder with a hook at the top to grip a windowsill ; used by firefighters Mobile Safety Steps are self - supporting structures that have wheels or castors making them easy to move . They sometimes have a small upper platform and a hand rail to assist in moving up and down the steps . Orchard ladder , a three legged step ladder with the third leg made so that it can be inserted between tree branches for fruit picking Platform ladder , a step ladder with a large platform area and a top handrail for the user to hold while working on the platform . Retractable ladder , a ladder that looks like a drainpipe but can be deployed instantly when required ( for example in case of emergency ) Roof ladder , a rigid ladder with a large hook at the top to grip the ridge of a pitched roof Sectional ladder , also known as a builder 's ladder , has sections that come apart and are interchangeable so that any number of sections can be connected Step ladder , a self - supporting portable ladder hinged in the middle to form an inverted V , with stays to keep the two halves at a fixed angle . Step ladders have flat steps and a hinged back . Telescoping ladder , commonly used to refer to a hybrid between a step ladder and an extension ladder with 360 - degree hinges ; has three parts and can be taken apart to form two step ladders ; i.e. Little Giant Trestle ladder , an `` A-Frame '' - style ladder with a telescoping center section Turntable ladder , an extension ladder fitted to rotating platform on top of a fire truck Vertically rising ladder , designed to climb high points and facilitate suspending there X-deck ladder , a US patented ladder design that is a combination ladder and scaffold Rigid ladders were originally made of wood , but in the 20th century aluminium became more common because of its lighter weight . Ladders with fiberglass stiles are used for working on or near overhead electrical wires , because fiberglass is an electrical insulator . Henry Quackenbush patented the extension ladder in 1867 . Flexible ladders ( edit ) A coilable aluminium ladder being used in Riverbend Cave , 2006 Rope ladders or Jacob 's ladders are used where storage space is extremely limited , weight must be kept to a minimum , or in instances where the object to be climbed is too curved to use a rigid ladder . They may have rigid or flexible rungs . Climbing a rope ladder requires more skill than climbing a rigid ladder , because the ladder tends to swing like a pendulum . Jacob 's ladders used on a ship are used mostly for emergencies or for temporary access to the side of a ship . Steel and aluminium wire ladders are sometimes used in vertical caving , having developed from rope ladders with wooden rungs . Safety ( edit ) Safe setup of a leaning ladder Skid mark from a faulty ladder . Play media A video on ladder fall injuries in the United States in 2011 The most common injury made by ladder climbers is bruising from falling off a ladder , but bone fractures are common and head injuries are also likely , depending on the nature of the accident . Ladders can slip backwards owing to faulty base pads which usually fit into the ladder stiles . If badly worn , they can allow the aluminium to contact the ground rather than plastic or rubber , and so lower the friction with the ground . Ladder stabilizers are available that increase the ladder 's grip on the ground . One of the first ladder stabilizers or ladder feet was offered in 1936 and today they are standard equipment on most large ladders . A ladder standoff , or stay , is a device fitted to the top of a ladder to hold it away from the wall . This enables the ladder to clear overhanging obstacles , such as the eaves of a roof , and increases the safe working height for a given length of ladder . It has become increasingly common to provide anchor points on buildings to which the top rung of an extension ladder can be attached , especially for activities like window cleaning , especially if a fellow worker is not available for `` footing '' the ladder . Footing occurs when another worker stands on the lowest rung and so provides much greater stability to the ladder when being used . The anchor point is usually a ring cemented into a slot in the brick wall to which the rungs of a ladder can be attached using rope for example , or a carabiner . If a leaning ladder is placed at the wrong angle , the risk of a fall is greatly increased . The safest angle for a ladder is 75.5 ° ; if it is too shallow , the bottom of the ladder is at risk of sliding , and if it is too steep , the ladder may fall backwards . Both scenarios can cause significant injury , and are especially important in industries like construction , which require heavy use of ladders . Ladder classes ( edit ) The European Union and the United Kingdom established a ladder certification system -- ladder classes - for any ladders manufactured or sold in Europe . The certification classes apply solely to ladders that are portable such as stepladders and extension ladders and are broken down into three types of certification . Each ladder certification is colour - coded to indicate the amount of weight the ladder is designed to hold , the certification class and its use . The color of the safety label specifies the class and use . Class 1 ladder - for heavy - duty industrial uses , maximum load of 175 kg . Colour - coded blue to identify . Class EN131 ladders - for commercial uses , maximum load of 150 kg . No specific colour code ... Class III ladders - for light , domestic uses , maximum load of 125 kg . Colour - coded red to identify . In the UK there are a number of British standards included in the three main ladder certifications relative to the particular ladder type . Relevant classifications include BS 1129 : 1990 ( British ) which applies to Timber Ladders and Steps ; BS 2037 : 1994 ( British ) which applies to Metal and Aluminium Ladders and Steps and BS EN 131 : 1993 ( European ) which applies to both Timber and Aluminium Ladders and Steps . Uses ( edit ) Dissipative ladders are portable ladders built to ESD ( Electrostatic Discharge ) standard . Electrostatic Discharge is a natural occurrence in which electricity is passed through the body , or other conductor , and discharges onto some object . For example , the shock sometimes felt when a doorknob is touched is an ESD . This natural occurrence is a very important topic in the field of electronics assembly due to the costly damage ESDs can cause to sensitive electronic equipment . Dissipative ladders are ladders with controlled electrical resistance : the resistance slows the transfer of charge from one point to another , offering increased protection during ESD events : ≥ 10 and < 10 Ω / square . Boarding and pool ladders . A ladder is also used on the side of a boat , to climb into it from the water , and in a swimming pool . Swimming pool ladders are usually made from plastic steps with special grip and metal bars on the sides to support the steps and as handrails for the user . Assault ladders . These are designed to be used by units which may need to board or assault vessels or buildings . They can be used when a full sized ladder is not required or when working in confined spaces . They are suited for covert operations such as sniper placement and vessel boardings . It was developed and designed for tubular assaults including buses and trains and for first story breaching . Its extra wide design gives the user greater stability , but it can still fold away to be stored . It is available in standard aluminium or non-reflective black finish in 6 and 8 feet lengths . Historical usages ( edit ) On the right hand page are types of ladders from the end of the 15th century in Germany . Ladders are ancient tools and technology . A ladder is featured in a Mesolithic rock painting that is at least 10,000 years old , depicted in the Spider Caves in Valencia , Spain . The painting depicts two humans using a ladder to reach a wild honeybee nest to harvest honey . The ladder is depicted as long and flexible , possibly made out of some kind of grass . Image gallery ( edit ) Photo of a dog and pawl on an extension ladder . Sketch of Cat Ladder ( UK terminology ) an aid when working on steep roofs . Sketch of double extension ladder Detail of a bamboo ladder , the most common type of ladder in China A roof ladder on the roof . Hooks extend over the ridge holding the ladder in place . See also ( edit ) Cosmic distance ladder Escalade Habala Hook ladder Scala ( disambiguation ) , Latin for `` ladder '' Scala naturae Great chain of being Stairway Notes ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ `` Diving Equipment Specialties '' . Techdivetools.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patent and Trademark Office Notices '' . Uspto.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Collapsible Platform For Maintenance Tasks - Patent 7204343 '' . Docstoc.com. 2010 - 09 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Workplace Solutions : Preventing Worker Deaths and Injuries from Contacting Overhead Power Lines with Metal Ladders '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . September 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Improved extension - ladder patent '' ( PDF ) . google.com . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Cutler , p 122 Jump up ^ `` Metal Rubber Feet for Ladder Prevents Slipping '' Popular Science , April 1936 Archived 2017 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . article at bottom left of pg 499 Jump up ^ Simeonov , Peter ; Hsiao , Hongwei ; Powers , John ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Ladder Safety : There 's an App for That '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Safety in the selection and use of ladders '' ( PDF ) . Health & Safety Executive . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British and European Ladder Certification Standards '' . Clow Group Ltd . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bee ( 2004 ) . The Hive : The Story Of The Honeybee . London , Great Britain : John Murray ( Publishers ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6598 - 7 References used ( edit ) Cutler , Deborah W. and Thomas J. Cutler ( 2005 ) . Dictionary of Naval Terms . Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , Maryland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 150 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ladders . Look up ladder in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ladder Safety including Ladder Types ( Type I , Type II , Type III ) OSHA Ladder guidelines including OSHA approved rung spacing requirements , etc . CDC - NIOSH Update - New NIOSH Smart Phone App Addresses Ladder Safety hide Cleaning tools Broom Brush Bucket Feather duster Floor buffer Floor scrubber Hataki Ladder Mop Mop bucket cart Needlegun scaler Pipe cleaner Pressure washer Sandblaster Sponge Squeegee Steam mop Tawashi Vacuum cleaner Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Machine and metalworking Measuring and alignment Power hide Forestry tools and equipment Tree planting / afforestation Caulk boots Hoedad ( hoedag ) Groasis Waterboxx Mattock Pottiputki Root trainer Seed trap Tree planting bar ( dibble bar ) Tree shelter ( Tuley tube ) Tree spade Mensuration 3D scanner Angle gauge Biltmore stick Calipers Chain Cruising rod Diameter tape Hemispherical photography Inclinometer Increment borer Rangefinder laser Microtome Relascope Wedge prism Fire suppression Aerial firefighting DC - 10 UAVs Driptorch Fire flapper Fire rake Fire retardant Helitack McLeod Pulaski Rakehoe Axes Billhook Broadaxe Froe ( shake axe ) Hatchet Labrys Log splitter Splitting maul Saws Bow saw Bucksaw Chainsaw safety clothing safety features Crosscut saw Dragsaw Head saw Lumber edger Portable sawmill Resaw Two - man saw Whipsaw Logging Cant hook Feller buncher Forwarder Go - devil Harvester Helicopter Log truck Lombard Steam Log Hauler Michigan logging wheels Peavey Pickaroon Pike pole Skid cone Skidder Washington winch Steam donkey Yarder swing Other Denailer Firewood processor Forest railway Forestry mulcher Hand compass Hand hook Hydraulic debarker Log house moulder Machete Stump grinder Chainsaw mill Tree tyer Tsakat Whoopie sling Wood - drying kiln Woodchipper Forestry portal Categories tools equipment Commons tools equipment WikiProject Forestry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladder&oldid=842232484 '' Categories : Ladders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the steps of a ladder called	[ "A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps. There are two types: rigid ladders that are self-supporting or that may be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall, and rollable ladders, such as those made of rope or aluminium, that may be hung from the top. The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails (US) or stiles (UK). Rigid ladders are usually portable, but some types are permanently fixed to a structure, building, or equipment. They are commonly made of metal, wood, or fiberglass, but they have been known to be made of tough plastic." ]	[ "rungs" ]
-1412005383421993921	Brunei	Brunei - wikipedia Brunei Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 4 ° 30 ′ N 114 ° 40 ′ E / 4.500 ° N 114.667 ° E / 4.500 ; 114.667 Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace Negara Brunei Darussalam ( Rumi ) نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ‎ ( Jawi ) Flag National Emblem Motto : الدائمون المحسنون بالهدى Sentiasa membuat kebajikan dengan petunjuk Allah `` Always in service with God 's guidance '' Anthem : Allah Peliharakan Sultan God Bless the Sultan Location of Brunei ( green ) in ASEAN ( dark grey ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Bandar Seri Begawan 4 ° 53.417 ′ N 114 ° 56.533 ′ E / 4.890283 ° N 114.942217 ° E / 4.890283 ; 114.942217 Official languages Malay Recognised languages English Other languages and local dialects Brunei Malay Jawi Malay Tutong Kedayan Belait Chinese ( Hokkien , Hakka Chinese , Standard Chinese and Cantonese ) Indigenous languages Murut Dusun Brunei Bisaya Official scripts Malay alphabet Jawi alphabet Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 65.7 % Malays 10.3 % Chinese 24 % others Religion Sunni Islam Demonym Bruneian Government Unitary Islamic absolute monarchy Sultan and Yang di - Pertuan Hassanal Bolkiah Crown Prince Al - Muhtadee Billah Speaker of the Legislative Council Abdul Rahman Mohamed Taib State Mufti Abdul Aziz Juned Legislature Legislative Council Formation Creation of the Sultanate c. 1368 Bruneian Empire 15th -- 19th century British protectorate 1888 Independence from the United Kingdom 1 January 1984 ASEAN Declaration 7 January 1984 Area Total 5,765 km ( 2,226 sq mi ) ( 164th ) Water ( % ) 8.6 Population Jul 2015 estimate 417,200 ( 175th ) Density 72.11 / km ( 186.8 / sq mi ) ( 134th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $33.376 billion ( 116th ) Per capita $77,699 ( 5th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $13.002 billion ( 111th ) Per capita $27,601 ( 25th ) HDI ( 2015 ) 0.865 very high 31st Currency Brunei dollar ( BND ) Time zone Brunei Darussalam Time ( UTC + 8 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 673 ISO 3166 code BN Internet TLD . bn ^ Under Article 82 : `` Official language '' of the Constitution of Brunei , Malay is the official language . ^ Under Article 82 : `` Official language '' of the Constitution of Brunei , English is used in official documents ( official documents are bilingual ; Malay and English ) . ^ Also 080 from East Malaysia . You may need rendering support to display the Arabic text in this article correctly . Brunei ( / bruːˈnaɪ / ( listen ) , broo - NYE ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ‬ ) , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 423,196 in 2016 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485 -- 1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern - day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern - day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British . Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984 . Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s , with the GDP increasing 56 % from 1999 to 2008 , transformed Brunei into an industrialised country . It has developed wealth from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields . Brunei has the second - highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations , after Singapore , and is classified as a `` developed country '' . According to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries ( the other being Libya ) with a public debt at 0 % of the national GDP . Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth - richest nation out of 182 , based on its petroleum and natural gas fields . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 War with Spain and decline 2.3 British intervention 2.4 Discovery of oil 2.5 Japanese occupation 2.6 Post-World War II 2.7 Writing of the Constitution 2.8 National development plans 2.9 Independence 2.10 21st century 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Politics and government 4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Defence 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Banking 6 Demographics 6.1 Religion 6.2 Languages 7 Culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Sport 8 Legal system 8.1 Women and children 8.2 Human rights 8.3 Religious rights 8.4 Animal rights 9 Health 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Etymology According to local historiography , Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar , later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah , reigning around AD 1400 . He moved from Garang in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary , discovering Brunei . According to legend , upon landing he exclaimed , Baru nah ( loosely translated as `` that 's it ! '' or `` there '' ) , from which the name `` Brunei '' was derived . He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei . Before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah Dynasty , Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers . It was renamed `` Barunai '' in the 14th century , possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word `` varuṇ '' ( वरुण ) , meaning `` seafarers '' . The word `` Borneo '' is of the same origin . In the country 's full name , Negara Brunei Darussalam , darussalam ( Arabic : دار السلام ‎ ) means `` abode of peace '' , while negara means `` country '' in Malay . The earliest recorded documentation by the West about Brunei is by an Italian known as Ludovico di Varthema , who also said the `` Bruneian people have fairer skin tone than the peoples he met in Maluku Islands '' . On his documentation back to 1550 ; We arrived at the island of Bornei ( Brunei or Borneo ) , which is distant from the Maluch about two hundred miles , and we found that it was somewhat larger than the aforesaid and much lower . The people are pagans and are men of goodwill . Their colour is whiter than that of the other sort ... in this island justice is well administered ... History Main article : History of Brunei Early history The tomb of a ruler of Po - ni in Nanjing , Jiangsu , China . One of the earliest Chinese records is the 977 AD letter to Chinese emperor from the ruler of Po - ni , which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo . In 1225 , a Chinese official , Chau Ju - Kua ( Zhao Rugua ) , reported that Po - ni had 100 warships to protect its trade , and that there was a lot of wealth in the kingdom . In the fourteenth century , the Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama , written by Prapanca in 1365 , mentioned Barune as the vassal state of Majapahit , which had to make an annual tribute of 40 katis of camphor . In 1369 , the Sulus attacked Po - ni , looting it of treasure and gold . A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus , but Po - ni was left weaker after the attack . A Chinese report from 1371 described Po - ni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit . However , scholars claim that the power of the Sultanate of Brunei was at its peak between the 15th and 17th centuries , with its power extending from northern Borneo to the southern Philippines . By the 16th century , Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei , and the country had built one of its biggest mosques . In 1578 , Alonso Beltrán , a Spanish traveller , described it as being five stories tall and built on the water . War with Spain and decline Brunei territorial losses from 1400 to 1890 . European influence gradually brought an end to the regional power , as Brunei entered a period of decline compounded by internal strife over royal succession . Since the Spanish regarded Brunei the center of Islamic preaching in the Philippines Spain declared war in 1578 , planning to attack and capture Kota Batu , Brunei 's capital at the time . This was based in part on the assistance of two Bruneian noblemen , Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna . The former had travelled to Manila , then the centre of the Spanish colony , Manila itself was captured from Brunei and Christianised , Pengiran Seri Lela came to offer Brunei as a tributary to Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother , Saiful Rijal . The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei , Pengiran Seri Lela would be appointed as the sultan , while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara . In March 1578 , the Spanish fleet had arrived from Mexico and settled at the Philippines , they were led by De Sande , acting as Capitán - General , he organised an expedition from Manila for Brunei . The expedition consisted of 400 Spanish , 1,500 Filipino natives and 300 Borneans . The campaign was one of many , which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu . The Spanish invaded the capital on 16 April 1578 , with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna . The Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong . In Jerudong , they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei . Suffering high fatalities due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak , the Spanish decided to abandon Brunei and returned to Manila on 26 June 1578 , after 72 days . Before doing so , they burned the mosque , a high structure with a five - tier roof . Pengiran Seri Lela died in August or September 1578 , probably from the same illness suffered by his Spanish allies . There was suspicion he could have been poisoned by the ruling sultan . Seri Lela 's daughter , a Bruneian princess had left with the Spanish , she married a Christian Tagalog , named Agustín de Legazpi de Tondo . The local Brunei accounts differ greatly from the generally accepted view of events . What was called the Castilian War was seen as a heroic episode , with the Spaniards being driven out by Bendahara Sakam , purportedly a brother of the ruling sultan , and a thousand native warriors . Most historians consider this to be a folk - hero account , which probably developed decades or centuries after . The country suffered a civil war from 1660 to 1673 . British adventurer James Brooke negotiating with the Sultan of Brunei , which led to the signing of the Treaty of Labuan , 1846 British intervention See also : British Brunei Administrators Boundaries of Brunei ( green ) since 1890 . The British have intervened in the affairs of Brunei on several occasions . Britain attacked Brunei in July 1846 due to internal conflicts over who was the rightful Sultan . In the 1880s , the decline of the Bruneian Empire continued . The sultan granted land ( now Sarawak ) to James Brooke , who had helped him quell a rebellion and allowed him to establish the Kingdom of Sarawak . Over time , Brooke and his nephews ( who succeeded him ) leased or annexed more land . Brunei lost much of its territory to him and his dynasty , known as the White Rajahs . Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin appealed to the British to stop further encroachment by the Brookes . The `` Treaty of Protection '' was negotiated by Sir Hugh Low and signed into effect on 17 September 1888 . The treaty said that the sultan `` could not cede or lease any territory to foreign powers without British consent '' ; it provided Britain effective control over Brunei 's external affairs , making it a British protectorate ( which continued until 1984 ) . But , when the Kingdom of Sarawak annexed Brunei 's Pandaruan District in 1890 , the British did not take any action to stop it . They did not regard either Brunei or the Kingdom of Sarawak as ' foreign ' ( per the Treaty of Protection ) . This final annexation by Sarawak left Brunei with its current small land mass and separation into two parts . British residents were introduced in Brunei under the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in 1906 . The residents were to advise the sultan on all matters of administration . Over time , the resident assumed more executive control than the sultan . The residential system ended in 1959 . Discovery of oil Petroleum was discovered in 1929 after several fruitless attempts . Two men , F.F. Marriot and T.G. Cochrane , smelled oil near the Seria river in late 1926 . They informed a geophysicist , who conducted a survey there . In 1927 , gas seepages were reported in the area . Seria Well Number One ( S - 1 ) was drilled on 12 July 1928 . Oil was struck at 297 metres ( 974 ft ) on 5 April 1929 . Seria Well Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929 , and , as of 2009 , continues to produce oil . Oil production was increased considerably in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields . In 1940 , oil production was at more than six million barrels . The British Malayan Petroleum Company ( now Brunei Shell Petroleum Company ) was formed on 22 July 1922 . The first offshore well was drilled in 1957 . Oil and natural gas have been the basis of Brunei 's development and wealth since the late 20th century . Japanese occupation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Japanese occupation of British Borneo Ahmad Tajuddin , the 27th Sultan of Brunei , with members of his court in April 1941 , eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei . The Japanese invaded Brunei on 16 December 1941 , eight days after their attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States Navy . They landed 10,000 troops of the Kawaguchi Detachment from Cam Ranh Bay at Kuala Belait . After six days fighting , they occupied the entire country . The only Allied troops in the area were the 2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment based at Kuching , Sarawak . Once the Japanese occupied Brunei , they made an agreement with Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin over governing the country . Inche Ibrahim ( known later as Pehin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji Ibrahim ) , a former Secretary to the British Resident , Ernest Edgar Pengilly , was appointed Chief Administrative Officer under the Japanese Governor . The Japanese had proposed that Pengilly retain his position under their administration , but he declined . Both he and other British nationals still in Brunei were interned by the Japanese at Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak . While the British officials were under Japanese guard , Ibrahim made a point of personally shaking each one by the hand and wishing him well . The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honours by the Japanese . During the later part of the occupation , he resided at Tantuya , Limbang and had little to do with the Japanese . Most of the Malay government officers were retained by the Japanese . Brunei 's administration was reorganised into five prefectures , which included British North Borneo . The Prefectures included Baram , Labuan , Lawas , and Limbang . Ibrahim hid numerous significant government documents from the Japanese during the occupation . Pengiran Yusuf ( later YAM Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohd Yusuf ) , along with other Bruneians , was sent to Japan for training . Although in the area the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , Yusuf survived . Japanese battleships at Brunei in October 1944 . The British had anticipated a Japanese attack , but lacked the resources to defend the area because of their engagement in the war in Europe . The troops from the Punjab Regiment filled in the Seria oilfield oilwells with concrete in September 1941 to deny the Japanese their use . The remaining equipment and installations were destroyed when the Japanese invaded Malaya . By the end of the war , 16 wells at Miri and Seria had been restarted , with production reaching about half the pre-war level . Coal production at Muara was also recommenced , but with little success . Major - General Wootten of the Australian 9th Division with Lieutenant - General Masao Baba ( signing ) of the Japanese 37th Division at the surrender ceremony at Labuan on 10 September 1945 . During the occupation , the Japanese had their language taught in schools , and Government officers were required to learn Japanese . The local currency was replaced by what was to become known as duit pisang ( banana money ) . From 1943 hyper - inflation destroyed the currency 's value and , at the end of the war , this currency was worthless . Allied attacks on shipping eventually caused trade to cease . Food and medicine fell into short supply , and the population suffered famine and disease . The airport runway was constructed by the Japanese during the occupation , and in 1943 Japanese naval units were based in Brunei Bay and Labuan . The naval base was destroyed by Allied bombing , but the airport runway survived . The facility was developed as a public airport . In 1944 the Allies began a bombing campaign against the occupying Japanese , which destroyed much of the town and Kuala Belait , but missed Kampong Ayer . On 10 June 1945 , the Australian 9th Division landed at Muara under Operation Oboe Six to recapture Borneo from the Japanese . They were supported by American air and naval units . Brunei town was bombed extensively and recaptured after three days of heavy fighting . Many buildings were destroyed , including the Mosque . The Japanese forces in Brunei , Borneo , and Sarawak , under Lieutenant - General Masao Baba , formally surrendered at Labuan on 10 September 1945 . The British Military Administration took over from the Japanese and remained until July 1946 . Post-world war II After World War II , a new government was formed in Brunei under the British Military Administration ( BMA ) . It consisted mainly of Australian officers and servicemen . The administration of Brunei was passed to the Civil Administration on 6 July 1945 . The Brunei State Council was also revived that year . The BMA was tasked to revive the Bruneian economy , which was extensively damaged by the Japanese during their occupation . They also had to put out the fires on the wells of Seria , which had been set by the Japanese prior to their defeat . Before 1941 , the Governor of the Straits Settlements , based in Singapore , was responsible for the duties of British High Commissioner for Brunei , Sarawak , and North Borneo ( now Sabah ) . The first British High Commissioner for Brunei was the Governor of Sarawak , Sir Charles Ardon Clarke . The Barisan Pemuda ( `` Youth Movement '' ) ( abbreviated as BARIP ) was the first political party to be formed in Brunei , on 12 April 1946 . The party intended to `` preserve the sovereignty of the Sultan and the country , and to defend the rights of the Malays '' . BARIP also contributed to the composition of the country 's national anthem . The party was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity . In 1959 , a new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self - governing state , while its foreign affairs , security , and defence remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom . A small rebellion erupted against the monarchy in 1962 , which was suppressed with help of the UK . Known as the Brunei Revolt , it contributed to the failure to create the North Borneo Federation . The rebellion partially affected Brunei 's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation . Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984 . The official National Day , which celebrates the country 's independence , is held by tradition on 23 February . Writing of the constitution In July 1953 , Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III formed a seven - member committee named Tujuh Serangkai , to find out the citizens ' views regarding a written constitution for Brunei . In May 1954 , the Sultan , Resident and High Commissioner met to discuss the findings of the committee . They agreed to authorise the drafting of a constitution . In March 1959 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution . The British delegation was led by Sir Alan Lennox - Boyd , Secretary of State for the Colonies . The British Government later accepted the draft constitution . On 29 September 1959 , the Constitution Agreement was signed in Bandar Seri Begawan . The agreement was signed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott , the Commissioner - General for Southeast Asia . It included the following provisions : The Sultan was made the Supreme Head of State . Brunei was responsible for its internal administration . The British Government was responsible for foreign and defence affairs only . The post of Resident was abolished and replaced by a British High Commissioner . Five councils were set up : The Executive Council The Legislative Council of Brunei The Privy Council The Council of Succession The State Religious Council National Development plans A series of National Development Plans was initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei , Omar Ali Saifuddien III . The first was introduced in 1953 . A total sum of B $100 million was approved by the Brunei State Council for the plan . E.R. Bevington , from the Colonial Office in Fiji , was appointed to implement it . A $ US14 million Gas Plant was built under the plan . In 1954 , survey and exploration work were undertaken by the Brunei Shell Petroleum on both offshore and onshore fields . By 1956 , production reached 114,700 bpd . The plan also aided the development of public education . By 1958 , expenditure on education totalled at $4 million . Communications were improved , as new roads were built and reconstruction at Berakas Airport was completed in 1954 . The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962 . A major oil and gas field was discovered in 1963 , with this discovery , Liquefied Natural Gas became important . Developments in the oil and gas sector have continued , and oil production has steadily increased since then . The plan also promoted the production of meat and eggs for consumption by citizens . The fishing industry increased its output by 25 % throughout the course of the plan . The deepwater port at Muara was also constructed during this period . Power requirements were met , and studies were made to provide electricity to rural areas . Efforts were made to eradicate malaria , an endemic disease in the region , with the help of the World Health Organisation . Malaria cases were reduced from 300 cases in 1953 to only 66 cases in 1959 . The death rate was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in 1953 . Infectious disease has been prevented by public sanitation and improvement of drainage , and the provision of piped pure water to the population . Independence On 14 November 1971 , Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah left for London to discuss matters regarding the amendments to the 1959 constitution . A new agreement was signed on 23 November 1971 with the British representative being Anthony Royle . Under this agreement , the following terms were agreed upon : Brunei was granted full internal self - government The UK would still be responsible for external affairs and defence . Brunei and the UK agreed to share the responsibility for security and defence . This agreement also caused Gurkha units to be deployed in Brunei , where they remain up to this day . On 7 January 1979 , another treaty was signed between Brunei and the UK . It was signed with Lord Goronwy - Roberts being the representative of the UK . This agreement granted Brunei to take over international responsibilities as an independent nation . Britain agreed to assist Brunei in diplomatic matters . In May 1983 , it was announced by the UK that the date of independence of Brunei would be 1 January 1984 . On 31 December 1983 , a mass gathering was held on main mosques on all four of the districts of the country and at midnight , on 1 January 1984 , the Proclamation of Independence was read by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah . The sultan subsequently assumed the title `` His Majesty '' , rather than the previous `` His Royal Highness '' . Brunei was admitted to the United Nations on 22 September 1984 , becoming the organisation 's 159th member . 21st century In October 2013 , Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah announced his intention to impose Penal Code from the Sharia law on the country 's Muslims , which take up roughly two thirds of the country 's population . This would be implemented in three phases , culminating in 2016 , and making Brunei the first and only country in East Asia to introduce Sharia law into its penal code . The move attracted international criticism , the United Nations expressing `` deep concern '' . Geography Main article : Geography of Brunei Brunei is a southeast Asian country consisting of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,765 square kilometres ( 2,226 sq mi ) on the island of Borneo . It has 161 kilometres ( 100 mi ) of coastline next to the South China Sea , and it shares a 381 km ( 237 mi ) border with Malaysia . It has 500 square kilometres ( 193 sq mi ) of territorial waters , and a 200 - nautical - mile ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) exclusive economic zone . About 97 % of the population lives in the larger western part ( Belait , Tutong , and Brunei - Muara ) , while only about 10,000 people live in the mountainous eastern part ( Temburong District ) . The total population of Brunei is approximately 408,000 as of July 2010 , of which around 150,000 live in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan . Other major towns are the port town of Muara , the oil - producing town of Seria and its neighbouring town , Kuala Belait . In Belait District , the Panaga area is home to large numbers of Europeans expatriates , due to Royal Dutch Shell and British Army housing , and several recreational facilities are located there . Most of Brunei is within the Borneo lowland rain forests ecoregion , which covers most of the island . Areas of mountain rain forests inland . The panorama of Bandar Seri Begawan , showing Kampong Ayer in the Brunei River during the 2013 Brunei Regatta . Climate The climate of Brunei is tropical equatorial . Politics and government Main article : Politics of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah , Sultan of Brunei . Brunei 's political system is governed by the constitution and the national tradition of the Malay Islamic Monarchy , the concept of Melayu Islam Beraja ( MIB ) . The three components of MIB cover Malay culture , Islamic religion , and the political framework under the monarchy . It has a legal system based on English common law , although Islamic shariah law supersedes this in some cases . Brunei has a parliament but there are no elections ; the last election was held in 1962 . Under Brunei 's 1959 constitution , His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah is the head of state with full executive authority . Since 1962 , this authority has included emergency powers , which are renewed every two years . Brunei has technically been under martial law since the Brunei Revolt of 1962 . Hassanal Bolkiah also serves as the state 's Prime Minister , Finance Minister and Defence Minister . The Royal family retains a venerated status within Brunei . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Brunei Brunei 's Foreign Minister Prince Mohamed Bolkiah meets with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , September 2012 Brunei 's embassy in Paris , France . Until 1979 , Brunei 's foreign relations were managed by the UK government . After that , they were handled by the Brunei Diplomatic Service . After independence in 1984 , this Service was upgraded to ministerial level and is now known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Officially , Brunei 's foreign policy is as follows : Mutual respect of others ' territorial sovereignty , integrity and independence ; The maintenance of friendly relations among nations ; Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries ; and The maintenance and the promotion of peace , security and stability in the region . With its traditional ties with the United Kingdom , Brunei became the 49th member of the Commonwealth immediately on the day of its independence on 1 January 1984 . As one of its first initiatives toward improved regional relations , Brunei joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984 , becoming the sixth member . To achieve recognition of its sovereignty and independence , it joined the United Nations as a full member on 21 September of that same year . As an Islamic country , Brunei became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) in January 1984 at the Fourth Islamic Summit held in Morocco . After its accession to the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation forum ( APEC ) in 1989 , Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders ' Meeting in November 2000 and the ASEAN Regional Forum ( ARF ) in July 2002 . Brunei became a founding member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) on 1 January 1995 , and is a major player in BIMP - EAGA , which was formed during the Inaugural Ministers ' Meeting in Davao , Philippines , on 24 March 1994 . Brunei shares a close relationship with Singapore and the Philippines . In April 2009 , Brunei and the Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm - related trade and investments . Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands . The status of Limbang as part of Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890 . The issue was reportedly settled in 2009 , with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian waters . The Brunei government denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped . Brunei was the chair for ASEAN in 2013 . It also hosted the ASEAN summit on that same year . Defence Main article : Royal Brunei Armed Forces Brunei maintains three infantry battalions stationed around the country . The Brunei navy has several `` Ijtihad '' - class patrol boats purchased from a German manufacturer . The United Kingdom also maintains a base in Seria , the centre of the oil industry in Brunei . A Gurkha battalion consisting of 1,500 personnel is stationed there . United Kingdom military personnel are stationed there under a defence agreement signed between the two countries . A Bell 212 operated by the air force crashed in Kuala Belait on 20 July 2012 with the loss of 12 of the 14 crew on board . The cause of the accident has yet to be ascertained . The crash is the worst aviation incident in the history of Brunei . The Army is currently acquiring new equipment , including UAVs and S - 70i Black Hawks . Brunei 's Legislative Council proposed an increase of the defence budget for the 2016 -- 17 fiscal year of about five percent to 564 million Brunei dollars ( $408 million ) . This amounts to about ten per cent of the state 's total national yearly expenditure and represents around 2.5 per cent of GDP . Administrative divisions Main articles : Districts of Brunei and Mukims of Brunei Brunei is divided into four districts ( daerahs ) and 38 subdistricts ( mukims ) . The daerah of Temburong is physically separated from the rest of Brunei by the Malaysian state of Sarawak . No . District Capital Population ( 2011 census ) Area ( km ) 1 . Belait Kuala Belait 60,744 2,724 2 . Brunei - Muara Bandar Seri Begawan 279,924 571 3 . Temburong Pekan Bangar 8,852 1,304 4 . Tutong Pekan Tutong 43,852 1,166 Kuala Belait Seria Liang Kuala Balai Labi Bukit Sawat Sukang Melilas Telisai Ukong Rambai Lamunin Tanjong Maya Ki - udang Mukim Keriam Pekan Tutong Seng - kurong Pengkalan Batu Kilanas Kianggeh Lumapas BPA Peramu Saba Sungai Kebun KB GA GB BA BB Tamoi Sungai Kedayan Mentiri Serasa Labu Bangar Batu Apoi Bokok Amo Belait Tutong Brunei - Muara Temburong The daerah of Brunei - Maura includes Brunei 's capital city , Bandar Seri Begawan , whose suburbs dominate fifteen of the eighteen mukims in this daerah . Over 90 % of Brunei 's total population lives in 15 of the 38 mukims : Rank Mukim Population Large Towns Daerah Sengkurong 62,400 Jerudong and Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara Gadong B 59,610 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara Berakas A 57,500 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara Kuala Belait 35,500 Belait town Belait 5 Seria 32,900 Seria Town Belait 6 Berakas B 23,400 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara 7 Sungai Liang 18,100 small kampongs ( villages ) Belait 8 Pengkalan Batu approx . 15,000 small kampongs Brunei - Muara 9 Kilanas approx . 14,000 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara 10 Kota Batu 12,600 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara 11 Pekan Tutong 12,100 Tutong Town Tutong 12 Mentiri 10,872 small kampongs Brunei - Muara 13 Serasa approx . 10,000 Muara Town Brunei - Muara 14 Kianggeh 8,540 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara 15 Burong Pinggai Ayer approx . 8,200 Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei - Muara Economy Main articles : Economy of Brunei and Tourism in Brunei Graphical depiction of Brunei 's product exports BIMP - EAGA meeting in the office of Brunei Prime Minister on 25 April 2013 . From left : Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah , Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , Malaysian Representative and Filipino President Benigno Aquino III . Brunei is part of the BIMP - EAGA , a subregional economic co-operation initiative in Southeast Asia . Brunei 's small , wealthy economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship , government regulation , welfare measures , and village tradition . Crude oil and natural gas production account for about 90 % of its GDP . About 167,000 barrels ( 26,600 m ) of oil are produced every day , making Brunei the fourth - largest producer of oil in Southeast Asia . It also produces approximately 25.3 million cubic metres ( 890 × 10 ^ cu ft ) of liquified natural gas per day , making Brunei the ninth - largest exporter of the substance in the world . Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production . Most of these investments are made by the Brunei Investment Agency , an arm of the Ministry of Finance . The government provides for all medical services , and subsidises rice and housing . The national air carrier , Royal Brunei Airlines , is trying to develop Brunei as a modest hub for international travel between Europe and Australia / New Zealand . Central to this strategy is the position that the airline maintains at London Heathrow Airport . It holds a daily slot at the highly capacity - controlled airport , which it serves from Bandar Seri Begawan via Dubai . The airline also has services to major Asian destinations including Shanghai , Bangkok , Singapore and Manila . Brunei depends heavily on imports such as agricultural products ( e.g. rice , food products , livestock , etc . ) , motorcars and electrical products from other countries . Brunei imports 60 % of its food requirements ; of that amount , around 75 % come from the ASEAN countries . Brunei 's leaders are very concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion . But , it has become a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) forum . Leaders plan to upgrade the labour force , reduce unemployment , which was at 6.9 % in 2014 ; strengthen the banking and tourism sectors , and , in general , broaden the economic base . The government of Brunei has also promoted food self - sufficiency , especially in rice . Brunei renamed its Brunei Darussalam Rice 1 as Laila Rice during the launch of the `` Padi Planting Towards Achieving Self - Sufficiency of Rice Production in Brunei Darussalam '' ceremony at the Wasan padi fields in April 2009 . In August 2009 , the Royal Family reaped the first few Laila padi stalks , after years of attempts to boost local rice production , a goal first articulated about half a century ago . In July 2009 Brunei launched its national halal branding scheme , Brunei Halal , with a goal to export to foreign markets . Infrastructure Brunei International Airport Royal Brunei Boeing 787 Dreamliner at London Heathrow Airport . The population centres in the country are linked by a network of 2,800 kilometres ( 1,700 mi ) of road . The 135 - kilometre ( 84 mi ) highway from Muara Town to Kuala Belait is being upgraded to a dual carriageway . Brunei is accessible by air , sea , and land transport . Brunei International Airport is the main entry point to the country . Royal Brunei Airlines is the national carrier . There is another airfield , the Anduki Airfield , located in Seria . The ferry terminal at Muara services regular connections to Labuan ( Malaysia ) . Speedboats provide passenger and goods transportation to the Temburong district . The main highway running across Brunei is the Tutong - Muara Highway . The country 's road network is well developed . Brunei has one main sea port located at Muara . The airport in Brunei is currently being extensively upgraded . Changi Airport International is the consultant working on this modernisation , which planned cost is currently $150 million . This project is slated to add 14,000 square metres ( 150,000 sq ft ) of new floorspace and includes a new terminal and arrival hall . With the completion of this project , the annual passenger capacity of the airport is expected to double from 1.5 to 3 million . With one private car for every 2.09 persons , Brunei has one of the highest car ownership rates in the world . This has been attributed to the absence of a comprehensive transport system , low import tax , and low unleaded petrol price of B $0.53 per litre . A new 30 - kilometre ( 19 mi ) roadway connecting the Muara and Temburong districts of Brunei is slated to be completed in 2019 . Fourteen kilometres ( 9 mi ) of this roadway would be crossing the Brunei Bay . The bridge cost is $1.6 billions . Banking Bank of China has just ( April 2016 ) received permission to open a branch in Brunei . Citibank , which entered in 1972 , closed its operations in Brunei in 2014 . HSBC , which had entered in 1947 , is currently in the process of closing its operations in the country . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Brunei Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque at night . Ethnicities indigenous to Brunei include the Belait , Brunei Bisaya ( not to be confused with the Bisaya / Visaya of the nearby Philippines ) , indigenous Bruneian Malay , Dusun , Kedayan , Lun Bawang , Murut and Tutong . The population of Brunei in 2016 was 423,196 of which 76 % live in urban areas . The rate of urbanisation is estimated at 2.13 % per year from 2010 to 2015 . The average life expectancy is 77.7 years . In 2014 , 65.7 % of the population were Malay , 10.3 % are Chinese , 3.4 % are indigenous , with 20.6 % smaller groups making up the rest . The official language of Brunei is Malay . The Ministry of Culture , Youth and Sports supports for a lingual movement aimed at the increased use of the language in Brunei . The principal spoken language is Melayu Brunei ( Brunei Malay ) . Brunei Malay is rather divergent from standard Malay and the rest of the Malay dialects , being about 84 % cognate with standard Malay , and is mostly mutually unintelligible with it . English and Chinese are also widely spoken , English is also used in business , as a working language , and as the language of instruction from primary to tertiary education , and there is a relatively large expatriate community . Most expat are coming from non-Muslim countries such as Australia , United Kingdom , South Korea , Japan , The Philippines , Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam and India . Other languages and dialects spoken include Arabic , Kedayan Malay dialect , Tutong Malay dialect , Murut and Dusun . Religion Main article : Religion in Brunei Religion in Brunei Islam ( 67 % ) Buddhism ( 13 % ) Christianity ( 10 % ) indigenous beliefs and non-religious , Atheist or Agnostic ( 10 % ) Islam is the official religion of Brunei , specifically that of the Sunni branch , as dictated by the Madhhab of Shafi'i . Two - thirds of the population , including the majority of Bruneian Malays adhere to Islam . Other faiths practised are Buddhism ( 13 % , mainly by the Chinese ) and Christianity ( 10 % ) . Freethinkers , mostly Chinese , form about 7 % of the population . Although most of them practise some form of religion with elements of Buddhism , Confucianism , and Taoism , they prefer to present themselves as having practised no religion officially , hence labelled as atheists in official censuses . Followers of indigenous religions are about 2 % of the population . Languages Main article : Languages of Brunei The official language of Brunei is Standard Malay , for which both the Latin alphabet and the Arabic alphabet are used . The local dialect , Melayu Brunei ( Brunei Malay ) , is the most widely spoken language . English is widely used as a business and official language and it is spoken by a majority of the population in Brunei . The Chinese minority in Brunei speak a number of Chinese varieties . Arabic ( عربي ) is the religious language of Muslims . Therefore , Arabic is taught in schools , particularly religious schools , and also in institutes of higher learning . As of 2004 , there are six Arabic schools and one religious teachers ' college in Brunei . A majority of Brunei 's Muslim population has had some form of formal or informal education in the reading , writing and pronunciation of the Arabic language as part of their religious education . Culture Main article : Culture of Brunei Royal Regalia Museum The culture of Brunei is predominantly Malay ( reflecting its ethnicity ) , with heavy influences from Islam , but is seen as much more conservative than Indonesia and Malaysia . Influences to Bruneian culture come from the Malay cultures of the Malay Archipelago . Four periods of cultural influence have occurred , animist , Hindu , Islamic , and Western . Islam had a very strong influence , and was adopted as Brunei 's ideology and philosophy . Brunei 's official main language is Malay but English is also widely spoken as it is a compulsory subject in the majority of the schools . As a Sharia country , the sale and public consumption of alcohol is banned . Non-Muslims are allowed to bring in a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarkation overseas for their own private consumption . Media Main article : Media of Brunei Media in Brunei are said to be pro-government . The country has been given `` Not Free '' status by Freedom House ; press criticism of the government and monarchy is rare . Nonetheless , the press is not overtly hostile toward alternative viewpoints and is not restricted to publishing only articles regarding the government . The government allowed a printing and publishing company , Brunei Press PLC , to form in 1953 . The company continues to print the English daily Borneo Bulletin . This paper began as a weekly community paper and became a daily in 1990 Apart from The Borneo Bulletin , there is also the Media Permata and Pelita Brunei , the local Malay newspapers which are circulated daily . The Brunei Times is another English independent newspaper published in Brunei since 2006 . The Brunei government owns and operates six television channels with the introduction of digital TV using DVB - T ( RTB 1 , RTB 2 , RTB 3 ( HD ) , RTB 4 , RTB 5 and RTB New Media ( Game portal ) ) and five radio stations ( National FM , Pilihan FM , Nur Islam FM , Harmony FM and Pelangi FM ) . A private company has made cable television available ( Astro - Kristal ) as well as one private radio station , Kristal FM . It also has an online campus radio station , UBD FM that streams from its first university , Universiti Brunei Darussalam . Sport The most popular sport in Brunei is association football . The Brunei national football team joined FIFA in 1969 , but has not had much success . The top two football leagues are the Brunei Super League and the Brunei Premier League . Brunei debuted at the Olympics in 1996 ; it has competed at all subsequent Summer Olympics except 2008 . The country has competed in badminton , shooting , swimming , and track - and - field , but is yet to win any medals . Brunei has had slightly more success at the Asian Games , winning four bronze medals . The first major international sporting event to be hosted in Brunei was the 1999 Southeast Asian Games . According to the all - time Southeast Asian Games medal table , Bruneian athletes have won a total of 11 gold medals at the games ; only East Timor has won fewer . Legal system Brunei has numerous courts in its judicial branch . The highest court is the Supreme Court , which consists of the Court of Appeal and High Court . Both of these have a chief justice and two judges . Women and children Main article : Women in Brunei The U.S. Department of State has stated that discrimination against women is a problem in Brunei . The law prohibits sexual harassment and stipulates that whoever assaults or uses criminal force , intending thereby to outrage or knowing it is likely to outrage the modesty of a person , shall be punished with imprisonment for as much as five years and caning . The law stipulates imprisonment of up to 30 years , and caning with not fewer than 12 strokes for rape . The law does not criminalise spousal rape ; it explicitly states that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife , as long as she is not under 13 years of age , is not rape . Protections against sexual assault by a spouse are provided under the amended Islamic Family Law Order 2010 and Married Women Act Order 2010 . The penalty for breaching a protection order is a fine not exceeding BN $2,000 ( $1,538 ) or imprisonment not exceeding six months . Citizenship is derived through one 's parents rather than through birth within the country 's territory . Parents with stateless status are required to apply for a special pass for a child born in the country ; failure to register a child may make it difficult to enroll the child in school . By law sexual intercourse with a female under 14 years of age constitutes rape and is punishable by imprisonment for not less than eight years and not more than 30 years and not less than 12 strokes of the cane . The intent of the law is to protect girls from exploitation through prostitution and `` other immoral purposes '' including pornography . Human rights Main articles : Freedom of religion in Brunei and LGBT rights in Brunei Brunei 's revised penal code came into force on 22 April 2014 , stipulating the death penalty for numerous offenses ( both violent and non-violent ) , such insult or defamation of Muhammad , insulting any verses of the Quran and Hadith , blasphemy , declaring oneself a prophet or non-Muslim , robbery , rape , adultery , sodomy , extramarital sexual relations for Muslims and murder . Stoning to death was the specified `` method of execution for crimes of a sexual nature '' . Rupert Colville , spokesperson for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) declared that , `` Application of the death penalty for such a broad range of offences contravenes international law . '' Male and female homosexuality is illegal in Brunei . The country passed a law that came into force on 22 April 2014 , allowing the death penalty to be administered by stoning for homosexual acts , such as sexual intercourse , given there is enough evidence pointing to the action ( i.e. with four trusted , impartial , and truthful witnesses in attendance ) . It has been acknowledged as a crime in Brunei with the introduction of the Sharia law . The law also stipulates that adultery is to be punished with death by stoning given there is enough evidence pointing to the action ( i.e. with four trusted , impartial , and truthful witnesses in attendance ) . Without four qualified witnesses , there will be no stoning . As of December 2017 , there were no cases within the Sharia Penal Code that would entail the death penalty without four qualified witnesses . Religious rights Upon adopting sharia , the Sultan banned Christmas decorations in public places such as shopping malls , believing that it might interfere with the practice of Islam . However , local and foreign Christians are still allowed to celebrate Christmas as usual . On 25 December 2015 , 4,000 out of 18,000 estimated local Catholics attended the mass of Christmas Day and Christmas Eve . `` To be quite honest there has been no change for us this year ; no new restrictions have been laid down , although we fully respect and adhere to the existing regulations that our celebrations and worship be ( confined ) to the compounds of the church and private residences '' , according to Bishop Cornelius Sim , head of the Catholic Church in Brunei . Animal rights Brunei is the first country in Asia to have banned shark finning nationwide . Brunei has retained most of its forests , compared to its neighbours that share Borneo island . There is a public campaign calling to protect pangolins which are considered threatened treasure in Brunei . Health See also : List of hospitals in Brunei There are four government - run hospitals in Brunei , one for every district . There are also 16 health centres and 10 health clinics . Healthcare in Brunei is charged at B $1 per consultation for citizens and is free for anyone under 12 years old . A health centre run by Brunei Shell Petroleum is located in Panaga . For medical assistance not available in the country , citizens are sent overseas at the government 's expense . In the period of 2011 -- 12 , 327 patients were treated in Malaysia and Singapore at the cost to the government of $12 million . Brunei has 2.8 hospital beds per 1000 people . The prevalence of HIV / AIDS is currently at 0.1 % , and numerous AIDS awareness campaigns are currently being held . 7.5 % of the population are obese , the highest prevalence rate in ASEAN . Also , studies by the Ministry of Health show that at least 20 % of schoolchildren in Brunei are either overweight or obese . The largest hospital in Brunei is Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital ( RIPAS ) hospital , which had 550 beds in year 1992 , is situated in the country 's capital Bandar Seri Begawan . There are two private medical centres , Gleneagles JPMC Sdn Bhd . and Jerudong Park Medical Centre . The Health Promotion Centre opened in November 2008 and serves to educate the public on the importance of having a healthy lifestyle . There is currently no medical school in Brunei , and Bruneians wishing to study to become doctors must attend university overseas . However , the Institute of Medicines had been introduced at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and a new building has been built for the faculty . The building , including research lab facilities , was completed in 2009 . There has been a School of Nursing since 1951 . Fifty - eight nurse managers were appointed in RIPAS to improve service and provide better medical care . In December 2008 , The nursing college merged with the Institute of Medicines at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam to produce more nurses and midwives . It is now called the PAPRSB ( Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'datul Bolkiah ) Institute of Health Sciences . See also Asia portal Brunei portal Geography portal List of Brunei - related topics Outline of Brunei References Jump up ^ Writing contest promotes usage , history of Jawi script Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... The Brunei Times ( 22 October 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Brunei '' . Ethnologue. 19 February 1999 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call to add ethnic languages as optional subject in schools '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . CIA . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Statistics '' . depd.gov.bn . Archived from the original on 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brunei '' . 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Monarchies List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Type Absolute Constitutional Diarchy Elective Federal Hereditary By region or entity Africa Lesotho Morocco Swaziland Asia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Japan Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Andorra Belgium Denmark Luxembourg Liechtenstein Monaco Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Vatican City United Kingdom Oceania Australia Tonga New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Americas Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines BNF : cb128231127 ( data ) GND : 4008479 - 6 LCCN : n81131874 NDL : 00561084 VIAF : 124267318 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunei&oldid=839804819 '' Categories : Brunei 1888 establishments in the British Empire 1984 establishments in Brunei Borneo Commonwealth monarchies Countries in Asia English - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	large pacific ocean island it includes malaysia and brunel	[ "Brunei (/bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen), broo-NYE), officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace[10] (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام‬), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 423,196 in 2016.[11]" ]	[ "Borneo" ]
-8619152367681683955	Blue-plate special	Blue - Plate Special - wikipedia Blue - Plate Special Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Blue Plate Special ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A typical blue - plate special board , from the Red Arrow Diner in Manchester , New Hampshire Blue - plate special or blue plate special is a term used in the United States by restaurants , especially diners and cafes . It refers to a low - priced meal that usually changes daily . The term was very common from the 1920s through the 1950s . As of 2007 , there are still a few restaurants and diners that offer blue - plate specials under that name , sometimes on blue plates , but it is a vanishing tradition . The phrase itself , however , is still a common American colloquialism . A web collection of 1930s prose gives this definition : `` A Blue Plate Special is a low - priced daily diner special : a main course with all the fixins , a daily combo , a square for two bits . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary usage 2.1 In events 2.2 In film and television 2.3 In print 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The origin and explanation of the phrase are unclear . Kevin Reed says that `` during the Depression , a manufacturer started making plates with separate sections for each part of a meal -- like a frozen dinner tray -- it seems that for whatever reason they were only available in the color blue . '' Michael Quinion cites a dictionary entry indicating that the blue plates were , more specifically , inexpensive divided plates that were decorated with a `` blue willow '' or similar blue pattern , such as those popularized by Spode and Wedgwood . One of his correspondents says that the first known use of the term is on an October 22 , 1892 Fred Harvey Company restaurant menu and implies that blue - plate specials were regular features at Harvey Houses . The term became common starting in the late 1920s . A May 27 , 1926 advertisement in The New York Times for `` The Famous Old Sea Grill Lobster and Chop House '' at 141 West 45th Street promised `` A La Carte All Hours '' , `` Moderate Prices '' , and `` Blue Plate Specials '' . A December 2 , 1928 article , lamenting the rise in prices that had made it difficult to `` dine on a dime , '' praised an Ann Street establishment where one could still get `` a steak - and - lots - of - onion sandwich for a dime '' and a `` big blue - plate special , with meat course and three vegetables , is purchasable for a quarter , just as it has been for the last ten years . '' The first book publication of Damon Runyon 's story , `` Little Miss Marker , '' was in a 1934 collection entitled Damon Runyon 's Blue Plate Special . A Hollywood columnist wrote in 1940 , `` Every time Spencer Tracy enters the Metro commissary , executives and minor geniuses look up from their blue plate specials to look at the actor and marvel . '' A typical blue divided plate used for a blue - plate special `` No substitutions '' was a common policy on blue - plate specials . One 1947 Candid Microphone episode features Allen Funt ordering a blue - plate special and trying to talk the waiter into making various changes , such as replacing the vegetable soup with consommé , while the polite but increasingly annoyed waiter tries in vain to explain to Funt that `` no substitutions '' means what it says . Our Man in Havana ( 1958 ) by Graham Greene has the following exchange regarding an `` American blue - plate lunch '' : `` Surely you know what a blue - plate is , man ? They shove the whole meal at you under your nose , already dished up on your plate -- roast turkey , cranberry sauce , sausages and carrots and French fried . I ca n't bear French fried but there 's no pick and choose with a blue - plate . '' `` No pick and choose ? '' `` You eat what you 're given . That 's democracy , man . '' Contemporary usage ( edit ) Blue - plate special in Mullan , Idaho In contemporary usage , a `` blue - plate special '' can be any inexpensive full meal , any daily selection , or merely a whimsical phrasing . Travel columnist Wayne Curtis says that a Portland , Maine eatery offers `` budget blue - plate specials along with more refined fare . '' In events ( edit ) Boston Children 's Museum presents a participatory - theater show , sponsored by health insurer Blue Cross , which teaches good nutrition ; the show is called Blue Plate Special . Workman 's Blue Plate Special is `` a monthly eCookbook Club , bringing you specially discounted and free eBooks from an award - winning collection of cookbooks '' . The WDVX Blue Plate Special is an almost - daily lunch - time concert at the Knoxville Visitor 's Center , broadcasting on the East Tennessee radio station WDVX . In film and television ( edit ) The Turner South cable channel calls a daily movie selection , scheduled at lunchtime , its `` blue - plate special '' . In the 1973 film ' The Sting ' , Robert Redford 's character Johnny `` Kelly '' Hooker orders the Blue - Plate Special at the diner . In the 1974 film ' The Front Page ' , condemned killer Earl Williams is said to be getting a `` 95 cent blue plate special from the greasy spoon across the street '' for his last meal . In print ( edit ) Richard Bernstein titled his New York Times review of Andrew Hurley 's book Diners , Bowling Alleys , and Trailer Parks ( 2001 ) , `` The Red , White and Blue Plate Special '' . Mystery writer Abigail Padgett 's second novel about amateur sleuth Blue McCarron is titled The Last Blue Plate Special ( 2001 ) ; no meals here , the blue plates are part of the decor at a clinic where patients are dying mysteriously . Road food experts Jane and Michael Stern titled their guidebook Blue Plate Specials and Blue Ribbon Chefs : The Heart And Soul of America 's Great Roadside Restaurants ( 2001 ) . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of restaurant terminology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Sarah ( 2001 ) . `` Anthology of Thirties Prose '' . 1930s Project . University of Virginia . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Quinlon , Michael Quinion . `` Blue - Plate Special '' . World Wide Words . Jump up ^ Damon Runyon ( 1934 ) . Damon Runyon 's Blue plate special . F.A. Stokes . Jump up ^ Gene Brown ( 1984 ) . The New York Times Encyclopedia of Film : 1964 - 1968 . Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 1059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Wayne ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` WHAT 'S DOING IN ; Portland , Me . '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` KidStage Play : Blue Plate Special '' . Boston Children 's Museum . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Workman 's Blue Plate Special '' . Workman , Inc . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WDVX Blue Plate Special '' . Knoxville Radio Station WDVX . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Andrew . DINERS , BOWLING ALLEYS AND TRAILER PARKS : Chasing the American Dream in Postwar Consumer Culture . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard ( March 14 , 2001 ) . `` BOOKS OF THE TIMES ; The Red , White and Blue Plate Special '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Padgett , Abigail ( 2001 ) . The Last Blue Plate Special . Mysterious Press . ISBN 9780892967315 . Jump up ^ Stern , Jane & Stern , Michael ( August 2001 ) . Blue Plate Specials and Blue Ribbon Chefs : The Heart And Soul of America 's Great Roadside Restaurants . Lebhar - Friedman . ISBN 0867308400 . External links ( edit ) Blue Plate Special , anyone ? Kevin Reed 's article Blue Plate Special A competing explanation by Michael Quinion Blue Plate Special `` a square for two bits '' Children 's museum show ( sponsorship by Blue Cross mentioned elsewhere ) WREK Sound Blocks ( Georgia Tech 's WREK radio ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue-plate_special&oldid=807473281 '' Categories : Restaurant terminology American cuisine Food combinations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the term blue plate special come from	[ "The origin and explanation of the phrase are unclear. Kevin Reed says that \"during the Depression, a manufacturer started making plates with separate sections for each part of a meal—like a frozen dinner tray—it seems that for whatever reason they were only available in the color blue.\" Michael Quinion cites a dictionary entry indicating that the blue plates were, more specifically, inexpensive divided plates that were decorated with a \"blue willow\" or similar blue pattern, such as those popularized by Spode and Wedgwood. One of his correspondents says that the first known use of the term is on an October 22, 1892 Fred Harvey Company restaurant menu and implies that blue-plate specials were regular features at Harvey Houses.[2]" ]	[ "origin and explanation of the phrase are unclear" ]
3508680820277146398	Everything, Everything (film)	Everything , Everything ( film ) - wikipedia Everything , Everything ( film ) This article is about the 2017 film . For the British rock band , see Everything Everything . Everything , Everything Theatrical release poster Directed by Stella Meghie Produced by Elysa Dutton Leslie Morgenstein Written by J. Mills Goodloe Based on Everything , Everything by Nicola Yoon Starring Amandla Stenberg Nick Robinson Music by Ludwig Göransson Zedd Cinematography Igor Jadue - Lillo Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Alloy Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $61.6 million Everything , Everything is a 2017 American romantic drama film directed by Stella Meghie and written by J. Mills Goodloe , based on Nicola Yoon 's 2015 novel of the same name . The film follows a young woman named Maddy ( Amandla Stenberg ) who is prevented by virtue of illness from going outside her house , and her neighbor Olly ( Nick Robinson ) who wants to help her experience life . It was released on May 19 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Pictures , received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $61 million worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Eighteen - year - old Maddy is being treated for SCID , an immune disorder that prevents her from leaving her home and interacting with others . Her mother , Pauline Whittier , takes care of her with the help of her nurse Carla , who has taken care of Madeline for 15 years . Only Pauline , Carla and Carla 's daughter , Rosa , are allowed in the home . Maddy yearns to see the world , particularly the ocean . One day , a new family moves next door , and their son , who is Maddy 's age , catches her eye . They share a look as Maddy watches through the window . Later that night , while Pauline and Maddy are watching a movie , the boy and his sister appear on their doorstep , offering a bundt cake . Pauline politely rejects it , and as she is about to close the door , the boy asks where her daughter is . Pauline lies and tells him Maddy is not home . It is also revealed that the father of the boy is violent and their relationship is strained . Later , the boy writes his number on his window for Maddy and soon they begin communicating through text . He introduces himself as Olly , and they text for a while , getting to know each other and eventually growing very fond of each other . Knowing her mother would not approve , Maddy convinces Carla to secretly let Olly visit her inside the house , though Carla makes them promise to stay on different sides of the room from each other . She later invites Olly over for the Fourth of July , since her mother is working that day . Maddy and Olly share a passionate kiss as fireworks go off outside . The next day , Maddy notices Olly fighting with his father outside . When his father shoves him to the ground , Maddy , to the shock of her mother , rushes outside to comfort Olly . Her mother rushes her back inside . Maddy briefly falls ill from the minute she spent outside . Pauline deduces that Maddy and Olly have been seeing each other , and forbids their relationship . She later fires Carla for betraying her trust . Maddy decides that it is time to take matters into her own hands . With a credit card she had previously opened online , Maddy buys two plane tickets to Hawaii , and convinces Olly to travel there with her . In Hawaii , they share a romantic and life - changing experience together . During the trip , Maddy passes out and Olly rushes her to the hospital . She wakes up back in her bed at home . She breaks off contact with Olly due to the fact that she does not want to make another mistake over love again , and is therefore unable to say goodbye when his mother finally decides to leave his father . Olly , his mother , and sister leave back to New York , where they are from . A doctor from the hospital in Hawaii calls Maddy to give her an update , and tells Maddy that she does not have something as severe as SCID . Maddy scours her mother 's records , and can not find anything that indicates that she had ever been diagnosed with the disorder . She realizes that her mother has been lying to her for her whole life , and runs away from home . Maddy stays with Carla and Rosa . A doctor confirms that she has never had SCID , just an underdeveloped immune system from under - exposure due to living in filtered air her whole life . Her mother later tells her that , after Maddy 's father and brother died in a car crash , Maddy was all she had left and she wanted to protect her and keep her safe . Later she reunites with Olly in New York where they restart their romance it is also implies that she and her mother begin to fix their relationship . Cast ( edit ) Amandla Stenberg as Madeline `` Maddy '' Whittier Nick Robinson as Oliver `` Olly '' Bright Anika Noni Rose as Dr. Pauline Whittier , Maddy 's mother Ana de la Reguera as Carla , Maddy 's nurse Taylor Hickson as Kara , Olly 's younger sister Production ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on September 6 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Release ( edit ) Everything , Everything was released on May 19 , 2017 by Warner Bros. Pictures and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Pictures . It was originally scheduled for August 18 , 2017 , but was moved up to its May date . Box office ( edit ) Everything , Everything grossed $34.1 million in the United States and Canada and $26.5 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $60.6 million , against a production budget of $10 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Alien : Covenant and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,801 theaters during its opening weekend . It made $525,000 from Thursday night previews and $4.7 million on its first day . It went on to open to $11.7 million , finishing 3rd at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 47 % based on 100 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Everything , Everything should tug young adult heartstrings fairly effectively , but may not be quite engrossing enough to woo less melodramatically inclined viewers . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 52 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . The Immune Deficiency Foundation criticized the film as `` erroneously misrepresenting ( SCID ) through worn stereotypes and misinformation , '' singling out in particular the film 's use of Munchhausen - by - proxy as damaging to patients who actually have SCID . See also ( edit ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everything , Everything '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Alien : Covenant , ' No. 8 in the franchise , is poised to unseat ' Guardians ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything , Everything '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Nicola . `` Everything , Everything '' . Nicola Yoon official website . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Everything , Everything With Amandla Stenberg & Nick Robinson '' . What 's Filming . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` NEW MOVIE : EVERYTHING EVERYTHING with Amandla Stenberg & Nick Robinson Starts Filming in Vancouver This Week '' . Hollywood North . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bradley Cooper - Lady Gaga Movie ' A Star Is Born ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1 M Opening , - 34 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Everything , Everything Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Everything , Everything ' Criticized for Inaccurate Portrayal of Immunodeficiency Disorder SCID '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IDF Statement on Everything , Everything '' . Immune Deficiency Foundation . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Everything , Everything on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything,_Everything_(film)&oldid=862980361 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films Alloy Entertainment films American films American romantic drama films American teen drama films American teen romance films Films about diseases Films about interracial romance Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Films scored by Ludwig Göransson Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Mexico Films shot in Vancouver Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	movie about a sick girl that can't go outside	[ "Everything, Everything is a 2017 American romantic drama film directed by Stella Meghie and written by J. Mills Goodloe, based on Nicola Yoon’s 2015 novel of the same name.[5] The film follows a young woman named Maddy (Amandla Stenberg) who is prevented by virtue of illness from going outside her house, and her neighbor Olly (Nick Robinson) who wants to help her experience life.\n" ]	[ "Everything, Everything" ]
1673503774510834774	River Ouse, Yorkshire	River Ouse , Yorkshire - wikipedia River Ouse , Yorkshire Jump to : navigation , search For other rivers named `` Ouse '' , see Ouse ( disambiguation ) . River Ouse The River Ouse in York Country England County Yorkshire Source River Ure - location Cuddy Shaw Reach , near Linton - on - Ouse - elevation 10 m ( 33 ft ) - coordinates 54 ° 2 ′ 4 '' N 1 ° 16 ′ 30 '' W / 54.03444 ° N 1.27500 ° W / 54.03444 ; - 1.27500 Mouth Humber Estuary - location Trent Falls - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 53 ° 42 ′ 8 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 53.70222 ° N 0.69611 ° W / 53.70222 ; - 0.69611 Coordinates : 53 ° 42 ′ 8 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 53.70222 ° N 0.69611 ° W / 53.70222 ; - 0.69611 Length 84 km ( 52 mi ) Basin 10,704 km ( 4,133 sq mi ) Discharge for Skelton - average 51.7 m / s ( 1,826 cu ft / s ) River Ouse catchment Wikimedia Commons : River Ouse , Yorkshire ( hide ) River Ouse , Yorkshire Legend River Ure Cuddy Shaw Reach Linton Lock Beningbrough Hall River Nidd Skelton Bridge ECML A1237 Clifton Bridge Scarborough Bridge Lendal Bridge Ouse Bridge Skeldergate Bridge River Foss Millennium Bridge A64 Naburn Swing Bridge Naburn Marina Naburn Lock River Wharfe Cawood Bridge A19 Selby Swing Bridge Selby Canal A63 River Derwent River Aire A614 Boothferry Bridge M62 Howden Dyke Island Goole railway bridge Goole Docks Dutch River River Trent Trent Falls River Humber The River Ouse ( / ˈuːz / OOZ ) is a river in North Yorkshire , England . Hydrologically the river is a continuation of the River Ure , and the combined length of the River Ure and River Ouse makes it , at 129 miles ( 208 km ) , the sixth longest river of the United Kingdom and ( including the Ure ) the longest to flow entirely in one county . The length of the Ouse alone is about 52 miles ( 84 km ) . The river is formed at the confluence of the River Ure and the much smaller Ouse Gill Beck at Cuddy Shaw Reach near Linton - on - Ouse , about six miles downstream of the confluence of the River Swale with the River Ure . It then flows through the city of York and the towns of Selby and Goole before joining with the River Trent at Trent Falls , near the village of Faxfleet , to form the Humber Estuary . The Ouse 's system of tributaries ( which includes the Derwent , Aire , Don , Wharfe , Rother , Nidd , Swale , Ure , and Foss ) drains a large upland area of northern England , including much of the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors . The Ouse valley is a wide , flat plain ; heavy rainfall in the river 's catchment area can bring severe flooding to nearby settlements . In recent years both York and Selby , and villages in between , have been very badly hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Etymology 3 Navigation 4 Settlements 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Sources ( edit ) The traditional source of the Ouse is in the village of Great Ouseburn , and is marked by a stone column reading `` OUSE RIVER HEAD ... OUSEGILL SPRING Ft . YORK 13miles BOROUGHBRIDGE 4miles '' . The site is 38 yards ( 35 m ) from the present course of Ouse Gill Beck , a small stream earlier known as Usekeld Beck , meaning `` Spring or source of the Ouse '' ( from Old Norse kelda `` spring '' ) . The start of the Ouse is now considered to be the point where Ouse Gill Beck joins the River Ure , 1.6 miles ( 2.5 km ) south east of Great Ouseburn . Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the name is uncertain . The name was first recorded in about 780 as Usa . It has been speculated that the name is of Brythonic - Celtic origin , from an assumed word udso - , assumed to be derived from the Indo - European root wed - , meaning `` water '' . Other sources prefer a Proto - Celtic . It has been suggested that the Ouse was once known as the ' Ure ' , but there seems to be no supporting evidence for this claim . The suggestion that the name derives from the Celtic name of the Ure , assumed to be Isurā from the Roman name for Aldborough , and over time evolved into Isis and finally the Saxon Ouse , would go some way to explaining how the little tributary Ouse Gill Beck usurps the name of the much larger River Ure . However the form Ouse is little changed from the eighth century . The York district was settled by Norwegian and Danish people , so parts of the place names could be old Norse . Referring to the etymological dictionary `` Etymologisk ordbog '' , ISBN 82 - 905 - 2016 - 6 dealing with the common Danish and Norwegian languages - roots of words and the original meaning : Os - the mouth of a river . The old Norse wording oss , gradation form ouso . Navigation ( edit ) The Ouse is navigable throughout its length . Seagoing vessels use the river as far as Goole , where there is an inland port and access to the Aire and Calder Navigation . At Selby there is access to the Selby Canal . The river is tidal up to Naburn ; the resultant tidal bore is known locally as `` the Aegir '' . At Naburn there is a weir with locks , so that boats of 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) length and 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) beam can reach York . Above York there is another weir with locks at Linton - on - Ouse , which allows boats of 66 feet ( 20 m ) length to proceed to the River Ure Navigation . The navigation authority is Associated British Ports from Trent Falls to Goole railway swing bridge at Skelton , and the Canal & River Trust upstream from there . In the 18th and 19th centuries there was considerable commercial traffic on the river , mainly from Selby , which then had a custom house , downstream . After the 1826 opening of the Aire and Calder Navigation , most traffic became concentrated on the port of Goole . This continues , although the coal trade which formed the backbone of the river trade has ceased . Settlements ( edit ) The A64 crossing the River Ouse , Bishopthorpe , York The River Ouse in the city of York , viewed from Skeldergate Bridge with Ouse Bridge in the background ( From the confluence of Swale and Ure ) Lower Dunsforth Aldwark Linton - on - Ouse Newton - on - Ouse Nun Monkton Beningbrough Overton Nether Poppleton York South Bank Fulford Bishopthorpe Naburn Acaster Malbis Acaster Selby Cawood Kelfield Riccall Barlby Selby Hemingbrough Barmby on the Marsh Booth Hook Skelton Goole Swinefleet Saltmarshe Reedness Little Reedness Whitgift Blacktoft Ousefleet Faxfleet ( Joins Trent at Trent Falls to form Humber ) See also ( edit ) UK Waterways portal Blacktoft Sands RSPB reserve Bridges over the Ouse Rivers of the United Kingdom York City Rowing Club References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ouse at Skelton gauging station . This station only covers 3315 km2 or 31 % of the catchment area . Jump up ^ `` Great Ouseburn Parish Website '' . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , A.H. ( 1961 ) . The Place - names of the West Riding of Yorkshire. 5 . Cambridge University Press . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , A.H. ( 1962 ) . The Place - names of the West Riding of Yorkshire. 7 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Watts , Victor , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Ouse '' . The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place - Names . Cambridge University Press . p. 456 . ISBN 978 0 521 16855 7 . Jump up ^ Ekwall , E. English River Names ( Oxford University Press : 1928 ) . Waite , Alice . Exploring the Yorkshire Ouse ( Countryside Productions : 1988 ) Jump up ^ Szyca , G. ( 2011 ) . Comprehensive Methods of the Minimum Safe Under Keel Clearance Valuation to the Restricted Tidal Waters . In : Weintrit , A. and Neumann , T. ( Eds . ) Methods and Algorithms in Navigation : Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation . London : Taylor and Francis Group , p. 51 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Broadhead , I.E. ( 1982 ) . Portrait of the Yorkshire Ouse . London : Hale , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yorkshire Ouse '' . Waterways Association . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yorkshire Ouse '' . www.waterways.org.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Ouse , Yorkshire . Rivers of Yorkshire North Yorkshire Aire Arkle Beck Bain Cock Beck Cod Beck Costa Beck Cover Derwent Dibb Doe Dove Eller Beck Esk Foss Greta ( Lune ) Gypsey Race Kyle Leven Malham Beck Nidd Ouse Pickering Beck Ribble Riccall Risedale Beck Rye Wharfe Seven Sea Cut Skirfare Swale Tees Twiss Ure Washburn Wiske West Yorkshire Aire Bradford Beck Black Brook Calder Cock Beck Colne Dearne Harden Beck Hebble Brook Holme Holme Beck Laneshaw Meanwood Beck Pudsey Beck Ribble Ryburn Spen Tyersal Beck Wharfe Worth East Riding of Yorkshire Aike Beck Aire Arram Beck Derwent Driffield Beck Foulness Gypsey Race Hull Humber Ouse Trent Falls West Beck South Yorkshire Blackburn Brook Dearne Don Dove Limb Brook Little Don Loxley Meers Brook Old Hay Brook Porter Brook Rivelin Rother Ryton Sheaf Shire Brook Torne Totley Brook Went Wyming Brook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Ouse,_Yorkshire&oldid=807498649 '' Categories : River navigations in the United Kingdom Rivers of North Yorkshire Rivers of the East Riding of Yorkshire Ouse catchment River Ouse , Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Wikipedia type : river page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	river that joins the ouse to form humber estuary	[ "The river is formed at the confluence of the River Ure and the much smaller Ouse Gill Beck at Cuddy Shaw Reach near Linton-on-Ouse, about six miles downstream of the confluence of the River Swale with the River Ure. It then flows through the city of York and the towns of Selby and Goole before joining with the River Trent at Trent Falls, near the village of Faxfleet, to form the Humber Estuary." ]	[ "River Trent" ]
8454754295948089785	Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure	Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure - Wikipedia Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure Jump to : navigation , search Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure Theatrical release poster by Renato Casaro Directed by Sergio Corbucci Produced by Josi W. Konski Screenplay by Amendola & Corbucci Starring Terence Hill Bud Spencer Music by La Bionda Cinematography Luigi Kuveiller Release date 10 December 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 10 ) Running time 102 minutes Country Italy United States Language Italian Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure ( Italian : Chi trova un amico trova un tesoro also known as A Friend Is a Treasure ) is an Italian adventure - comedy movie directed in 1981 by Sergio Corbucci . It was filmed at Key Biscayne , Florida . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Alan Lloyd ( Hill ) is an inveterate gambler who accumulates a lot of debt and therefore is forced to flee , pursued by shady employers in the area . Charlie O'Brien ( Spencer ) is an actor who advertises a jam that tastes horrible and is embarking on a long promotional boat trip . Alan , still fleeing , hides inside Charlie 's boat behind his back . After Alan is discovered , the two get into a fight and fall out of the boat , eventually reaching a remote island in the Pacific . There , the two initially believe they are on a desert island , but then discover that it is inhabited and familiarize themselves with the natives . But the welcome party is interrupted by a group of pirates who come each year to capture some natives to sell them as slaves , but they do not know that there are now Alan and Charlie will give them the heave - ho to the sound of punches and blows . Expelled the invaders , the two friends and the natives celebrate and make peace with an old Japanese general in a fort on the island who still believed that the World War II was not over . The man receives in his bunker Alan and Charlie and shows them a huge amount of money that he kept hidden for years . Charlie is crazy with joy and steals them all in secret , while the Japanese confides to Alan that they were all fake . Charlie plans to go on a plane half destroyed , but the pirates on the island inadvertently come back more aggressive and with the incursion of a group of members who had the honor to clash with Alan at the beginning of the story . The natives are captured and humiliated , so Alan and Charlie , who in the meantime had gone off without the latter had discovered the secret of fake money , swoop down with the plane on the attackers . But there 's more , the two heroes must fight with their enemies in a battle to the sound of blows and punches that will bring lasting peace to the island . They are then rescued by the crew of USS Forrestal . Finally the only ones to have lost something after the adventure , Alan and Charlie are just that , discovering the falsity of the bills , find work as scavengers of a museum . Cast ( edit ) Terence Hill : Alan Lloyd Bud Spencer : Charlie O'Brien Sal Borgese : Anulu John Fujioka : Kamasuka , a Japanese holdout Louise Bennett : Mama Tom Tully : Marine Captain See also ( edit ) List of Italian films of 1981 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chi trova un amico trova un tesoro '' . budterence.tk . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Terence risponde alle domande dei fan '' . TerenceHill.com . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure on IMDb Films of Terence Hill and Bud Spencer God Forgives ... I Do n't ! ( 1967 ) Ace High ( 1968 ) Boot Hill ( 1969 ) They Call Me Trinity ( 1970 ) Trinity Is Still My Name ( 1971 ) ... All the Way , Boys ! ( 1972 ) Watch Out , We 're Mad ! ( 1974 ) Two Missionaries ( 1974 ) Crime Busters ( 1977 ) Odds and Evens ( 1978 ) I 'm for the Hippopotamus ( 1979 ) Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure ( 1981 ) Go for It ( 1983 ) Double Trouble ( 1984 ) Miami Supercops ( 1985 ) Troublemakers ( 1994 ) Films directed by Sergio Corbucci La peccatrice dell'isola ( 1952 ) Supreme Confession ( 1956 ) Who Hesitates Is Lost ( 1960 ) Romolo e Remo ( 1961 ) Totò , Peppino e ... la dolce vita ( 1961 ) Maciste contro il vampiro ( 1961 ) The Two Marshals ( 1961 ) The Shortest Day ( 1962 ) The Slave ( 1962 ) Lo smemorato di Collegno ( 1962 ) The Monk of Monza ( 1963 ) Gli onorevoli ( 1963 ) Castle of Blood ( 1964 ) Grand Canyon Massacre ( 1964 ) Minnesota Clay ( 1965 ) I figli del leopardo ( 1965 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1966 ) Django ( 1966 ) Ringo and his Golden Pistol ( 1966 ) Navajo Joe ( 1966 ) The Hellbenders ( 1967 ) Death on the Run ( 1967 ) The Mercenary ( 1968 ) The Great Silence ( 1968 ) The Specialist ( 1969 ) Compañeros ( 1970 ) Sonny and Jed ( 1972 ) What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution ? ( 1972 ) The Beast ( 1974 ) The White , the Yellow , and the Black ( 1975 ) Di che segno sei ? ( 1975 ) The Con Artists ( 1976 ) Mr. Robinson ( 1976 ) Ecco noi per esempio ( 1977 ) Three Tigers Against Three Tigers ( 1977 ) The Payoff ( 1978 ) Odds and Evens ( 1978 ) Neapolitan Mystery ( 1979 ) I 'm Getting a Yacht ( 1980 ) I Do n't Understand You Anymore ( 1980 ) Super Fuzz ( 1980 ) My Darling , My Dearest ( 1981 ) Who Finds a Friend Finds a Treasure ( 1981 ) Count Tacchia ( 1982 ) Sing Sing ( 1983 ) Questo e Quello ( 1983 ) A tu per tu ( 1984 ) I Am an ESP ( 1985 ) Roba da ricchi ( 1987 ) Rimini Rimini ( 1987 ) Days of Inspector Ambrosio ( 1988 ) This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about an action - adventure film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Finds_a_Friend_Finds_a_Treasure&oldid=771003717 '' Categories : 1981 films Italian - language films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films 1980s comedy films Italian action films Italian adventure films Italian comedy films Italian films Terence Hill and Bud Spencer Films directed by Sergio Corbucci Films shot in Florida Action comedy films Adventure comedy films Films set in Oceania Films set on islands Action adventure films 1980s Italian comedy film stubs Action adventure film stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Norsk Português Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2017 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who finds a friend finds a treasure cast	[ "\nTerence Hill: Alan Lloyd\nBud Spencer: Charlie O'Brien\nSal Borgese: Anulu\nJohn Fujioka: Kamasuka, a Japanese holdout\nLouise Bennett: Mama\nTom Tully: Marine Captain\n", "\nTerence Hill: Alan Lloyd\nBud Spencer: Charlie O'Brien\nSal Borgese: Anulu\nJohn Fujioka: Kamasuka, a Japanese holdout\nLouise Bennett: Mama\nTom Tully: Marine Captain\n", "\nTerence Hill: Alan Lloyd\nBud Spencer: Charlie O'Brien\nSal Borgese: Anulu\nJohn Fujioka: Kamasuka, a Japanese holdout\nLouise Bennett: Mama\nTom Tully: Marine Captain\n", "\nTerence Hill: Alan Lloyd\nBud Spencer: Charlie O'Brien\nSal Borgese: Anulu\nJohn Fujioka: Kamasuka, a Japanese holdout\nLouise Bennett: Mama\nTom Tully: Marine Captain\n", "\nTerence Hill: Alan Lloyd\nBud Spencer: Charlie O'Brien\nSal Borgese: Anulu\nJohn Fujioka: Kamasuka, a Japanese holdout\nLouise Bennett: Mama\nTom Tully: Marine Captain\n", "\nTerence Hill: Alan Lloyd\nBud Spencer: Charlie O'Brien\nSal Borgese: Anulu\nJohn Fujioka: Kamasuka, a Japanese holdout\nLouise Bennett: Mama\nTom Tully: Marine Captain\n" ]	[ "Terence Hill", "Bud Spencer", "Sal Borgese", "John Fujioka", "Louise Bennett", "Tom Tully" ]
-2337717576030250637	Calcium signaling	Calcium signaling - wikipedia Calcium signaling Jump to : navigation , search Calcium ions are important for cellular signalling , as once they enter the cytosol of the cytoplasm they exert allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins . Calcium can act in signal transduction resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein - coupled receptors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calcium Concentration Regulation 1.1 Phospholipase C Pathway 2 Calcium as a second messenger 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Calcium concentration regulation ( edit ) The resting concentration of Ca in the cytoplasm is normally maintained around 100 nM , variously reported as 20,000 - to 100,000-fold lower than typical extracellular concentration . To maintain this low concentration , Ca is actively pumped from the cytosol to the extracellular space , the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) , and sometimes into the mitochondria . Certain proteins of the cytoplasm and organelles act as buffers by binding Ca . Signaling occurs when the cell is stimulated to release calcium ions ( Ca ) from intracellular stores , and / or when calcium enters the cell through plasma membrane ion channels . Phospholipase C pathway ( edit ) Phospholipase C cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG Specific signals can trigger a sudden increase in the cytoplasmic Ca level up to 500 -- 1,000 nM by opening channels in the endoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane . The most common signaling pathway that increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration is the phospholipase C pathway . Many cell surface receptors , including G protein - coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases activate the phospholipase C ( PLC ) enzyme . PLC hydrolyses the membrane phospholipid PIP2 to form IP3 and diacylglycerol ( DAG ) , two classical second messengers . DAG recruits protein kinase C ( PKC ) , attaching it to the plasma membrane IP diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum , and binds to an IP3 receptor , The IP3 receptor serves as a Ca channel , and releases Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum . The Ca ions bind to PKC , activating it . Depletion of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum will lead to Ca entry from outside the cell by activation of `` Store - Operated Channels '' ( SOCs ) . This inflowing calcium current that results after stored calcium reserves have been released is referred to as Ca - release - activated Ca current ( ICRAC ) . The mechanisms through which ICRAC occurs are currently still under investigation , although two candidate molecules , Orai1 and STIM1 , have been linked by several studies , and a model of store - operated calcium influx , involving these molecules , has been proposed . Recent studies have cited the phospholipase A2 beta , nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NAADP ) , and the protein STIM 1 as possible mediators of ICRAC . Movement of calcium ions from the extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment alters membrane potential . This is seen in the heart , during the plateau phase of ventricular contraction . In this example , calcium acts to maintain depolarization of the heart . Calcium signaling through ion channels is also important in neuronal synaptic transmission . Calcium as a second messenger ( edit ) Calcium ( as Ca ) is a ubiquitous second messenger with wide - ranging physiological roles . These include muscle contraction , neuronal transmission as in an excitatory synapse , cellular motility ( including the movement of flagella and cilia ) , fertilisation , cell growth or proliferation , neurogenesis , learning and memory as with synaptic plasticity , and secretion of saliva . High levels of cytoplasmic calcium can also cause the cell to undergo apoptosis . Other biochemical roles of calcium include regulating enzyme activity , permeability of ion channels , activity of ion pumps , and components of the cytoskeleton . Many of Ca - mediated events occur when the released Ca binds to and activates the regulatory protein calmodulin . Calmodulin may activate calcium - calmodulin - dependent protein kinases , or may act directly on other effector proteins . Besides calmodulin , there are many other Ca - binding proteins that mediate the biological effects of Ca . In neurons , concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium are important for the synchronization of neuronal electrical activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism . Mitochondrial matrix calcium levels can reach the tens of micromolar levels , which is necessary for the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase , one of the key regulatory enzymes of the Krebs cycle . In the neuron , the ER may serve in a network integrating numerous extracellular and intracellular signals in a binary membrane system with the plasma membrane . Such an association with the plasma membrane creates the relatively new perception of the ER and theme of `` a neuron within a neuron . '' The ER 's structural characteristics , ability to act as a Ca sink , and specific Ca releasing proteins , serve to create a system that may produce regenerative waves of Ca release that may communicate both locally and globally in the cell . These Ca signals , integrating extracellular and intracellular fluxes , have been implicated to play roles in synaptic plasticity and memory , neurotransmitter release , neuronal excitability and long term changes at the gene transcription level . ER stress is also related to Ca signaling and along with the unfolded protein response , can cause ER associated degradation ( ERAD ) and autophagy . See also ( edit ) Nanodomain European Calcium Society References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clapham , D.E. ( 2007 ) . `` Calcium Signaling '' . Cell. 131 ( 6 ) : 1047 -- 1058 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.11. 028 . PMID 18083096 . ^ Jump up to : Demaurex N , Nunes P ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` The role of STIM and ORAI proteins in phagocytic immune cells '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 310 ( 7 ) : C496 -- C508 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00360.2015 . PMC 4824159 . PMID 26764049 . Jump up ^ Alberts ; Bray ; Hopkin ; Johnson ; Raff ; Lewis ; Roberts ; Walter ( 2014 ) . Essential Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York , NY : Garland Science . pp. 548 -- 549 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4454 - 4 . Jump up ^ Putney , James W. ; Tomita , Takuro ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Phospholipase C Signaling and Calcium Influx '' . Advances in biological regulation . 52 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / j. advenzreg. 2011.09. 005 . ISSN 2212 - 4926 . PMC 3560308 . PMID 21933679 . Jump up ^ Csutora , P. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Activation Mechanism for CRAC Current and Store - operated Ca Entry '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 ( 46 ) : 34926 -- 34935 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M606504200 . PMID 17003039 . Jump up ^ Moccia , F. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` NAADP activates a Ca current that is dependent on F - actin cytoskeleton '' . The FASEB Journal . 17 ( 13 ) : 1907 -- 1909 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 03 - 0178fje . PMID 12923070 . Jump up ^ Baba , Y. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Coupling of STIM1 to store - operated Ca entry through its constitutive and inducible movement in the endoplasmic reticulum '' . PNAS. 103 ( 45 ) : 16704 -- 16709 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0608358103 . PMC 1636519 . PMID 17075073 . Jump up ^ Rash , BG ; Ackman , JB ; Rakic , P ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Bidirectional radial Ca ( 2 + ) activity regulates neurogenesis and migration during early cortical column formation '' . Science Advances. 2 ( 2 ) : e1501733 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1501733 . PMC 4771444 . PMID 26933693 . Jump up ^ Berridge , Michael J. ; Lipp , Peter ; Bootman , Martin D. ( October 2000 ) . `` The versatility and universality of calcium signalling '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 21 . doi : 10.1038 / 35036035 . PMID 11413485 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Suresh K. ; Hajnóczky , György ( 2007 - 02 - 06 ) . `` IP3 receptors in cell survival and apoptosis : Ca2+ release and beyond '' . Apoptosis. 12 ( 5 ) : 951 -- 968 . doi : 10.1007 / s10495 - 007 - 0719 - 7 . ISSN 1360 - 8185 . Jump up ^ Ali ES , Hua J , Wilson CH , Tallis GA , Zhou FH , Rychkov GY , Barritt GJ ( 2016 ) . `` The glucagon - like peptide - 1 analogue exendin - 4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling in steatotic hepatocytes '' . BBA − Molecular Cell Research . 1863 : 2135 -- 2146 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamcr. 2016.05. 006 . PMID 27178543 . Jump up ^ Koolman , Jan ; Röhm , Klaus - Heinrich ( 2005 ) . Color Atlas of Biochemistry . New York : Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 247 - 1 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Gatto , Gregory J. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2015 ) . Biochemistry ( Eighth ed . ) . New York , NY : W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4641 - 2610 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ivannikov , M. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Mitochondrial Free Ca Levels and Their Effects on Energy Metabolism in Drosophila Motor Nerve Terminals '' . Biophys . J. 104 ( 11 ) : 2353 -- 2361 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2013.03. 064 . PMC 3672877 . PMID 23746507 . Jump up ^ Ivannikov , M. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Synaptic vesicle exocytosis in hippocampal synaptosomes correlates directly with total mitochondrial volume '' . J. Mol . Neurosci. 49 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 230 . doi : 10.1007 / s12031 - 012 - 9848 - 8 . PMC 3488359 . PMID 22772899 . Jump up ^ Berridge , M. ( 1998 ) . `` Neuronal calcium signaling '' . Neuron. 21 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 00 ) 80510 - 3 . PMID 9697848 . Further reading ( edit ) Petersen , Ole H ( 2005 ) . `` Ca signalling and Ca - activated ion channels in exocrine acinar cells '' . Cell Calcium. 38 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 171 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceca. 2005.06. 024 . PMID 16107275 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calcium signaling . Cell signaling / Signal transduction Signaling pathways GPCR Wnt RTK TGF beta MAPK / ERK Notch JAK - STAT Akt / PKB Fas apoptosis Hippo PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway Integrin receptors Agents Receptor ligands Hormones Neurotransmitters / Neuropeptides / Neurohormones Cytokines Growth factors Signaling molecules Receptors Cell surface Intracellular Co-receptor Second messenger cAMP - dependent pathway Ca signaling Lipid signaling Assistants : Signal transducing adaptor protein Scaffold protein Transcription factors General Transcription preinitiation complex TFIID TFIIH By distance Juxtacrine Autocrine / Paracrine Endocrine Other concepts Intracrine action Neurocrine signaling Synaptic transmission Chemical synapse Neuroendocrine signaling Exocrine signalling Pheromones Mechanotransduction Phototransduction Ion channel gating Gap junction Cell signaling : calcium signaling and calcium metabolism Cell membrane Ion pumps SERCA Sodium - calcium exchanger Cell membrane calcium channels VDCC TRP NMDA receptor AMPA receptor 5 - HT3 receptor P2X purinoreceptor Adhesion molecules Cadherin Other Calcium - sensing receptor Intracellular signaling & calc . regulation Second messengers IP3 NAADP cADPR Store gates ( ligand - gated calcium channel ) IP3 receptor CICR Ryanodine receptor Molecular switches , and kinases Troponin C Calmodulin CaM kinases PKC NCS Chelators and calcium sensors Calbindin S100 pervalbumin Calretinin Calsequestrin Sarcalumenin Phospholamban Synaptotagmins Proteases Calpain Cytoskeleton remodeling proteins Gelsolin Chaperones Calreticulin Calnexin Other Vitamin D Calcium - binding protein domains EF hand domain C2 domain Extracellular ligands Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Calcium - binding proteins Intracellular calcium - sensing proteins Calmodulin Calnexin Calreticulin Gelsolin neuronal Hippocalcin Neurocalcin Recoverin Membrane protein Annexin A1 A2 A5 Fibulin FBLN1 FBLN2 FBLN5 Vitamin D - dependent calcium - binding protein / Calbindin Calexcitin Calsequestrin Osteocalcin Osteonectin S - 100 Synaptotagmin Cytoskeleton Troponin C Extracellular matrix Matrix gla protein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_signaling&oldid=811975906 '' Categories : Cell signaling Signal transduction Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 04 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which second messenger molecule acts on the endoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions	[ "Calcium ions are important for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytosol of the cytoplasm they exert allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Calcium can act in signal transduction resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors." ]	[ "Calcium ions" ]
8801780018427462418	Siamese twins (linguistics)	Siamese twins ( linguistics ) - wikipedia Siamese twins ( linguistics ) Jump to : navigation , search The expression `` hammer and sickle '' is a Siamese twin . The order of the two keywords of this familiar expression can not be reversed . Siamese twins ( also irreversible binomials , binomials , binomial pairs , nonreversible word pairs , or freezes ) in the context of the English language refer to a pair or group of words used together as an idiomatic expression or collocation , usually conjoined by the words and or or . The order of elements can not be reversed . The expressions hammer and sickle ( two nouns ) , short and sweet ( two adjectives ) , and do or die ( two verbs ) are various examples of Siamese twins . Many Siamese twins are `` catchy '' ( and thus clichés and catchphrases ) due to alliteration , rhyming , or their ubiquity in society and culture . Word combinations like rock and roll , the birds and the bees , mix and match , and wear and tear have become so widely used that their meanings surpass the meaning of the constituent words and are thus inseparable and permanent parts of the English lexicon ; the former two are idioms , whilst the latter two are collocations . Ubiquitous collocations like loud and clear and life or death are fixed expressions , making them a standard part of the vocabulary of native English speakers . Some English words are known to have become obsolete in general but are still found exclusively in an irreversible binomial . In the passage of time since spick and span was coined , the origin and meaning of the word spick has been utterly forgotten ; it has become a fossil word that never appears outside the familiar phrase . In other cases an English word , like vim in vim and vigor or abet in aid and abet , will be found more often in such phrases than on its own ; such a word may be archaic apart from the collocation . Certain Siamese twins are known for their use in legalese . Due to the use of precedent in common law , many lawyers use the same collocations found in documents centuries old . So rather than a person `` enunciating '' a `` narrative '' or recollecting about a situation , a legal brief will instead declare that a person deposes and says something pertinent . Likewise , a person who bequeaths property habitually writes of their heirs and successors and not some alternative construct . While many Siamese twins are literal expressions ( like washer and dryer , rest and relaxation , rich and famous , savings and loan ) , some are entirely figurative ( like come hell or high water , nip and tuck , surf and turf ) or mostly figurative ( like between a rock and a hard place , five and dime ) . Others are somewhat in between these extremes because they are more subtle figures of speech , synecdoches , metaphors , or hyperboles ( like cat and mouse , sick and tired , barefoot and pregnant , rags to riches ) . A few Siamese twins have variations , based on the usage of the phrase . One time - worn expression is time and time again : it is frequently shortened to time and again . A person who is covered in tar and feathers ( noun ) usually gets that way by the action of a mob that tars and feathers ( verb ) undesirable people . Similarly , some Siamese twins mean something different depending on the conjunction between the words . For example a give and take refers to two - way or mutual flexibility , whereas give or take means a numerical approximation . Another example : a person can do something whether it is right or wrong in contrast to knowing the difference between right and wrong ; each word pair has a subtly differing meaning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Conjunction 2.1 With `` and '' as the conjunction 2.2 With `` or '' or `` nor '' as the conjunction 2.3 With no conjunction 3 Structure 3.1 With opposites and antonyms 3.2 With related words and synonyms 3.3 With alliteration 3.4 With rhymes and similar - sounding words 3.5 With repetition 4 Legal terminology 5 People and fictional characters 6 Rhyming slang 7 Variants 7.1 Common trinomials 7.2 Legal triplets 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origin ( edit ) The term Siamese twins originates with Chang and Eng Bunker , the conjoined twins from Siam . In the context of the English language , this word was first used and popularised by H.W. Fowler , a renowned lexicographer . Conjunction ( edit ) The most common conjunctions used in a phrase that constitutes Siamese twins are and or or . With `` and '' as the conjunction ( edit ) above and beyond airs and graces alarm and muster alive and kicking alive and well an arm and a leg armed and dangerous apples and oranges back and fill back and forth bacon and eggs Bangers and mash bait and switch bait and tackle ( old ) ball and chain barefoot and pregnant bargain and sale beck and call bells and whistles belt and suspenders big and bold big and tall binge and purge bit and bridle bits and bobs bits and pieces block and tackle blood and guts blood and gore bob and weave bow and arrow bound and determined bound and gagged bow and scrape brace and bit bread and water bread and circuses bread and roses brown and serve bump and grind by and large by guess and by golly cap and gown car and driver cat and mouse checks and balances chop and change clean and sober cloak and dagger coat and tie coffee and doughnuts cock - and - bull crash and burn cream and sugar crime and punishment cup and saucer cut and dried ( dry ) cut and paste cut and run dandelion and burdock day and night dead and buried dead and gone death and taxes divide and conquer dog and pony show down and out duck and cover each and every eyes and ears far and wide fast and furious fast and loose fine and dandy fingers and thumbs fire and brimstone fish and chips ( by ) fits and starts flesh and blood flesh and bone forever and a day forever and ever front and center fun and games fuss and bother goals and aspirations good and plenty goodness and light hale and hearty hard and fast ham and eggs hammer and nail hammer and sickle hammer and tongs hearts and minds here and now hide and watch high and mighty high and dry high and tight hit and run hit it and quit it hither and yon hither and thither home and hosed home and dry hook and eye hook and loop horse and buggy horse and carriage hot and high hot and bothered hugs and kisses ( XOXO ) intents and purposes kiss and tell kiss and makeup kith and kin knife and fork lakes and streams law and order lo and behold lock and dam lock and key look and feel loud and clear make do and mend man and boy meat and potatoes men and women milk and honey mortise and tenon name and address names and faces nice and easy nook and cranny noughts and crosses nuts and bolts odds and ends off and away once and for all out and about over and out peaches and cream Ps and Qs peanut butter and jelly peas and carrots pestle and mortar pickles and ice cream pick and axe piss and vinegar prize and booty pork and beans pure and simple quick and dirty rack and pinion rack and ruin raining cats and dogs rape and pillage religion and politics research and development ( R&D ) rhythm and blues ( R&B ) rich and famous rise and shine ( between a ) rock and a hard place room and board rough and tumble run and jump ( all 's ) said and done salt and pepper scratch and sniff search and rescue seek and destroy shirt and tie short and fat short and sweet short and stout show and tell shuck and jive sick and tired slash and burn slings and arrows slip and fall slow and steady skin and bone ( s ) smash and grab smoke and mirrors snakes and ladders socks and shoes song and dance sound and fury ( in ) spirit and ( in ) truth spit and polish stand and deliver stress and strain suit and tie sunshine and rainbows supply and demand sweetness and light a swing and a miss sword and sandal tables and chairs tall and thin tar ( red ) and feather ( ed ) tar and feathers tea and crumpets ( through ) thick and thin thunder and lightning to and fro tooth and nail touch and go track and field trial and error tuck and roll up and about vim and vigor wait and see warm and fuzzy warp and woof ways and means weak and girlish whinge and whine last will and testament wine and roses words and phrases X 's and O 's a year and a day With `` or '' or `` nor '' as the conjunction ( edit ) all or nothing better or worse big or small black or white business or pleasure the chicken or the egg day or night dead or alive do or die fight or flight ( neither ) fish nor fowl give or take good or bad gentle or simple he or she heads or tails ( come ) hell or high water ( neither ) here nor there ( neither ) hide nor hair his or her hit or miss ( not one ) jot or tittle kill or cure kill or be killed ( neither ) love nor money make or break more or less now or never put up or shut up rain or shine rhyme or reason right or wrong sink or swim sooner or later take it or leave it two or more up or down ( neither ) use nor ornament victory or death win or lose yes or no With no conjunction ( edit ) Hunter gatherer Structure ( edit ) The structure of any Siamese twins phrase has words that are related in some way . The words constituting a Siamese twins phrase may be synonyms , antonyms , include alliterations or similar - sounding words that often rhyme . Other varieties of Siamese twins may also be possible . Examples below are split into various tables ; some may belong in more than one table but are listed only once . With opposites and antonyms ( edit ) addition and subtraction assets and liabilities back and forth balls and strikes beginning to end black and white big and small boys and girls bride and groom brother and sister butt and pass buy and sell catch and release cause and effect church and state cops and robbers come and go coming and going cowboys and Indians days and nights deep and wide dos and don'ts dusk till dawn ebb and flow fire and ice first and last floor to ceiling food and drink fore and aft foreign and domestic forward and backward friend or foe front to back give and take good and evil hail and farewell ( etymologically synonyms ; functionally antonyms ) hand and foot head over heels Heaven and Hell here and there hide and seek hill and dale him and her high and low hips and valleys his and hers hither and thither hot and cold hurry up and wait husband and wife in and out ladies and gentlemen land and sea life or death long and short lost and found love and hate love and war man and wife mom and pop naughty or nice near and far night and day ( difference ) nip and tuck north to south now and then now and later on and off open and shut over and under park and ride pen and ink port and starboard pros and cons rank and file rise and fall savings and loan in sickness and in health soap and water start to finish strike and dip sweet and sour stop and go the quick and the dead thick and thin tip and ring to and fro top to bottom town and country up and down ups and downs uptown and downtown victory and defeat war and peace washer and dryer wax and wane yes and no With related words and synonyms ( edit ) ages and generations aid and comfort body and soul born and raised / bred bright and early brick and mortar by hook or by crook cheek by jowl clean and tidy chapter and verse ( this ) day and age dot the i 's and cross the t 's first and foremost hail and farewell ( etymologically synonyms ; functionally antonyms ) hand over fist haughty and high minded head and shoulders heart and soul herbs and spices house and home hunger and thirst leaps and bounds like father , like son like mother , like daughter neat and tidy six of one , half a dozen of the other nook and cranny null and void over and done with pain and suffering peace and quiet pick and choose ( on ) pins and needles plain and simple prim and proper rocks and shoals nickel and dime dollars and cents rant and rave shock and awe signs and wonders skull and bones Skull and crossbones strait and narrow stress and strain ticks and chiggers whine and complain wind and rain yea and amen With alliteration ( edit ) bag and baggage baubles and beads beams and balance bed and breakfast belt and braces big and bad the birds and the bees bish bash bosh black and blue bold and beautiful bootleggers and Baptists boxers or briefs bread and butter bull and boar cash and carry chalk and cheese cliques and clans command and control cookies and cream deaf and dumb ( between the ) devil and the deep blue sea dine and dash down and dirty dribs and drabs drink and drive drunk and disorderly Dungeons and Dragons fast and furious feast or famine fire and faggot flip - flop flora and fauna forgive and forget form and function footloose and fancy free friend or foe fun and frolics fur and feathers ghosts and goblins grins and giggles guys and gals to have and to hold hearth and home hem and haw Jack and Jill Jew and Gentile juking and jiving king and country kit and caboodle kith and kin last but not least latitude and longitude Lend - Lease life and limb live and learn lock and load love it or leave it mix and match meek and mild name and number part and parcel peas in a pod pen and pencil pen ( cil ) and paper pig in a poke pillar to post pots and pans publish or perish rags to riches ranting and raving read and write ready to rumble rest and relaxation ( a.k.a. R ' n ' R ) ( without ) rhyme or reason right and wrong rock and roll rough and ready rules and regulations safe and secure safe and sound shot and shell signs and symptoms slip and slide spick and span spit and shine Stars and Stripes sticks and stones sugar and spice this or that tic - tac - toe tit for tat top and tail toss and turn trick or treat trials and tribulations tried and tested tried and true truck and trailer wash and wear watching and waiting weep and wail wet and wild whooping and hollering wild and wooly wise and wonderful witches and warlocks wrack and ruin With rhymes and similar - sounding words ( edit ) break and take box and cox chalk and talk charts and darts chips and dip double trouble even Steven fender bender five and dime flotsam and jetsam no fuss , no muss handy - dandy harum - scarum helter skelter high and dry hire and fire hit it and quit hither and thither hocus pocus hoi polloi hot to trot huff and puff hustle and bustle lap and gap lick ' em and stick ' em lout and proud mean , green , fighting machine meet and greet motor voter my way or the highway namby - pamby name and shame name it and claim it near and dear never , ever nitty gritty odds and sods onwards and upwards Orgy Porgy out and about out and proud pell - mell pump and dump rough and tough shout and clout saggy baggy shake and bake slowly but surely smoke and joke stash and dash stop and drop so far , so good surf and turf time and tide town and gown use it or lose it wake and bake wear and tear weed and feed wham , bam , thank you , ma'am willy nilly wine and dine yea or nay ( the ) yeas and ( the ) nays With repetition ( edit ) Some of these are examples of reduplication . actor 's actor ( an ) again and again all in all around and around arm in arm back to back be all and end all billions and billions bit by bit bling - bling bumper to bumper business to business by and by let bygones be bygones cheek to cheek closer and closer come , come ( from ) coast to coast day in , day out day to day day by day for days and days four - by - four ( 4x4 ) elbow to elbow end to end dog eat dog from ear to ear end over end an eye for an eye eye to eye face to face forever and ever go , go , go hand in hand hand to hand head to head heart to heart higher and higher home sweet home horror of horrors kill or be killed king of kings less and less lies , lies , and more lies little by little live and let live lower and lower louder and louder man to man measure for measure more and more mouth to mouth neck and neck never say never nose and nose nose to nose on and on out and out over and over round and round poet 's poet run , run , run shoulder to shoulder side by side side to side so and so ( and ) so forth and so on ' step by step strength to strength such and such through and through time after time time and time ( again ) ( from ) time to time two by two toe to toe ( on the ) up and up wall to wall for weeks and weeks ( from ) wire to wire woman to woman Legal terminology ( edit ) Known as legal doublets , there are many collocations and merisms which are repetitively used in a legal or official context . Many of these can be found in legal documents dating back centuries ; their habitual use has been decried by some legal scholars as superfluous in modern legal briefs . There are also legal triplets , which are listed below in their own section . accord and satisfaction aid and abet all and sundry acknowledge and confess alter or change appropriate and proper assault and battery bind and obligate breaking and entering by and between butts and bounds care and attention cease and desist covenant and agree deem and consider demise and lease depose and say due and payable eastings and northings expressed or implied final and conclusive fit and proper free and clear from now and henceforth full faith and credit furnish and supply goods and chattels have and hold heirs and successors high crimes and misdemeanors hue and cry indemnify and hold harmless infangthief and outfangthief keep and perform kind and nature legal and valid let or hindrance lewd and lascivious conduct liens and encumbrances make and enter into marque and reprisal metes and bounds mind and memory No quarter . No mercy . null and void over and above perform and discharge power and authority profit and loss sac and soc sale or transfer search and seizure signed and sealed sole and exclusive successor and assigns terms and conditions toll and team true and correct waif and stray People and fictional characters ( edit ) Further information : Category : Duos Abbott and Costello Adam and Eve Antony and Cleopatra Ant & Dec Batman and Robin Bert and Ernie Bonnie and Clyde French and Saunders Gilbert and Sullivan Jacob and Esau Jack and Jill Laurel and Hardy Lennon and McCartney Lewis and Clark Mel and Sue Morecambe and Wise Penn & Teller Pinky & The Brain Rodgers and Hart Rodgers and Hammerstein Romeo and Juliet Sonny & Cher Tom & Jerry Tristan and Isolde Tim & Eric Vic & Bob Rhyming slang ( edit ) Main article : Rhyming slang Adam and Eve apples and pears bottle and glass Brahms and Liszt dog and bone frog and toad hand and blister north and south rabbit and pork tit for tat trouble and strife two and eight whistle and flute Variants ( edit ) Siamese twins occurring as a pair ( that is , having two words occurring together ) are also known as binomials . If the variant has three words occurring together , it is also known as a trinomial . Another name for this collocation is tricolon when the three parts are of the same or consistent grammatical form . Many of these could be considered triplets and satisfy the rule of three in writing . Common trinomials ( edit ) Abraham , Isaac , and Jacob Animal , Vegetable , Mineral beans , bullets , and bandages beg , steal , or borrow blood , sweat and tears Eagle , Globe , and Anchor eat , drink , and be merry bewitched , bothered and bewildered bird , ball , and chain calm , cool , and collected could 've , would 've , should 've ear , nose , and throat fat , dumb , and happy Father , Son , Holy Ghost fear , uncertainty , and doubt fraud , waste , and abuse Friends , Romans , countrymen Get it ? Got it ? Good . gold , silver , and bronze good , bad , and indifferent the good , the bad , and the ugly guns , germs , and steel hand , foot , and mouth healthy , wealthy , and wise here , there , and everywhere hook , line , and sinker lather , rinse , repeat lie , cheat , or steal lights , camera , action location , location , location win , place , or show hop , skip , and a jump I came , I saw , I conquered ( no ) ifs , ands , or buts judge , jury , and executioner left , right and center life , liberty , and property lock , stock and barrel mad , bad , and dangerous me , myself , and I nasty , brutish , and short planes , trains , and automobiles ( neither ) rain , nor sleet , nor snow reading , writing and ' rithmetic ready , willing , and able red , white , and blue sex , drugs , and rock ' n ' roll shake , rattle , and roll short and sweet and to the point slips , trips , and falls small , medium , and large stop , drop , and roll stop , look , and listen soup , soap , and salvation sugar and spice and everything nice tall , dark , and handsome this , that , and the other Tom , Dick and Harry up , down , and sideways way , shape , or form whats , whys , and wherefores win , lose , or draw Legal triplets ( edit ) cancel , annul , and set aside convey , transfer , and set over give , devise , and bequeath grant , bargain , sell name , constitute , and appoint ordered , adjudged , and decreed remise , release , and forever quit claim rest , residue , and remainder right , title , and interest signed , sealed and delivered See also ( edit ) Collocation Fossil word Hendiadys Hendiatris Isocolon Meme Merism Phraseme Set phrase Word order Anastrophe References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gramley & Pätzold ( 2004 ) . A Survey of Modern English ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30034 - 7 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Word Pairs ^ Jump up to : Spick - and - span , Gary Martin , Phrases.org.uk ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Amusing Stories Behind Common Expressions Reader 's Digest '' . Rd.com. 2011 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Espenschied , Lenné Eidson ( 2010 ) . `` 10.1 Eliminate clutter and redundant language § Eliminate common doublets and triplets '' . Contract Drafting : Powerful Prose in Transactional Practice . ABA Fundamentals0 . Chicago : American Bar Association . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60442 - 795 - 0 . LCCN 2010003298 . OCLC 505017586 . OL 15443452W . ^ Jump up to : Ingels , Mia B. ( 2006 ) . `` 2.2. 1.3 . Doublets and triplets '' . Legal English Communication Skills . Learning English . Leuven , Belgium : Academische Coöperatieve Vennootschap . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 90 - 334 - 6112 - 9 . OCLC 150389897 . Jump up ^ `` Doublets '' . TransLegal. 12 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan A. ( 2011 ) . Garner 's Dictionary of Legal Usage. Rev. ed. of : A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 577 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538420 - 8 . LCCN 2011004242 . OCLC 671709669 . OL 24973858M . External links ( edit ) The Chicken or the Egg ? : A Probabilistic Analysis of English Binomials The column Know Your English in the Indian newspaper The Hindu dated November 1 , 2005 . The Siamese twins of language - Article in the Education section of The Hindu dated 8 July 2003 Frases Binomiales Some examples of Siamese twins employing the same word twice Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siamese_twins_(linguistics)&oldid=824355786 '' Categories : English language Clichés Idioms Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles containing Dutch - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the term siamese twins come from	[ "The term Siamese twins originates with Chang and Eng Bunker, the conjoined twins from Siam. In the context of the English language, this word was first used and popularised by H. W. Fowler, a renowned lexicographer." ]	[ "Chang and Eng Bunker, the conjoined twins from Siam" ]
3014925670303662991	Knockin' on Heaven's Door	Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side `` Turkey Chase '' Released July 13 , 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 2 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity '' , the song , in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 2.1 Eric Clapton version 2.2 Guns N ' Roses version 2.2. 1 Charts 2.2. 2 Certifications 2.3 Dunblane tribute 2.4 Other cover versions 3 Sampled version 4 Soundtrack inclusions 5 In popular culture 6 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR 10 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 51 UK ( OCC ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 92 Canada 93 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 104 Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses version ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion II Released Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 30 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Year - end charts Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow - Up . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997 . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN Misty 2018 KLANG In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 10 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Janjatović , Petar ( 2007 ) . Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 . Belgrade : self - released . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 미스티 Special OST ( Misty Special OST ) '' . Melon . kakao M Corporation . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Appetite for Democracy 3D Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Appetite for Destruction : Locked N ' Loaded edition Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' `` Shadow of Your Love '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` So Fine '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Garden of Eden '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` New Rose '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Preceded by `` A Different Beat '' by Boyzone UK Singles Chart number - one single 21 December 1996 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` 2 Become 1 '' by Spice Girls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=842792496 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1970s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang knock knock knockin on heaven's door originally	[ "\"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as \"an exercise in splendid simplicity\",[1] the song, in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions." ]	[ "Bob Dylan" ]
958778814438627027	List of Indian state flowers	List of Indian State flowers - Wikipedia List of Indian State flowers Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India , officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia . It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories . All Indian states have their own government and Union territories come under the jurisdiction of the Central Government . As most of the other countries India too has a national emblem - The lion capital . Apart from India 's national emblem , each of its States and Union Territories have their own state seals and symbols which include state animals , birds , trees , flowers etc . A list of state flowers of India is given below . See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all State characters and seals . State Common name Scientific name Image Andhra Pradesh Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Arunachal Pradesh Lady 's slipper orchid Cypripedioideae Assam Kopou phul Rhynchostylis gigantea Bihar Orchid Tree ( Kachnar ) Bauhinia variegata Chhattisgarh Foxtail Orchids Rhynchostylis gigantea Goa Red Jasmine Plumeria rubra Gujarat African Marigold Tagetes erecta Haryana Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Himachal Pradesh Pink rhododendron Rhododendron campanulatum Jammu and Kashmir Common rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum Jharkhand Palash Butea monosperma Karnataka Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Kerala Golden shower tree Cassia fistula Madhya Pradesh Lilium candidum Lilium candidum Maharashtra Jarul Lagerstroemia speciosa Manipur Siroi lily Lilium mackliniae Meghalaya Lady 's slipper Cypripedioideae Mizoram Red Vanda Renanthera imschootiana Nagaland Rhododendron Rhododendron arboreum Odisha Ashoka Saraca asoca Punjab Gladiolus Gladiolus grandiflorus Rajasthan Rohira Tecomella undulata Sikkim Noble orchid Cymbidium goeringii Tamil Nadu Glory lily Gloriosa superba Telangana Ranawara Senna auriculata Tripura Nag Kesar Mesua ferrea Uttar Pradesh Palash Butea monosperma Uttarakhand Brahma Kamal Saussurea obvallata West Bengal Night - flowering Jasmine Nyctanthes arbor - tristis Union territory Common name Scientific name Image Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Pyinma Lagerstroemia hypoleuca Chandigarh Palash Butea monosperma Dadra and Nagar Haveli Not Designated Daman and Diu Not Designated Delhi Alfalfa Medicago sativa Lakshadweep Neelakurinji Strobilanthes kunthiana Puducherry Cannonball tree 's flower Couroupita guianensis See also ( edit ) List of Indian state trees List of Indian state birds List of Indian state animals Flora of the Indian epic period References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.affairscloud.com/symbols-of-states-of-india/ Jump up ^ http://2.imimg.com/data2/OT/FH/MY-/shiv-pdf.pdf for the scientific name Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference kihp was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference hp was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` State Flower Jarul : : Maharashtra '' . city flowers Social Work . 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . State Flower Jump up ^ Government of Maharashtra ENVIS Cell : Important native trees of India Archived 2009 - 08 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CyberOrissa.com : : Orissa '' . cyberorissa.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . State Flower Jump up ^ `` Orissa State Symbols '' . mapsofindia.com. 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . The state flower is the ' Ashoka ' flower Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference envis - flower was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Palash gets state flower 's status - Times Of India '' . indiatimes.com. 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Palash ( Butea monosperma ) is now the state flower of Uttar Pradesh Jump up ^ `` IE Briefs - Indian Express '' . indianexpress.com. 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . The Uttar Pradesh government has declared ' Palash ' or the ' Flame of Forest ' as the state flower Jump up ^ `` State Symbols of India '' . General Knowledge 2016 / 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Flowers of India '' . www.bsienvis.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ State Animal , Bird , Tree and Flower of Chandigarh ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Complete Reference for Indian flower collection Complete Indian flower collection Indian state flowers Official flora and fauna of various states in India On Biodiversity of India wiki This India - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_state_flowers&oldid=817038271 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Natural history of India Lists of flowers India stubs Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 17 : 18 . About Wikipedia	which is the state flower of himachal pradesh	[ "\n\nState\nCommon name\nScientific name\nImage\n\n\nAndhra Pradesh\nLotus\nNelumbo nucifera\n\n\n\nArunachal Pradesh\nLady's slipper orchid\nCypripedioideae\n\n\n\nAssam\nKopou phul\nRhynchostylis gigantea\n\n\n\nBihar\nOrchid Tree (Kachnar)\nBauhinia variegata\n\n\n\nChhattisgarh\nFoxtail Orchids\nRhynchostylis gigantea\n\n\n\nGoa\nRed Jasmine\nPlumeria rubra\n\n\n\nGujarat\nAfrican Marigold\nTagetes erecta[2]\n\n\n\nHaryana\nLotus\nNelumbo nucifera\n\n\n\nHimachal Pradesh\nPink rhododendron[3][4]\nRhododendron campanulatum\n\n\n\nJammu and Kashmir\nCommon rhododendron\nRhododendron ponticum\n\n\n\nJharkhand\nPalash\nButea monosperma\n\n\n\nKarnataka\nLotus\nNelumbo nucifera\n\n\n\nKerala\nGolden shower tree\nCassia fistula\n\n\n\nMadhya Pradesh\nLilium candidum\nLilium candidum\n\n\n\nMaharashtra\nJarul[5]\nLagerstroemia speciosa[6]\n\n\n\nManipur\nSiroi lily\nLilium mackliniae\n\n\n\nMeghalaya\nLady's slipper\nCypripedioideae\n\n\n\nMizoram\nRed Vanda\nRenanthera imschootiana\n\n\n\nNagaland\nRhododendron\nRhododendron arboreum\n\n\n\nOdisha\nAshoka[7][8]\nSaraca asoca\n\n\n\nPunjab\nGladiolus\nGladiolus grandiflorus\n[9]\n\n\nRajasthan\nRohira\nTecomella undulata\n\n\n\nSikkim\nNoble orchid\nCymbidium goeringii\n\n\n\nTamil Nadu\nGlory lily\nGloriosa superba\n\n\n\nTelangana\nRanawara\nSenna auriculata\n\n\n\nTripura\nNag Kesar\nMesua ferrea\n\n\n\nUttar Pradesh\nPalash[10][11]\nButea monosperma\n\n\n\nUttarakhand\nBrahma Kamal\nSaussurea obvallata\n\n\n\nWest Bengal\nNight-flowering Jasmine\nNyctanthes arbor-tristis\n\n\n" ]	[ "Pink rhododendron" ]
-1985154744279978634	List of past presumed highest mountains	List of past presumed highest mountains - Wikipedia List of past presumed highest mountains This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of mountains that have been presumed , at one time , to be the highest mountain in the world . How general were the following presumptions is unclear . Before the age of exploration , no geographer could make any plausible assumption . Chimborazo , 6,267 metres ( 20,561 ft ) . Presumed highest from sixteenth century until the beginning of the 19th century . Not in the top 100 highest mountains when measured from sea level , however due to the earth 's equatorial bulge this is the farthest point from the Earth 's center . Nanda Devi , 7,816 metres ( 25,643 ft ) . Presumed highest in the world before Kangchenjunga was sighted in an era when Nepal was still closed to the outside world . Now known to be the 23rd highest mountain in the world . Dhaulagiri , 8,167 metres ( 26,795 ft ) . Presumed highest from 1808 until 1847 . Now known to be the 7th highest mountain in the world . Kangchenjunga , 8,586 metres ( 28,169 ft ) . Presumed highest from 1847 until 1852 . Now known to be the 3rd highest mountain in the world . Mount Everest , 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) . Established as highest in 1852 and officially confirmed in 1856 . K2 , 8,611 metres ( 28,251 ft ) . Discovered in 1856 before Mt . Everest was officially confirmed , K2 's elevation became something of an enigma until it was officially resolved at a later date . News media reported in 1986 that satellite measurements by the University of Washington during an expedition to K2 by George Wallenstein had given a height between 29,064 feet ( 8,859 m ) and 29,228 feet ( 8,909 m ) . This erroneous figure was quickly retracted , and K2 's status as second highest was reaffirmed . See also ( edit ) World altitude record ( mountaineering ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waller , Derek J. ( 2004 ) . The Pundits : British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia . University Press of Kentucky . p. 174 . ISBN 0813191009 . ^ Jump up to : Keay , John ( 2003 ) . `` The Highest Mountain in the World '' . Imaging Everest . The Royal Geographical Society ( with the Institute of British Geographers ) . ISBN 9780743243865 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The tallest mountain in the world '' . Allen 's Indian Mail . 6 October 1856 . p. 574 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ian . `` Which is taller , Mt . Everest or K2 ? '' . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . This cartography or mapping term article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_past_presumed_highest_mountains&oldid=802888180 '' Categories : Lists of mountains by elevation Cartography stubs Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 02 : 14 . About Wikipedia	what was the tallest mountain before mt everest was discovered	[ "\nChimborazo, 6,267 metres (20,561 ft). Presumed highest from sixteenth century until the beginning of the 19th century. Not in the top 100 highest mountains when measured from sea level, however due to the earth's equatorial bulge this is the farthest point from the Earth's center.\nNanda Devi, 7,816 metres (25,643 ft). Presumed highest in the world before Kangchenjunga was sighted in an era when Nepal was still closed to the outside world. Now known to be the 23rd highest mountain in the world.\nDhaulagiri, 8,167 metres (26,795 ft). Presumed highest from 1808[1] until 1847.[2] Now known to be the 7th highest mountain in the world.\nKangchenjunga, 8,586 metres (28,169 ft). Presumed highest from 1847 until 1852. Now known to be the 3rd highest mountain in the world.[2]\nMount Everest, 8,848 metres (29,029 ft). Established as highest in 1852 and officially confirmed in 1856.[3]\nK2, 8,611 metres (28,251 ft). Discovered in 1856 before Mt. Everest was officially confirmed, K2's elevation became something of an enigma until it was officially resolved at a later date.[2] News media reported in 1986 that satellite measurements by the University of Washington during an expedition to K2 by George Wallenstein had given a height between 29,064 feet (8,859 m) and 29,228 feet (8,909 m).[4] This erroneous figure was quickly retracted, and K2's status as second highest was reaffirmed.[4]\n" ]	[ "Kangchenjunga" ]
847928453419463311	Please Don't Talk to the Lifeguard	Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard - wikipedia Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard `` Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard '' Single by Diane Ray from the album The Exciting Years B - side `` That 's All I Want From You '' Released 1963 Format 7 '' Recorded 1963 Genre Pop rock Length 1 : 42 Label Mercury -- R 72117 Songwriter ( s ) Sylvia Dee , George Goehring Diane Ray singles chronology `` Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard '' ( 1963 ) `` My Summer Love '' ( 1963 ) `` Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard '' ( 1963 ) `` My Summer Love '' ( 1963 ) `` Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard '' is a song by American pop singer Diane Ray . It was featured on her 1964 album The Exciting Years , and reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents 1 Chart performance 2 Inclusion on compilations 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Hot 100 chart dated August 3 , 1963 . It peaked seven weeks later at number 31 . `` Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard '' spent a total of 9 weeks on the chart . Ray 's next single , `` My Summer Love '' , failed to impact any chart , as did her subsequent singles , making her a one - hit wonder . Inclusion on compilations ( edit ) The song has been included on numerous girl - pop compilations , including Growin ' Up Too Fast : The Girl Group Anthology ( 1996 ) , I Wish I Were a Princess : The Great Lost Female Teen Idols ( 1997 ) , and Early Girls , Vol. 3 ( 2000 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Song overview '' . Allmusic . RhythmOne . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Ray -- The Exciting Years '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diane Renay US chart history '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 from August 3 , 1963 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Ray Discography '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Hear this song on YouTube `` Please Do n't Talk to the Lifeguard '' at Discogs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Please_Don%27t_Talk_to_the_Lifeguard&oldid=772788589 '' Categories : American pop songs 1963 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2017 , at 09 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang please don't talk to the lifeguard	[ "\"Please Don't Talk to the Lifeguard\" is a song by American pop singer Diane Ray.[1] It was featured on her 1964 album The Exciting Years,[2] and reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3]\n" ]	[ "Diane Ray" ]
-6005418221760140365	List of Shrek characters	List of Shrek characters - wikipedia List of Shrek characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters that appear in the Shrek franchise and spin - offs from it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Shrek 1.2 Donkey 1.3 Princess Fiona 1.4 Puss in Boots 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Dragon 2.2 The Gingerbread Man 2.3 Arthur Pendragon 2.4 The Big Bad Wolf 2.5 Three Little Pigs 2.6 Pinocchio 2.7 Three Blind Mice 2.8 Dronkeys 2.9 Farkle , Fergus and Felicia 2.10 Queen Lillian 2.11 King Harold 2.12 Doris 2.13 Snow White 2.14 Cinderella 2.15 Sleeping Beauty 2.16 Merlin 2.17 Brogan 2.18 Cookie 2.19 Gretched 2.20 Humpty Dumpty 2.21 Kitty Softpaws 3 Main villains 3.1 Lord Farquaad 3.2 Fairy Godmother 3.3 Prince Charming 3.4 Rumpelstiltskin 3.5 Jack and Jill 4 Minor villains 4.1 Thelonious 4.2 Rapunzel 4.3 Captain Hook 4.4 Cyclops 4.5 Mabel the Ugly Stepsister 4.6 The Evil Trees 4.7 The Evil Queen 4.8 The Puppet Master 4.9 Headless Horseman 4.10 Fifi 4.11 Witches 4.12 Monsieur Robin Hood 4.13 Sir Lancelot 4.14 The Black Knight 4.15 The Pied Piper 4.16 Raoul 5 Minor characters 5.1 Magic Mirror 5.2 Mongo 5.3 Mr. Moore 5.4 Furniture 5.5 Guinevere 5.6 Imelda 5.7 Golden Goose 5.8 Great Terror 5.9 Suzie 5.10 Sugar 5.11 Other characters 5.11. 1 Cyclops Girl 5.11. 2 Hansel and Gretel 5.11. 3 Little Boy Blue 5.11. 4 Little Red Riding Hood 5.11. 5 Mister Geppetto 5.11. 6 Miss Toad 5.11. 7 Seven Dwarfs 5.11. 8 The Little Mermaid 5.11. 9 The Old Lady in the Shoe 5.11. 10 Peter Pan 5.11. 11 Tinker Bell 5.11. 12 The Three Bears 5.11. 13 Tom Thumb and Thumbelina 5.11. 14 Wendy 5.11. 15 Captain of the Guard 5.12 Appearing in Shrek the Musical 5.12. 1 Shrek 's parents 5.12. 2 Fairy Godmother 5.12. 3 Gnome 5.12. 4 Mad Hatter 5.12. 5 Shoemaker 's Elf 5.12. 6 Sugarplum Fairy 5.12. 7 The Ugly Duckling 5.12. 8 Tweedledum and Tweedledee 5.12. 9 White Rabbit 5.12. 10 The Cow who jumped over the moon 5.12. 11 The Dish and the Spoon 6 Recurring characters 7 References Main characters ( edit ) Shrek ( edit ) Main article : Shrek ( character ) Shrek ( voiced by Mike Myers , singing voice provided by Michael Gough and as his official voice in the video games ) is the lead character in of all of the films . He prides himself on being a big , green , terrifying ogre and is ill - tempered and mean . He begins the series as an unsociable hermit until he meets his soon - to - be best friend , Donkey . In a deal with Lord Farquaad , he and Donkey embark on a quest to save Princess Fiona from the castle in which she was confined . Despite their differences , Shrek and Fiona fall in love , marry at the end of the first film , and have three ogre babies in the third film . Chris Farley was originally set to play Shrek , but he died before he could complete his voice work ( he finished 80 - 90 % of the film or according to his brother Tom , 95 % ) . In Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space , a woman mistakes The Missing Link as Shrek . Donkey ( edit ) Main article : Donkey ( Shrek ) Donkey ( voiced by Eddie Murphy , singing voice provided by Mark Moseley and as his official voice in the video games , and Dean Edwards in Scared Shrekless ) is a miniature talking donkey . He is Shrek 's annoying but good - hearted best friend , Dragon 's husband and father of the Dronkeys . Princess Fiona ( edit ) Main article : Princess Fiona Princess Fiona ( voiced by Cameron Diaz , singing voice provided by Sally Dworsky in the first film , Renee Sands on all other occasions , and Holly Fields in the video games ) is the princess of Far Far Away , the daughter of King Harold and Queen Lillian , and Shrek 's wife from the end of the first film on . She begins the series as a beautiful princess who transforms into an ogress every night when the sun sets . At the end of the first film , the transforming spell is broken and she permanently takes the form of an ogress when she realizes that Shrek is her true love . Puss in Boots ( edit ) Puss in Boots ( voiced by Antonio Banderas in the English , Spanish , and Italian version of the films , Eric Bauza in The Adventures of Puss in Boots , vocal sounds and purrs were provided by Frank Welker , and André Sogliuzzo in the video games and commercials ) is Shrek 's sidekick . Loosely based on the fairytale character Puss in Boots as well as being a kind of parody of Zorro , he is a smooth - talking cat with a Spanish accent , usually wearing a cavalier 's hat , a belt with a sword , a small black cape , and small Corinthian boots . Puss first appears in Shrek 2 , much like Dragon in the first film . He often overpowers his enemies by distracting them with his `` cute kitten '' looks . He also exhibits common cat behavior such as coughing up hairballs and chasing spotlights , usually resulting in his defeat or capture . He does not appear in the first film or 4D ride , though he does make a non-speaking cameo in the musical . The character was also featured in the 2011 film Puss in Boots as the lead character . Puss in Boots stars in the Netflix series The Adventures of Puss in Boots where he protects the hidden city of San Lorenzo . Secondary characters ( edit ) Dragon ( edit ) Dragon ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is depicted as a ruby - colored dragon who debuts as a ferocious guard challenging Shrek and Donkey in their quest to locate Princess Fiona . She is angered when Donkey accidentally disturbs her sleep . As Donkey attempts to distract her , he makes the realization that Dragon is female and successfully manages to charm his way past her . While she plays a minor role in this film , she reappears towards its conclusion at the marriage ceremony of Fiona and Shrek , in which Donkey takes her as his own bride . They are shown as a married couple by the events of the sequel ; her character has a minor role as Donkey chooses to leave home on the grounds that she was behaving uncharacteristically ill - tempered , but is reunited with her husband towards the ending of the movie when it appears that her grouchy behavior was a result of pregnancy , and presents Donkey with their newborn hybrid children , the Dronkeys . Dragon 's importance in the films has been known to shift and revert every now and again , she is usually depicted as Donkey 's romantic interest , and seems to be acquainted with Fiona and the princesses featured in the films . She often appears as a running gag because of the convenient possibilities presented by her abilities , albeit she can serve as an effective means of protection because of these as well ( such as her consumption of Farquaad towards the end of the first film ) . A silent character , Dragon has no spoken lines throughout the course of the franchise . Dragon appears in all 4 Shrek movies and Shrek 4 - D. She is notably absent from Scared Shrekless and Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , and neither was she mentioned . The gingerbread Man ( edit ) The Gingerbread Man ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) is a live talking gingerbread man and one of Shrek 's friends . He is also known as `` Gingy '' and was created by The Muffin Man . He is small and a fast runner , making him difficult to catch . He is made out of a normal carved - out gingerbread with icing and gumdrop buttons . He adores those buttons and begs Lord Farquaad not to pull them off . In Shrek the Halls he is afraid of Santa , as Santa has eaten his girlfriend . In the first film , he is first seen when Lord Farquaad ordered his bodyguard Thelonious to torture him in numerous ways , such as cutting off both of his legs and dunking him in a glass of milk . After an interrogation from Farquaad , he is thrown into a trash can when the Magic Mirror arrives and Gingy yells `` Do n't tell him anything ! '' He is impatient . In Shrek 2 , for example , when Pinocchio could not move himself while freeing Shrek and the trio from prison , Gingy sighs , and goes to help . He is also somewhat wild , and a prankster . When Shrek and Fiona leave for Far Far Away , he and others have a loud party in his house . He is cunning and can distract others , such as when Lord Farquaad demands to know where the other fairy tale creatures are and he replies by reciting the Muffin Man nursery rhyme , which Farquaad believes for a moment . In Shrek the Third , when Prince Charming takes over Far Far Away , he has Hook attempt to intimidate him to reveal Shrek 's whereabouts . Instantly , Gingy 's life flashes before his eyes , while in reality , he is mindlessly babbling away . In Shrek Forever After , he is shown to have a dark , violent side . In an alternate universe with Rumpelstiltskin as king , he fights and kills gingerbread animals as a gladiator for a living . He also tries to attack and bring in Shrek for Rumpel , despite being so much smaller . He is eaten by an overweight Puss in Boots in the alternate universe , but is seen alive again at the ogre triplets birthday party when the original timeline is restored . Arthur Pendragon ( edit ) Arthur Pendragon ( voiced by Justin Timberlake ) is a supporting character who appears only in Shrek the Third and is loosely based on King Arthur . He is the only heir apparent ( other than Fiona and Shrek ) to the throne of Far Far Away . Artie is the cousin of Fiona . His father , presumably Uther Pendragon , seemingly abandoned him at the boarding school Worchestershire , where he remains until Shrek finds him . At Worcestershire , Arthur , nicknamed Artie , is relentlessly bullied and made fun of by everyone , most notably the popular Lancelot . He is at first unsure when confronted with the trials of being king , but gets used to the idea and manages to convince people to his way of thinking when he defends Shrek from the fairy tale villains . Artie does not appear in Shrek Forever After and neither was he mentioned . He was supposed to appear , but Justin Timberlake was unavailable to voice Artie because he was on tour , so he was deleted from the film . However , he did appear in deleted scenes , but they were not on the DVD release . The Big Bad Wolf ( edit ) The Big Bad Wolf ( voiced by Aron Warner ) is based loosely on the eponymous fairytale character , but differs from it by being a kind character . He rarely speaks , and when he does , his voice is somewhat dull and monotonous . He wears a pink dress , recalling the grandmother of Little Red Riding Hood . In the first film , he is among the fairy - tale creatures who are banished to Shrek 's swamp . In Shrek 2 , he has become friends with Shrek and the others . In the film 's intro , Prince Charming goes to Fiona 's castle to rescues her but finds Big Bad in her bed . He informs Charming that Fiona is on honeymoon with Shrek ( Charming and Fairy Godmother mention this incident calling Big Bad a ' gender - confused wolf ' ) . He helps Shrek and Princess Fiona by guarding their swamp while they visit Far Far Away . He and the others later travel to Far Far Away to free Shrek , Puss in Boots and Donkey , who have been captured . After that , they get into the castle and stop the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming . In Shrek the Third , he and several other fairytale characters attend Fiona 's baby shower while Shrek , Donkey , and Puss in Boots are away . When Charming and his evil followers crash the party , the Big Bad Wolf and the others stage a calm tea party . He also helps prevent Charming and the other evil fairytale creatures from killing Shrek in front of the entire kingdom . He plays a small role in Shrek Forever After in the ogre triplets ' birthday party and as Rumpelstiltskin 's servant in the alternate universe . In The Pig Who Cried Werewolf , it is shown that in the light of a full moon , he transforms -- werewolf - style -- into a fat , female human chef who wants to cook the Three Little Pigs . ( Just as the full moon would transform a human into a werewolf , it apparently goes the other way with Big Bad , transforming him into a human . ) Three little pigs ( edit ) The Three Little Pigs ( voiced by Cody Cameron ) are friends of Shrek and the others . In the original book and in the film , they are among the many fairytale creatures to be banished into Shrek 's swamp by Lord Farquaad . One of the pigs stated that Lord Farquaad `` huffed and puffed and signed an eviction notice . '' They all have German accents . They appear in all the Shrek films . By Shrek 2 , the pigs have become best friends with Shrek . At the start of the film , they help look after Shrek 's and Fiona 's house while they visit Far Far Away . Later , they see Shrek , Donkey and Puss in Boots arrested by local police officers in Far Far Away , and free them , heading to the castle to stop Prince Charming . They thwart the Fairy Godmother 's scheme and then celebrate . They sing a song with Big Bad Wolf in Far Far Away Idol . The pigs are less prominent in the third film . They appear at the start of the film , where Prince Charming has a new job as an actor in a dinner theatre . Along with the rest of the crowd , they jeer him , causing Charming to leave the stage . They later appear in the castle pretending to have tea with the others while Shrek , Donkey and Puss in Boots are finding Artie , the apparent heir to the throne , and Fiona , Queen Meriam and the princesses escape via a secret passage . Prince Charming storms in and demands Shrek 's location . Under pressure when Pinocchio starts talking around in circles , one of the pigs reveals Shrek 's plan and ends up locked up somewhere secret . The pigs are later freed and head to the castle to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek in his show . The Three Little Pigs play a small part in Shrek Forever After , when they appear at the ogre triplet 's birthday party . Later , in the alternate universe , they appear as attendants to Fifi in Rumpelstiltskin 's castle . In Scared Shrekless , they appear after Gingy 's story , running quickly and yelling `` weeweeweewee ... '' , upon which the Wolf comments `` They 're gon na do that all the way home . '' In Shrek the Halls it was revealed that the pigs names are Julius , Kaní , and Zak . In Shrek 4 - D the pigs are called Ham , Sausage , and Bacon , but in other versions their names are Hay , Sticks , and Bricks . In the end credits for The Pig Who Cried Werewolf , their names are Heimlich , Dieter , and Horst . In this film , they are voiced by Sean Bishop , not Cody Cameron , who voices `` Horst '' . Aron Warner still voices Wolf . In Shrek The Musical , they have had enough of Lord Farquaad and his discrimination towards fairy tale creatures and join the rest of the fairy tale rebels in this story mainly appearing in `` Story of my Life , '' `` Freak Flag , '' `` I 'm a Believer , '' `` This is Our Story , '' and any other numbers with the fairy tale creatures . Pinocchio ( edit ) Pinocchio ( voiced by Cody Cameron ) is a live wooden puppet who befriends Shrek . He could not lie without having his nose growing very long , and he deeply dreams to become a real boy . In the first film , he is sold for five shillings by his creator , Geppetto . Later , Lord Farquaad banishes Pinocchio and others to Shrek 's swamp . In Shrek 2 , Pinocchio has become one of Shrek 's best friends . He helps Shrek and Princess Fiona by guarding their swamp while they visit Far Far Away . He and the others later travel to Far Far Away to free Shrek , Puss in Boots , and Donkey , who have been captured . They manage to get into the castle and stop the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming . After trying to grab the Fairy Godmother 's wand , she zaps him with it and he turns into a real boy , but when the wand is passed to The Three Blind Mice it transforms Pinocchio back into a puppet . He sings `` Mr. Roboto '' in Far Far Away Idol . In Shrek the Third , Pinocchio attends Fiona 's baby shower along with several other fairytale creatures , while Shrek , Donkey , and Puss in Boots are away . Charming and his followers crash the party and try to trick Pinocchio into telling them of Shrek 's location , seeing that the puppet can not lie ; however , Pinocchio avoids this by talking in circles . When Shrek and his company return , they find Pinocchio imprisoned in a miniature theater , where he is forced to give marionette performances for paying customers . He is freed and helps to defeat Charming and the other evil fairytale creatures . In Shrek Forever After , Pinocchio runs a library , in which Rumpelstiltskin is tearing some books . Later , in the alternate universe , he nearly signs a contract with Rumpelstiltskin to become a real boy , but ink is accidentally spilled over the document . He later tries to gain Rumpelstiltskin 's `` deal of a lifetime '' by painting Geppetto green and passing him off as Shrek . Pinocchio is a main character in Shrek SuperSlam , his Slam move being the Buzz Bomber . According to the story , Pinocchio works at Friar 's Fat Boy . Pinocchio also appears as an unlockable racer in the game Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing . His kart is a wooden horse , and his personal item is his long nose . In the Shrek musical , Pinocchio was originally performed by John Tartaglia . Also during the musical , Pinocchio , with the help of the Fairytale Creatures , learns the meaning of being true to yourself ; and the meaning of what makes a family . In Scared Shrekless , he talks faster than any other film . He appears in the last story called `` The Shreksorcirist . '' In one part , he is acting to sleep and then Shrek cuts his strings using adult scissors causing him to fall on the bed and Pinocchio explains that he has voices in his head and Shrek asks what do the voices tell him to do and Pinocchio projectile vomits at Shrek . In the end , the voice in Pinocchio 's head was a cricket who explains that he put all the thoughts in his head because he is his conscience until he gets stepped on . Three Blind Mice ( edit ) The Three Blind Mice ( voiced by Christopher Knights and Simon J. Smith in most films , Mike Myers in Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party ) are a trio of identical blind mice brothers with English accents that are friends with Shrek and the others . They are all blind , and that is why they sport black sunglasses and carry canes . Unlike in the fairy tale , their tails are not cut off and they show no signs of injuries . Their names are Forder , Gorder and Horder . At the beginning of the first film , Lord Farquaad banishes them to Shrek 's swamp with the others . They are not seen again until the final musical number , `` I 'm a believer '' , during which the fairies of Sleeping Beauty turn two of them into horses to pull a wagon made from an onion . Before the start of Shrek 2 , the Three Blind Mice have become three of Shrek 's best friends . They help Shrek and Princess Fiona by guarding their swamp while they visit Far Far Away . They are later seen during the Royal Far Far Away Ball and again when Shrek ( in his human form ) is thrown into a police truck . On hearing this , the Blind Mice and the others travel to Far Far Away to free Shrek , Puss In Boots and Donkey . They then get into the castle and help to stop the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming . They later appear in Far Far Away Idol , singing `` I Can See Clearly Now . '' In Shrek the Third , the Three Blind Mice only appear in two scenes : during the funeral of King Harold and when Shrek is about to leave to find the new king of Far Far Away . In Shrek Forever After , the mice are only seen in the normal universe . Dronkeys ( edit ) Dronkeys are the hybrid offspring of Dragon and Donkey . They are introduced in Shrek 2 as little more than a stinger gag . Audience members missed having Dragon in the film , as was revealed to the filmmakers during test screenings . Dragon reunites with Donkey in Far Far Away , only to have a surprise for him in tow -- six young hybrid donkey - dragon children , who take to their father immediately . Donkey is delighted , and dubs the dronkeys `` our little mutant babies '' . Their names are revealed to be Eclair , Bananas , Peanut , Parfait , Coco and Debbie . The dronkeys have very little screen time in Shrek the Third . They appear initially to give Shrek a wake up call , then to bid farewell to Donkey before his journey with Shrek . Near the film 's climax , Donkey frees them from Prince Charming 's capture . In addition , a few dronkeys make an appearance at the film 's close , when Shrek and Fiona are caring for their newborn triplets . In the alternate universe , when Donkey is told he has children , he asks : `` Tell me , are my babies cute , or do they just make people feel uncomfortable ? '' The dronkeys provide background action in the Christmas television special . They are featured playing with the ogre children of Shrek and Fiona and flying around while their mother dances . They have antlers and fly around in Donkey 's Christmas story . All the dronkeys love their parents , especially their father , and seem to have become good friends with the ogre triplets . The only individual to be given any semblance of a personality is Bananas , who has bright green irises that are noticeably wall - eyed , and frequently sneezes small tongues of flame . Donkey refers to Bananas as `` my special boy '' . Some confusion exists as to why one dronkey is missing in Shrek 2 . When the dronkeys were first introduced in the film 's post-credits scene , there were six , including a unique individual which was red like her mother . She does not appear in Shrek the Third ; this is a continuity error on the part of the filmmakers . Yet in Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , set after Shrek Forever After , there are only four . In Shrek Forever After , the dronkeys are seen playing with Shrek 's children , appeared at their birthday and also a cause of nuisance for Shrek . They are not seen in the alternate universe as they do not exist on that timeline . The Dronkeys were absent from Scared Shrekless , and neither were they mentioned . Farkle , Fergus and Felicia ( edit ) Farkle , Fergus and Felicia ( also known as the Ogre Babies or Ogre Triplets ) are the ogre children of Shrek and Princess Fiona . Farkle ( indicated by the tuft of hair ) and Fergus are male , and Felicia is female ( indicated by a pink bow in her hair ) . Just as many minor characters are members of the staff crew , the Ogre Triplets are voiced by offspring of staff crew , gender of voice not always same as actor : Jordan Alexander Hauser , Dante James Hauser , Jasper Johannes Andrews , Zachary James Bernard , Miles Christopher Bakshi , Nina Zoe Bakshi and Ollie Mitchell ( son of Shrek Forever After director Mike Mitchell ) . In Shrek the Third , Fiona reveals she is pregnant by telling Shrek that , when they return to their swamp , there will be some little `` ogre feet '' too . Before their birth , while on his journey with Donkey and Puss in Boots to find Artie , Shrek dreams of hundreds of ogre babies . In the dream , they flood Shrek 's house and laugh at Shrek while he is naked apart from his graduation hat . He wakes up in another dream , where Donkey and Puss 's faces have turned to that of the ogre babies . By the end of the film , they have been born and are shown playing around the swamp . Two of them pull Puss 's tail and put a pacifier into his mouth . Another pulls some ear wax from Shrek 's ear and uses it to draw pictures with its left hand . Later that night , they are shown sleeping and snoring , all in one small baby cot . Shrek and Fiona constantly give them slug juice for drinks . The ogre babies are shown prominently in the credits , along with Puss in Boots and Donkey . Two of the siblings are shown to like Puss , hugging him tightly and call him `` Kitty '' . Puss is displeased when they use him for tug - o - war . They are seen more in Shrek the Halls , enjoying the seasons with their father and ecstatically enjoying their first Christmas with their parents . When Donkey brings the others to enjoy the holidays with them , the ogre babies hug Puss too tightly , pat his back , and tug on his tail . They enjoy various Christmas stories and get to see Santa Claus at the end . The triplets do not appear in the alternate universe in Shrek Forever After as Shrek and Fiona meet , but do not marry in that universe . In Scared Shrekless , they appear at the beginning , scaring the trick or treaters in their skeleton costume . They are later seen along with their father , using the three in a knight armor in Duloc , in order to make Donkey believe that Lord Farquaad 's ghost is there as a prank . Queen Lillian ( edit ) Queen Lillian ( voiced by Julie Andrews ) is the queen of Far Far Away , wife of King Harold , mother of Princess Fiona , grandmother of the ogre triplets and mother in - law of Shrek . Queen Lillian makes her debut in Shrek 2 . Although initially surprised at Fiona 's transformation into an ogre , she is understanding of what has happened and , seeing that her daughter is deeply in love , accepts Shrek into their family . When King Harold is turned back into the Frog King at the end of the film , she still accepts him as she did years ago . She and Harold are a reference to The Frog Prince . In Shrek the Third , she is widowed and becomes a more determined character , leading the pack of princesses through a series of tunnels in the castle and breaking two walls with her head , whilst humming `` My Favorite Things '' and `` A Spoonful of Sugar '' ( songs originally sung by Julie Andrews in The Sound of Music and Mary Poppins , respectively ) . She rallies the other princesses from being damsels in distress to independent fighters . It is revealed in the film that Fiona inherited her fighting skills from her mother ( Lillian asks `` Well , you did n't think you got your fighting skills from your father , did you ? '' ) . After the film 's finale , Lillian is seen in Shrek 's swamp home , happily visiting her grandchildren and playing with Farkle , who throws up on her dress , referencing to the phrase , `` When a baby throws up on you , it means it likes you . '' At first she looks distressed and a little disgusted , but this changes as she comes to find it adorable . She appears at her grandchildren 's birthday party in `` Shrek Forever After '' and gets angry when she thinks that it was Shrek who licked the birthday cake , when it in fact was Donkey . Lillian is also seen in a number of flashbacks , showing her and Harold 's decision to visit Rumpelstiltskin to free their daughter from the curse before Shrek saved her . In the alternate universe she and Harold disappear after signing over the kingdom to Rumpelstiltskin . Her last appearance is at the end of the film , still celebrating the children 's birthday . In Thriller Night , Shrek and his family watch The Music of Sound , starring Queen Lillian . This is a parody of The Sound of Music which starred Queen Lillian 's voice actress , Julie Andrews . King Harold ( edit ) King Harold ( voiced by John Cleese ) was the king of Far Far Away , husband of Queen Lillian , father of Princess Fiona , and father in - law of Shrek . King Harold makes his debut in Shrek 2 . When his daughter Fiona arrives at the castle with her new husband , he is surprised that they are both ogres . He had secretly made a promise to the Fairy Godmother that her son Prince Charming would marry Fiona . Harold hires Puss in Boots to assassinate Shrek , but then succumbs to guilt when Fiona finds out that Shrek is not around . When the Fairy Godmother asks Harold to give Fiona the potion that will cause her to fall in love with Prince Charming , he refuses at first , disgusted at this invasion of her free will , but he is forced to acquiesce by some dark threat of disclosure . In the event , when Fiona states that she loves the old Shrek , rather the new one that Prince Charming is pretending to be , Harold swaps the cup containing the potion for his own . At the ball toward the end of the film , Harold saves Fiona and Shrek from a blast of magic from Fairy Godmother 's wand , and it transforms him back into a frog , which is hinted to be his original form , meaning he was the Frog Prince before he married Queen Lillian . Queen Lillian is happy with this turn of events . Afterwards , Harold apologizes to Shrek and accepts him into the family , and Lillian says that he is more of a man for accepting the marriage of Shrek and Fiona than he ever was when he was a human . King Harold makes a very brief appearance as a frog king in Shrek the Third , in which he dies of a sickness ( The story book The Legend of Shrek and other publications state that the transition from human to frog confused his age and accelerated the aging process ) . He tells Shrek on his deathbed that he and Fiona are next in line to the throne of Far Far Away , which Shrek rejects because he can not imagine an ogre as king . Harold dies after telling Shrek about Fiona 's cousin Arthur . King Harold makes his final appearance in Shrek Forever After , in which he appears very briefly in a couple of flashbacks . In the first , he and Lillian are about to make a deal with Rumpelstiltskin , but they break it off at the last moment . In the alternate reality of the second flashback , Harold and Lillian disappear after signing over the kingdom to Rumpelstiltskin . At the end of the film , the original timeline is restored , leaving the current time a year or so after Harold 's death ( as seen in Shrek the Third ) . However , there is a large painting of him in which the face moves , indicating that his spirit inhabits the picture . Unlike the previous films , he is never seen in his frog form . The King 's role is partly a reference to another character that Cleese portrayed : Basil Fawlty from the sitcom Fawlty Towers . The King refers to his `` old war wound '' ( in the UK version -- in the US version , it is `` the old Crusades wound '' ) to avoid his wife . This recalls Basil Fawlty 's use of his `` honourable war wound '' ( a shrapnel wound from the Korean War ) as an excuse to rescue himself from unpleasant situations . The two characters share other similar character traits . Doris ( edit ) Doris ( voiced by Larry King and Jonathan Ross in the UK version of Shrek 2 ) makes her first appearance in Shrek 2 and returns in Shrek the Third and very briefly in Shrek Forever After . She is based off one of Cinderella 's two stepsisters . Unlike other ugly sisters , she is an ally and best friend to Fiona . She is first seen as an unusually masculine female bartender at the Poison Apple . She is depicted as a tall , independent woman with purple - themed clothes who wears Elizabeth Taylor style makeup . Her character design is intended to invoke the appearance of a drag queen , which is supported with her masculine voice . Doris is first seen in Shrek 2 , when King Harold secretly enters the Poison Apple Club , in which she is working as a bartender . She recommends Puss In Boots to the king for the task of assassinating Shrek . Near the climax of the film , Doris points King Harold to a door guarded by the Fairy Godmother 's bodyguards , behind which Prince Charming and the Fairy Godmother are secretly meeting . At first , she has a crush on Prince Charming and forces him to kiss her at the end of the film . In Far Far Away Idol , she is accused by Simon Cowell of being ugly after she sings Cyndi Lauper 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' . In Shrek the Third , Doris becomes one of Shrek 's best friends before the events of the film . At the beginning of the film , Doris is briefly mentioned by Mabel when Prince Charming visits the Poison Apple . Mabel says that Doris does not belong here , and this indicates that Doris is living with Princess Fiona in the castle . She is also seen during Fiona 's baby shower , but she escapes by a hidden trapdoor when Charming starts to enter the castle . Later , she is imprisoned by Charming after he invades Far Far Away . With the princesses , Donkey and Puss , she escapes and infiltrates the castle to confront Charming . In the end , Doris and Mabel finally meet in Charming 's play and reconcile when Artie convinces the villains not to continue their villainous ways when they did n't get their happily ever after . Doris appears very briefly in Shrek Forever After at the ogre triplets ' birthday party . Snow White ( edit ) Snow White ( voiced by Amy Poehler , singing voice provided by Megan Hilty ) is one of Princess Fiona 's friends . She has a talent for singing , which she uses to charm animals and make them follow her orders . She is shown to be very proud and vain , even boasting how she won Fairest In The Land from the Wicked Queen . In the first film , Snow White cameos as one of the fairytale creatures to be banished to Shrek 's swamp . She is shown sleeping inside her coffin and being handled by her seven dwarves . When Lord Farquaad is forced to choose a wife , Snow White , seen sleeping in the glass coffin , is his second choice . At Shrek and Fiona 's wedding , she fights with Cinderella to catch Fiona 's bouquet . In Shrek 2 , Snow White is briefly mentioned when the Fairy Godmother is explaining to Shrek that ogres do not live happily ever after . Snow White appears more prominently in Shrek the Third , dressed in red . She becomes friends with Princess Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , Cinderella and the Sleeping Beauty before the events of the film . Prince Charming interrupts Fiona 's baby shower after she gives her a dwarf as a gift to babysit the triplets , saying that she has six more at home . She escapes with Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris and the other princesses . She is later betrayed by Rapunzel and imprisoned in a dungeon . She complains that they could just have stayed put and carried on with their normal routines ( having tea parties and similarly stereotypical `` girly '' behaviour ) , claiming to not care who is in charge . Later she is content just to wait to be rescued , as normal for fairytale princesses . Fiona encourages her and the others to show some initiative , and they manage to escape and head towards the castle . She tricks the guards ( talking trees ) by singing a high tone ( using the same voice as in the Disney film ) to charm the animals , and screaming ( the same scream as in `` The Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin ) to command them to attack the trees . Her plan works and they enter the castle grounds , avoiding the knights guarding it . Snow White , along with the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian , arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek . After Charming is defeated , she is seen in the background , talking to the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian . Although it is unclear whether Snow White is married , at one point she is seen with a tattoo on her upper arm with the name Dopey surrounded by a heart . Cinderella ( edit ) Cinderella ( voiced by Amy Sedaris ) is one of Princess Fiona 's friends . She wears her pair of glass slippers throughout the events of Shrek the Third . She uses her glass slipper as a weapon , somewhat like a boomerang . She is obsessed with cleanliness and tidiness after doing a great deal of housework for her stepmother and stepsisters ( revealed to be Doris and Mabel ) . In the Shrek 2 video game , however , she is portrayed as an absent - minded valley girl . When Lord Farquaad is forced to choose his wife so that he can become king , Cinderella is one of his choices . She is shown at number 1 in a painting , wearing a yellow dress and trying on her glass slipper . However , Farquaad chooses Princess Fiona , ranked number 3 . At Shrek and Fiona 's wedding , Cinderella is shown fighting with Snow White to catch Fiona 's bouquet . In Shrek 2 , Cinderella is briefly mentioned while the Fairy Godmother is explaining to Shrek that ogres do not live happily ever after . There is also a picture of her in Fairy Godmother 's factory . This can be seen more clearly in a behind - the - scenes guide . Thus Fairy Godmother appears to be the evil twin sister of Cinderella 's fairy godmother . Cinderella appears more prominently in Shrek the Third , now wearing a light blue - silver dress . She becomes friends with Princess Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , Snow White and the Sleeping Beauty prior to the events of the film . She first appears in Fiona 's baby shower , which Prince Charming interrupts when he takes over the throne . She escapes with Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , and the other princesses . She is later betrayed by Rapunzel and imprisoned with others in a dungeon . They escape and head towards the castle . After Snow White tricks the guards , they enter the castle 's grounds and avoid the knights on guard . While trying to get into the castle , Cinderella hurls her glass slipper like a boomerang at a knight , knocking him out . Cinderella , with the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian , arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek . After Charming is defeated , she is seen talking to the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian in the background . Sleeping Beauty ( edit ) Sleeping Beauty ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is one of Princess Fiona 's friends . She likes to sleep a lot . Because she sleeps so much in the film , little is known about her personality , other than that she seems to be a pleasant person who is a little eccentric at times . In Shrek 2 , Sleeping Beauty is shown in a poorly drawn picture in Fiona 's diary , explaining that Sleeping Beauty is having a party with all the other princesses , but Princess Fiona is not allowed to go on account of the ogreish appearance she acquires every night . Later in the film , Sleeping Beauty appears without speaking when a coach - limousine pulls up at the red carpet to the Far Far Away Royal Ball . When the door opens , she falls to the ground , still sleeping . In the film , she wears a blue dress and a crown . Sleeping Beauty appears more prominently in Shrek the Third , now wearing a white - green dress , and with light brown hair She becomes friends with Princess Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , Snow White and Cinderella before the events of the film . She first appears in Fiona 's baby shower , but Prince Charming interrupts it and takes over the throne . She escapes with Fiona , Queen Lillian , Doris , and the other princesses . She is later betrayed by Rapunzel and imprisoned with others in a dungeon . They escape and head towards the castle . After Snow White tricks the guards , they enter the castle 's grounds , avoiding the knights on guard . While trying to get into the castle , Sleeping Beauty yawns and falls to the ground , causing the knights to trip over her and fall , unconscious . With the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian , Sleeping Beauty arrives just in time to stop Prince Charming from killing Shrek . After Charming is defeated , she is seen talking to the other princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian in the background . Merlin ( edit ) Merlin ( voiced by Eric Idle ) is a retired wizard teacher from Artie 's high school , Worcestershire , in Shrek the Third . In Shrek the Third , after their ship crashes into sharp rocks , Shrek , Donkey , Puss and Artie get stranded on an island ( possibly Lovers ' Beach in Far Far Away ) . They meet Arthur 's retired teacher Merlin , after Artie tries to separate himself from Shrek . Since Merlin retired because of a nervous breakdown ( which he calls `` third - level fatigue '' ) , he seems rather eccentric , and his magic spells usually go wrong . At one point , when he prepares to teleport Shrek , Donkey , Puss and Artie to Far Far Away , he cracks his knuckles , only to fire a bolt that destroys a boulder . In order to help Shrek and Arthur be reconciled , he makes them look into a thick cloud of smoke to reveal their thoughts . Shrek sees a baby carriage , but lies and says that he sees a `` rainbow pony '' . Merlin is pleased and moves on to Arthur , who sees a bird and its father . The father bird abandons the chick , leaving it frightened and confused . Merlin is happy they decided to look into their soul , and as he retreats to his hut , Shrek takes the opportunity to show Arthur that they are not so different after all . They catch Merlin eavesdropping on their conversation when he plays the song `` That 's What Friends Are For '' on a phonograph to add to the mood . When Captain Hook and his cronies ambush Shrek , Donkey , Puss and Artie , he plays his piano , and Merlin is beside him playing it too until he is pushed away . After the villains retreat , Artie convinces Merlin to use a spell to teleport them to Far Far Away . But the spell causes Donkey and Puss to switch bodies ( probably because they took each other 's `` hands '' seconds before ) . After Prince Charming 's defeat , Merlin returns , and Puss and Donkey force him to put them back in their own bodies . The spell works , but causes their tails to switch . Merlin tries to tell them , but decides not to , though their tails have inexplicably returned to normal later . In the video game to the first Shrek film , a different version of Merlin kidnaps Fiona . Brogan ( edit ) Brogan ( voiced by Jon Hamm ) is an ogre and the second - in - command of the Ogre Resistance in Shrek Forever After . He uses his nose as their horn . He 's got really short , almost invisible , ginger hair and unshaven face . He 's nice , kind and loyal . He is taller , bigger , more muscular and much more handsome than Shrek . He 's possibly the strongest one of all ogres , because when the witches carry up all of the ogres with their Skull Chains , Brogan is too strong and he pulls the Skull Chains that are attached to him , so the Witches fall from their broomsticks . Brogan introduces Shrek into the resistance and is seen in the meeting with Fiona on how to fight against Rumpelstiltskin and the witches . When Pied Piper arrives and uses his flute , the song `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' is played , and Brogan can not stop dancing . Later , he and the other ogres are captured , but they fight in the castle and defeat Rumpelstiltskin . He is also seen at the party in the end of the film . In the audio commentary for the DVD release , Mike Mitchell states Brogan was originally meant to be Prince Charming , Fiona 's love interest with the same curse as her , called `` Gnimrahc '' , which is Charming spelled backwards . Cookie ( edit ) Cookie ( voiced by Craig Robinson ) is an ogre and a chef for the Ogre Resistance in Shrek Forever After . Food is his only weapon against the witches and Rumpelstiltskin . His signature dish is the chimichanga , of which he takes a cartful to the ambush of Rumplestiltskin . Cookie is very recognizable due to the garlic he has tied into his goatee and a chef hat . He 's a very outgoing and friendly ogre . He is the only ogre to enjoy dancing while Pied Piper plays his flute until he and the others are captured . He catapults his chimichangas at the witches during the final battle . He is also seen at the party in the end of the film . Gretched ( edit ) Gretched ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) is a female ogre who appears in the Shrek Forever After . She is a member of the Ogre Resistance . She is one of the strong soldiers and she plays an important role in the Ogre Resistance , because Fiona puts her right behind Brogan . She is n't kind and delicate like Fiona , she looks like the other male ogres , but she 's got brown hair . She is also seen at the party in the end of the film . Humpty Dumpty ( edit ) Humpty Alexander Dumpty ( voiced by Zach Galifianakis ) , in his childhood , was best friends with Puss and tried to find magic beans with him . However , their quest failed and Puss later became a revered hero in their hometown . Humpty grew jealous of Puss 's fame and later tricked him into helping him rob a bank , thus branding Puss an outlaw . They were pursued by the authorities ; Humpty was captured while Puss escaped . Seven years later , Humpty along with Kitty Softpaws convinced Puss to help him get magic beans from Jack and Jill to get the Golden Goose , but it was revealed that this was all a plot to just get Puss back home and arrested as revenge for abandoning him . But later Humpty had a change of heart and helped Puss and Kitty fight The Great Terror and ends up breaking and is revealed to be a golden egg himself . In Shrek Super Slam , he is known as Master Fu and is an unlockable character . In Shrek 4 - D , his grave can be seen in the cemetery . Puss in Boots mentions him in Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos . Kitty Softpaws ( edit ) Kitty ( voiced by Salma Hayek ) is a black tuxedo cat . She has a white chest , whiskers , muzzle , tail - tip , eyebrows and white paws . Her eyes are bright blue . She wears a brown belt in which she carries a short dagger / sword , along with dark brown boots . Her fur is very thick . She has no claws on her paws because they were removed by her former owners . That 's why she is really good thief , she can take off Puss ' boots and he does n't know about it . She pretends to be Puss friend , but it is revealed later that she was in cahoots with Humpty and Jack and Jill to take the Golden Goose and trick Puss into being imprisoned in his home town . But during their adventures , she fell in love with him , so she saves him and they both give the Golden Goose back to the Giant Terror . At the end of the movie , they are dancing flamenco and kissing . It is unsure whether they have become a couple . Main villains ( edit ) Lord Farquaad ( edit ) Main article : Lord Farquaad Lord Farquaad ( voiced by John Lithgow ) is the comically short , ruthless ruler of the huge castle of Duloc . In his pursuit of perfection , Farquaad attempts to rid his domain of fairytale creatures , offering a bounty for their capture and then exiling them to Shrek 's swamp . Farquaad wants to become a king , but because he is not of royal stock , he can not until he marries a princess . He decides that Princess Fiona will be the perfect wife and queen , but first she must be rescued from her tower , which is guarded by a fire - breathing dragon . Unwilling to perform the feat himself , Farquaad holds a tournament to select the knight that will rescue Princess Fiona . But Shrek and Donkey turn up and defeat the knights , so Farquaad decides to send Shrek on the quest instead , agreeing to remove the fairytale creatures from his swamp if he rescues Fiona . Shrek delivers Fiona to Farquaad , who immediately proposes marriage , unaware that she becomes an ogress at sunset . Shrek disrupts the marriage ceremony , delaying a kiss between Farquaad and Fiona until after sunset . Fiona makes the transition from human to ogre form , upon which Farquaad rejects his new bride , banishing her to the tower , claiming the title of king and sentencing Shrek to death . Before Farquaad finishes his claims to the kingdom , the dragon that had been guarding Fiona , who has since developed a relationship with Donkey , crashes through the window and devours the monologuing Farquaad , thanks to Shrek , who whistles for her . Moments later , Dragon burps and the crown comes out . Farquaad was apparently not well liked in Duloc : when Dragon eats him , the citizens laugh and cheer . He is confirmed to be dead by digestion when he enters as a ghost in the Shrek 4 - D ride at Universal Studios and the 30 - minute Shrek Special on the Nickelodeon TV channel , in which he tries to murder Shrek and Donkey and to kidnap and kill Fiona so that she can be his ghost queen . Princess Fiona is again rescued when Lord Farquaad is presumably killed by Dragon a second time . In Scared Shrekless , Farquaad is long dead , and his castle left in a decrepit state . Lord Farquaad does not appear , and is not mentioned in Shrek 2 . Lord Farquaad briefly appears in Gingy 's flashbacks in Shrek the Third . In Shrek the Musical , it is revealed that Lord Farquaad 's mother was the princess from the fairy tale The Princess and the Pea . Also , Lord Farquaad 's father was Grumpy of the Seven Dwarfs . Farquaad claimed earlier that Grumpy abandoned him in the woods as a child , but Grumpy reveals the true reason he kicked Farquaad out is that he was 28 years old and would n't move out of his basement as revealed when he and the other fairy tale characters raid Lord Farquaad 's wedding . Fairy Godmother ( edit ) The Fairy Godmother ( voiced by Jennifer Saunders ) is a scheming , conniving opportunist , loosely based on the fairy - tale Cinderella 's `` Fairy Godmother . '' She seeks to get the best for herself and her son Prince Charming , rather than others . She takes an instant dislike to Shrek , and when he tries to ask her why Fiona is not happy , she rudely points out that `` ogres do n't live happily ever after . '' She then briefly insults Shrek , calling his fingers `` dirty green sausages . '' She often resorts to blackmail and trickery through magic to get her way . She loves to eat whenever she is distressed ( `` someone get me something deep fried and smothered in chocolate , '' when Shrek makes a mess of her potion factory , and during her talk with Harold in the carriage about Shrek , it is shown that Harold ruined her diet , so she orders food from Friar 's Fat Boy ) . It is possible that she placed the spell on Fiona that makes her turn into an ogre at night as part of her plan to get Charming to marry her . Bubbles are her character 's main theme . When she first appears , she is surrounded by bubbles as she sings to Fiona . When Shrek uses her card to ask for help , a voice mail message of her appears with her saying `` Is it on ? Is it on ? '' she is again surrounded by a bubble , which then shows an image of the Fairy Godmother 's cottage . After the message ends , the bubble bursts . Finally when the Fairy Godmother `` dies , '' she bursts into a host of bubbles . Her death later influences Charming to get revenge by taking over Far Far Away . Fairy Godmother appears in Shrek : The Musical as one of the characters who gets evicted by Farquaad . Even though The Fairy Godmother does not appear in Shrek the Third , she is mentioned by Prince Charming a lot . The Fairy Godmother is briefly mentioned by Lillian and Harold in the opening scene of Shrek Forever After and makes a cameo during the end credits . Prince Charming ( edit ) Prince Charming ( voiced by Rupert Everett in the second and third movie , Sean Bishop in Scared Shrekless ) is the son of the Fairy Godmother . He is very handsome , and was supposed to rescue Princess Fiona from her dragon - guarded tower . In his first scene in Shrek 2 , he travels to the castle where Fiona had been imprisoned prior to the first film , only to discover that Shrek has already found and married her , and that the Big Bad Wolf has taken to sleeping in her tower ( without any explanation of how the wolf got there ) . His narration in this scene , as well as his conversation with the Wolf , recap the most important aspects of the plot of the first film . It is later revealed that Charming is in fact the son of the Fairy Godmother and that she wants him to marry Fiona so that he can become king ( similar to Lord Farquaad 's intentions in the first film ) . Thus , in contrast to his fairytale namesake , this Prince Charming plays a more villainous role , just like his mother . He is characterized as an arrogant , vain and spoiled mama 's boy , and she as his doting parent , as well as shallow about his appearance . He later deceives Fiona into believing that he is Shrek , having been turned human by a `` Happily Ever After '' potion . Nevertheless , his heartless attitude shows through the disguise and Fiona realizes the truth , knocking him unconscious with a headbutt before the end of the film . At the end , he is forcefully kissed by the ugly stepsister , Doris . He sings `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by `` Right Said Fred '' in Far Far Away Idol , but because of his horrible singing , Shrek and Fiona press a button that opens a trap door below him and he falls into it while he screams . He is voiced here by Randy Crenshaw . As the main villain of Shrek the Third , Charming gathers all the evil characters from fairy tales that were at the Poison Apple Bar to get their revenge and their `` Happily Ever Afters '' . After they invade the main castle of Far Far Away , Charming prepares a stage show in which he will kill Shrek in front of the entire kingdom . His plan almost works when Shrek takes part in the show , but eventually fails when Shrek 's allies come to the rescue . Arthur Pendragon then convinces the fairytale villains to give up their evil ways . Charming is furious and attempts to attack Artie only to be stopped by Shrek , who throws him towards the stone tower . Dragon then knocks over the stone tower from the stage and Charming looks at the tower and mutters out `` Mommy '' , it lands on him and he is presumably killed . However he appears in Scared Shrekless , he is in the story `` Boots Motel '' ( presumably made up by Donkey and Puss ) alive and well . This time , he is voiced by Sean Bishop . He appears as a zombie and at the movie theater ( this proves he survived his ordeal and did n't get crushed by the stone tower after all ) in Thriller Night , a Shrek parody of the iconic Michael Jackson short film , Michael Jackson 's Thriller . While Charming 's final fate is left undetermined , Rupert Everett 's name was seen on the cast list for Shrek Forever After . This may have been a continuity error , because he was n't seen or heard in the film . Prince Charming does make a ( non-speaking ) cameo during the end credits for Shrek Forever After . Rumpelstiltskin ( edit ) Rumpelstiltskin ( voiced by Walt Dohrn in the fourth film , Conrad Vernon in the third film ) is a short con man who makes magical deals ( complete with contracts ) , but give them a horrible twist in fate for their lives . He has a giant pet goose named Fifi . In Shrek the Third , he is briefly seen as a patron and has an extremely different physical appearance at the Poison Apple Bar and is among the villains there who side with Prince Charming . In Shrek Forever After , King Harold and Queen Lillian are going to sign their kingdom over to Rumpelstiltskin ( who has a different appearance than the one seen in Shrek the Third ) to break Fiona 's curse , as Lilian believes that the Fairy Godmother can not be trusted . Harold believes that Rumpelstiltskin ca n't be trusted either , but in a very fortunate moment , the deal is cancelled when they learn that Shrek has rescued Fiona from the tower ; Rumpelstiltskin then wishes Shrek was never born . Seeing Shrek regretting the life he has , Rumpelstiltskin makes a deal with him , taking away the day he was born . This deal enables Rumpelstiltskin to be the ruler of Far Far Away , by creating an alternate reality in which Shrek never existed and never rescued Fiona , thus the king and queen carried out their deal with him and then disappeared ( Rumpelstiltskin having twisted the deal ) . Shrek tries to reverse the deal using the exit clause ( a true love 's kiss , although in this reality Fiona intensely dislikes him ) before 24 hours elapse and he disappears forever , but Rumpelstiltskin has an army of witches to stop him and hires the Pied Piper to capture him and the other ogres . He succeeds in capturing all but Shrek . When he offers anything in return for the one who brings Shrek to him , Shrek turns himself in , and in exchange has Rumpelstiltskin set the ogres free ( though he keeps Fiona , as she is a princess by day ) . Rumpelstiltskin tries to feed Shrek and Fiona to Dragon ( who is still evil in this reality ) , but Puss , Donkey and the other ogres come to fight , and with Shrek and Fiona they defeat Rumpelstiltskin and his army of witches . By this time Shrek 's 24 hours are almost up , but at the last second , Fiona kisses the disintegrating Shrek , whom she now realizes that she loves , thus restoring the original reality . Rumpelstiltskin is last seen during the ending , imprisoned in a cage by Shrek , Fiona and the other ogres , while Fifi explodes at Fiona 's high - note singing and the Pied Piper torments him . There are continuity errors in the franchise : Rumpelstiltskin 's appearance changes between the third and fourth films ; at the end of the third film he is among the fairytale villains who change their ways , but in the fourth film he has reverted to his original , vindictive self . In Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular , Rumpelstiltskin is still imprisoned in a cage and receives coal for Christmas . He appears twice in Shrek 's Yule Log , out of his cage and unsuccessfully trying to put out the fireplace . Donkey 's Christmas Shrektacular shows him imprisoned once more . Rumplestiltskin combines features of the previous three main villains : he is short and rules an empire with an iron fist , like Farquaad ; he has magical powers to help others alter their fates , like the Fairy Godmother ; and his life is ruined by Shrek 's rescue of Fiona from the castle keep , like Prince Charming . It is ultimately implied by Donkey , when he is folding Shrek 's contract into origami , that the original way to break Rumpelstilskin 's contract is to call out his name correctly , which no longer works because everyone already knows who he is . Jack and Jill ( edit ) Jack and Jill ( voiced by Billy Bob Thornton and Amy Sedaris ) are a married couple . In Puss in Boots , Jack and Jill are in the possession of the magic beans from the Jack and the Beanstalk story , which Puss , Kitty Softpaws and Humpty Dumpty manage to steal to get into the giant 's keep . However , it is revealed later that Jack and Jill were in cahoots with Humpty and Kitty to take the Golden Goose and trick Puss into being imprisoned in his home town . But when the Great Terror arrives to retrieve Golden Goose , its baby , Jack and Jill try to steal the Goose when Humpty had a change of heart and tried to help Puss lure the Great Terror away from San Ricardo , only for the couple to be stomped on by the Terror . During the credits , Jack and Jill are seen in full body casts . Throughout the film , Jack tries convincing Jill that they should have a family but he assumes that they should be taking care of their piglets . Minor villains ( edit ) Thelonious ( edit ) Thelonious ( voiced by Christopher Knights ) appears as one of Lord Farquaad 's henchmen and possibly the executioner , as he 's the one who tortures Gingy by breaking his legs and melting him in the milk and threatens the Magic Mirror by suggesting Lord Farquaad to break it . His face is always covered by the hood , but he also wears really tight costume that emphasizes the size of his muscles and crotch . He has poor intelligence , as shown when Lord Farquaad is deciding between three princesses and Thelonious says `` Three ! Pick number three , my lord '' while holding up two fingers . He 's later seen at Fiona and Farquaad 's wedding and it is possible that he is n't really a villain , because when they kiss , he wrote `` Aawww '' on one of the signs that are telling people how should they react to different situations . He 's also seen in the ending , at Shrek and Fiona 's wedding , when he helps to play the music organ . He also makes a cameo appearance in Shrek Forever After , but only during the credits ( showing a slide show of clips from the last 3 Shrek films ) . He also appears in Shrek 4 - D , where he has kidnapped Fiona so the spirit of Farquaad can kill her and make her his spirit queen . But , when Thelonious released the raft to send Fiona over a waterfall , he has forgotten to get off of it first . He accepted Fiona punching his face multiply times . When she finds his face is too resistant , she kicks Thelonious really hard in the testicles by stepping on the wooden beam of the raft , so it goes up right in between his legs while he 's being astride . After he grabbed his groin , moaned , collapsed in pain and fell overboard , she apologizes him , so that means their relations are good . Then he fell from the waterfall but grabbed the branch . When Fiona , Shrek and Donkey fell from the waterfall as well , he proved he is good , because he caught them all in one hand while still held the branch only by the second hand until the branch broke . They are all falling down the waterfall , but the Dragon rescues all four of them and kills Lord Farquaad only . Thelonious becomes the first Shrek films villain to change to good . Rapunzel ( edit ) Rapunzel ( voiced by Maya Rudolph ) is one of Princess Fiona 's former friends . She is snobbish , opinionated , vain , and does not seem to get along with the bossy Snow White . In Shrek the Third , Rapunzel is first seen during Fiona 's baby shower , until Prince Charming invades the castle and the princesses , Doris and Queen Lillian escape secretly . Rapunzel pretends to find an exit and runs all the way to where Charming really is . The princesses , Doris and Lillian follow but are cornered by Charming 's knights . Rapunzel then betrays them and shows off her love and affection for the Prince , while the other women are imprisoned in a dungeon with Rapunzel telling Prince Charming not to have any harm come to them . While they are there , Rapunzel practices for her role in Prince Charming 's play . In the final performance , she sings and acts as a princess on top of a tower ( mimicking Princess Fiona , whose situation itself mimics Rapunzel 's ) . The play is interrupted by Shrek 's friends and Fiona . Gingy comes on stage by holding on to Rapunzel 's hair , which he accidentally pulls off . When it is revealed that she is actually bald , Rapunzel gasps in horror and runs from the stage out of embarrassment . Captain Hook ( edit ) Captain Hook ( voiced by Ian McShane in the third movie ) appears in Shrek 2 in the bar of the Poison Apple , where he plays the piano and sings `` Little Drop of Poison '' ( his singing voice during that song was provided by Tom Waits ) and `` People Just Ai n't No Good '' ( his singing voice during that song was provided by Nick Cave ) in the other . He appears in Shrek the Third , working for Prince Charming . When Artie convinces the villains to give up evil , Hook states that he grows daffodils and they are beautiful . Captain Hook is the first who throws his weapon down and becomes good . Captain Hook also appears as a contestant in the Far Far Away Idol feature on the Shrek 2 DVD with his singing voice provided by Matt Mahaffey . He begins to sing `` Hooked On A Feeling '' until Tinkerbell ( whom Hook poisons in the classic Peter Pan story ) prompts Simon Cowell to remove him from the stage . Captain Hook does not appear in Shrek Forever After , but his voice is heard in the soundtrack , and he makes a cameo in the book opening of the film holding some daffodils . Cyclops ( edit ) The Cyclops ( voiced by Mark Valley ) is the bouncer for the Poison Apple as seen in Shrek 2 . He appears in Shrek Super Slam , and his slam is `` Eye in the Sky '' . In Shrek the Third , the Cyclops is seen on a Bucking Bronco at the Poison Apple Bar when Prince Charming comes in . The Cyclops is among the villains that help Prince Charming take over Far Far Away . He has a daughter , a cute little cyclops girl who also has only one eye who he brings with him as part of `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day . '' He is a family man and does not really want to be evil . He even apologizes to Shrek when he hits him too hard . His idea of `` pillaging '' during the attack on Far , Far Away is n't exactly the most evil either , as he is only seen ripping the stamps off the letters in a mailbox . Various Cyclopes like him appear in the Shrek the Third video game , but it is unknown if he is there or not . Mabel the ugly stepsister ( edit ) Mabel ( voiced by Regis Philbin ) is the sister of Doris and the stepsister of Cinderella . She first appears in Shrek the Third , where she assists Prince Charming in his plan to take over Far Far Away . She is chubby and wears green - themed clothes . Like Doris , she is a kind - hearted person . Mabel is first seen when , at the bar of the Poison Apple , Prince Charming asks her where Doris is . Mabel , who has taken Doris 's place as bartender , replies `` She 's not welcome here . '' ( In fact , Doris is now friends with Shrek and Princess Fiona ) . Like Doris , Mabel has a crush on Prince Charming . At the film 's climax , she meets Doris on stage after the tower prop falls on Prince Charming and they reconcile . Mabel appears two times in Shrek Forever After , first time at the ogre triplets ' birthday party where she tells Shrek that he forgot the candles for the birthday cake and second time where she grew old as one of viewers of Rumpelstiltskin 's message in the alternate reality . The evil trees ( edit ) Appearing briefly in the second film and more prominently in the third . In Shrek 2 the two Evil Trees has been seen doing `` branch wrestling '' while one breaks the branch of the other . In Shrek the Third the two Evil Trees ( played by Andrew Birch and Christopher Knights ) help Prince Charming . In one scene of the third film , their names are revealed to be Ed and Steve . In the same scene , they explain that it is hard to find work since most of the world is against them . The trees are possibly two of the living trees from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The evil trees appear in the Shrek Forever After video game . The evil Queen ( edit ) The Evil Queen ( voiced by Susan Blakeslee ) appears in the third Shrek film where she assists Prince Charming in taking over Far Far Away when Prince Charming visits the Poison Apple bar . Prince Charming refers to her as the `` Wicked Witch . '' When she is about to kill Queen Lillian ( with a sword to her neck ) , Artie asserts they all can all stop being evil if they are willing to make a better choice . The Evil Queen happily says that she always wants to open a spa in France . The puppet Master ( edit ) The Puppet Master ( voiced by Chris Miller ) appears in Shrek the Third where Prince Charming convinces him to join his brigade by describing how Pinocchio has gone to look for his `` real '' father and never writes . His only line is `` I hate that little wooden puppet '' . He is loosely based on Mangiafuoco in the Carlo Collodi 's book The Adventures of Pinocchio and more based on Stromboli in the Disney film ( bearing that name in the video game ) . Headless Horseman ( edit ) Headless Horseman ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) makes a cameo appearance in the Poisoned Apple during the second film and appears in the third film with Prince Charming in his invasion of villains . He seems to be a good friend of Captain Hook . He reveals that he has `` always wanted to play the flute '' ( which would be difficult at best since he has no head ) . Fifi ( edit ) Fifi is Rumpelstiltskin 's giant pet goose . She is also his bodyguard and carriage puller and attacks Shrek and Donkey at one point . During the ending credits , Fiona sings a high note , causing Fifi to explode alongside the bluebird , a homage to a scene from the first movie . Fifi does not appear in Puss in Boots , but The Great Terror looks a lot like her . Witches ( edit ) In Shrek the Third , some Witches are shown as patrons at the bar of the Poison Apple ( one of them was seen singing at the Poison Apple Bar ) when Prince Charming rallies the fairytale villains to take over Far Far Away . The witches carry out an air raid , dropping the evil trees from there to attack the citizens . Some witches are among Rumpelstiltskin 's main assistants in Shrek Forever After , wearing black coats and having long noses and greenish faces . They ride their broomsticks and use pumpkins as bombs . They can be killed by water , as Rumpelstiltskin does to one of them , who cries `` Oh , what a world ! What a world ! '' , like the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz . Some of them are seen dancing modern hip hop moves to the Pied Piper 's flute after they ridicule him . They are defeated in the final battle . Although most of them display vicious behavior for most of the film , they passively surrender once Rumpelstiltskin is captured and are even shown to be sorry for Fiona when Shrek disappears . Near the end , they have reformed and made a rainbow out of clouds . Baba and Griselda are the only witches whose names are mentioned . The witches in Shrek Forever After are voiced by Billie Hayes , Kristen Schaal , Mary Kay Place , Meredith Vieira , Kathy Griffin , Mike Mitchell and Lake Bell . Monsieur Robin Hood ( edit ) `` Monsieur Robin Hood '' ( voiced by Vincent Cassel ) is a French - accented version of Robin Hood who appears in the first Shrek film . Believing Shrek to be kidnapping Princess Fiona , he tries to save her with the aid of his Merry Men . They are defeated by Princess Fiona , who uses her kung - fu skills . Robin is portrayed as more of a misunderstanding nuisance than a threatening villain , as he genuinely believes that Shrek was going to harm Fiona . He and the Merry Men attend Shrek and Fiona 's wedding proving that there was no malice . Robin Hood and his Merry Men appear in Shrek Super Slam as unlockable characters . They also appear in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party in the end of the film , joining with Shrek , Princess Fiona , Donkey , Snow White , Pinocchio , Thelonius , Papa Bear , Cinderella , the Big Bad Wolf , and others for a huge dance ( they sing `` Y.M.C.A. '' ) . Sir Lancelot ( edit ) Sir Lancelot ( voiced by John Krasinski ) is one of Arthur 's classmates in high school . The captain of the school 's jousting team . He 's got thick black hair and square jaw . He 's very handsome , well - built and sexy , but also really rude , arrogant and narcissistic . He is the quintessential Big Man on Campus and a typical jock -- he loves sport , he has got many fans and he tends to abuse his popularity . Lancelot is portrayed as more of a bully than a threatening villain . He takes every opportunity to assert his superiority over his classmates , whether through a sarcastic comeback or a beating on the jousting field . The main recipient of such thrashings is Artie , because Lancelot is much more muscular , handsome and stronger than him . He wins with him during jousting , so Shrek mistakes him for Artie , which does n't look like a king . He is possibly Guinevere 's boyfriend . The black knight ( edit ) The gibberish - speaking Black Knight appears in black armor and a red cape in Shrek Super Slam . He is available as a standard character and his slam is the `` Seismic Smash '' . In `` Shrek the Third , '' there were some black knights that helped Prince Charming in a plot to kill Shrek The Pied Piper ( edit ) The Pied Piper appears briefly in the first film , among the fairy tale creatures exiled in Shrek 's swamp , where he rallies many rats with his enchanted flute . In Shrek Forever After , he is hired by Rumpelstiltskin to capture the ogres by forcing them to dance and follow him with his enchanted flute . He can handle different species ( rats , ogres , witches ... ) or even objects ( Rumpelstiltskin 's socks ) by setting the `` target '' dial of his flute . He never speaks and only using his flute to communicate . The Piper has no voice , but the flute performance was done by Jeremy Steig ( original author William Steig 's son ) . In Shrek Forever After he is seen playing two pop culture songs : at first he plays Sure Shot , to make the witches dance after their mocked him , and later he plays Shake Your Groove Thing , in order to make the ogres dance directly to Rumpelstiltskin 's castle Raoul ( edit ) Raoul ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) appears in Puss in Boots . He is a hairy thief and thug . He has got some tattoos : three beans on his arm , beanstalk reaching the castle in the sky on his chest , golden goose on his back and golden eggs probably on his genitals ( when he offered Puss to show that tattoo , he unzipped his trousers ) . He is firstly seen in the bar where he is drinking and laughing at the cat along with the other thieves . He tells Puss the story about the Golden Goose and Jack and Jill and illustrates his tale by taking off his shirt and revealing his tattoos . He also tries to rob him , but then Puss cuts off half of his beard . Later , we can see that he was in cahoots with Humpty to take the Golden Goose and trick Puss into being imprisoned in his home town . After the Giant Terror went down to take the Golden Goose back , he is bathing and playing the rubber duck . The tattoos on his body makes the Giant Terror angry and she throws the bathtub where he was bathing into the air . It is unknown did he died or survived . Minor characters ( edit ) Magic Mirror ( edit ) The Magic Mirror ( voiced by Chris Miller ) is a mirror with a live spirit communicating through it , and with magical displaying abilities . It is first brought to Lord Farquaad who asks it if Duloc is not the most perfect kingdom , exactly the same way the Evil Queen used to ask it if she was not the fairest of all . The magic mirror then presents Lord Farquaad with three princesses that he can marry ( from which he chooses Fiona ) . It is later seen to be with Shrek 's posse , who in Shrek 2 use it as a television set such as announcing that the show will be back after commercials . Magic Mirror does not appear in Shrek the Third . In Shrek Forever After , Rumpelstiltskin has it and uses it on television broadcasting purposes . In the ending he is seen shining a light on a giant disco ball . Mongo ( edit ) Mongo , the giant gingerbread man was created by the Muffin Man . He is based on the character Mongo from Blazing Saddles and the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man from Ghostbusters . At one point , he also roars like Godzilla . In Shrek 2 , Shrek and Gingy go to visit the Muffin Man , and they tell him ' they have a big order to fill . ' Shrek and Gingy ride Mongo through Far Far Away to the castle . When they get there , Mongo tries to rip open the drawbridge . The guards pour espresso coffee onto him , but it does not stop him . They try again , but this time they boil the milk first `` More heat , less foam ! '' . They pour it over Mongo to soften his arms so that they break off and he falls into the moat . However , just before his arm breaks , Shrek jumped through into the castle . Gingy tries to go back for Mongo , but has to abandon him to carry on with the plan . Mongo 's last words to Gingy are `` Be good ! '' , a reference to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . At the end of the movie , he sings a section of `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . It is unknown what happens to him after . He is a background character of the arena `` Mongo '' in Shrek Super Slam , where he is carrying a giant birthday cake . Mongo also makes a cameo in Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing where he roams in the suburbs of Far Far Away track and if any racers make contact with him , they will spin out . Mr. moore ( edit ) Jero the Muffin Man ( voiced by Conrad Vernon ) is a baker who lives in Far Far Away . He is mentioned briefly in the first Shrek film when Gingy and Lord Farquaad discuss their knowledge of him , speaking in the words of the nursery rhyme . He first appears in Shrek 2 , when Shrek and Gingy persuade him to bake an enormous gingerbread man named Mongo . Mongo helps the heroes to storm King Harold 's castle during the Wedding Ball . In Shrek the Third , the Muffin Man is revealed to be a father figure to Gingy , who calls him `` Papa '' . As in the nursery rhyme , he lives on Drury Lane . He appears in Shrek Forever After as a baker on birthday party . In the reality in which Shrek was n't born , Gingy is seen fighting Animal Crackers and the Muffin Man is seen as a bookie saying `` Place your bets ! '' He also appears in the scene when Rumplestiltskin promises anyone 's heart 's desire if they give him Shrek . Furniture ( edit ) The Furniture that are in Fiona 's bedroom first appeared in Shrek 2 . They are brought to life by Fairy Godmother 's magic to sing and dance with her and provide Fiona with the needs of being a princess but to Fairy Godmother and their surprise , she did n't need the requirements and are more shocked to learn that she 's married to an ogre named Shrek . After Fairy Godmother leaves , they return to their original posts . Later , they temporally come back to life and ( under Fairy Godmother 's orders ) block the exits to prevent Shrek from escaping Fiona 's room . Afterwards , they no longer speak or move . Guinevere ( edit ) Guinevere ( voiced by Latifa Ouaou ) is a love interest of Arthur 's . When he reveals this , she replies with `` ew '' . She 's possibly Lancelot 's girlfriend . She chews bubble gum . Imelda ( edit ) Imelda ( voiced by Constance Marie ) was Puss ' surrogate mother who appears in Puss in Boots . Golden Goose ( edit ) The Golden Goose in Puss in Boots looks more like a giant gosling even being titled as the golden goose and even when she 's too young , she lays solid golden eggs and is determined to fly as she flaps her wings . Great Terror ( edit ) Even being called so , the Great Terror is a giant white goose with golden wing feathers . She is also the mother of the Golden Goose who used to be owned by Giants . She is very similar to Fifi from Shrek Forever After . Suzie ( edit ) Suzie was a gingerbread girl and Gingy 's girlfriend that appears briefly in Gingy 's flashbacks in the third film and also in Gingy 's flashback story in Shrek the Halls ( voiced by Susan Fitzer ) . In Shrek the Third she has been seen kissing with Gingy in a car at a drive - in cinema . In Shrek the Halls in Gingy 's Christmas story , he recounts a Christmas winter night he spent with her . The two were in a car made of bread and candies parked on a table which made them seem like cookies left out for Santa Claus , who later tries to eat them . The gingerbread couple attempted to run but Suzy was caught by Santa and she was eaten after letting out a scream . Her death has caused for Gingy to have an absolute fear of Santa Sugar ( edit ) Sugar is a gingerbread girl made up as Gingy 's love interest in Gingy 's ( fictional ) story `` The Bride of Gingy . '' in Scared Shrekless . She is voiced by Kristen Schaal . She became Gingy 's girlfriend when Gingy explains to the Muffin Man that his other girlfriend kicked him out because he only cared about himself . To that , he makes Gingy a new girlfriend . Gingy thought of adding lots of sugar to the gingerbread batter to make his girlfriend really sweet , despite the Muffin Man 's objections . Once Sugar is born , she falls in love with Gingy . At first , Gingy is overjoyed , but gets uncomfortable with Sugar becoming overly attached to him . He finally escapes and gets over it by knocking her into the mixer which created thousands of zombie clones of herself that attacked Gingy and ate him . Other characters ( edit ) Cyclops girl ( edit ) She is Cyclops 's beautiful little daughter who appears briefly in Shrek the Third and loves her father . Her father brings his sweet little cyclops to work on `` Bring Your Kids To Work Day '' , where Shrek is surprised to see her , but then gives the little cyclops a rub on the head and a compliment , telling her dad `` She 's got your eye '' . Hansel and Gretel ( edit ) Hansel and Gretel appear in the second film 's royal ball , walking on the red carpet and happy about Fiona 's wedding . They appear to throw bread on the ground , puzzling the Joan Rivers - like commentator at the ball . They are also mentioned by the Fairy Godmother while she finds that ogres do n't live happily ever after . Little boy blue ( edit ) He grew up alongside Puss in Boots and Humpty Dumpty in the San Ricardo Orphanage and bullied the latter . His skin is blue . Little red Riding Hood ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood is shown at the beginning of Shrek 2 , coming to the gingerbread and cake house ( from Hansel and Gretel ) and running away leaving her basket behind after seeing Shrek and Fiona as ogres . She also appears in Shrek 2 the game being voiced by Tara Strong , and as a professional softball pitcher . Her slam is Basket of Utter Destruction . She has a different appearance in the two productions . She makes a cameo in Shrek the Third , where she picks a dwarf 's pockets while cloaked in her red hood . In Shrek the Third , someone that might be Little Red Riding Hood was seen pickpocketing someone . She appears as a racer in the game Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing . Her name in it is simply `` Red Riding Hood '' , but her appearance is the same as in Shrek 2 . Her kart is the Big Bad Wolf , and her personal item is a picnic basket . Mister Geppetto ( edit ) ( voiced by Chris Miller in Shrek and Shrek Forever After and by Sean Bishop in Scared Shrekless ) Mr. Gepetto is Pinocchio 's father . He is seen selling Pinocchio to Farquaad 's army in the first film . In Shrek Forever After Pinocchio tries to pass him off to Rumpelstiltskin as Shrek . Miss toad ( edit ) ( voiced by Wendy Bilanski ) -- Miss Toad is seen at the Poison Apple Bar in the second film . She could be the toad that kidnapped Thumbelina . Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) Snow White 's seven dwarves appear in the first film carrying Snow White 's coffin . When the place the coffin on the table , Shrek says `` Oh no ! Dead girl off the table . '' One of the Dwarfs says `` Where else are we supposed to put it ? The bed 's already been taken '' as Shrek finds the Big Bad Wolf in his bed . They are seen again in Shrek 2 , when they give Shrek a ring engraved with `` I love you '' in flaming letters for Fiona ( in an allusion to the One Ring from The Lord of the Rings ) . In `` Shrek the Third '' , one of them ( Grumpy ) is given to Fiona as a wedding present ( as a babysitter ) from Snow White who says she has six more at home . They are seen at the end of Scared Shrekless when Shrek and Fiona celebrate by egging them . They have been voiced by various actors including Elisa Gabrielli , David P. Smith , Walt Dohrn , and Sean Bishop . In Shrek The Musical , it is revealed that Grumpy was the father of Lord Ffarquad who kicked him out of his house because he was 28 and living in his basement . The little mermaid ( edit ) A mermaid resembling Ariel from the Disney film The Little Mermaid makes a cameo appearance during the `` Accidentally in Love '' scene in Shrek 2 , when Shrek and Fiona are on the beach during their honeymoon . A wave comes in and then goes back out , leaving her on top of Shrek , kissing him . Fiona throws her back into the sea , where she is eaten by sharks ( though it is not certain whether she is eaten by sharks or merely attacked ) . The old lady in the shoe ( edit ) Her house is seen when Lord Farquaad consigns all the fairytale characters to Shrek 's swamp . She was under the shoe with her children . Peter Pan ( edit ) ( voiced by Michael Galasso ) -- Peter Pan is seen in the first film waiting in line to sell Tinkerbell . His only line in the film is `` He can fly ! '' ( delivered when Tinkerbell inadvertently sprinkles fairy dust on Donkey ) . In Shrek the Third , Captain Hook mistakes a small boy in Far Far Away for Peter Pan . Peter Pan is also a character in Shrek The Musical , that is banished to Shrek 's swamp . Tinker Bell ( edit ) Tinker Bell is almost sold by Peter Pan in the first film , and it is her `` fairy dust '' that allows Donkey to fly temporarily . In Shrek 2 she dances with Gingy during the Far Far Away Idol and is used as lighting for a mud bath . She uses her magic to turn Puss 's boots into dancing ones during the Far Far Away Idols . She is also a player in Shrek 2 the video game , helping to rescue Shrek , Donkey , Puss , Little Red Riding Hood , the Big Bad Wolf and the Gingerbread Man . In the game Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing , she makes a cameo in the Potion Factory Exterior Track . She is the purple fairy that flies across the track , and if any character hits her , they will spin out . The three bears ( edit ) Papa Bear , Mama Bear , and Baby Bear ( voiced by Bobby Block ) appear in the first film among the fairytale characters captured by Lord Farquaad 's troops as Baby Bear tells his parents `` This cage is too small . '' They are among the fairy tale character that are sent to Shrek 's swamp , and in the party at the end of the film . In Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing , Papa Bear is used as a kart for Goldilocks , but is not a playable character . In Shrek Superslam , there is a bearskin rug ( most likely Mama Bear , as there was a bow on her head ) in one of the secret arenas . They also appear in Shrek the Musical , and are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Tom Thumb and Thumbelina ( edit ) Tom Thumb and Thumbelina walk together on the red carpet at Fiona and Shrek 's wedding ball . They are both ignominiously swept up with the debris cluttering the red carpet , and they fail to attend the ball . Tom Thumb pushes Thumbelina in front of him as they are swept up . Wendy ( edit ) ( voiced by Latifa Ouaou ) -- While approaching the small boy in Far Far Away , Captain Hook also calls his mother and says `` Shut it Wendy '' where he mistook her for Wendy Darling . Captain of the guard ( edit ) ( voiced by Jim Cummings in Shrek and Andrew Adamson in Shrek 2 ) . In the first film he appears as the commander of Farquaad 's army and his personal aide . A similar character reappears in Shrek 2 but is now the head of King Harold 's army . Appearing in Shrek the Musical ( edit ) The following characters appear in Shrek the Musical : Shrek 's parents ( edit ) Shrek 's ogre parents appear at the beginning of the musical . They send Shrek out of their home at his seventh birthday , for him to live by himself . Shrek 's father was mentioned in Shrek the Third when Shrek talks with Artie about their fathers , according to Shrek in that scene , his father tried to eat him Fairy Godmother ( edit ) A Fairy Godmother appears in Shrek the Musical and is banished to Shrek 's swamp . Gnome ( edit ) The Gnome appears in the Seattle Try - out & Broadway Line - Up of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Mad Hatter ( edit ) The Mad Hatter appears in the West End Line - Up version of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale character that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Shoemaker 's elf ( edit ) Based on one of the elves from The Elves and the Shoemaker , it appears in the Seattle Try - out & Broadway Line - Up and US National Tour Line - Up versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Sugarplum Fairy ( edit ) Based on the Sugarplum Fairies from The Nutcracker , the Sugarplum Fairy appears in all three versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . The ugly Duckling ( edit ) The Ugly Duckling appeared in all three versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . Tweedledum and Tweedledee ( edit ) Tweedledum and Tweedledee appear in the West End Line - Up version of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . White Rabbit ( edit ) The White Rabbit appeared in the Seattle Try - out & Broadway Line - Up and West End Line - Up versions of Shrek the Musical amongst the fairy tale characters that are banished to Shrek 's swamp . The Cow who jumped over the moon ( edit ) She appears in the Travel Song where she jumps over the moon as Shrek and Donkey walk on their way to rescue Fiona . The character is mentioned in `` The Pig Who Cried Werewolf '' when The Three Little Pigs remember when Heimlich claimed that he has seen an OVNI , but Dieter says that was just the Cow who jumped over the moon The dish and the Spoon ( edit ) They appear in the Travel Song where they run away as Shrek and Donkey walk on their way to rescue Fiona . The Dish and the Spoon are having a conversation and somehow being pursued by the police , it is unknown if they escaped or got arrested . Recurring characters ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This graph is possibly inaccurate . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Character Shrek Shrek 2 Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After Shrek the Musical Shrek 3d Shrek the Halls Scared Shrekless Puss in Boots Shrek Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Donkey Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Princess Fiona Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Farquaad Yes No Flashback ( footage from the first film ; hands and voice only ) No Yes Yes No Mentioned No Puss in Boots No Yes Yes Yes Cameo No Yes Yes Yes Fairy Godmother No Yes Photograph Cameo Cameo No No No No Prince Charming No Yes Yes Cameo No No No Yes No Rumpelstiltskin No No Yes Yes No No No No No Queen Lillian No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No King Harold No Yes Yes Yes Cameo No No No No Dragon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Artie No No Yes Deleted scenes No No No No No Gingy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Pinocchio Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Three Pigs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Big Bad Wolf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Blind Mice Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Ogre Triplets No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Dronkeys No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Doris No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Mabel No No Yes Yes No No No No No Robin Hood Yes Video game only No No No No No No No Captain Hook No Yes Yes Soundtrack No No No No No Headless Horseman No Yes Yes No No No No No No Snow White Yes No Yes No No No No No No Cinderella Yes No Yes No No No No No No Sleeping Beauty No Yes Yes No No No No No No Rapunzel No No Yes No No No No No No Mongo No Yes No No No No No No No Muffin Man Mentioned Yes Yes Yes Mentioned No No Yes No Merlin Video game only No Yes No Yes No No No No Thelonious Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Magic Mirror Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Pied Piper Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Cyclops No Yes Yes No No No No No No Captain of the Guard Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Evil Trees No Yes Yes Video game only No No No No No Witches Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Three Bears Yes Video game only No No Yes Yes No No No Red Riding Hood No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Seven Dwarfs Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Tinkerbell Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Peter Pan Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No References ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal Fictional characters portal Jump up ^ Andrew Adamson , Kelly Asbury ( 2004 ) . Shrek 2 ( DVD ) . DreamWorks Animation . Jump up ^ asin B002ZG9904 Shrek Ever After DVD Extras Director Commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Lillian ( Julie Andrews ) and King Harold ( John Cleese ) learn that they may rule the kingdom , but they do n't rule their daughter 's heart '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Lillian ( Julie Andrews ) and King Harold ( John Cleese ) '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Wloszczyna , `` Here comes the judge : Simon 's a ' Shrek ' extra , '' USA Today ( 10 / 6 / 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Eric Idle voices Merlin in DreamWorks ' `` Shrek the Third , '' to be released by Paramount Pictures in May 2007. `` . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Behind the Actors : Prince Charming Behind the Voice Actors , Retrieved April 16 , 2016 ( hide ) Shrek Films Main films Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Spin - off films Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Shorts Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) TV series The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Attractions Shrek 4 - D Donkey 's Photo Finish Enchanted Airways Shrek 's Faire Faire Away Characters Shrek Donkey Princess Fiona Lord Farquaad Video games Shrek Treasure Hunt Hassle at the Castle Shrek Super Party Shrek 2 Shrek SuperSlam Shrek Smash n ' Crash Racing Shrek the Third Shrek Forever After DreamWorks Super Star Kartz Puss in Boots Miscellaneous Shrek ! by William Steig Shrek The Musical Music on the Internet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shrek_characters&oldid=802384612 '' Categories : Shrek characters Lists of animated film characters Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2013 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 Articles needing cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the ogre cook in shrek 4	[ "Cookie (voiced by Craig Robinson) is an ogre and a chef for the Ogre Resistance in Shrek Forever After. Food is his only weapon against the witches and Rumpelstiltskin. His signature dish is the chimichanga, of which he takes a cartful to the ambush of Rumplestiltskin. Cookie is very recognizable due to the garlic he has tied into his goatee and a chef hat. He's a very outgoing and friendly ogre. He is the only ogre to enjoy dancing while Pied Piper plays his flute until he and the others are captured. He catapults his chimichangas at the witches during the final battle. He is also seen at the party in the end of the film." ]	[ "Craig Robinson" ]
2451064560021118283	Phyllis Summers	Phyllis Summers - wikipedia Phyllis Summers Jump to : navigation , search Phyllis Summers Gina Tognoni as Phyllis Summers The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Michelle Stafford ( 1994 -- 97 , 2000 -- 13 ) Sandra Nelson ( 1997 -- 99 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2014 -- ) Duration 1994 -- First appearance October 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 17 ) Created by William J. Bell Introduced by William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1994 , 2000 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 2014 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Phyllis Romalotti Phyllis Abbott Phyllis Newman Occupation Businesswoman Editor - in - chief Campaign manager Webmaster Computer operator Home Genoa City , Wisconsin Sandra Nelson as Phyllis Summers ( show ) Family Father George Summers Jr . Mother Lydia Callahan Sisters Avery Bailey Clark Husband Danny Romalotti ( 1994 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Jack Abbott ( 2001 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 ) Nicholas Newman ( 2007 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 ) Sons Daniel Romalotti Daughters Summer Newman Stepsons Keemo Volien Abbott ( 2001 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 ) Kyle Abbott ( 2001 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 ) Granddaughters Lucy Romalotti Grandfathers George Summers Sr . Grandmothers Harriet Summers Phyllis Summers is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless , an American soap opera on the CBS network . The character was created and introduced by William J. Bell , and debuted in the episode airing on October 17 , 1994 . Phyllis was originally and most notably portrayed by actress Michelle Stafford , until August 2013 ( other than Sandra Nelson portraying Phyllis for nearly two years , until Stafford was brought back by former head writer , Kay Alden , in 2000 ) . Stafford has been praised for her portrayal , for which she has won two Daytime Emmy Awards , but left the series after nearly sixteen years , with the character being written into a coma ; Stafford last appeared on August 2 , 2013 . The role passed to Gina Tognoni ( debuting on August 11 , 2014 ) , who continues in it . Phyllis was introduced as a groupie of fictional rock singer Danny Romalotti ( Michael Damian ) , and claimed to have given birth to his child , Daniel ( Michael Graziadei ) . Danny married Phyllis out of obligation to his son , sparking a rivalry between Phyllis and Danny 's ex-wife , Christine Blair ( Lauralee Bell ) , which is a continuing storyline . The character is known for scheming to get what she wants . Phyllis has also been involved with Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) ; both relationships have fan followings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 Backstory 3.2 1994 -- 4 Reception 5 References Casting ( edit ) Michelle Stafford originated the role of Phyllis Summers , portraying her from 1994 to 1997 , and again from 2000 to 2013 . Stafford made her debut on October 17 , 1994 . Her stint on the soap opera was initially a short - term role , however , her work impressed the producers and she was placed on contract . On February 14 , 1997 , Stafford left the soap opera to pursue other career opportunities , and the role was recast with Sandra Nelson . She portrayed the role from March 21 , 1997 , until February 22 , 1999 . In July 2000 , Stafford was brought back to the soap opera by former head writer Kay Alden , Stafford aired on July 13 . Speaking of her return , Stafford stated : `` ( The show ) had approached me before , and then when this ( opportunity ) came up it was n't through agents or anything like that . It was through Jerry Birn , one of the writers , who 's still a really good friend of mine . He plays golf with my stepfather , so it came that way . We met for a drink , Jerry and I , and we just talked loosely because I was n't sure that I wanted to come back on the show . ( I saw ) how excited he was about the character and what he wanted to do with the character was really cool . That 's rare to find as an actress ... that people are really excited and willing to work ( and ) write for you . Then I talked to Kay ( Alden ) . Everybody ( that I spoke with ) really had a strong opinion of the character and of where she would be in the show . '' In 2009 , Stafford signed a new contract with The Young and the Restless which would ensure her portrayal of Phyllis for an unspecified period of time . In May 2013 , it was announced that Stafford would be exiting the soap opera after sixteen years in the role . Stafford later confirmed that her final scenes would air sometime that August . In July 2013 , Stafford appeared on the cover of Soap Opera Digest which was dubbed `` Her Final Interview . '' In the interview with editor Stephanie Sloane , she confessed that she was completely done with the soap opera , though would n't mind if the role of Phyllis was recast , stating : `` They may , as a courtesy , ask if I wanted to come back ; I do n't know , they may not . It 's okay with me . It does n't matter because I am done . I 'm completely done . And I 'm not upset if they recast , I totally would understand . '' Stafford also stated she had some ideas for a recast , but would not detail the specifics of those ideas . Stafford also opened up as to her reasons for departing the series , stating , `` There were other things that I really wanted to do . And the way that the show runs right now , the climate of daytime , the producers , the company , is n't so apt to be as accommodating with other projects . I do n't say that as a criticism ; as a producer , I 'd do the same . And recently , probably at the end of last year , I was considering it seriously . I think it coincided with my sister getting sick in September , and being a mother , and really thinking about life , the future and other things that I wanted to create , '' says Stafford on why she decided to leave the show . `` There were a lot of personal reasons that I just think are not important to share with the world . Only my good friends should know . '' Stafford exited the series on August 2 , 2013 . In May 2014 , when Stafford joined the cast of General Hospital in the role of Nina Clay , the show went ahead with plans to recast the role of Phyllis . On May 22 , 2014 , reports surfaced that former One Life to Live and Guiding Light actress Gina Tognoni had been cast in the role of Phyllis , following her `` flawless '' audition . Tognoni began taping on July 9 and made her debut on August 11 , 2014 . Development ( edit ) When she debuted , Phyllis was known to scheme to get what she wanted . The Record said she is `` usually scheming and she would n't have her any other way . '' Of her `` damaged '' familial background , Stafford stated : `` I think Phyllis is looking for something she decided must exist in life that maybe does n't . She is looking for something she never had , which is a family unit and real love . She is looking for that and she is thinking that it should be a certain way , because it is not what she had . In truth , that thing that she is looking for might not even exist . But she is trying to find it . '' Phyllis ' first romance on the soap opera was with Danny Romalotti ( Michael Damian ) , whom she conned into believing he had fathered a child with her . During their loveless marriage , Stafford stated : `` Phyllis is trying to figure out how to hold on to ( her husband ) Danny . Her shrink tells her , ' Do n't exaggerate your sexuality . ' But she does n't get it . Danny is n't even the father of the baby . That 's something that might come up later . But in the meantime , this woman is going to get him . '' When he discovered her deception , a vicious divorce battle ensued . They later briefly remarried before Danny obtained custody of Phyllis ' son , Daniel , and left town with him . Upon her return in 2000 , Phyllis began dating Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and they were later married . Of their romance , Bergman stated : `` These two were perfectly wrong for each other . These two people cared about each other and wanted this to work in the worst possible way , but just could n't make it work . That is not normal for soaps . It was fun to play and for the audience to watch , because these two people were desperately loving each other and they are destructive of each other , and someone is going to hurt someone here . These are two type `` A '' personalities . '' After being told more children were n't possible , Phyllis and Jack attempted to gain custody of Jack 's son , Kyle Jenkins , from Diane Jenkins ( Susan Walters ) , which failed and they eventually divorce in 2004 . In 2005 , Phyllis and Jack reunited , just before she began an affair with Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) . Nick used the affair to numb his emotions after his daughter 's tragic death , having been married to Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) . A love triangle forms between the three characters , and while Nick initially returns to Sharon , Phyllis becomes pregnant and is unsure if Nick or Jack is the father . A paternity test supposedly revealed Nick as the father , and their daughter , Summer Newman ( Hunter King ) , is born in December 2006 , and they are married in May 2007 . Their three - year marriage eventually succumbs to Nick 's ongoing feelings for Sharon , which resulted in an affair and the birth of their daughter , Faith . Nick divorces Phyllis in 2010 . They briefly reunite and remarry in 2012 , although it ends due to Phyllis ' adultery and lies . Morrow stated that `` not many husbands would put up with what he has '' in his marriages to Phyllis . For the years following Summer 's birth , speculation arose that Jack was in fact Summer 's father , not Nick . In 2013 , it was revealed that the paternity test conducted in 2006 was inconclusive . Storylines ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Phyllis was born on June 14 , 1974 in Darien , Connecticut to parents George Summers and Lydia Callahan . She then ran away from home as a teenager for undisclosed reasons , leaving behind a younger sister who was revealed to be Avery Bailey Clark in 2011 . In 1993 , Phyllis gave birth to a son , Daniel , who was fathered by Brian Hamilton who wanted nothing to do with Phyllis or her unborn child . Thus , she conned Danny Romalotti into believing Daniel was his son , and he married her out of obligation . In 1995 , her parents came to Genoa City to visit her but Phyllis chased them out of town . 1994 -- ( edit ) Phyllis arrived in Genoa City in 1994 . She was a fan of rockstar Danny Romalotti , whom she drugged to get in bed with her . When she got pregnant , Phyllis altered the DNA results to show Danny as the father . Danny left his wife , Christine Blair , and married Phyllis , who gave birth to Daniel Romalotti Jr . Danny eventually left Phyllis . Intent on revenge , Phyllis ran down Christine and her fiancé , Paul Williams . They survived . Danny and Phyllis underwent therapy . Phyllis had an affair with her psychiatrist , Tim Reid ; and taped them having sex to blackmail him into telling the courts that Danny and Phyllis should not divorce . They divorced anyway and Phyllis was briefly engaged to Tim before reuniting with Danny . Eventually , Brian Hamilton was revealed to be Daniel 's biological father ; however , Danny fought for custody and won , leaving town with him . Phyllis later had relationships with Malcolm Winters , Michael Baldwin , and Jack Abbott , before leaving town . She returned as a web designer for Jabot Cosmetics , but was later fired and went to work for Newman Enterprises . Phyllis married Jack and they learned she was unable to have any more children . She and Jack tried to get custody of his son , Kyle Jenkins Abbott from Kyle 's mother , Diane Jenkins , and Phyllis tried to get Diane out of their lives . Diane set Phyllis up to be jailed for arson and attempted murder , but Phyllis was released . She and Jack divorced . In 2004 , Phyllis ' son Daniel returned as a teenager and she eventually bonded with him as mother and son . Phyllis later reunited with Jack and began working with Nikki Newman on NVP , a new company funded by Newman Enterprises . She then had an affair with Nick Newman while he was married to Sharon , and grieving the loss of their daughter Cassie . Phyllis became pregnant , and Nick divorced Sharon and then married Phyllis , who gave birth to Summer Newman . Phyllis blackmailed Brad Carlton over his own affair with Sharon , so he would vote for what she wanted on the Newman board . While on a business trip with Sharon and Drucilla Winters , the three women got into a fight , and Drucilla and Sharon fell off a cliff ; Dru was never found . Phyllis went to jail for blackmailing Brad and Sharon . Nick was later involved in a plane crash and presumed dead . He showed up months later , with amnesia , believing he was still married to Sharon . He eventually regained his memory . Later , Phyllis , Nick , Jack , and Sharon develop a `` Restless Style '' magazine , but Jack and Sharon eventually leave . After witnessing Nick and Sharon kissing in Paris , Phyllis tried to get Brad to keep Sharon away from Nick . This failed , and Nick and Sharon had sex at the Abbott cabin . Sharon wound up pregnant , giving birth to Faith Newman . Phyllis divorces Nick due to his connection with Sharon . Nick and Phyllis eventually reconnected , despite their divorce . Phyllis got custody of Daniel 's daughter Lucy , who had been illegally adopted by Billy and Victoria Abbott . In 2012 , Phyllis became pregnant and Nick proposed . Phyllis lost the baby , but they still got married . Their marriage was strained when Phyllis finally faced charges for running down Paul and Christine in December 1994 . Phyllis ' former therapist , Tim Reid , came to town and blackmailed Phyllis . When Tim dropped dead in Phyllis ' apartment , she moved the body and then turned to Ronan Malloy for help . Her marriage to Nick ended when Phyllis slept with Ronan , also straining Phyllis ' relationship with a teenaged Summer . Phyllis eventually regained a close relationship with her daughter , while also rekindling her romance with Jack . In the summer of 2013 , it was revealed that Nick had lied and claimed paternity over Summer , despite the original paternity test taken years before having been corrupted . He takes a second test , which still proves that he is the father . However , Sharon now wants Nick back , and tampers with the test results , allowing everyone to believe Jack is now the father of Summer . Phyllis ultimately hears Sharon confessing to this at Cassie 's grave , resulting in an altercation between the two and ending with Phyllis falling down a flight of stairs . At the hospital , Phyllis briefly awakes with Jack at her side , and he proposes , but Phyllis is unresponsive . She then has a panic attack at the sight of Sharon in the window of the door . This causes her to relapse into a coma and is diagnosed with a bruise on her brain . This causes Daniel to request that she be moved to an experimental facility off the coast of where he resides , in Georgia . This is much to the dismay of Jack , Summer , and Avery , as they do not want her to be so far away . After much convincing , the group decides to try everything possible to help Phyllis , and agrees to send her to Georgia . Before leaving for Georgia , Jack is seen placing a ring on an unresponsive , comatose Phyllis to make their engagement official . In the summer of 2014 , Summer makes a visit to inform her mother that she has married Austin Travers ( Matthew Atkinson ) . While she lay in her coma , Jack comes to visit Phyllis to tell her that he needed to see her one last time before he officially moves on with the new woman in his life , Kelly Andrews ( Cady McClain ) . He also speaks with her doctor , who informs him that there has been very little change in Phyllis ' condition over the past year , and there is very little that they can do . In an attempt to uncover Sharon 's paternity test - switch secret , Victor goes to Georgia and gathers information about a risky form of medication that may be able to wake up patients who are in comas . The doctor later tells him that in order for the medication to be used , he would need the approval and signature of an immediate family member . Triggered by Victor 's visit , Phyllis begins to display small responses of movement . After Victor secretly gets Summer to forge her signature on the required documents , Phyllis ' doctor begins to administer the drug , and she emerges from her coma . Escaping the clinic , she hitchhikes her way back to Genoa City and crashes the wedding of Nick and Sharon . Phyllis ' friends and family are thrilled that Phyllis is back . Kelly , however , is not due to the fact that Phyllis ' return to Genoa City caused the termination of Kelly and Jack 's relationship . In November , when Sharon is getting ready for her second attempt to get married to Nick , Phyllis shows up and tricks Sharon into going with her to the stairwell where Phyllis fell . In September 2016 , Phyllis and Jack divorced due to Phyllis and Billy 's affair . Phyllis desperately tries to regain Jacks love and trust , but fails to do so and gives up in December 2016 after sharing a kiss . They now have a civil work relationship and continue to involve themselves in each others lives . In August 2017 , Phyllis and Benjamin Hochman create a plan to take down Vitoria Newman 's company , Brash and Sassy so Phyllis can spend more time with Billy . Reception ( edit ) Stafford has been praised for her portrayal . In 1995 , Lilana Novakovich of the Toronto Star stated : `` Michelle Stafford is every bit as irrepressible as Phyllis Romalotti , her character on The Young and the Restless . '' The Sharon / Nick / Phyllis love triangle , which took place from 2006 to 2010 , was considered one of the genre 's most titillating storylines . Jamaica Gleaner was enthralled by the twists and turns of the love triangle and published an interview with Stafford ; the newspaper asked whether Nick would end his ten - year marriage to Sharon and rather enter into an official romance with her pregnant character Phyllis . Stafford replied , `` In a perfect world , she 'd wish ( the baby was ) Nick 's . But he 's married ; he 's not going to leave Sharon . And she does n't want him to . '' The love triangle was a prominent topic of soap opera debate during its run . Daniel R. Coleridge of TV Guide labeled it `` A ca n't - miss week for the popular Sharon / Nick / Phyllis triangle '' when Phyllis 's OB - GYN is to inform her that she is expecting . On - Air On - Soaps has noted that both Phyllis ' pairings with both Jack and Nick have garnered fan followings ; they recognized her pairing with Nick as the `` Phick vs. Shick '' fan - base war . Stafford has received a number of honors for her portrayal of Phyllis , including Soap Opera Digest Award wins for Outstanding Female Newcomer in 1996 , for Outstanding Villainess in 1997 and for Outstanding Lead Actress in 2003 , earning another nomination in the same category in 2005 . Stafford also received a nomination for the Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Female Scene Stealer in 2001 . She received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1996 , winning in 1997 . Stafford has also received eight nominations for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , winning only once in 2004 . At the 32nd Daytime Emmy Awards , Stafford and co-star Peter Bergman were nominated for the Special Fan Award for Irresistible Combination . In 2015 and 2017 Tognoni gained a nomination for a Daytime Emmy in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category for her portrayal of Phyllis , winning in 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Michelle '' . Michellestafford.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelle Stafford Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Novakovich , Lilana ( November 16 , 1996 ) . `` Stafford loves Y&R role '' . The Record . p. C. 4 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Toby ( April 6 , 1997 ) . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Recasts Two Key Roles '' . The Buffalo News . Tribune Media Services . Jump up ^ `` Sandra Nelson Biography '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless recap ( February 18 , 1999 ) - Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( February 22 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless recap ( July 14 , 2000 ) - Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/6IlYbj8Qv Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2009 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Michelle Stafford inks a new contract , time off '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Young and The Restless Shocker : Michelle Stafford Exiting After 16 Years '' . E !. NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Michelle Stafford Tapes Final Episode of ' Y&R ' Today '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Michelle Stafford on The Young and the Restless ' Phyllis : `` I 'm Completely Done '' `` . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Michelle Stafford Talks Real Reason For ' Y&R ' Exit '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Y&R to recast Phyllis '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Day on Y&R for Tognoni '' . SoapCentral. 2014 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` GINA TOGNONI IS Y&R 'S NEW PHYLLIS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Gina Tognoni Joins The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Y&R 's ' Phyllis Summers : While You Were Sleeping ... ( Photos ) + Gina Tognoni 's First Airdate Revealed ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Michelle Stafford Interview - The Young and the Restless '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinsey , Carolyn ( November 11 , 1995 ) . `` Phyllis tries covering up '' . Toronto Star . Cox Enterprises . p . SW. 90 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Peter Bergman Interview - The Young and the Restless '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Up on What You Missed : 2005 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Up on What You Missed : 2006 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scopin ' the soaps ( Detroit Free Dress News ) '' . Detroit Free Press . ( Gannett Company ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Review '' . telegram.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Spoilers : Tragedy Strikes on Phick 's Wedding Day ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McElwain , Julie ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Saint Nick '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Young and Restless ' Joshua Morrow Speaks Out on Nick 's Game - Changing Deception ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Phyllis Summers Newman '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Novakovich , Lilana ( November 24 , 1995 ) . `` Y&R actress survived brush with death as teen '' . Toronto Star . Cox Enterprises . Jump up ^ `` ' The Young And The Restless ' - Phyllis has a secret ... will it affect Jack or Nick ? '' . Jamaica Gleaner. 2006 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel R. ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Restless Redhead Spills Phyllis ' Big Secret '' . TVGuide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Y&R 's Joshua Morrow on if Summer is really Nick 's or Jack 's ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 15 , 1996 ) . `` ' Soap Opera Digest ' names daytime 's hottest '' . McCook Daily Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' wins Soap Opera awards '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 1 , 1997 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Readers just ca n't cope without scoop on soaps '' . Sun Journal . March 28 , 1997 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Soap Opera Digest Awards : 2003 '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 2005 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 1993 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 2001 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 1993 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( April 5 , 1996 ) . `` ' Y&R ' leads Emmy nominations '' . Observer -- Reporter . Washington , Pennsylvania : Observer Publishing Company . p. 11 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Award winners '' . The Victoria Advocate . Victoria , Texas : Victoria Advocate Publishing . Associated Press . May 22 , 1997 . p. 13 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for Daytime Emmys '' . USA Today . Tysons Corner , Virginia : Gannett Company . Associated Press . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' . TVWeek . Detroit , Michigan : Crain Communications . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013t . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bonawitz , Amy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` 34th Annual Daytime Emmy Winners '' . New York City : CBS News . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . New York : emmyonline.org. April 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 38th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeGeneres wins Emmy for best talk show '' . MSNBC . New York City : NBCUniversal . Associated Press . May 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Bergman Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton Reed Hellstrom Anita Lawson Dina Mergeron Chloe Mitchell Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Chelsea Lawson Christian Newman Connor Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Noah Newman Sharon Newman Summer Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family The Newman family on The Young and the Restless Main characters : Victor Newman Matt Miller Victoria Newman Nicholas Newman Adam Newman Abby Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Reed Hellstrom Faith Newman Johnny Abbott Connor Newman Katie Newman Spouses : Nikki Newman Chelsea Lawson Stitch Rayburn Former : Julia Newman Ashley Abbott Ryan McNeil Cole Howard J.T. Hellstrom Billy Abbott Sharon Newman Phyllis Summers Deceased : Albert Miller Cora Miller Cassie Newman Hope Adams Diane Jenkins Sabrina Costelana Brad Carlton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllis_Summers&oldid=802260998 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Fictional journalists and media people Fictional criminals Fictional murderers Fictional computer scientists Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Română Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many actresses have played phyllis on the young and the restless	[ "Phyllis Summers is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. The character was created and introduced by William J. Bell, and debuted in the episode airing on October 17, 1994. Phyllis was originally and most notably portrayed by actress Michelle Stafford, until August 2013 (other than Sandra Nelson portraying Phyllis for nearly two years, until Stafford was brought back by former head writer, Kay Alden, in 2000). Stafford has been praised for her portrayal, for which she has won two Daytime Emmy Awards, but left the series after nearly sixteen years, with the character being written into a coma; Stafford last appeared on August 2, 2013. The role passed to Gina Tognoni (debuting on August 11, 2014), who continues in it.", "Phyllis Summers is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. The character was created and introduced by William J. Bell, and debuted in the episode airing on October 17, 1994. Phyllis was originally and most notably portrayed by actress Michelle Stafford, until August 2013 (other than Sandra Nelson portraying Phyllis for nearly two years, until Stafford was brought back by former head writer, Kay Alden, in 2000). Stafford has been praised for her portrayal, for which she has won two Daytime Emmy Awards, but left the series after nearly sixteen years, with the character being written into a coma; Stafford last appeared on August 2, 2013. The role passed to Gina Tognoni (debuting on August 11, 2014), who continues in it.", "Phyllis Summers is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. The character was created and introduced by William J. Bell, and debuted in the episode airing on October 17, 1994. Phyllis was originally and most notably portrayed by actress Michelle Stafford, until August 2013 (other than Sandra Nelson portraying Phyllis for nearly two years, until Stafford was brought back by former head writer, Kay Alden, in 2000). Stafford has been praised for her portrayal, for which she has won two Daytime Emmy Awards, but left the series after nearly sixteen years, with the character being written into a coma; Stafford last appeared on August 2, 2013. The role passed to Gina Tognoni (debuting on August 11, 2014), who continues in it." ]	[ "Gina Tognoni", "Sandra Nelson", "Michelle Stafford" ]
-5427782791723307014	2018 West Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament	2018 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball tournament 2018 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 10 Site Orleans Arena Paradise , Nevada Champions Gonzaga ( 17th title ) Winning coach Mark Few ( 15th title ) MVP Killian Tillie ( Gonzaga ) West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2017 2019 → 2017 -- 18 West Coast Conference men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 8 Gonzaga † 17 -- . 944 32 -- 5 . 865 No. 25 Saint Mary 's 16 -- . 889 30 -- 6 . 833 BYU 11 -- 7 . 611 24 -- 11 . 686 San Diego 9 -- 9 . 500 20 -- 14 . 588 San Francisco 9 -- 9 . 500 22 -- 17 . 564 Pacific 9 -- 9 . 500 14 -- 18 . 438 Santa Clara 8 -- 10 . 444 11 -- 20 . 355 Loyola Marymount 5 -- 13 . 278 11 -- 20 . 355 Portland -- 14 . 222 10 -- 22 . 313 Pepperdine -- 16 . 111 6 -- 26 . 188 † 2018 West Coast Conference Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2018 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men 's basketball tournament for the West Coast Conference for the 2017 -- 18 season . All tournament games were played at the Orleans Arena in Paradise , Nevada , from March 2 -- 6 , 2018 . Regular - season champion Gonzaga won the tournament and with it the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule and results 3 Bracket 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Seeds ( edit ) All ten teams in the West Coast Conference were eligible to compete in the conference tournament . The top six teams received a first - round bye . Teams were seeded by record within the conference , with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records . Seed School Conference Tiebreaker 1 Tiebreaker 2 Gonzaga 17 -- 1 Saint Mary 's 16 -- 2 BYU 11 -- 7 San Francisco 9 -- 9 1 -- 1 vs. SMC 5 Pacific 9 -- 9 0 -- 2 vs. SMC 2 -- 0 vs. San Diego 6 San Diego 9 -- 9 0 -- 2 vs. SMC 0 -- 2 vs. Pacific 7 Santa Clara 8 -- 10 8 Loyola Marymount 5 -- 13 9 Portland 4 -- 14 10 Pepperdine 2 -- 16 Schedule and results ( edit ) Game Time Matchup Score Television First round -- Friday , March 2 6 : 00 pm No. 8 Loyola Marymount vs No. 9 Portland 78 -- 72 SPEC SN / NBCS CA / ROOT NW / ATT RM / TheW.tv 8 : 00 pm No. 7 Santa Clara vs No. 10 Pepperdine 69 -- 85 Quarterfinals -- Saturday , March 3 1 : 00 pm No. 3 BYU vs No. 6 San Diego 85 -- 79 SPEC SN / NBCS CA / ROOT NW / ATT RM / TheW.tv 3 : 00 pm No. 4 San Francisco vs No. 5 Pacific 71 -- 70 5 7 : 00 pm No. 1 Gonzaga vs No. 8 Loyola Marymount 83 -- 69 ESPN2 6 9 : 00 pm No. 2 Saint Mary 's vs No. 10 Pepperdine 69 -- 66 Semifinals -- Monday , March 5 7 6 : 00 pm No. 1 Gonzaga vs. No. 4 San Francisco 88 -- 60 ESPN 8 8 : 30 pm No. 2 Saint Mary 's vs No. 3 BYU 72 -- 85 ESPN2 Final -- Tuesday , March 6 9 6 : 00 pm No. 1 Gonzaga vs No. 3 BYU 74 -- 54 ESPN * Game times in PST . Rankings denote tournament seed Bracket ( edit ) First round Friday , March 2 Quarterfinals Saturday , March 3 ESPN2 Semifinals Monday , March 5 ESPN / ESPN2 Championship Tuesday , March 6 ESPN Gonzaga 83 8 Loyola Marymount 69 8 Loyola Marymount 78 9 Portland 72 Gonzaga 88 San Francisco 60 San Francisco 71 * 5 Pacific 70 Gonzaga 74 BYU 54 Saint Mary 's 69 10 Pepperdine 66 7 Santa Clara 69 10 Pepperdine 85 Saint Mary 's 72 BYU 85 BYU 85 6 San Diego 79 * indicates overtime period . See also ( edit ) College basketball portal West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 West Coast Conference Women 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Championship '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Championship West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 2018 2019 Broadcasters hide 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_West_Coast_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=829810142 '' Categories : West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 -- 18 West Coast Conference men 's basketball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 23 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who won the west coast conference basketball tournament	[ "\n\n2018 West Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\n\n\nClassification\nDivision I\n\n\nSeason\n2017–18\n\n\nTeams\n10\n\n\nSite\nOrleans Arena\nParadise, Nevada\n\n\nChampions\nGonzaga (17th title)\n\n\nWinning coach\nMark Few (15th title)\n\n\nMVP\nKillian Tillie (Gonzaga)\n\n\n\nWest Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournaments\n\n← 2017\n2019 →\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Gonzaga" ]
-4345662886199301326	List of Steven Universe episodes	List of Steven Universe episodes - wikipedia List of Steven Universe episodes Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around Steven Universe ( voiced by Zach Callison ) , who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet ( voiced by Estelle ) , Amethyst ( voiced by Michaela Dietz ) and Pearl ( voiced by Deedee Magno Hall ) , three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems . The series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season on March 30 , 2016 . As of 12 August 2018 , no sixth season has yet been announced ; but on July 21 , 2018 , it was announced that a Steven Universe television film , Steven Universe : The Movie , was in production . As of July 6 , 2018 , 152 episodes of Steven Universe have aired . Episodes have variously been broadcast once a week ( most recently on Monday nights ) , in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week , which are marketed as `` Stevenbombs '' , or back - to - back as specials with an umbrella title . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Movie 4 Shorts 4.1 Season 2 4.2 Season 4 5 Home media 5.1 Video on demand 5.2 DVD and Blu - ray 6 Notes 7 References Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 52 November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 26 March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 25 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 25 August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 5 26 May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA Episodes The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series , which reflects the intended watching order of the creators . While similar to the original broadcast order , three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season . Pilot ( 2013 ) Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original release date Prod . code `` The Time Thing '' Phil Rynda ( creative ) , Sue Mondt ( art ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( timing ) Rebecca Sugar May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( online ) 501 - ? ? ? Upon returning from an intergalactic mission , the Crystal Gems -- Garnet , Amethyst , and Pearl -- have brought a mysterious magical hourglass . Steven Universe , the youngest member of the Crystal Gems , gets his hands on the device and discovers that it has the ability to let him travel back in time in order to make snappy comebacks . However , his actions soon bring about a deadly adversary , with everyone 's lives dependent on Steven being able to make a worthwhile comeback . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones - Quartey . Season One initially aired weekly on Monday nights , switching to Thursday nights from `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' . `` Rose 's Scabbard '' and `` The Message '' through to Season Two 's `` Full Disclosure '' aired over five nights as the first `` Stevenbomb '' . No . overall No. in season Title Art direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Gem Glow '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 003 1.86 Steven is disappointed that his favorite ice - cream sandwich brand , Cookie Cat , gets taken off the market . He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats , which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem . `` Laser Light Cannon '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Rebecca Sugar November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 001 1.86 When a menacing `` Red Eye '' is about to hit Beach City , the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven 's mother , Rose Quartz . Steven and his father , Greg , search through Greg 's storage for the cannon . `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey and Rebecca Sugar November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 002 1.68 The Crystal Gems take Steven on his first mission : to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire . Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack . `` Together Breakfast '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey , Rebecca Sugar , and Paul Villeco November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 004 1.68 Steven 's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple ; but when the breakfast absorbs a dangerous artifact , it comes to life and must be defeated . 5 5 `` Frybo '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) 1020 - 008 1.29 Steven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee , but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue . 6 6 `` Cat Fingers '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris , Hilary Florido , Ian Jones - Quartey , and Rebecca Sugar November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 1020 - 005 1.71 Trying to master his shapeshifting abilities , Steven turns his fingers into cats , which get out of control . 7 7 `` Bubble Buddies '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Aleth Romanillos December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 1020 - 006 1.61 Steven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock , but he has no idea how to make it disappear . 8 8 `` Serious Steven '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1020 - 007 1.35 While navigating through an ancient Gem maze , Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously . 9 9 `` Tiger Millionaire '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1020 - 011 1.57 Steven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst , who 's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down . 10 10 `` Steven 's Lion '' Kevin Dart and Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Aleth Romanillos January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1020 - 012 1.51 Steven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission . 11 11 `` Arcade Mania '' Kevin Dart Lamar Abrams , Aleth Romanillos , and Luke Weber February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1020 - 009 1.17 Steven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade , where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game . 12 12 `` Giant Woman '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1020 - 010 1.89 Steven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four - armed `` giant woman '' named Opal , but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling . 13 13 `` So Many Birthdays '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1020 - 014 1.17 After learning that the Gems are thousands of years old , Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they 've missed , and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself . 14 14 `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Matt Braly March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1020 - 015 1.50 Steven and Lars hang out with the cool kids -- Jenny Pizza , Buck Dewey , and Sour Cream -- but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble . 15 15 `` Onion Trade '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1020 - 018 1.79 A toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions . 16 16 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1020 - 013 1.10 Pearl 's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword - fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal . 17 17 `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1020 - 017 1.57 Steven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater , but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory . 18 18 `` Beach Party '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 1020 - 020 1.44 After a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign , the Gems are banned from the restaurant , so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems . 19 19 `` Rose 's Room '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 1020 - 019 1.55 Steven 's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish . 20 20 `` Coach Steven '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 1020 - 016 1.85 Against Pearl 's advice , Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty ( and destructive ) Sugilite . 21 21 `` Joking Victim '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 1020 - 024 1.63 When Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work , Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut , and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him . 22 22 `` Steven and the Stevens '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 1020 - 021 2.14 Steven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show , so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate . This episode re-uses the time - travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode . 23 23 `` Monster Buddies '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 1020 - 022 2.07 Steven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form . 24 24 `` An Indirect Kiss '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 1020 - 023 1.73 Steven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem . 25 25 `` Mirror Gem '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 025 2.34 Steven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him , and ends up freeing its prisoner : Lapis Lazuli , another mysterious Gem . 26 26 `` Ocean Gem '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 026 2.34 Lapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her , leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer . Steven , Connie , Greg , Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right . 27 27 `` House Guest '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1026 - 027 2.00 Left temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode , Greg stays in Steven 's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven 's healing powers . 28 28 `` Space Race '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 1026 - 028 1.99 Steven , Pearl , and Greg visit Greg 's family 's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos , but Pearl gets a little carried away . 29 29 `` Secret Team '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 1026 - 030 2.46 When they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards , Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out . After doing so , Steven wants to keep the secret team going . 30 30 `` Island Adventure '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 1026 - 033 1.53 Steven tries to mend Lars and Sadie 's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island ; but they become stranded there for several days . 31 31 `` Keep Beach City Weird '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 1026 - 029 1.45 Steven is taken in by Ronaldo 's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City . 32 32 `` Fusion Cuisine '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1026 - 031 1.46 Steven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie 's family . 33 33 `` Garnet 's Universe '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 1026 - 036 1.64 When Garnet returns from a mission , Steven imagines a story about what she did all day . 34 34 `` Watermelon Steven '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 1026 - 035 1.83 Steven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself , but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems . 35 35 `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) 1026 - 032 1.92 Lion keeps lying on Steven 's face while he 's sleeping , leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion 's mane . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 36 36 `` Warp Tour '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) 1026 - 037 1.94 Steven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream , despite the Gems ' attempts to disprove his claims . They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot , a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth . 37 37 `` Alone Together '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 1026 - 034 1.67 While practicing how to fuse with the Gems , Steven accidentally fuses with Connie , forming an unprecedented Gem / human fusion named Stevonnie . 38 38 `` The Test '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 1026 - 038 1.94 Steven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions , so he demands a new test . 39 39 `` Future Vision '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 1026 - 039 2.03 Steven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him . 40 40 `` On the Run '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 1026 - 040 2.08 Steven and Amethyst try out life on the road , and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven : she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet . 41 41 `` Horror Club '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 1026 - 041 1.67 Steven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo , Lars , and Sadie . 42 42 `` Winter Forecast '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 1026 - 043 2.05 Steven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City , and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave . 43 43 `` Maximum Capacity '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 1026 - 042 1.97 While cleaning out Greg 's storage unit , he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler . 44 44 `` Marble Madness '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 1026 - 044 1.92 When droids from space descend towards warp pad zones , Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose . 45 45 `` Rose 's Scabbard '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1026 - 045 1.22 Pearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose 's sword . 46 46 `` Open Book '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 1026 - 046 1.73 When Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series , Steven takes her to Rose 's room to attempt to remake the ending . 47 47 `` Shirt Club '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 1026 - 047 1.42 Steven and Buck make T - shirts featuring Steven 's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg 's guitar lessons . 48 48 `` Story for Steven '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 1026 - 048 2.00 Greg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz . 49 49 `` The Message '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1026 - 049 1.30 Steven and the Gems need Greg 's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone . 50 50 `` Political Power '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 1026 - 050 1.42 After the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City , Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation . 51 51 `` The Return '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 051 1.70 Steven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper . 52 52 `` Jail Break '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 052 1.70 Trapped on the Gem Warship , Steven attempts to rescue the Gems , including two unfamiliar Gems named Ruby and Sapphire , from Peridot and Jasper 's clutches . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) `` Sworn to the Sword '' through to `` Chille Tid '' , `` Cry for Help '' to `` Friend Ship '' , and `` The Answer '' to `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' all aired daily over three five - night `` Stevenbombs '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 53 `` Full Disclosure '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1031 - 053 1.52 Steven tries to avoid Connie so he does n't have to tell her about his ordeal with the Homeworld Gems from the previous episodes . 54 `` Joy Ride '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 1031 - 054 1.34 The cool kids take Steven out on a late - night joyride to lift his spirits , and end up discovering Peridot 's escape pod . 55 `` Say Uncle '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 1031 - 056 1.93 In this non-canon crossover episode , Uncle Grandpa arrives to aid Steven in unlocking the power of his gem . 56 `` Love Letters '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 1031 - 055 1.67 When Jamie the mailman falls in love with Garnet , Steven and Connie must help turn him down gently . 57 5 `` Reformed '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 1031 - 057 1.39 Amethyst keeps trying to find a new form to regenerate into while she , Steven and Garnet chase after a Gem monster loose in the temple . 58 6 `` Sworn to the Sword '' Ian Jones - Quartey ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 1031 - 060 1.98 Connie , wanting to protect Steven , takes swordfighting lessons with Pearl . 59 7 `` Rising Tides , Crashing Skies '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1031 - 059 1.82 Ronaldo investigates the Crystal Gems in a web documentary for his `` Keep Beach City Weird '' blog . 60 8 `` Keeping It Together '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco June 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) 1031 - 061 1.80 While the Crystal Gems chase after Peridot in the Kindergarten , Steven and Garnet discover a dark secret while exploring its inner workings . 61 9 `` We Need to Talk '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) 1031 - 062 1.73 After witnessing Steven and Connie fuse again , Greg explains to them how he learned about fusion from his time with Rose Quartz , hoping to pull it off himself in order to grow closer to her . 62 10 `` Chille Tid '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 1031 - 063 1.90 Steven is exhausted from searching the ocean for Jasper and Lapis Lazuli 's fusion , Malachite , so Garnet has Pearl and Amethyst stay with him for a slumber party . Steven , discovering that he has the power of astral projection , is rattled by recurring dreams of Lapis . 63 11 `` Cry for Help '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1031 - 064 1.71 When TV broadcasts are disrupted by a video signal emitted by Peridot from the Gem communication tower , Garnet chooses to fuse with Pearl into Sardonyx to destroy it , which dismays Amethyst . As the tower keeps being fixed , however , Steven and Amethyst are shocked to discover who 's really behind it . 64 12 `` Keystone Motel '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 1031 - 065 1.73 While she accompanies Greg and Steven on a road trip to another state and a visit to a motel , Garnet 's anger over what Pearl did in the previous episode causes her to split into Ruby and Sapphire . 65 13 `` Onion Friend '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 1031 - 067 1.83 During a visit to Onion 's house , Amethyst rekindles her friendship with his mother , Vidalia , while Onion shows Steven around his room . 66 14 `` Historical Friction '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) 1031 - 066 1.88 Steven is asked by Jamie to participate in a play funded by Mayor Dewey about Beach City 's founding , with Pearl stepping in to provide a more historically accurate script . 67 15 `` Friend Ship '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 1031 - 068 1.65 After the recent events , Pearl wants to redeem herself by capturing Peridot , who then traps the Crystal Gems in an old , abandoned Gem spaceship . 68 16 `` Nightmare Hospital '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 1031 - 069 1.39 After Connie 's mother confiscates Rose 's sword , Steven and Connie sneak into the hospital where she works to retrieve it from her . 69 17 `` Sadie 's Song '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 1031 - 073 1.50 Steven helps Sadie with an act for the annual Beach - a-Palooza talent show . 70 18 `` Catch and Release '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 1031 - 070 1.39 The Crystal Gems finally capture Peridot , but Steven suspects that she has information that the Crystal Gems need to know and attempts to learn what it is , allowing her to live in his bathroom . 71 19 `` When It Rains '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 1031 - 071 1.36 After Steven explains life on Earth to Peridot , and she experiences her first rainstorm , she decides to tell him about her mission : to locate an experimental Gem creation called the Cluster . 72 20 `` Back to the Barn '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 1031 - 072 1.59 At the barn , when Peridot and Pearl fight over who will lead the construction of a drill that will take the group to the Cluster 's location , Steven suggests they build robots and compete with each other . 73 21 `` Too Far '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 1031 - 074 1.39 Peridot gets carried away with Gem gossip and reveals something about Amethyst , unintentionally offending her . 74 22 `` The Answer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 1031 - 075 1.38 Garnet tells Steven the story of how Ruby and Sapphire first met and joined the Crystal Gems . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 75 23 `` Steven 's Birthday '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 1031 - 079 1.35 While celebrating his fourteenth birthday with the Gems , Greg , and Connie , Steven takes on a more adult form using his shapeshifting powers . However , this proves harmful to his human body . 76 24 `` It Could 've Been Great '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1031 - 076 1.45 Steven and the Gems travel to an information archive on the Moon to discover the Cluster 's exact location . 77 25 `` Message Received '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 1031 - 077 1.39 Steven becomes devastated and mistrustful of Peridot after she steals a communication device from the Moon Base , which she uses to contact her leader , Yellow Diamond . 78 26 `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1031 - 078 1.34 While Peridot is in turmoil over what she did in the previous episode , Steven listens to her audio diary and learns how she and Garnet learned to get along during their time at the barn , despite their radical differences . Season 3 ( 2016 ) `` Super Watermelon Island '' through to `` Hit the Diamond '' aired weekly as the event `` In Too Deep '' , while the remaining episdes ( and the first two of Season Four ) aired every weekday as part of the four - week event `` Summer Adventures '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 79 `` Super Watermelon Island '' ( Part 1 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 080 1.69 Using his astral projection ability , Steven discovers that the Watermelon Stevens have formed their own civilization on Mask Island . However , when he sees Malachite on the island as well , the Gems head into action to fight Malachite as Alexandrite , with the Watermelon Stevens helping them . 80 `` Gem Drill '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 081 1.69 With the other Gems stranded on Mask Island and the Cluster beginning to show signs of forming , Steven and Peridot drill deep underground alone in order to stop the Cluster and save Earth . 81 `` Same Old World '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1031 - 083 1.40 Lapis Lazuli has nowhere left to go after being freed from her fusion with Jasper , so Steven shows her the locations Earth has to offer to find her a new home . 82 `` Barn Mates '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 1031 - 082 1.37 Steven tries to help Peridot and Lapis Lazuli resolve their past conflicts and get along at the barn . 83 5 `` Hit the Diamond '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 1031 - 084 1.55 A dispatch team of five Ruby soldiers arrive from Homeworld in search of the missing Earth mission leader . To protect Peridot , the Crystal Gems ( with Garnet splitting into Ruby and Sapphire again ) attempt to get rid of the gullible Rubies by challenging them to a game of baseball . 84 6 `` Steven Floats '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Paul Villeco July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 085 1.55 Upon returning home with the Gems , Steven discovers he has the ability to float in the air . However , after jumping too high , he becomes stuck in the sky ; the Gems spend all night attempting to get him back on the ground . 85 7 `` Drop Beat Dad '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 087 1.55 Sour Cream 's estranged biological father Marty returns to Beach City and aids him in hosting a concert , much to the dismay of his stepdad , Yellowtail . 86 8 `` Mr. Greg '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 1031 - 088 1.55 In this special musical episode , after Greg suddenly comes into a great deal of money , he takes Steven and Pearl on a vacation to Empire City . However , Pearl is having trouble letting go of her resentment of Greg 's relationship with Rose Quartz . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 87 9 `` Too Short to Ride '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1031 - 086 1.41 Steven , Amethyst and Peridot visit Funland for the day , but Peridot becomes resentful when using shapeshifting powers she does n't have seems to be the only way to have fun . 88 10 `` The New Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 1031 - 089 1.53 Steven attempts to improve Lars ' life when he accidentally ends up in Lars 's body due to his astral projection ability . 89 11 `` Beach City Drift '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1031 - 090 1.29 When Steven and Connie run into Kevin , an obnoxious teenager who had harassed Stevonnie in an earlier episode , they fuse again to try to humiliate him by beating him in a car race . 90 12 `` Restaurant Wars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 1031 - 091 1.51 When Steven accidentally re-ignites an old feud between restaurant owners Mr. Fryman and Kofi Pizza , it is up to Steven and the restaurant owners ' children to try to stop the feud . 91 13 `` Kiki 's Pizza Delivery Service '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 1031 - 092 1.31 Kiki has been having nightmares due to being overworked at Fish Stew Pizza when her sister skips work , so Steven helps by using his astral projection to go into Kiki 's dreams . 92 14 `` Monster Reunion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1031 - 093 1.38 When Steven 's healing powers suddenly return , he re-releases the Centipeetle and attempts to heal her . He ca n't fully cure her corruption , but he learns from her about her history as a Homeworld officer abandoned on Earth at the end of the war . 93 15 `` Alone at Sea '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Kat Morris , and Rebecca Sugar July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 1031 - 094 1.32 Steven and Greg take Lapis Lazuli on a boat ride to help her recover from her trauma . However , Jasper follows them and confronts Lapis , seeking to fuse into Malachite again . 94 16 `` Greg the Babysitter '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1031 - 095 1.31 When Steven asks Greg how he started working at the car wash , Greg tells Steven about a day he and Rose spent babysitting Sour Cream for Vidalia . 95 17 `` Gem Hunt '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 1031 - 096 1.64 Connie goes on her first mission with Steven and Pearl to find a corrupted Gem monster in the Great North , only to find two monsters being targeted by Jasper . 96 18 `` Crack the Whip '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 1031 - 097 1.90 When Garnet and Pearl return to the Great North to look for Jasper , Amethyst is put in charge of Steven and Connie . They continue their battle training together and try to have a fun day in Beach City , but are interrupted by the reappearance of Jasper . 97 19 `` Steven vs. Amethyst '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 1031 - 098 1.74 Following the events of the previous episode , Amethyst 's self - esteem has hit rock bottom . With Steven 's rising power , Amethyst begins to suspect that she is now the weakest Gem on the team . This leads Steven and Amethyst to engage in a duel to see who really is the weakest Gem . 98 99 20 21 `` Bismuth '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams , Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 1031 - 099 1031 - 100 2.15 Bismuth , one of the original Crystal Gems , is accidentally freed by Steven from a bubble inside Lion 's mane . She is welcomed back with open arms by Pearl and Garnet , while Amethyst quickly warms up to her company . However , Steven soon notices that Bismuth 's outlook on the rebellion is radically different from the other Gems ' when she shows eagerness to re-ignite the Gem War with an unethical secret weapon . 100 22 `` Beta '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 101 1.99 With Amethyst obsessing over her loss to Jasper , Steven takes her to visit Peridot and Lapis Lazuli at the barn . Peridot and Lapis show off their attempts at creating art ( which they call `` meepmorps '' ) . When that fails to cheer Amethyst up , Peridot takes her and Steven to Jasper 's birthplace , a heavily rushed and poorly - made Kindergarten , where they discover Jasper is the only perfectly - formed Gem made at that site . 101 23 `` Earthlings '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 102 1.99 Amethyst fights Jasper but can not get the upper hand until , in a moment of commiseration with Steven , she fuses with him into Smoky Quartz . Jasper 's rash decision to retaliate by fusing with a corrupt Gem results in her being corrupted herself , but not before blaming Rose Quartz for the loss of Pink Diamond . 102 24 `` Back to the Moon '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 1031 - 103 1.45 The dispatch team of Rubies have returned to the barn still searching for Jasper . To try to get rid of them once again , Amethyst impersonates Jasper , but things go awry when the Rubies take her and the other Crystal Gems to contact Yellow Diamond at the Moon Base . While there , Steven learns a shocking fact : that Rose Quartz personally destroyed Pink Diamond . 103 25 `` Bubbled '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 1031 - 104 1.57 After being sucked out of the Moon Base 's airlock with the Rubies , bubbling himself to safely float through space , Steven has a life - and - death encounter with the murderous Ruby he nicknamed Eyeball . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) The series moved to Fridays from `` The New Crystal Gems '' . `` Steven 's Dream '' through to `` That Will Be All '' , and `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' to `` I Am My Mom '' each aired daily as two four - night events ( the former titled `` Out of This World '' ) . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 104 `` Kindergarten Kid '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 1040 - 105 1.32 In an episode described as a homage to Warner Bros . ' Road Runner cartoons , Steven and Peridot are determined to catch a fast , elusive Gem monster . 105 `` Know Your Fusion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1040 - 106 1.35 When Steven and Amethyst introduce Smoky Quartz to Garnet and Pearl , they fuse into Sardonyx and interview Smoky Quartz about what makes them special . 106 `` Buddy 's Book '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 1040 - 107 1.37 When Connie takes Steven to the Public Library , he discovers an old journal by William Dewey 's first mate Buddy , which chronicles his visits to various Gem locations . 107 `` Mindful Education '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Takafumi Hori August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 1040 - 108 1.33 Steven and Connie continue their combat training , and practice fighting while fused as Stevonnie . However , when overwhelming guilt from both Steven and Connie over past events gets in their way , Garnet helps them find inner peace . 108 5 `` Future Boy Zoltron '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 1040 - 109 1.36 After accidentally breaking an old fortune - telling machine at Funland , Steven decides to take its place and tell people 's futures . While he initially has fun , he eventually meets a mysterious man who seems to only have depressing futures . 109 6 `` Last One Out of Beach City '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 1040 - 110 1.31 Pearl offers to go with Steven and Amethyst to a rock show , deciding to get in touch with her rebellious side whilst trying to impress a woman who looks similar to Rose . 110 7 `` Onion Gang '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1040 - 111 1.26 Onion brings Steven into the woods to introduce him to his friends and have a fun day . 111 112 8 9 `` Gem Harvest '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , Hilary Florido , and Lauren Zuke November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1040 - 113 1040 - 114 1.39 When Steven visits Lapis and Peridot at the barn , they get an unexpected visit from Greg 's grumpy cousin Andy . To get to know his uncle and make him feel at home , Steven attempts to host a family dinner with Andy , Greg , and the Gems . 113 10 `` Three Gems and a Baby '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 1040 - 115 1.29 Greg tells Steven about his first winter as a baby : when Steven was only a few months old , the Gems were still struggling to understand that Rose Quartz had given up her form to allow Steven to be born and was n't coming back . 114 11 `` Steven 's Dream '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Jeff Liu and Colin Howard January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 116 1.36 Steven begins to have a strange dream that causes him to cry , which he quickly realizes is related to Pink Diamond . When he asks the Gems to give him information about Pink Diamond , they refuse to give any , so Steven and Greg travel to Korea to find the truth themselves . 115 12 `` Adventures in Light Distortion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 117 1.36 After Greg is abducted by Blue Diamond , Steven and the Gems rush off into space with the Rubies ' ship to rescue him . Faster - than - light travel has unexpected effects on the Gems ' bodies , and in Steven 's haste , he puts himself and the Gems in danger . 116 13 `` Gem Heist '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 1040 - 118 1.25 The Gems reach a space station that once belonged to Pink Diamond , and sneak in to rescue Greg , but in order to do so , they must play the roles they were made for , so as not to arouse suspicion . 117 14 `` The Zoo '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1040 - 119 1.23 Steven finds Greg in Pink Diamond 's `` Human Zoo '' , and tries to look for a way out . This proves easier said than done as the humans there are guided through a strictly scheduled and regimented life . 118 15 `` That Will Be All '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard , Joe Johnston , and Rebecca Sugar February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1040 - 120 1.15 While Blue Diamond and Yellow Diamond argue over their diverging ways of coping with Pink Diamond 's death , Steven , Greg and the Crystal Gems attempt to escape the space station before they are discovered . 119 16 `` The New Crystal Gems '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1040 - 121 1.06 Connie tells Steven the story of how she , Peridot , and Lapis attempted to take the Crystal Gems ' places as the protectors of Beach City while he was in space . 120 17 `` Storm in the Room '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1040 - 124 1.02 Steven uses his room in the temple to create a simulated image of Rose Quartz in order to try to experience what it would be like to know his mother . He ends up confronting her with his troubled feelings about her complex legacy and her choice to create him . 121 18 `` Rocknaldo '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1040 - 122 1.10 Ronaldo decides to join the Crystal Gems . However , once Steven lets him join the team , Ronaldo 's self - centered attitude begins to try Steven 's patience . 122 19 `` Tiger Philanthropist '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 1040 - 123 0.90 When Amethyst quits wrestling at the abandoned warehouse , Steven continues doing so himself as Tiger Philanthropist . However , Steven soon begins to doubt the point of wrestling when the audience does n't take to his new persona . 123 20 `` Room for Ruby '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1040 - 125 0.95 `` Navy '' , one of the Rubies who came to Earth to find Jasper , crashes on Earth and is welcomed in by Steven to be a Crystal Gem . However , Lapis Lazuli does not trust Navy 's overly optimistic nature , knowing of Navy 's previous encounters with the Crystal Gems . 124 21 `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1040 - 126 1.01 Steven tries to search for secret messages Rose may have left him about his `` magical destiny '' . Lion eventually leads him to a tape -- but it 's just an alternate version of the message from Rose he 's already seen . 125 22 `` Doug Out '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1040 - 127 0.96 Connie 's father , Doug , investigates a break - in at Funland . He invites Steven and Connie to join him to stake out the amusement park . 126 23 `` The Good Lars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1040 - 128 0.95 The Cool Kids invite Steven , Lars and Sadie to a potluck . Steven and Sadie encourage Lars to bake a cake for the party , but Lars is insecure about revealing his baking skills . 127 24 `` Are You My Dad ? '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 129 1.14 Lars , Sadie , Onion and Jamie have mysteriously disappeared . While investigating the mystery , Steven comes across an unfamiliar Gem , who keeps asking `` Are you my dad ? '' . 128 25 `` I Am My Mom '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 130 1.14 Steven and the Gems race to rescue all of Steven 's friends from Aquamarine and Topaz , and find out the horrifying truth behind their actions , but as the stakes keep rising , Steven must make the most difficult decision of his life . Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Episodes moved to Mondays from `` Your Mother and Mine '' . `` Stuck Together '' through to `` Lars ' Head '' , and `` Lars of the Stars '' to `` Jungle Moon '' both aired back - to - back as events , titled `` Wanted '' and `` Stranded '' respectively ; `` Now We 're Only Falling Apart '' through to `` Reunited '' aired daily as a five - night event titled `` Heart of the Crystal Gems '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 129 `` Stuck Together '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lauren Zuke May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 133 1.53 Steven and Lars , stuck inside Topaz , try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld - bound ship . Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz 's sympathy . 130 `` The Trial '' ( Part 2 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 134 1.53 Steven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz 's assassination of Pink Diamond . During the trial , Steven 's attorney , a Zircon , analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond 's death does n't make sense , and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up . 131 `` Off Colors '' ( Part 3 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 131 1.52 After escaping from the Diamonds , Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the `` off - colors '' , a group of `` defective '' Gems who live in hiding from Gem society . 132 `` Lars ' Head '' ( Part 4 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Jeff Liu and Madeline Queripel May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 132 1.52 After Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers , he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion . When Steven realizes that he can use Lars 's hair to teleport himself back to Earth ( via Lion 's mane ) , he and Lars must make a difficult choice . 133 5 `` Dewey Wins '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 135 0.85 Connie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him . Feeling dejected , he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza . 134 6 `` Gemcation '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Madeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 137 0.85 As Steven remains depressed over Connie 's silence , Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up . The vacation just puts Steven more on edge , until he eventually tells Greg what it is he 's upset about . 135 7 `` Raising the Barn '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 136 0.89 When Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld , Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war . But Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it and while she manages to eventually express it to Lapis , she is unable to convince Lapis to stay . 136 8 `` Back to the Kindergarten '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 138 0.89 With Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth , Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by attempting to plant flowers at the utterly barren Kindergarten . 137 9 `` Sadie Killer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 139 0.77 Steven and the Cool Kids start a band , but they have trouble finding their sound . They decide to recruit Sadie , who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut ; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band . 138 10 `` Kevin Party '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 140 0.77 Kevin is throwing a party , and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie . Steven does n't want to go at first , but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there . When they see each other , Kevin decides to help Steven get his `` ex '' back so they can fuse . 139 11 `` Lars of the Stars '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 141 1.11 Steven and Connie travel through Lion 's mane to visit Lars . When they reach the other side , they discover that Lars and the Off - Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald and are now on the run from their pursuers . 140 12 `` Jungle Moon '' ( Part 2 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 143 1.11 Stevonnie crash - lands in a jungle on an alien moon and , unable to contact Lars , must fend for themself . They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony , and have a strange dream involving Yellow Diamond and Pink Diamond . This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Form Animation . 141 13 `` Your Mother and Mine '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 10 ? ? - 142 0.77 Steven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off - color crew . The Off - Colors ' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda , so Garnet tells them the history of Rose 's rebellion from the Crystal Gems ' perspective . 142 14 `` The Big Show '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Hilary Florido and Amber Cragg April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 10 ? ? - 144 0.56 In this documentary - style episode , Steven records the rise of Sadie 's new band , Sadie Killer and the Suspects . The band hires Greg as their manager , who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice for a performance in Empire City , though Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way . 143 15 `` Pool Hopping '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff , Paul Villeco , and Joe Johnston April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 10 ? ? - 146 0.54 Garnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably , attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected . When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens , Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she does n't know what the future holds . 144 16 `` Letters to Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Colin Howard April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 10 ? ? - 145 0.40 Lars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings - on in Beach City . While the town and its population are changing , the now - former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo . 145 17 `` Ca n't Go Back '' ( Part 1 ) Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 10 ? ? - 147 0.74 After Ronaldo sees Lapis 's barn on the moon , Steven goes up there to try to persuade her to return to Earth . He almost convinces her , but ends up scaring her away after experiencing another dream about Pink Diamond . 146 18 `` A Single Pale Rose '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 10 ? ? - 148 0.74 Steven confronts Pearl about the shattering of Pink Diamond , but she ca n't answer his questions . But when Pearl asks him to venture inside her gem to retrieve her cell phone , Steven discovers the secret that Pearl swore to keep long ago . 147 19 `` Now We 're Only Falling Apart '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Christine Liu July 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 10 ? ? - 149 0.84 After finding out that Rose Quartz was actually Pink Diamond , Garnet unfuses and Sapphire runs off , devastated . To try and calm her down , Steven and Pearl go after her and tell her the story of how Pink Diamond became Rose Quartz . 148 20 `` What 's Your Problem '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco July 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 10 ? ? - 150 0.93 With Ruby missing , Steven and Amethyst go looking for her . Steven takes the search seriously while Amethyst goofs off , but her reasons behind it soon become clear . 149 21 `` The Question '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 10 ? ? - 151 0.71 Ruby decides to explore her own life separate from Sapphire , and has a Wild West adventure as a lonesome cowboy with the help of Steven , Amethyst , and Greg . Although she has fun , she still misses Sapphire , and she returns to her with an important question to ask . 150 22 `` Made of Honor '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Christine Liu July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 152 0.83 As Ruby and Sapphire plan their wedding , Sapphire wishes that their friends from the war could be there to see it . Steven releases Bismuth , catches her up on everything , and tries to convince her to go to the wedding . 151 152 23 24 `` Reunited '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster , Jeff Liu , Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 10 ? ? - 153 10 ? ? - 154 0.97 The wedding of Ruby and Sapphire , with the Gems and several Beach City citizens in attendance , goes without a hitch and Garnet reforms . However , during the reception , Blue and Yellow Diamond arrive and awaken the Cluster . While the Crystal Gems , with the Cluster 's support , fight the Diamonds , Steven tries to get them to listen to the truth about Pink Diamond . 153 25 `` Legs From Here to Homeworld '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg , Hilary Florido and Tom Herpich 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA TBD Steven tells Blue and Yellow Diamond that their final attack on the Earth corrupted the remaining Gems on the planet , instead of destroying them outright as intended . The three together attempt to cure Centipeetle 's corruption , and almost succeed . To try to finish the job and cure all the corrupted Gems , Blue , Yellow , and the Crystal Gems travel to Homeworld to seek White Diamond 's help . Movie A film based on the series , Steven Universe : The Movie , was announced on July 21 , 2018 . It is to be made available on Cartoon Network at an unknown date . Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Steven Universe : The Movie '' TBA TBA TBA TBD Shorts Season 2 All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 ( 1031 - 058 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Lion Loves to Fit in a Box '' Katie Mitroff May 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) Lion unsuccessfully attempts to get into various boxes . `` What Are Gems ? '' Hilary Florido July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) Pearl teaches Steven about Gems , with some demonstrations from Garnet and Amethyst . `` We Are the Crystal Gems '' Hilary Florido , Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) Young Steven moves in with the three Crystal Gems , as the extended version of the title theme and second opening sequence shows . `` How Are Gems Made ? '' Hilary Florido October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) Amethyst tells Steven how Gems are made . 5 `` Unboxing '' Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) Steven creates a video where he receives and unboxes a new Hot Dog duffel bag from the Wacky Sack company . 6 `` Fusion '' Katie Mitroff November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) Garnet takes over a dance studio to demonstrate to Steven how fusion works . Season 4 All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4 ( 1040 - 112 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Cooking with Lion '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven and Lion make cheese puff snack sushi for their online cooking show . Lion eats the dish at the end of the episode . `` Gem Karaoke '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Connie records Steven and the Gems singing karaoke . Connie is reluctant to participate , but Steven convinces her to join in for the final verse . `` Steven Reacts '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven films a reaction video to the new episode of Crying Breakfast Friends . The events of the Crying Breakfast Friends episode and Steven 's reactions humorously draw parallels to events in Steven Universe itself and fan reactions . `` Video Chat '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) On Connie 's laptop , Steven video chats with Peridot on her tablet . Lapis , however , believes him to be trapped in the tablet . Steven rushes to the barn to explain . 5 `` Steven 's Song Time '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven makes a guitar tutorial for a song he composed . He explains that the song is his way of expressing feelings he has been having trouble talking about . Home Media Video on demand Depending on the customer 's region , Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu , Google Play , iTunes , Amazon Video , and Microsoft Movies & TV . DVD and Blu - Ray Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not always presented in original broadcast order . In the table below , the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD , and are numbered according to the intended watching order . In North America , Warner Home Video has released several single - disc compilation DVDs featuring select episodes , as well as a `` complete season '' DVD set . In Australia , Madman Entertainment has followed a similar pattern , and releases their `` season '' sets on both Blu - ray and DVD format ; the series has yet to see any Blu - ray releases in the North American market . While the Australian Season DVDs use the intended broadcast order , the American `` Season One '' is re-ordered , omitting `` Shirt Club '' and `` Story for Steven '' but including the Season Two episodes `` Full Disclosure '' and `` Joy Ride '' . The American Season One DVD also includes special features not available in the previous Australian release . Title Season ( s ) Episode count Running time Release date Format Episodes Region 1 Region 4 ( DVD ) region B ( Blu - ray ) DVD Blu - ray Cartoon Network Holiday Collection 11 minutes October 7 , 2014 N / A Y 4 ( `` Together Breakfast '' ) Gem Glow 12 132 minutes January 13 , 2015 June 5 , 2015 Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) and 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) ( Region 1 only ) The Complete First Season ( Australian release ) 52 + Pilot 572 minutes N / A May 4 , 2016 Y Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) -- 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) The Return 12 132 minutes June 7 , 2016 N / A Y 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) , 28 ( `` Space Race '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' ) -- 37 ( `` Alone Together '' ) , 40 ( `` On the Run '' ) , 44 ( `` Marble Madness '' ) , 45 ( `` Rose 's Scabbard '' ) , 49 ( `` The Message '' ) , 51 ( `` The Return '' ) and 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) Arcade Mania 12 132 minutes N / A June 7 , 2016 Y 3 ( `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' ) -- 5 ( `` Frybo '' ) , 8 ( `` Serious Steven '' ) , 11 ( `` Arcade Mania '' ) , 13 ( `` So Many Birthdays '' ) , 16 ( `` Steven The Sword Fighter '' ) , 17 ( `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' ) , 20 ( `` Coach Steven '' ) , 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) and 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight To Video '' ) The Complete Second Season ( Australian release ) 26 286 minutes N / A May 24 , 2017 Y Y 53 ( `` Full Disclosure '' ) -- 78 ( `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' ) The Complete Third Season ( Australian release ) 25 + Shorts 275 minutes N / A September 6 , 2017 Y Y 79 ( `` Super Watermelon Island '' ) -- 103 ( `` Bubbled '' ) Extras : Online Shorts The Complete First Season ( American release ) 1 - 2 52 572 minutes January 30 , 2018 N / A Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) -- 46 ( `` Open Book '' ) and 49 ( `` The Message '' ) -- 54 ( `` Joy Ride '' ) Extras : ' Behind the Music ' , ' Listening Party ' , Music Video Performances ( ' Something Entirely New ' , ' It 's Over , Is n't It ? ' , ' Love Like You ' , ' Here Comes a Thought ' and ' What 's the Use of Feeling ( Blue ) ? ' ) , Song Demos ( ' Be Wherever You Are ' and ' Full Disclosure ' ) and Animatics ( ' Gem Glow ' , ' Full Disclosure ' , ' Steven the Sword Fighter ' , ' Steven and the Stevens ' and ' Island Adventure ' ) The Complete Fourth Season ( Australian release ) 25 + Shorts 275 minutes N / A June 20 , 2018 Y Y 104 ( `` The Kindergarten Kid '' ) -- 128 ( `` I Am My Mom '' ) Extras : Online shorts Seasons 1 -- 4 ( Australian release ) 1 - 4 128 + Pilot and Shorts 1,434 minutes N / A July 18 , 2018 Y 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) - 128 ( `` I Am My Mom '' ) Extras : Pilot ( `` The Time Thing '' ) , Online shorts The Heart of the Crystal Gems 3 - 5 12 132 minutes August 14 , 2018 N / A Y 98 / 99 ( `` Bismuth '' ) , 107 ( `` Mindful Education '' ) , 120 ( `` Storm in the Room '' ) , 130 ( `` The Trial '' ) , 146 ( `` A Single Pale Rose '' ) , 147 ( `` Now We 're Only Falling Apart '' ) , 148 ( What 's Your Problem ? `` ) , 149 ( '' The Question `` ) , 150 ( '' Made of Honor `` ) and 151 / 152 ( '' Reunited `` ) Notes ^ Jump up to : These episodes were bumped to air during season 2 in order to facilitate the airing of the final `` arc '' of season 1 as the first uninterrupted week - long `` Stevenbomb . '' Consequently , some sources treat them as part of season 2 , while Cartoon Network 's website lists them as part of Season 1 , as intended . `` Open Book '' aired after `` Full Disclosure '' and both `` Story for Steven '' and `` Shirt Club '' aired after `` Say Uncle '' . Jump up ^ Starting with this episode , a new title sequence is used . Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on May 21 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 22 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode was advertised as the show 's 100th episode , as the Season 2 shorts take up a production code . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 5 , 2016 in Canada . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The accidental app release of the episode misattributed the writing and storyboards to Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke . ^ Jump up to : This episode was accidentally released on the Cartoon Network app and website on January 2 , 2017 . It was then removed the following day . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network app and website on November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network app and website on March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at San Diego Comic - Con on July 21 , 2018 . It was then released on the Cartoon Network app and website the following day . Jump up ^ This short was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at San Diego Comic Con on July 10 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 2 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals : April 30 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' Tops Night + ' Braxton Family Values ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Complications ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , MMA , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' , ' Vice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Steven Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , ' Treasure Quest : Snake ' , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' Pardon the Interruption ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads the Night + ' Teen Mom II ' + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' College Football ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Final MLB division series scores , plus ' Project Runway , ' ' WWE Smackdown ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Universe returning in May for four - week event , In Too Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Universe : Uzo Aduba plays a new Crystal Gem -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , Chris ( 2017 ) . Steven Universe : Art and Origins . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Rio Olympics land on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe and Peridot hunt their Road Runner '' . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt . `` Steven Universe movie announcement , teaser surprises at SDCC '' . Polygon . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Matt ( @ mcburnett ) ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bismuth ( airing Thursday ) is the 100th SU episode because all digital shorts made up an episode ... '' Jump up ^ Turner Classic all 5 of these shorts will make a full episode of season 4 Movies . `` Zach Callison Filmography '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Universe Season 1 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Gem Glow '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe DVD news : Announcement for Volume 2 : The Return '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Arcade Mania '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 3 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` STEVEN UNIVERSE : The Complete First Season DVD Arrives 1 / 30 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 4 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Seasons 1 - 4 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe : Heart Of The Crystal Gems '' . Blow It Outa Here . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Steven Universe '' Returns for Five - Night Event Monday , July 2 on Cartoon Network `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Production code columns Production codes are stamped on numerous model sheets and storyboards that must be searched for , in : Steven Crewniverse . `` Steven Crewniverse Behind - the - Scenes Universe : Archive '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/shows/steven-universe/pictures/index.html Steven Universe Rebecca Sugar Characters Steven Garnet Amethyst Pearl Stevonnie Episodes Season 1 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' `` Coach Steven '' `` Alone Together '' `` Jail Break '' Season 2 `` Say Uncle '' `` Cry for Help '' `` The Answer '' Season 3 `` Super Watermelon Island '' `` Gem Drill '' `` Mr. Greg '' `` Bismuth '' Season 4 `` Mindful Education '' Season 5 `` Off Colors '' `` A Single Pale Rose '' `` Reunited '' `` Legs From Here to Homeworld '' Video games Steven Universe : Attack the Light ! Steven Universe : Save the Light Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Steven_Universe_episodes&oldid=854619256 '' Categories : Cartoon Network - related lists Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Steven Universe episodes 2010s - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Magyar Português Română Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does episode 19 of steven universe come out	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleArt direction byWritten and storyboarded byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11\"Gem Glow\"Kevin DartJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuNovember 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)1020-0031.86[6]\nSteven is disappointed that his favorite ice-cream sandwich brand, Cookie Cat, gets taken off the market. He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats, which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem.\n22\"Laser Light Cannon\"Kevin DartKat Morris and Rebecca SugarNovember 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)1020-0011.86[6]\nWhen a menacing \"Red Eye\" is about to hit Beach City, the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven's mother, Rose Quartz. Steven and his father, Greg, search through Greg's storage for the cannon.\n33\"Cheeseburger Backpack\"Kevin DartIan Jones-Quartey and Rebecca SugarNovember 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)1020-0021.68[7]\nThe Crystal Gems take Steven on his first mission: to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire. Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack.\n44\"Together Breakfast\"Kevin DartIan Jones-Quartey, Rebecca Sugar, and Paul VillecoNovember 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)1020-0041.68[7]\nSteven's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple; but when the breakfast absorbs a dangerous artifact, it comes to life and must be defeated.\n55\"Frybo\"Kevin DartRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoNovember 18, 2013 (2013-11-18)1020-0081.29[8]\nSteven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee, but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue.\n66\"Cat Fingers\"Kevin DartKat Morris, Hilary Florido, Ian Jones-Quartey, and Rebecca SugarNovember 25, 2013 (2013-11-25)1020-0051.71[9]\nTrying to master his shapeshifting abilities, Steven turns his fingers into cats, which get out of control.\n77\"Bubble Buddies\"Kevin DartKat Morris and Aleth RomanillosDecember 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)1020-0061.61[10]\nSteven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock, but he has no idea how to make it disappear.\n88\"Serious Steven\"Kevin DartJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuJanuary 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)1020-0071.35[11]\nWhile navigating through an ancient Gem maze, Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously.\n99\"Tiger Millionaire\"Kevin DartRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoJanuary 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)1020-0111.57[12]\nSteven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst, who's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down.\n1010\"Steven's Lion\"Kevin Dart and Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Aleth RomanillosJanuary 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)1020-0121.51[13]\nSteven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission.\n1111\"Arcade Mania\"Kevin DartLamar Abrams, Aleth Romanillos, and Luke WeberFebruary 17, 2014 (2014-02-17)1020-0091.17[14]\nSteven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade, where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game.\n1212\"Giant Woman\"Kevin DartJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuFebruary 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)1020-0101.89[15]\nSteven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four-armed \"giant woman\" named Opal, but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling.\n1313\"So Many Birthdays\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoMarch 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)1020-0141.17[16]\nAfter learning that the Gems are thousands of years old, Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they've missed, and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself.\n1414\"Lars and the Cool Kids\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Matt BralyMarch 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)1020-0151.50[17]\nSteven and Lars hang out with the cool kids—Jenny Pizza, Buck Dewey, and Sour Cream—but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble.\n1515\"Onion Trade\"Elle MichalkaLamar AbramsMarch 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)1020-0181.79[18]\nA toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions.\n1616\"Steven the Sword Fighter\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuApril 9, 2014 (2014-04-09)1020-0131.10[19]\nPearl's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword-fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal.\n1717\"Lion 2: The Movie\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuApril 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)1020-0171.57[20]\nSteven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater, but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory.\n1818\"Beach Party\"Elle MichalkaLamar AbramsApril 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)1020-0201.44[21]\nAfter a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign, the Gems are banned from the restaurant, so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems.\n1919\"Rose's Room\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuMay 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)1020-0191.55[22]\nSteven's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish.\n2020\"Coach Steven\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoAugust 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)1020-0161.85[23]\nAgainst Pearl's advice, Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty (and destructive) Sugilite.\n2121\"Joking Victim\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoAugust 28, 2014 (2014-08-28)1020-0241.63[24]\nWhen Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work, Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut, and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him.\n2222\"Steven and the Stevens\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuSeptember 4, 2014 (2014-09-04)1020-0212.14[25]\nSteven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show, so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate. This episode re-uses the time-travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode.\n2323\"Monster Buddies\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoSeptember 11, 2014 (2014-09-11)1020-0222.07[26]\nSteven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form.\n2424\"An Indirect Kiss\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoSeptember 18, 2014 (2014-09-18)1020-0231.73[27]\nSteven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem.\n2525\"Mirror Gem\" (Part 1)Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoSeptember 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)1020-0252.34[28]\nSteven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him, and ends up freeing its prisoner: Lapis Lazuli, another mysterious Gem.\n2626\"Ocean Gem\" (Part 2)Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuSeptember 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)1020-0262.34[28]\nLapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her, leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer. Steven, Connie, Greg, Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right.\n2727\"House Guest\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoOctober 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)1026-0272.00[29]\nLeft temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode, Greg stays in Steven's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven's healing powers.\n2828\"Space Race\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuOctober 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)1026-0281.99[30]\nSteven, Pearl, and Greg visit Greg's family's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos, but Pearl gets a little carried away.\n2929\"Secret Team\"Elle MichalkaHilary Florido and Katie MitroffOctober 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)1026-0302.46[31]\nWhen they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards, Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out. After doing so, Steven wants to keep the secret team going.\n3030\"Island Adventure\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoOctober 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)1026-0331.53[32]\nSteven tries to mend Lars and Sadie's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island; but they become stranded there for several days.\n3131\"Keep Beach City Weird\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoOctober 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)1026-0291.45[33]\nSteven is taken in by Ronaldo's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City.\n3232\"Fusion Cuisine\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoNovember 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)1026-0311.46[34]\nSteven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie's family.\n3333\"Garnet's Universe\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuNovember 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)1026-0361.64[35]\nWhen Garnet returns from a mission, Steven imagines a story about what she did all day.\n3434\"Watermelon Steven\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoNovember 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)1026-0351.83[36]\nSteven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself, but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems.\n3535\"Lion 3: Straight to Video\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston, Jeff Liu, and Rebecca SugarDecember 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)1026-0321.92[37]\nLion keeps lying on Steven's face while he's sleeping, leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion's mane.This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-Form Animation.\n3636\"Warp Tour\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoJanuary 8, 2015 (2015-01-08)1026-0371.94[38]\nSteven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream, despite the Gems' attempts to disprove his claims. They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot, a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth.\n3737\"Alone Together\"Elle MichalkaHilary Florido, Katie Mitroff, and Rebecca SugarJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)1026-0341.67[39]\nWhile practicing how to fuse with the Gems, Steven accidentally fuses with Connie, forming an unprecedented Gem/human fusion named Stevonnie.\n3838\"The Test\"Elle MichalkaHilary Florido and Katie MitroffJanuary 22, 2015 (2015-01-22)1026-0381.94[40]\nSteven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions, so he demands a new test.\n3939\"Future Vision\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoJanuary 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)1026-0392.03[41]\nSteven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him.\n4040\"On the Run\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuFebruary 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)1026-0402.08[42]\nSteven and Amethyst try out life on the road, and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven: she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet.\n4141\"Horror Club\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoFebruary 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)1026-0411.67[43]\nSteven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo, Lars, and Sadie.\n4242\"Winter Forecast\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)1026-0432.05[44]\nSteven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City, and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave.\n4343\"Maximum Capacity\"Elle MichalkaHilary Florido, Katie Mitroff, and Rebecca SugarFebruary 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)1026-0421.97[45]\nWhile cleaning out Greg's storage unit, he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler.\n4444\"Marble Madness\"Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuMarch 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)1026-0441.92[46]\nWhen droids from space descend towards warp pad zones, Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose.\n4545\"Rose's Scabbard\"Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee, Paul Villeco, and Rebecca SugarMarch 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)1026-0451.22[47]\nPearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose's sword.\n4646\"Open Book\"[nb 1]Elle MichalkaHilary Florido and Katie MitroffMarch 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)1026-0461.73[49]\nWhen Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series, Steven takes her to Rose's room to attempt to remake the ending.\n4747\"Shirt Club\"[nb 1]Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoApril 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)1026-0471.42[50]\nSteven and Buck make T-shirts featuring Steven's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg's guitar lessons.\n4848\"Story for Steven\"[nb 1]Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston and Jeff LiuApril 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)1026-0482.00[51]\nGreg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz.\n4949\"The Message\"Elle MichalkaLamar Abrams and Hellen JoMarch 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)1026-0491.30[52]\nSteven and the Gems need Greg's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone.\n5050\"Political Power\"Elle MichalkaHilary Florido and Katie MitroffMarch 11, 2015 (2015-03-11)1026-0501.42[53]\nAfter the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City, Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation.\n5151\"The Return\" (Part 1)Elle MichalkaRaven M. Molisee and Paul VillecoMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)1026-0511.70[54]\nSteven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper.\n5252\"Jail Break\" (Part 2)Elle MichalkaJoe Johnston, Jeff Liu, and Rebecca SugarMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)1026-0521.70[54]\nTrapped on the Gem Warship, Steven attempts to rescue the Gems, including two unfamiliar Gems named Ruby and Sapphire, from Peridot and Jasper's clutches." ]	[ "May 14, 2014" ]
6074868622648747975	I Just Can't Wait to Be King	I Just Ca n't Wait to be King - wikipedia I Just Ca n't Wait to be King Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' Song by Jason Weaver , Rowan Atkinson , and Laura Williams from the album The Lion King Released Genre Worldbeat , rock and roll Length 2 : 49 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Tim Rice , Elton John `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' is a song from Disney 's 1994 animated film , The Lion King . With music by Elton John and words written by Tim Rice , the song is performed by the characters of Simba ( Jason Weaver ) , Nala ( Laura Williams ) and Zazu ( Rowan Atkinson ) in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Analysis 3 Critical reception 3.1 Certifications 4 Context 4.1 In film 4.2 In musical 4.3 In D2V sequel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) The song illustrates the difference of opinion between the naive king - to - be Simba and the wise and anxious majordomo Zazu . The song was written for the 1994 film The Lion King . Analysis ( edit ) The song is about the naive desire to do whatever you want once you assume a form of power , or reach the age of majority . However , often when you achieve your goals , you do n't acquire freedom in the way your teenage mind imagined it . With great power comes great responsibility . The song is `` An ode to youthful arrogance , invincibility and above all , impatience '' . Critical reception ( edit ) The New York Times Theater Reviews 1997 - 1998 described the song as `` conventionally comic and upbeat '' . The New York Times Film Reviews 1993 - 1994 deemed the `` derivativeness '' of the `` cute , lilting ... safe '' pop song `` irritating '' , and described it as sounding `` as if Michael Jackson were singing `` Under the Sea '' . At a Hayes Centre summer youth camp , the song was `` the favourite song for our kids '' . Lakeland Ledger described it as a `` dazzling Busby Berkeley - style dancefest '' with a `` Rockettes kickline '' . The Cavalier Daily called it a `` festive number '' , and reminiscent of songs from The Little Mermaid . It has been described as `` strutting `` , `` bouncy `` , `` grand `` , and a `` hubris - filled fantasy song '' . The song was ranked the 5th song from The Lion King out of 6 , describing it as `` catchy '' , `` irritating '' , and `` a little too close to ' River of Dreams ' '' . BoingBoing listed it as the 11th best Disney I Want song ; it is ranked so low due to not being very `` thematically rich '' . News.com deemed it the underdog song of The Lion King , adding `` this showstopper about the future did n't get the accolades its brethren received . '' The Cavalier Daily deemed the Elton John reworking `` uneventful and boring '' . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Context ( edit ) In film ( edit ) `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' is a large contrast from the film 's non-musical segments , as emphasized by the number 's usage of lively colors and sounds . The song is performed near the beginning of the film by a young Simba and Nala as to enunciate Simba 's desires to become King . It is a prelude to Simba 's lost innocence , being tricked into thinking he killed his father , his leaving Pride Rock , and attempt to forget his past . In musical ( edit ) The song appears in the Broadway show and is performed by Scott Irby - Ranniar , Kajuana Shuford , and Geoff Hoyle on the 1997 Original Cast Recording . In the Spanish language version of The Lion King , `` I Just Ca n't Wait to be King '' was performed by Mexican singer and entertainer Kalimba . Elton John himself also recorded his own version of the song for the film 's soundtrack . In d2v sequel ( edit ) It also appears in DisneyToon 's 2004 direct - to - video followup The Lion King 11⁄2 . Timon and Pumbaa are disturbed by some noise from outside of their home , which is actually Simba , Nala , and the animals singing this musical number . Timon is angry and hits the leg of an elephant supporting the tower of animals . The elephant jumps in surprise and causes the tower to collapse , explaining why it collapses in the original film . Timon and Pumbaa 's home is ruined by this event . Cover versions ( edit ) Performed live by the ska / funk band Suburban Legends , most often when performing at Disneyland 's Tomorrowland Terrace , but occasionally while on tour as well . Vincent Walker sings the part of Simba , while Brian Klemm sings the part of Zazu . The song appears on their 2012 album , Day Job . Pop star Aaron Carter remixed the song on Disneymania . Allstar Weekend remade the song for DisneyMania 7 . The Brazilian musical group `` Exaltasamba '' recorded a Portuguese version of `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' ( O que eu quero mais é ser rei , roughly translated as `` What I want most is to be king '' ) in a samba style to the CD Disney Adventures in Samba . Brian Wilson covered the song for his album In the Key of Disney . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lion King Production Notes '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . 1994 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` McCook Daily Gazette - Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking the Songs From `` The Lion King '' - Popdust `` . Popdust . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Theater Reviews 1997 - 1998 '' . google.com.au . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Film Reviews 1993 - 1994 '' . google.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cavalier Daily - Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lion King 3D ' review '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ AOL . `` ' Lion King ' Actress Shannon Tavarez Dies at 11 '' . PopEater . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` The Lion King -- A Review - Stabroek News '' . Stabroek News . Jump up ^ `` Review : Kroll Show : `` Karaoke Bullies '' TV Club The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Jump up ^ `` All of Disney 's `` I Want '' songs , ranked `` . Boing Boing . Jump up ^ `` The best and most underrated songs from your favourite Disney films '' . NewsComAu . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Disney Sing - Along on YouTube ( on Disney 's official channel ) ( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Can%27t_Wait_to_Be_King&oldid=833977567 '' Categories : Songs about royalty 1994 songs Songs from The Lion King Elton John songs Songs with lyrics by Tim Rice Songs with music by Elton John Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i just cant wait to be king	[ "\"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" is a song from Disney's 1994 animated film, The Lion King. With music by Elton John and words written by Tim Rice, the song is performed by the characters of Simba (Jason Weaver), Nala (Laura Williams) and Zazu (Rowan Atkinson) in the film.[1]", "\"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" is a song from Disney's 1994 animated film, The Lion King. With music by Elton John and words written by Tim Rice, the song is performed by the characters of Simba (Jason Weaver), Nala (Laura Williams) and Zazu (Rowan Atkinson) in the film.[1]", "\"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" is a song from Disney's 1994 animated film, The Lion King. With music by Elton John and words written by Tim Rice, the song is performed by the characters of Simba (Jason Weaver), Nala (Laura Williams) and Zazu (Rowan Atkinson) in the film.[1]" ]	[ "Simba (Jason Weaver)", "Nala (Laura Williams)", "Zazu (Rowan Atkinson)" ]
8598782398528903905	Interpreted language	Interpreted language - wikipedia Interpreted language Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Language interpretation . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this article be merged into Scripting language . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An interpreted language is a type of programming language for which most of its implementations execute instructions directly and freely , without previously compiling a program into machine - language instructions . The interpreter executes the program directly , translating each statement into a sequence of one or more subroutines into another language ( often machine code ) . The terms interpreted language and compiled language are not well defined because , in theory , any programming language can be either interpreted or compiled . In modern programming language implementation it is increasingly popular for a platform to provide both options . Interpreted languages can also be contrasted with machine languages . Functionally , both execution and interpretation mean the same thing -- fetching the next instruction / statement from the program and executing it . Although interpreted byte code is additionally identical to machine code in form and has an assembler representation , the term `` interpreted '' is practically reserved for `` software processed '' languages ( by virtual machine or emulator ) on top of the native ( i.e. hardware ) processor . In principle , programs in many languages may be compiled or interpreted , emulated or executed natively , so this designation is applied solely based on common implementation practice , rather than representing an essential property of a language . Many languages have been implemented using both compilers and interpreters , including BASIC , C , Lisp , Pascal , and Python . Java and C# are compiled into bytecode , the virtual - machine - friendly interpreted language . Lisp implementations can freely mix interpreted and compiled code . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Advantages 3 Disadvantages 4 List of frequently used interpreted languages 4.1 Languages usually compiled to a bytecode 5 See also 6 References Historical background ( edit ) In the early days of computing , language design was heavily influenced by the decision to use compiling or interpreting as a mode of execution . For example , Smalltalk ( 1980 ) , which was designed to be interpreted at run - time , allows generic objects to dynamically interact with each other . Initially , interpreted languages were compiled line - by - line ; that is , each line was compiled as it was about to be executed , and if a loop or subroutine caused certain lines to be executed multiple times , they would be recompiled every time . This has become much less common . Most so - called interpreted languages use an intermediate representation , which combines compiling and interpreting . Examples include : JavaScript Python Ruby ( similarly , it uses an abstract syntax tree as intermediate representation ) Forth The intermediate representation can be compiled once and for all ( as in Java ) , each time before execution ( as in Perl or Ruby ) , or each time a change in the source is detected before execution ( as in Python ) . Advantages ( edit ) Interpreting a language gives implementations some additional flexibility over compiled implementations . Features that are often easier to implement in interpreters than in compilers include : platform independence ( Java 's byte code , for example ) reflection and reflective use of the evaluator ( e.g. a first - order eval function ) dynamic typing smaller executable program size ( since implementations have flexibility to choose the instruction code ) dynamic scoping Furthermore , source code can be read and copied , giving users more freedom . Disadvantages ( edit ) Disadvantages of interpreted languages are : Without static type - checking , which is usually performed by a compiler , programs can be less reliable , because type checking eliminates a class of programming errors . Interpreters can be susceptible to Code injection attacks . Slower execution compared to direct native machine code execution on the host CPU . A technique used to improve performance is just - in - time compilation which converts frequently executed sequences of interpreted instruction to host machine code . JIT is most often combined with compilation to byte - code as in Java . Source code can be read and copied ( e.g. JavaScript in web pages ) , or more easily reverse engineered through reflection in applications where intellectual property has a commercial advantage . In some cases , obfuscation is used as a partial defense against this . List of frequently used interpreted languages ( edit ) APL A vector oriented language using an unusual character set J An APL variant in which tacit definition provides some of the benefits of compiling BASIC ( although the original version , Dartmouth BASIC , was compiled , as are many modern BASICs ) thinBasic Equation manipulation and solving systems GNU Octave Interactive Data Language ( IDL ) TK Solver Mathematica MATLAB Euphoria Interpreted or compiled . Game Maker Language JavaScript Forth Lava Lisp Logo Scheme Madness Script MUMPS Perl PHP PostScript Python REXX Seed7 Smalltalk Bistro Dolphin Smalltalk F - Script Little Smalltalk Squeak VisualAge VisualWorks Spreadsheets Excel Tcl XOTcl VBScript PowerShell XMLmosaic -- an xml contained C# like programming language interpreted by a console application written in Visual Basic . NET Languages usually compiled to a bytecode ( edit ) Many languages are first compiled to bytecode . Ѕometimes , bytecode can also be compiled to a native binary using an AOT compiler or executed natively , by hardware processor . AppleScript Erlang ( compiled into Erlang bytecode and interpreted by the BEAM VM ) Elixir ( runs on the Erlang VM ) Java ( is compiled into Java bytecode to be interpreted by JVM ) Clojure Groovy ColdFusion Scala . NET Framework languages ( translated to bytecode , called CIL ) . C++ / CLI C# Visual Basic . NET F# Lisp Lua Pike Ruby Squeak Smalltalk Visual FoxPro See also ( edit ) List of interpreted languages Compiled language Executable Managed code References ( edit ) Brown , P.J. ( 1979 ) . Writing Interactive Compilers and Interpreters . John Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 27609 - X . Jump up ^ `` CodePlex Archive '' . CodePlex Archive . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpreted_language&oldid=835734194 '' Categories : Programming language classification Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 עברית Mirandés Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is python a compiled language or interpreted language	[ "Many languages have been implemented using both compilers and interpreters, including BASIC, C, Lisp, Pascal, and Python. Java and C# are compiled into bytecode, the virtual-machine-friendly interpreted language. Lisp implementations can freely mix interpreted and compiled code." ]	[ "both" ]
-3071124020498122189	A Place to Call Home (season 5)	A Place to Call Home ( season 5 ) - wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search A Place to Call Home ( season 5 ) Official Season 5 Cast Photo Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showcase Original release 8 October ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) -- 24 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of A Place to Call Home episodes The fifth season of the Seven Network television series A Place to Call Home premiered on Showcase on 8 October 2017 . The series was produced by Chris Martin - Jones , and executive produced by Penny Win and Julie McGauran . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Plot 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring & Guest 4 Episodes 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) On 16 November 2016 , Foxtel announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for a fifth season . Of the renewal , Foxtel CEO , Peter Tonagh stated `` ( The show ) goes way beyond just being a piece of content that appears on the screen . It 's a passion for hundreds of thousands of people who watch it every week . '' Production on the fifth season began in February 2017 . Of the show 's return , Foxtel 's Head of Drama , Penny Win stated , `` A Place to Call Home has continued to build very strong audiences and passionate fans throughout its time on Foxtel . We are thrilled with the success of the series both here and around the world , and series five promises to be more of what our audience loves . The incredible cast , whose performances are exemplary , and the creative team , led by Julie McGauran and Chris Martin - Jones , have brought Foxtel a wonderful piece of dramatic television that we are all very proud of . '' Seven 's Head of Drama , Julie McGauran stated , `` All of us at Seven Productions are delighted to continue the hugely successful collaboration with Foxtel on A Place To Call Home . This series is testament to how great storytelling , the talents of a truly gifted cast and a superb production can align to create extraordinary television and Seven are proud to be a part of an industry here in Australia that continues to deliver world class drama . '' Plot ( edit ) Season five will time jump to 1958 , where four years have passed since we left Sarah and the Bligh family . Those four years have seen ever increasing changes in Australian society . The world of wealth and privilege is being eroded , moral values are fraying and a new young generation is rising , full of disaffection with the world of their elders . To them the War is a matter of the dead past , bringing conflict with those who suffered its pain and deprivation . Economic change and the devious actions of unseen enemies threaten Ash Park . While friends become bitter rivals and former enemies become unlikely allies . And in the midst of the turmoil , love becomes the only sure place anyone can call home . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Nordmann Noni Hazelhurst as Elizabeth Goddard Brett Climo as George Bligh Craig Hall as Dr. Jack Duncan David Berry as James Bligh Abby Earl as Anna Bligh Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Duncan Jenni Baird as Regina Bligh Tim Draxl as Dr. Henry Fox Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs Recurring & guest ( edit ) Elliot Domoney as David Bligh Martin Sacks as Isaac Gold Madeleine Clunies - Ross as Leah Gold Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard Clodagh Crowe as Dawn Briggs George Pullar as Larry Forbes Aaron Pedersen as Frank Gibbs Matt Day as Ed Jarvis Notes Jump up ^ David Berry only appears in `` The Anatomy of His Passing '' and `` In Memoriam '' , however he is credited among the main cast . Jump up ^ Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood is not credited in `` Own Worst Enemy '' through `` Demons of the Dark '' and she does not appear . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of A Place to Call Home episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Australian viewers 46 `` Own Worst Enemy '' Kevin Carlin Bevan Lee 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 0.163 ANZAC Day , 1958 . Sarah and Henry clash when an Aboriginal patient named Frank Gibbs brings out the hidden prejudice in society . Elizabeth 's life in the city is turned upside down when Douglas begins coughing up blood . Anna finally accepts her divorce from Gino by refusing to let their story influence her next book . George visits Regina in the mental asylum and is offered a divorce . Leah , a local Jewish teenager , runs away with her non-Jewish boyfriend , Larry . Henry takes his frustration of James ' absence on others . Jack realises that Carolyn is missing life in the city . 47 `` Fallout '' Kevin Carlin Katherine Thomson 15 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 0.105 Anna decides to move back to Ash Park to write her second novel . George concedes defeat and allows Sarah to bring David up in the Jewish faith . Douglas is diagnosed with lung cancer and decides to have the diseased lung removed . Isaac allows Leah to stay in Inverness while he moves to Israel . Carolyn 's attempts to help Frank cause a rift between the pair . Jack contemplates hitting the bottle after a fight with Carolyn . Henry prepares to perform a double mastectomy on Sheila , a breast cancer patient . Richard urges George to get a divorce . Regina is released from the mental asylum after three months pass . 48 `` All That Glitters '' Mark Joffe John Lonie 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 0.093 Frank politely declines Carolyn 's advances to help him pursue a career in art . Elizabeth worries for Douglas ' health as he seems to forget his pneumonectomy . Prudence returns to Ash Park , having gained her driving licence . George seeks guidance about converting to the Jewish faith . Leah is shocked when Larry gives her a condom as a house - warming present . Anna introduces her family to Ed , her publisher and announces she 's finished her second book , All That Glitters . Jack 's reluctance to change is clocked by Carolyn . Henry and Sarah look after Sheila when she is abused by her husband . Regina returns to Inverness after being released . 49 `` The Edge of Reason '' Mark Joffe David Hannam 29 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.091 Anna decides to reject Ed 's marriage proposal and revert their relationship to one of complete professionalism . Sarah threatens Regina 's life , before agreeing to go to Canberra with George . Carolyn 's rape by Sir Richard Bennett is revealed to George in a letter from Regina . Elizabeth learns that Douglas ' cancer has returned after he begins coughing blood again . Larry and his friends harass Regina by throwing bottles at her house and hanging a baby doll on her verandah . Jack and Douglas propose a programme to Frank to help Aboriginal men who served in the war . Regina informs Sir Richard that she is back in Inverness , as per their plan . 50 5 `` Do Not Go Gently '' Catherine Miller Kristen Dunphy 5 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 0.088 Frank loses his paintings and his home after sadistic local football coach , Stan O'Rourke burns his house down . Regina attempts to stop George and Sarah walking into Sir Richard 's web in Canberra . Jack and Henry clash over whether to tell Douglas his diagnosis , against Elizabeth 's wishes . After Elizabeth disapproves her novel , Anna attempts to have it edited , but Ed refuses . Elizabeth breaks the news to Douglas that he is dying . In Canberra , the Prime Minister berates George for bringing Sarah and then , Sarah suffers a panic attack when she sees a former guard from Ravensbrück . 51 6 `` Demons of the Dark '' Catherine Millar John Lonie 12 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 0.110 Douglas researches the feasibility of euthanasia , despite Jack and Henry 's advice . Regina 's warnings fall upon deaf ears , excepts Anna 's . Sir Richard attempts to rape Anna , however she defends herself and he falls down a flight of stairs . Frank , Roy and Jack bond with Larry when they convince him to help rebuild Frank 's house . Sarah confronts the former guard from her concentration camp , and restrains herself instead of killing her . Carolyn reveals the truth about her rape to Anna . Jack threatens Stan O'Rourke . Elizabeth begs God to forgive any sins that Douglas may commit . 52 7 `` The Anatomy of His Passing '' Jeremy Sims David Hannam 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 0.101 One month later , on Victory over Japan Day 1958 , Douglas makes the decision to end his life and much to his chagrin , Elizabeth helps him . Henry launches an investigation into Douglas ' death . Olivia returns from England with news that James has fallen back in love with her brother , William and is staying with him in the French Riviera . George learns that Sir Richard has the ability to seize Ash Park if he so desires . Elizabeth leaves Ash Park for the Swanson house in Sydney . Regina admits to Sarah that she is the person responsible for shooting George all those years ago . Roy learns that Dawn is pregnant . 53 8 `` Cloud Break '' Jeremy Sims Katherine Thomson 26 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 0.098 Elizabeth 's happiness in the city is soon replaced by shock when she learns that Douglas has named his supposedly deceased son Matthew in his will . Regina continues to string Sir Richard along , this time warning Henry of his capabilities . George questions whether he should sell off some land to repay his debts . Carolyn 's obscure cake is a hit at the hospital fête , with Doris inviting her to join the CWA . Anna and Olivia 's night of fun becomes a learning experience for both of them , as Anna surrounds herself with drugs and Olivia realises it is time to move on . Sarah and George must place their faith in Regina when coming up with an idea to stop Sir Richard once and for all . 54 9 `` All That Lies Ahead '' Mark Joffe Cathryn Strickland 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 0.107 Jack decides to run for parliament as an independent after much consideration . Elizabeth welcomes Matthew into the family , as he asks Olivia to dinner . Sarah questions whether Regina 's motives are genuine . Regina signs the divorce papers . Sir Richard pays Elizabeth a visit , to pay his respects after Douglas ' passing . News of Dawn 's pregnancy begin to spread . Henry and Jack learn that the latter 's medical records have been requested by the Board . Carolyn learns the truth of Jack 's addiction to pills . Three months later , Jack is seen stumbling through a paddock , drunk . 55 10 `` Death Comes as an End '' Mark Joffe Bevan Lee 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 0.122 As the election day nears , Sir Richard begins to question whether a subterfuge is underway . Jack 's chances of winning the election look certain until Sir Richard reveals Jack 's torture in the war to the voters , resulting in him hitting the bottle . Elizabeth opens a Veteran 's fund for Aboriginals who fought in the war . Anna and Henry get engaged to stop Sir Richard ruining his life . George rids himself of his debt after revealing his intent to wed Sarah . Regina 's deception of Sir Richard is revealed in spectacular fashion and the morning of the election , her lifeless body is found in the river . 56 11 `` Lie Deep '' Catherine Millar Katherine Thomson 17 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 0.100 Jack is found by Roy , intoxicated , still struggling with his public humiliation . After finding Regina 's body , Sarah and Henry perform an autopsy and must inform the Bligh family learn that she was dead before she went into the river . Elizabeth urges George to reconcile with James . Anna and Henry 's drunken night of fun turns passionate when the two have sex . Matthew proposes to Olivia , and she accepts . George loses the election to the Labor candidate . After Valda , the nurse he was blackmailing comes forward to police , Sir Richard is arrested for Regina 's murder . 57 12 `` In Memoriam '' Catherine Millar Bevan Lee 24 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) 0.066 Anna 's world is shattered when Henry refuses to marry her after learning she can not conceive children . Olivia and Matthew prepare to move overseas . Sir Richard is vindicated when Sarah learns that Regina killed herself to frame him and rid him from the lives of the Blighs forever . Elizabeth confronts Sir Richard one final time , armed with the fruit knife she attacked him with and forces him out of their lives . Jack reclaims his dignity after he confronts Stan O'Rourke . Sarah , George and David visit the French Riviera , where George makes amends with James , before heading to Israel . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Viewers Nightly subscription rank 5 - 01 `` Own Worst Enemy '' 8 October 2017 0.163 8 5 - 02 `` Fallout '' 15 October 2017 0.105 5 - 03 `` All That Glitters '' 22 October 2017 0.093 7 5 - 04 `` The Edge of Reason '' 29 October 2017 0.091 5 - 05 `` Do Not Go Gently '' 5 November 2017 0.088 6 5 - 06 `` Demons of the Dark '' 12 November 2017 0.110 5 - 07 `` The Anatomy of His Passing '' 19 November 2017 0.101 5 - 08 `` Cloud Break '' 26 November 2017 0.098 10 5 - 09 `` All That Lies Ahead '' 3 December 2017 0.107 5 - 10 `` Death Comes as an End '' 10 December 2017 0.122 5 - 11 `` Lie Deep '' 17 December 2017 0.100 5 - 12 `` In Memoriam '' 24 December 2017 0.066 Figures are OzTAM Data for the 5 City Metro areas . Overnight - Live broadcast and recordings viewed the same night . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Place To Call Home : Season 5 production begins February 2017 '' . Foxtel. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Renewed : A Place To Call Home '' . TV Tonight . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 8 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 15 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 22 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 29 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 5 November 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 12 November 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 19 November 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 26 November 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 3 December 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 10 December 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 17 December 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday 24 December 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(season_5)&oldid=833837016 '' Categories : 2017 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 17 : 18 . About Wikipedia	season 5 a place to call home how many episodes	[ "\n\nA Place to Call Home (season 5)\n\n\n\nOfficial Season 5 Cast Photo\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nAustralia\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n12\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nShowcase\n\n\nOriginal release\n8 October (2017-10-08) – 24 December 2017 (2017-12-24)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 4\n\n\n\n\nList of A Place to Call Home episodes\n\n" ]	[ "12" ]
-4725501562681539158	Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)	Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 film ) - wikipedia Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alice in Wonderland Play media The complete film Directed by Cecil Hepworth Percy Stow Produced by Cecil M. Hepworth Herman Casler ( exec . producer ) Elias Koopman ( exec . producer ) Harry Marvin ( exec . producer ) Written by Lewis Carroll ( book ) Cecil M. Hepworth Based on Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll Starring May Clark Cecil M. Hepworth Mrs. Cecil Hepworth Norman Whitten Cinematography Cecil M. Hepworth Distributed by American Mutoscope and Biograph Company Edison Manufacturing Company Kleine Optical Company Release date 17 October 1903 ( 1903 - 10 - 17 ) Running time approx. 8 : 19 minutes Country United Kingdom Language Silent Alice in Wonderland is a 1903 British silent film directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow . Only one copy of the original film is known to exist . The British Film Institute ( BFI ) partially restored the movie and its original film tinting and released it in 2010 . According to BFI , the original film ran about 12 minutes ; the restoration runs 9 minutes and 35 seconds . At the beginning of the restoration , it states that this is the first movie adaptation of Lewis Carroll 's children 's book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . The film is memorable for its use of special effects , including Alice 's shrinking in the Hall of Many Doors , and in her large size , stuck inside of White Rabbit 's home , reaching for help through a window . It is now available from several sources , and is included as a bonus feature on a 1996 BBC DVD . It is also included in the Vintage Cinema : Experiments in early film 1900s DVD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Alice follows a large white rabbit down a `` Rabbit - hole '' . She finds a tiny door . When she finds a bottle labeled `` Drink me '' , she does , and shrinks , but not enough to pass through the door . She then eats something labeled `` Eat me '' and grows larger . She finds a fan when enables her to shrink enough to get into the `` Garden '' and try to get a `` Dog '' to play with her . She enters the `` White Rabbit 's tiny House , '' but suddenly resumes her normal size . In order to get out , she has to use the `` magic fan . '' She enters a kitchen , in which there is a cook and a woman holding a baby . She persuades the woman to give her the child and takes the infant outside after the cook starts throwing things around . The baby then turns into a pig and squirms out of her grip . `` The Duchess 's Cheshire Cat '' appears and disappears a couple of times to Alice and directs her to the Mad Hatter 's `` Mad Tea - Party . '' After a while , she leaves . The Queen invites Alice to join the `` ROYAL PROCESSION '' : a parade of marching playing cards and others headed by the White Rabbit . When Alice `` unintentionally offends the Queen '' , the latter summons the `` Executioner '' . Alice `` boxes the ears '' , then flees when all the playing cards come for her . Then she wakes up and realizes it was all a dream . Cast ( edit ) Alice : May Clark Frog : Cecil M. Hepworth White Rabbit / Queen of Hearts : Mrs. Margaret Hepworth Mad Hatter / Fish : Norman Whitten Playing Card : Geoffrey Faithfull Playing Card : Stanley Faithfull The cast also includes a large number of child actors as playing cards . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 ) '' . British Film Institute Screenonline . Jump up ^ Mills , Ted ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` The First Film Adaptation of Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 ) '' . Open Culture . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Film History , an introduction ( 3rd ed . ) , Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell The British Film Catalogue 1895 - 1970 : A Guide to Entertainment Films ( 1973 ) , Dennis Gifford . Newton Abbot , England : David & Charles Ed . Alice in Wonderland 1903 Music by Rodrigo Favela http://vimeo.com/7034619 External links ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland on IMDb Alice in Wonderland at silentera.com ; the full movie can be viewed here ( 9 minutes , 32 seconds long ) . The film can also be viewed at the BFI Screenonline site , but only by subscribers ; it states the duration is 9 minutes and 35 seconds . Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Filmography of Cecil Hepworth The Egg - Laying Man ( 1897 ) The Beggar 's Deceit ( 1900 ) How It Feels to Be Run Over ( 1900 ) Explosion of a Motor Car ( 1900 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1903 ) Rescued by Rover ( 1905 ) Baby 's Toilet ( 1905 ) David Copperfield ( 1913 ) Hamlet ( 1913 ) The Cloister and the Hearth ( 1913 ) The Baby on the Barge ( 1915 ) The Man Who Stayed at Home ( 1915 ) Annie Laurie ( 1916 ) Molly Bawn ( 1916 ) Trelawny of the Wells ( 1916 ) The Cobweb ( 1917 ) The American Heiress ( 1917 ) City of Beautiful Nonsense ( producer ) ( 1919 ) The Refugee ( 1918 ) Broken in the Wars ( 1919 ) The Forest on the Hill ( 1919 ) Anna the Adventuress ( 1920 ) Helen of Four Gates ( 1920 ) The Narrow Valley ( 1921 ) Tansy ( 1921 ) The Tinted Venus ( 1921 ) Wild Heather ( 1921 ) Comin ' Thro the Rye ( 1923 ) Strangling Threads ( 1923 ) Mist in the Valley ( 1923 ) The House of Marney ( 1926 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_(1903_film)&oldid=819625064 '' Categories : 1903 films Silent films 1900s fantasy films British black - and - white films British films British silent short films Films based on Alice in Wonderland Films directed by Cecil Hepworth Films based on multiple works Films directed by Percy Stow Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use British English from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 11 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first alice in wonderland movie come out	[ "Alice in Wonderland is a 1903 British silent film directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow.[1] Only one copy of the original film is known to exist. The British Film Institute (BFI) partially restored the movie and its original film tinting and released it in 2010. According to BFI, the original film ran about 12 minutes; the restoration runs 9 minutes and 35 seconds.[1] At the beginning of the restoration, it states that this is the first movie adaptation of Lewis Carroll's children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.[2]" ]	[ "1903" ]
4332484515886206046	1960s in music	1960s in music - wikipedia 1960s in music For music from a year in the 1960s , go to 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Main article : Timeline of musical events Popular music Timeline of musical events 2010s 2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s 1930s 1920s 1910s 1900s 1890s 1880s 1870s 1860s 1850s 1840s 1830s 1820s 1810s 1800s 1790s 1780s 1770s 1760s 1750s 1740s 1730s 1720s 1710s 1700s 1690s 1680s 1670s 1660s 1650s 1640s 1630s 1620s 1610s 1600s 1590s 1580s 1570s 1560s 1550s 1540s 1530s 1520s 1510s 1500s 1490s Early history List of popular music genres This article includes an overview of the events and trends in popular music in the 1960s . In North America and Europe the decade was particularly revolutionary in terms of popular music , as it saw the evolution of rock . At the beginning of the 1960s , pop and rock and roll trends of the 1950s continued ; nevertheless , the rock and roll of the decade before started to merge into a more international , eclectic variant known as rock . In the early - 1960s , rock and roll in its purest form was gradually overtaken by pop rock , beat , psychedelic rock , blues rock , and folk rock , which had grown in popularity . The country - and folk - influenced style associated with the latter half of 1960s rock music spawned a generation of popular singer - songwriters who wrote and performed their own work . Towards the decade 's end , genres such as Baroque pop , sunshine pop , bubblegum pop , and progressive rock started to grow popular , with the latter two finding greater success in the following decade . Furthermore , the 1960s saw funk and soul music rising in popularity ; rhythm and blues in general remained popular , and this style was commonly associated with Girl groups of the time , whose fusion of R&B and Gospel with rock and roll enjoyed success until the mid-part of the decade . Aside from the popularity of rock and R&B music in the 1960s , Latin American as well as Jamaican and Cuban music achieved a degree of popularity throughout the decade , with genres such as Bossa nova , the cha - cha - cha , ska , and calypso being popular . From a classical point of view , the 1960s were also an important decade as they saw the development of experimental , jazz and contemporary classical music , notably minimalism and free improvisation . In Asia , various trends marked the popular music of the 1960s . In Japan , the decade saw the rise in popularity of several Western popular music groups such as The Beatles . The success of rock music and bands in the Japan started a new generation , known as Group Sounds , which was popular in the latter half of the decade . In South America , genres such as bossa nova , Nueva canción and Nueva ola started to rise . Rock music began leaving its mark , and achieved success in the 1960s . Additionally , salsa grew popular towards the end of the decade . In the 1960s cumbia entered Chile and left a long - lasting impact on tropical music in that country . Contents 1 The U.K. 1.1 Beat music 1.2 The British Invasion 1.3 British blues boom 1.4 British psychedelia 2 North America 2.1 Folk music 2.2 Rock 2.3 Psychedelic rock 2.4 Surf rock 2.5 Garage rock 2.6 Blues - rock 2.7 Roots rock 2.8 Progressive rock 2.9 Pop 2.10 R&B and soul music 2.11 Country music 2.12 Other trends and musical events 3 Latin America , Spain and Brazil 3.1 Bossa Nova 3.2 Nueva ola 3.3 Nueva canción 3.4 Salsa 3.5 Tango 4 Australia and New Zealand 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources The UK ( edit ) See also : Music of the United Kingdom ( 1960s ) Beat music ( edit ) Main article : Beat music The arrival of the Beatles in the U.S. , and subsequent appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , marked the start of the British Invasion in which a large number of rock and roll , beat and pop performers from Britain gained massive popularity in the U.S. In the late 1950s , a flourishing culture of groups began to emerge , often out of the declining skiffle scene , in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool , Manchester , Birmingham and London . This was particularly true in Liverpool , where it has been estimated that there were around 350 different bands active , often playing ballrooms , concert halls and clubs . Beat bands were heavily influenced by American bands of the era , such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets ( from which group the Beatles derived their name ) , as well as earlier British groups such as the Shadows . After the national success of the Beatles in Britain from 1962 , a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts , including Cilla Black , Gerry and the Pacemakers and the Searchers . Among the most successful beat acts from Birmingham were the Spencer Davis Group and the Moody Blues . From London , the term Tottenham Sound was largely based around the Dave Clark Five , but other London bands that benefited from the beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones , the Yardbirds and the Kinks . The first non-Liverpool , non-Brian Epstein - managed band to break through in the UK were Freddie and the Dreamers , who were based in Manchester , as were Herman 's Hermits . The beat movement provided most of the groups responsible for the British Invasion of the American pop charts in the period after 1964 , and furnished the model for many important developments in pop and rock music . The British Invasion ( edit ) Main article : British Invasion By the end of 1962 , the British rock scene had started with beat groups like the Beatles drawing on a wide range of American influences including soul music , rhythm and blues and surf music . Initially , they reinterpreted standard American tunes , playing for dancers doing the twist , for example . These groups eventually infused their original rock compositions with increasingly complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound . In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence , along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds . During 1963 , the Beatles and other beat groups , such as the Searchers and the Hollies , achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself . British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles . `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' was the band 's first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , starting the British Invasion of the American music charts . The song entered the chart on January 18 , 1964 , at No. 45 before it became the No. 1 single for 7 weeks and went on to last a total of 15 weeks in the chart . Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture . The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers , at the time a record for an American television program . The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed by numerous British bands . During the next two years , Chad & Jeremy , Peter and Gordon , the Animals , Manfred Mann , Petula Clark , Freddie and the Dreamers , Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders , Herman 's Hermits , the Rolling Stones , the Troggs , and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles . Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five . British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom . The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll , opening the door for subsequent British ( and Irish ) performers to achieve international success . In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music , vocal girl groups and ( for a time ) the teen idols , that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and ' 60s . It dented the careers of established R&B acts like Fats Domino and Chubby Checker and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts , including Elvis Presley . The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct genre of rock music , and cemented the primacy of the rock group , based on guitars and drums and producing their own material as singer - songwriters . British blues boom ( edit ) Main article : British blues boom In parallel with Beat music , in the late 1950s and early 1960s a British blues scene was developing recreating the sounds of American R&B and later particularly the sounds of bluesmen Robert Johnson , Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters . It reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s , when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including the Rolling Stones , Eric Clapton , the Yardbirds , Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin . A number of these moved through blues rock to different forms of rock music and as a result British blues helped to form many of the subgenres of rock , including psychedelic rock and heavy metal music . Since then direct interest in the blues in Britain has declined , but many of the key performers have returned to it in recent years , new acts have emerged and there have been a renewed interest in the genre . British psychedelia ( edit ) The British band Cream in 1966 Main article : Psychedelic rock § Development in the UK British psychedelia emerged during the mid-1960s , was influenced by psychedelic culture and attempted to replicate and enhance the mind - altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs . The movement drew on non-Western sources such as Indian music 's ragas and sitars as well as studio effects and long instrumental passages and surreal lyrics . Established British artists such as Eric Burdon , the Who , Cream , Pink Floyd and the Beatles produced a number of highly psychedelic tunes during the decade . Many British psychedelia bands of the 1960s never published their music and only appeared in live concerts during that time . North America ( edit ) See also : Music history of the United States in the 1960s Folk music ( edit ) Main article : American folk music revival The Kingston Trio , the Weavers , Pete Seeger , Woody Guthrie , Odetta , Peter , Paul and Mary , Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , The Byrds , Judy Collins , Leonard Cohen , Joni Mitchell , Carolyn Hester , Phil Ochs , Tom Paxton , Buffy Sainte - Marie , Dave Van Ronk , Tom Rush , Fred Neil , Gordon Lightfoot , Ian and Sylvia , Arlo Guthrie and several other performers were instrumental in launching the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s . Rock ( edit ) Roy Orbison was one of rock 's famous artists who wrote ballads of lost love . In the early part of the decade , Elvis Presley continued to score hits . For most of the 60s , Presley mostly released films . Presley decided to get away from films by 1969 , his last # 1 song on the charts was Suspicious Minds which was released in 1969 . The Mamas & the Papas were one of the most prominent American Folk - rock artists of the decade Joan Baez and Bob Dylan during the civil rights `` March on Washington '' , 28 August 1963 By the 1960s , the scene that had developed out of the American folk music revival had grown to a major movement , utilizing traditional music and new compositions in a traditional style , usually on acoustic instruments . In America the genre was pioneered by figures such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger and often identified with progressive or labour politics . In the early sixties figures such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez had come to the fore in this movement as singer - songwriters . Dylan had begun to reach a mainstream audience with hits including `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' ( 1963 ) and `` Masters of War '' ( 1963 ) , which brought `` protest songs '' to a wider public , but , although beginning to influence each other , rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres , often with mutually exclusive audiences . Early attempts to combine elements of folk and rock included the Animals `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) , which was the first commercially successful folk song to be recorded with rock and roll instrumentation . The folk rock movement is usually thought to have taken off with the Byrds ' recording of Dylan 's `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' which topped the charts in 1965 . With members who had been part of the cafe - based folk scene in Los Angeles , the Byrds adopted rock instrumentation , including drums and 12 - string Rickenbacker guitars , which became a major element in the sound of the genre . By the mid - ' 60s Bob Dylan took the lead in merging folk and rock , and in July ' 65 , released Like a Rolling Stone , with a revolutionary rock sound , steeped in tawdry urban imagery , followed by an electric performance later that month at the Newport Folk Festival . Dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer - songwriter , often writing from an urban point of view , with poetry punctuated by rock rhythms and electric power . By the mid to late ' 60s , bands and singer - songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art / music scene . The release of The Velvet Underground & Nico in 1967 , featuring singer - songerwriter Lou Reed and German singer and collaborator Nico was described as `` most prophetic rock album ever made '' by Rolling Stone in 2003 . Other New York City based singer songerwriters began to emerge , using the urban landscape as their canvass for lyrics in the confessional style of poets like Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath . In July , 1969 , Newsweek magazine ran a feature story , `` The Girls - Letting Go , '' describing the groundbreaking music of Joni Mitchell , Laura Nyro , Lotti Golden and Melanie , as a new breed of female troubadour : `` What is common to them are the personalized songs they write , like voyages of self discovery , brimming with keen observation and startling in the impact of their poetry . '' The work of these early New York based singer - songwriters , from Laura Nyro 's New York Tendaberry ( 1969 ) , to Lotti Golden 's East Village diaries on Motor - Cycle her 1969 debut on Atlantic Records , has served as inspiration to generations of female singer - songwriters in the rock , folk and jazz traditions . Dylan 's adoptation of electric instruments , much to the outrage of many folk purists , with his `` Like a Rolling Stone '' succeeded in creating a new genre . Folk rock particularly took off in California , where it led acts like the Mamas & the Papas and Crosby , Stills and Nash to move to electric instrumentation , and in New York , where it spawned singer - songwriters and performers including the Lovin ' Spoonful and Simon and Garfunkel , with the latter 's acoustic `` The Sounds of Silence '' being remixed with rock instruments to be the first of many hits . Folk rock reached its peak of commercial popularity in the period 1967 - 68 , before many acts moved off in a variety of directions , including Dylan and the Byrds , who began to develop country rock . However , the hybridization of folk and rock has been seen as having a major influence on the development of rock music , bringing in elements of psychedelia , and in particular , helping to develop the ideas of the singer - songwriter , the protest song and concepts of `` authenticity '' . Psychedelic rock ( edit ) Jimi Hendrix , 1967 The Doors , 1966 Main article : Psychedelic rock Psychedelic music 's LSD - inspired vibe began in the folk scene , with the New York - based Holy Modal Rounders using the term in their 1964 recording of `` Hesitation Blues '' . The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were the 13th Floor Elevators from Texas , at the end of 1965 ; producing an album that made their direction clear , with The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators the following year . Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California 's emerging music scene as groups followed the Byrds from folk to folk rock from 1965 . The Los Angeles - based group the Doors formed in 1965 after a chance meeting on Venice Beach . Although its charismatic lead singer Jim Morrison died in 1971 , the band 's popularity has endured to this day . The psychedelic life style had already developed in San Francisco since about 1964 , and particularly prominent products of the scene were the Grateful Dead , Country Joe and the Fish , the Great Society and Jefferson Airplane . The Byrds rapidly progressed from purely folk rock in 1966 with their single `` Eight Miles High '' , widely taken to be a reference to drug use . Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade . In America the Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be-In event and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival , the latter helping to make major American stars of Jimi Hendrix and the Who , whose single `` I Can See for Miles '' delved into psychedelic territory . Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane 's Surrealistic Pillow and the Doors ' Strange Days . These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock Festival , which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts , but by the end of the decade psychedelic rock was in retreat . The Jimi Hendrix Experience broke up before the end of the decade and many surviving acts , moved away from psychedelia into more back - to - basics `` roots rock '' , the wider experimentation of progressive rock , or riff laden heavy rock . Surf rock ( edit ) The Beach Boys , 1964 Main article : Surf rock In the early 1960s , one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was Surf Rock , which was characterized by being nearly entirely instrumental and by heavy use of reverb on the guitars . The spring reverb featured in Fender amplifiers of the day , cranked to its maximum volume , produced a guitar tone shimmering with sustain and evoking surf and ocean imagery . Duane Eddy 's `` Movin ' and Groovin '' is thought by many to be the main contender for laying the groundwork as the first surf rock record , while others claim the genre was invented by Dick Dale on `` Let 's Go Trippin ' '' , which became a hit throughout California . Most early surf bands were formed in during this decade in the Southern California area . By the mid-1960s the Beach Boys , who used complex pop harmonies over a basic surf rock rhythm , had emerged as the dominant surf group and helped popularize the genre . In addition , bands such as the Ventures , the Shadows , the Atlantics , the Surfaris and the Champs were also among the most popular Surf Rock bands of the decade . Garage rock ( edit ) Main article : Garage rock Garage rock was a raw form of rock music , particularly prevalent in North America in the mid-1960s and is called such because of the perception that many of the bands rehearsed in a suburban family garage . Garage rock songs often revolved around the traumas of high school life , with songs about `` lying girls '' being particularly common . The lyrics and delivery were notably more aggressive than was common at the time , often with growled or shouted vocals that dissolved into incoherent screaming such as the influential Washington based band , The Sonics . They ranged from crude one - chord music ( like the Seeds ) to near - studio musician quality ( including the Knickerbockers , the Remains , and the Fifth Estate ) . There were also regional variations in many parts of the country with flourishing scenes particularly in California and Texas . The Pacific Northwest states of Washington and Oregon had perhaps the most defined regional sound . The style had been evolving from regional scenes as early as 1958 . `` Louie Louie '' by the Kingsmen ( 1963 ) is a mainstream example of the genre in its formative stages . By 1963 , garage band singles were creeping into the national charts in greater numbers , including Paul Revere and the Raiders ( Boise ) , the Trashmen ( Minneapolis ) and the Rivieras ( South Bend , Indiana ) . In this early period many bands were heavily influenced by surf rock and there was a cross-pollination between garage rock and frat rock , sometimes viewed as merely a subgenre of garage rock . The British Invasion of 1964 - 66 greatly influenced garage bands , providing them with a national audience , leading many ( often surf or hot rod groups ) to adopt a British Invasion lilt , and encouraging many more groups to form . Thousands of garage bands were extant in the USA and Canada during the era and hundreds produced regional hits . Despite scores of bands being signed to major or large regional labels , most were commercial failures . It is generally agreed that garage rock peaked both commercially and artistically around 1966 . By 1968 the style largely disappeared from the national charts and at the local level as amateur musicians faced college , work or the draft . New styles had evolved to replace garage rock ( including blues - rock , progressive rock and country rock ) . In Detroit garage rock stayed alive until the early ' 70s , with bands like the MC5 and the Stooges , who employed a much more aggressive style . These bands began to be labelled punk rock and are now often seen as proto - punk or proto - hard rock . Blues - rock ( edit ) Main article : Blues rock Janis Joplin was one of the most prominent American Blues - rock artists of the decade . The American blues - rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist Lonnie Mack , but the genre began to take off in the mid - ' 60s as acts followed developed a sound similar to British blues musicians . Key acts included Paul Butterfield ( whose band acted like Mayall 's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians ) , Canned Heat , the early Jefferson Airplane , Janis Joplin , Johnny Winter , the J. Geils Band and Jimi Hendrix with his power trios , the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys , whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade . Blues - rock bands like Allman Brothers Band , Lynyrd Skynyrd and eventually ZZ Top from the southern states , incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive Southern rock . Roots rock ( edit ) Canadian group , the Band , live in Hamburg Main article : Roots rock Roots rock is the term now used to describe a move away from the excesses of the psychedelic scene , to a more basic form of rock and roll that incorporated its original influences , particularly country and folk music , leading to the creation of country rock and Southern rock . In 1966 Bob Dylan spearheaded the movement when he went to Nashville to record the album Blonde on Blonde . This , and subsequent more clearly country - influenced albums , have been seen as creating the genre of country folk , a route pursued by a number of , largely acoustic , folk musicians . Other acts that followed the back - to - basics trend were the group the Band and the Californian - based Creedence Clearwater Revival , both of which mixed basic rock and roll with folk , country and blues , to be among the most successful and influential bands of the late 1960s . The same movement saw the beginning of the recording careers of Californian solo artists like Ry Cooder , Bonnie Raitt and Lowell George , and influenced the work of established performers such as the Rolling Stones ' Beggar 's Banquet ( 1968 ) and the Beatles ' Let It Be ( 1970 ) . In 1968 Gram Parsons recorded Safe at Home with the International Submarine Band , arguably the first true country rock album . Later that year he joined the Byrds for Sweetheart of the Rodeo ( 1968 ) , generally considered one of the most influential recordings in the genre . The Byrds continued in the same vein , but Parsons left to be joined by another ex-Byrds member Chris Hillman in forming the Flying Burrito Brothers who helped establish the respectability and parameters of the genre , before Parsons departed to pursue a solo career . Country rock was particularly popular in the Californian music scene , where it was adopted by bands including Hearts & Flowers , Poco and Riders of the Purple Sage , the Beau Brummels and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band . A number of performers also enjoyed a renaissance by adopting country sounds , including : the Everly Brothers ; one - time teen idol Ricky Nelson who became the frontman for the Stone Canyon Band ; former Monkee Mike Nesmith who formed the First National Band ; and Neil Young . The Dillards were , unusually , a country act , who moved towards rock music . The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s , with artist including the Doobie Brothers , Emmylou Harris , Linda Ronstadt and the Eagles ( made up of members of the Burritos , Poco and Stone Canyon Band ) , who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time , producing albums that included Hotel California ( 1976 ) . The founders of Southern rock are usually thought to be the Allman Brothers Band , who developed a distinctive sound , largely derived from blues rock , but incorporating elements of boogie , soul and country in the early 1970s . The most successful act to follow them were Lynyrd Skynyrd , who helped establish the `` good ol ' boy '' image of the subgenre and the general shape of 1970s guitar rock . Their successors included the fusion / progressive instrumentalists Dixie Dregs , the more country - influenced Outlaws , jazz - leaning Wet Willie and ( incorporating elements of R&B and gospel ) the Ozark Mountain Daredevils . After the loss of original members of the Allmans and Lynyrd Skynyrd , the genre began to fade in popularity in the late 1970s , but was sustained the 1980s with acts like . 38 Special , Molly Hatchet and the Marshall Tucker Band . Progressive rock ( edit ) Main article : Progressive rock Progressive rock , sometimes used interchangeably with art rock , was an attempt to move beyond established musical formulas by experimenting with different instruments , song types and forms . From the mid-1960s the Left Banke , the Beatles , the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys , had pioneered the inclusion of harpsichords , wind and string sections on their recordings to produce a form of Baroque rock and can be heard in singles like Procol Harum 's `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) , with its Bach inspired introduction . The Moody Blues used a full orchestra on their album Days of Future Passed ( 1967 ) and subsequently created orchestral sounds with synthesisers . Classical orchestration , keyboards and synthesisers were a frequent edition to the established rock format of guitars , bass and drums in subsequent progressive rock . Instrumentals were common , while songs with lyrics were sometimes conceptual , abstract or based in fantasy and science fiction . The Pretty Things ' SF Sorrow ( 1968 ) and the Who 's Tommy ( 1969 ) introduced the format of rock operas and opened the door to `` concept albums , usually telling an epic story or tackling a grand overarching theme . '' King Crimson 's 1969 début album , In the Court of the Crimson King , which mixed powerful guitar riffs and mellotron , with jazz and symphonic music , is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock , helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues - rock and psychedelic bands , as well as newly formed acts . Pop ( edit ) The made for TV band The Monkees , inspired by the Beatles , became a popular band in the 60s . Chubby Checker performing in 2005 Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze the Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard & the Midnighters ' R&B hit `` The Twist '' . Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music , writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group , the Shirelles `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' and the 1962 number one hit , `` The Loco - Motion '' which was performed by Little Eva . `` Sugar Sugar '' becomes a big hit for The Archies , defining the bubblegum pop genre . The Monkees were a made for TV band , inspired by the antics of the Beatles in A Hard Day 's Night . Under contractual reasons , the group were not allowed to play their own instruments , which led to many feuds between the bandmates and music supervisor , Don Kirshner . R&B and soul music ( edit ) Motown 's the Four Tops performing in New Rochelle , New York , 1967 Main articles : Rhythm and blues and soul music The Detroit - based Motown label develops as a pop - influenced answer to soul music . The label begins a long run of No. 1 U.S. hit singles in 1961 with `` Please Mr. Postman '' by the Marvelettes . The label would have numerous No. 1 Billboard hits throughout the decade and into the 1990s . Notable Motown acts included the Supremes , the Miracles , the Temptations , the Four Tops , Martha and the Vandellas , Marvin Gaye and the Jackson Five , who debuted in 1969 . Soul music develops popularity throughout the decade , led by Sam Cooke , James Brown and Otis Redding , among many others . Funk begins later in the decade with James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone having early hits . `` You Keep Me Hanging On '' uses a fast tempo which would prove innovative in the development of disco music . Aretha Franklin 's 1967 recordings , such as `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' , `` Respect '' ( originally sung by Otis Redding ) , and `` Do Right Woman - Do Right Man '' , are considered the apogee of the soul genre , and were among its most commercially successful productions . Country music ( edit ) Johnny Cash was one of the most popular country music artists during the 1960s . Main article : Country music Triumph and great tragedy marked the 1960s in country music . The genre continued to gain national exposure through network television , with weekly series and awards programs gaining popularity . Sales of records continued to rise as new artists and trends came to the forefront . However , several top stars died under tragic circumstances , including several who were killed in plane crashes . The predominant musical style during the decade was the Nashville Sound , a style that emphasized string sections , background vocals , crooning lead vocals and production styles seen in country music . The style had first become popular in the late 1950s , in response to the growing encroachment of rock and roll on the country genre , but saw its greatest success in the 1960s . Artists like Jim Reeves , Eddy Arnold , Ray Price , Patsy Cline , Floyd Cramer , Roger Miller and many others achieved great success through songs such as `` He 'll Have to Go , '' `` Danny Boy , '' `` Make the World Go Away '' , `` King of the Road '' and `` I Fall to Pieces . '' The country - pop style was also evident on the 1962 album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , recorded by rhythm and blues and soul singer Ray Charles . Charles recorded covers of traditional country , folk and classical music standards in pop , R&B and jazz styles . The album was hailed as a critical and commercial success , and would be vastly influential in later country music styles . Songs from the album that were released for commercial airplay and record sales included `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You , '' `` Born to Lose '' and `` You Do n't Know Me . '' By the end of the decade , the Nashville Sound became more polished and streamlined , and became known as `` countrypolitan . '' Tammy Wynette , Glen Campbell , Dottie West and Charley Pride were among the top artists adopting this style . While George Jones -- by the early 1960s one of country music 's most consistent hitmakers -- also recorded countrypolitan - styled music , his background remained pure honky tonk , singing of heartbreak and lonlieness in many of his songs . Also , Marty Robbins proved to be one of the genre 's most diverse singers , singing everything from straight - ahead country to western to pop to blues ... and even Hawaiian . Johnny Cash -- who became known as `` The Man in Black '' -- became one of the most influential musicians of the 1960s ( and eventually , 20th century ) . Although primarily recording country , his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly , blues , folk and gospel . His music showed great compassion for minorities and others who were shunned by society , including prison inmates . Two of Cash 's most successful albums were recorded live in prison : At Folsom Prison and At San Quentin . During the latter half of the 1960s , Pride -- a native of Sledge , Mississippi -- became the first African - American superstar in country music , a genre virtually dominated by white artists . Some of his early hits , sang with a smooth baritone voice and in a style meshing honky - tonk and countrypolitan , included `` Just Between You and Me , '' `` The Easy Part 's Over , '' `` All I Have to Offer You ( Is Me ) '' and a cover version of Hank Williams ' `` Kaw - Liga . '' Pride continued to be successful for more than 20 years , amassing an eventual 29 No. 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . A newly emerging style , which had its roots in the 1950s but exploded in the mainstream during the 1960s , was the `` Bakersfield sound . '' Instead of creating a sound similar to mainstream pop music , the Bakersfield sound used honky tonk as its base and added electric instruments and a backbeat , plus stylistic elements borrowed from rock and roll . Buck Owens , Merle Haggard and Wynn Stewart were some of the top artists adopting this sound , and by the late 1960s they were among country music 's top selling artists . Among female acts , the most successful of the lot were Loretta Lynn , Tammy Wynette and Dolly Parton . Lynn , a native of Butcher Hollow , Kentucky , and indeed , the daughter of a coal miner , would -- with the help of her husband , Oliver `` Doolittle '' Lynn -- gain a recording contract with Zero Records in 1960 , and while only her first single ( `` Honky Tonk Girl '' ) of her early 1960s releases charted , her early recordings were the springboard for much bigger and better things to come . By the latter half of the decade and continuing into the 1970s , she was recording songs that defied the stereotype of the woman who had to put up with men , their hard drinking , philandering and other negative traits -- for instance , `` Do n't Come Home A-Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' -- as well as songs that pushed the genre 's conservative boundaries ( `` Dear Uncle Sam , '' a song about the Vietnam War ) and her willingness to stand up to other women ( `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' ) . Parton , a native of the Smoky Mountains town of Locust Ridge , Tennessee , gained national exposure on the nationally syndicated program The Porter Wagoner Show . Her mountain - influenced , biographical brand of country and her down - home personality won many fans , and her star power would only begin to rise . Her first major hits were mainly duets with Wagoner , although she had several solo hits -- including her breakthrough , `` Dumb Blonde '' -- as well . Wynette gained acclaim with unique perspectives on the classic themes of loneliness , divorce , and the difficulties of life and relationships , illustrated by songs such as `` I Do n't Wanna Play House '' and `` D-I-V-O-R-C-E . '' However , it was `` Stand By Your Man , '' a song pledging of unyielding faithfulness and standing by men despite their shortcomings , that gave Wynette her career hit . By the late 1960s , she was married to fellow country music singer George Jones . Among other female newcomers , Connie Smith was among the most successful , as her breakthrough hit , `` Once a Day '' spent eight weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in late 1964 and early 1965 , the longest - running chart - topper for nearly 50 years . During a career that has spanned 50 - plus years , Smith 's songs often explored themes of loneliness and vulnerability . In addition to the syndicated The Porter Wagoner Show , several other television programs were produced to allow country music to reach a wider audience , such as The Jimmy Dean Show in mid-decade . At the end of the decade , Hee Haw began a 23 - year run , first on CBS and later in syndication ; Hee Haw , hosted by Owens and Roy Clark was loosely based on the comedy series Rowan & Martin 's Laugh In , and incorporated comedy along with performances by the show 's cast or guest performers from the country music field . The Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association awards programs were telecast for the first time in the late 1960s . The 1960s were marred with tragedy . Johnny Horton , who sang in the saga - song style , was killed in a car accident in 1960 . A March 5 , 1963 , plane crash claimed the lives of Patsy Cline , Cowboy Copas and Hawkshaw Hawkins . Days later , Jack Anglin was killed in a car accident , while Texas Ruby died in a trailer fire in Texas . In July 1964 , Jim Reeves lost his life while piloting a plane near Brentwood , Tennessee . Ira Louvin ( one half of the Louvin Brothers ) was killed in a car accident in 1965 . Success overcame several of those tragic deaths , as both Cline and Reeves had many posthumous hits ( with previously recorded songs issued after their deaths ) and enjoyed strong followings for many years , while Louvin 's brother , Charlie , continued as a successful solo performer for more than 40 years . Other pioneering stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter , Gid Tanner , Moon Mullican , Ernest `` Pop '' Stoneman , Red Foley , Leon Payne and Spade Cooley . The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , thanks to ever - changing data collecting methods . When the 1960s decade opened , there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart ( five , if one counts Marty Robbins ' `` El Paso '' ) , but by the mid-1960s , there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually . In 1967 , there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ... and that number would only continue to rise during the next 20 years . Other trends and musical events ( edit ) Woodstock Festival , August 1969 Late in the decade , the Monterey Pop Festival and Woodstock Music Festival would epitomize the American counterculture . Current events become a major influence on popular music . Many songs are written in protest to the Vietnam War . The song `` Ohio '' was written about the Kent State Massacre , and became a hit for Crosby , Stills , Nash and Young . World music sees a huge rise in popularity as many seek interest in other cultures . Ravi Shankar performs at the Monterey and Woodstock festivals . Latin Rock artist Carlos Santana sees popularity throughout the decade . George Harrison develops an interest in the Hare Krishna culture , adding Indian influence to the Beatles ' music including the use of a sitar . Reggae begins to popularize at this time . In 1969 , the Rolling Stones organised the ill - fated Altamont Free Concert . Songs like `` Summertime Blues '' and `` Eve of Destruction '' address the issue of the voting age , which at the time was 21 . The issue was that soldiers were drafted at 18 , but could not vote . The voting age was eventually lowered to eighteen . A few songs such as Bob Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' address the Civil Rights Movement . Latin America , Spain and brazil ( edit ) Bossa nova ( edit ) Main article : Bossa Nova This Brazilian musical style , which means `` New Trend '' , had its origins in the upscale neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro . Immensely popular in the early 1960s , it was a fusion of samba and cool jazz . Antonio Carlos Jobim , João Gilberto , Astrud Gilberto , and Vinicius de Moraes became some of the best known artists of the Bossa Nova movement . The latter 's The Girl From Ipanema , released in 1964 , became the first Bossa Nova song to achieve international acclaim . In 1965 , it won a Grammy Award for Best Record of the Year . Nueva ola ( edit ) Main articles : Nueva ola and Uruguayan Invasion It was during the 60s that rock music began to gain acclaim in Latin America . In Spanish speaking South America musicians who adopted US and British inspired rock , mainly rock and roll , twist and British Invasion music , were collectively labelled as Nueva ola ( Spanish for `` New Wave '' ) . Argentina , having his own Rock and Roll and British Invasion inspired bands and artist , Sandro de América , Sandro y Los de Fuego , Johnny Allon , Los Gatos Salvajes , Los Beatniks , Los Buhos , among others . suffered the Uruguayan Invasion , a series of British Invasion inspired rock bands from Montevideo that moved to Buenos Aires and soon became popular in Argentina Los Shakers , Los Mockers , Los Iracundos . Rock music was during the 60s still largely sung in English , but some bands like Los Mac 's and others mentioned above used Spanish for their songs as well . Nueva Canción ( edit ) During the 1960s Nueva Canción emerges and starts to expand its influence . This development is pioneered by the Chileans Violeta Parra and Victor Jara who base many of their songs in folklore , specially cueca . Nueva Canción spreads quickly all over Latin America and becomes closely related to the New Left and the Liberation theology movements . In Francisco Franco 's Spain Joan Manuel Serrat reaches widespread notability as an exponent of Nueva Canción and of the political opposition . Salsa ( edit ) Even though salsa music began to take form In a New York scene dominated by Cubans and other Latin American communities , Salsa would not become popular all across Latin America until the late 1980s and is now here today . Tango ( edit ) Astor Piazzola won the First Ibero American Music Festival in 1966 with the song `` Balada para un loco '' , that launched him worldwide introducing his New Tango style Nuevo Tango Australia and New zealand ( edit ) The 1960s saw increasing interest in how electronic music could solve both compositional and more practical problems . Composers were also absorbing ideas from overseas , such as indeterminacy and electro - acoustic music , and interpreting them in an Australian context to mixed responses from local audiences . Early in the decade , Bruce Clarke began toying with the new Moog synthesizer . A musicians ' strike led him to create a completely electronic soundtrack for a cigarette commercial in 1963 . Innovative film makers , like Arthur Cantrill and Dušan Marek , employed tape manipulation , turntables and extended instrument techniques to create soundtracks for their short films . Avowed amateur and Melbourne physician , Val Stephen , became the first Australian to have electronic music released internationally . After working amongst the musical avant - garde in Paris , Keith Humble 's return to Australia helped to encourage educational institutions to take electronic music seriously . Humble 's most notably experimental work was his Nunique series . These vast multimedia events featured simultaneous performances by rock bands , string quartets and theatre ensembles , all according to precise flowcharts . Humble initiated the Melbourne - based Society for the Private Performance of New Music in 1966 , providing a supportive performance space for young innovators both in and outside the academy . Among these were the McKimm / Rooney / Clayton trio , who , since the 1964 , had been incorporating graphic scores and aspects of serialism into jazz improvization . Jazz was radicalizing at the fringes : John Sangster explored free jazz concepts and Charlie Munro incorporated Eastern musical elements . Syd Clayton would leave jazz behind in pursuit of a new form of experimental music theatre that incorporated chance operations along with sports and games as musical structures . Young composers , like David Ahern , emerged , initially inspired by ideas of the European avant - garde , and applying them to Australian icons , such as Captain Cook and Ned Kelly . Ahern would travel to Europe later in the 1960s , where he encountered Stockhausen and Cardew , before returning home with further more radical ideas that questioned the very premises of composer and music itself . Legacy ( edit ) It 's difficult to gauge the lasting impact of 1960s music in popular culture . A 2010 European survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice , interviewing over 11,000 participants , rated the decade rather low , with only 19 % declaring it the best tune decade in the last 50 years , while participants of an American land line survey rated the 1960s a bit higher , with 26 % declaring it as best decade in music . See also ( edit ) 1960s portal Rock music portal Music portal List of 1960s musical artists 1970s in music 1950s in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Singer / Songwriter - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baroque Pop - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Pop - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bubblegum - Significant Albums , Artists and Songs - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . 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Ferstler , Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound , Volume 1 ( New York , NY : CRC Press , 2nd edn. , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93835 - X , p. 132 . Jump up ^ R. Shuker , Popular Music : the Key Concepts ( Abingdon : Routledge , 2nd edn. , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 34770 - X , p. 35 . Jump up ^ V. Bogdanov , C. Woodstra , S.T. Erlewine , eds , All Music Guide to the Blues : The Definitive Guide to the Blues ( Backbeat , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 700 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 18 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : G. Mitchell , The North American Folk Music Revival : Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada , 1945 - 1980 ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5756 - 6 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ G. Mitchell , The North American Folk Music Revival : Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada , 1945 - 1980 ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5756 - 6 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ J.E. 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Street , eds , The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 55660 - 0 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : M. Hicks , Sixties Rock : Garage , Psychedelic , and Other Satisfactions ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06915 - 3 , pp. 59 - 60 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1322 -- 3 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 41 - 42 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 35 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 47 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell and D.F. Lonergan , The Classic Rock and Roll Reader : Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s ( Abingdon : Routledge , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0151 - 9 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ J.E. Perone , Music of the Counterculture Era American History Through Music ( Westwood , CT : Greenwood , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32689 - 4 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 55 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 20 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 37 . ^ Jump up to : R. Shuker , Popular Music : the Key Concepts ( Abingdon : Routledge , 2nd edn. , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 34770 - X , p. 140 . Jump up ^ E.J. Abbey , Garage Rock and its Roots : Musical Rebels and the Drive for Individuality ( Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2564 - 4 , pp. 74 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1320 -- 1 Jump up ^ N. Campbell , American Youth Cultures ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2nd edn. , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1933 - X , p. 213 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell and D.F. Lonergan , The Classic Rock and Roll Reader : Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s ( Abingdon : Routledge , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 7890 - 0151 - 9 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ J. Austen , TV - a-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol ( Chicago IL : Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 1 - 55652 - 572 - 9 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ S. Waksman , This Ai n't the Summer of Love : Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk ( Berkeley CA : University of California Press , 2009 ) , ISBN 0 - 520 - 25310 - 8 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ W. Osgerby , `` ' Chewing out a rhythm on my bubble gum ' : the teenage astheic and genealogies of American punk '' `` , in Sabin , 1999 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ G. Thompson , American Culture in the 1980s ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1910 - 0 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ P. Prown , H.P. Newquist and J.F. Eiche , Legends of Rock Guitar : the Essential Reference of Rock 's Greatest Guitarists ( Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard Corporation , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 9 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ V. Bogdanov , C. Woodstra , S.T. Erlewine , eds , All Music Guide to the Blues : The Definitive Guide to the Blues ( Backbeat , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 736 - 6 , pp. 700 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , p. 1333 Jump up ^ P. Auslander , Liveness : Performance in a Mediatized Culture ( Abingdon : Routledge , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 77353 - 9 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : K. Wolff , O. Duane , Country Music : The Rough Guide ( London : Rough Guides , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 85828 - 534 - 8 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 61 and 265 Jump up ^ B. Hoskyns , Hotel California : The True - Life Adventures of Crosby , Stills , Nash , Young , Mitchell , Taylor , Browne , Ronstadt , Geffen , the Eagles and their Many Friends ( John Wiley and Sons , 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 470 - 12777 - 5 , pp. 87 - 90 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , p. 1327 Jump up ^ P. Buckley , The Rough Guide to Rock ( London : Rough Guides , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 , p. 730 . Jump up ^ N.E. Tawa , Supremely American : Popular Song in the 20th Century : Styles and Singers and What They Said About America ( Lanham , MA : Scarecrow Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5295 - 0 , pp. 227 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1332 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1330 -- 1 Jump up ^ J.S. Harrington , Sonic Cool : the Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard Corporation , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ E. Macan , Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509887 - 0 , pp. 34 - 5 . Jump up ^ E. Macan , Rocking the Classics : English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 509887 - 0 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive rock '' , Allmusic , retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 16 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 8 , 10 . Jump up ^ HLT . `` El Rock Progresivo de Todo el Mundo en los ' 70s '' . Progresiva ' 70s . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheers , Hazel ( 2010 ) . `` 80 's Music is Top of the Pops '' . Daily Star ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Register , Larry ( 2011 ) . `` Best decade for music ? '' . Poll Position . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 13 . Sources ( edit ) Bogdanov , V. ; Woodstra , C. ; Erlewine , S.T. ( 2002 ) . All Music Guide to Rock : the Definitive Guide to Rock , Pop , and Soul ( 3rd ed . ) . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 653 - X . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Forty Miles of Bad Road : Some of the best from rock ' n ' roll 's dark ages '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Sabin , R. ( 1999 ) . Punk Rock : So What ? : the Cultural Legacy of Punk . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17029 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960s_in_music&oldid=854727374 '' Categories : 1960s in music 20th century in music Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	many rock and soul acts of the late 1960s first reached a large audience at	[ "British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion of the American music charts.[16] The song entered the chart on January 18, 1964, at No. 45 before it became the No. 1 single for 7 weeks and went on to last a total of 15 weeks in the chart.[17] Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture. The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers, at the time a record for an American television program. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed by numerous British bands.[18]\n" ]	[ "The Ed Sullivan Show" ]
-198111371718490658	Just Dance (song)	Just Dance ( song ) - wikipedia Just Dance ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Just Dance '' Single by Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis from the album The Fame Released April 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) Format CD 7 '' 12 '' digital download Studio Record Plant Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Synth - pop dance - pop Length 4 : 01 Label Streamline Kon Live Cherrytree Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Lady Gaga Nadir `` RedOne '' Khayat Aliaune `` Akon '' Thiam Producer ( s ) RedOne Lady Gaga singles chronology `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 ) `` Poker Face '' ( 2008 ) `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 ) `` Poker Face '' ( 2008 ) Colby O'Donis singles chronology `` What You Got '' ( 2008 ) What You Got 2008 `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 ) Just Dance2008 `` Do n't Turn Back '' ( 2008 ) Do n't Turn Back2008 Music video `` Just Dance '' on YouTube `` Just Dance '' is the debut single by American singer Lady Gaga . The song was produced by RedOne and co-written by RedOne , Gaga and Akon , while also featuring labelmate Colby O'Donis . It was released in 2008 as the lead single from Gaga 's debut studio album , The Fame . The song was written by Gaga in 10 minutes as `` a happy record '' . `` Just Dance '' also has influences of R&B and lyrically speaks about being intoxicated at a club . The song received positive reviews from music critics , who complimented its club anthem - like nature and the synth - pop associated with it . The song topped the charts in the United States , Australia , Canada , the Republic of Ireland , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom , as well as reaching the top ten in many other countries . In the United States , `` Just Dance '' was a sleeper hit , spending almost five months on the Billboard Hot 100 before finally reaching the summit of the chart in January 2009 , after being released in April 2008 . The single is among the best - selling singles of all time , having sold over 10 million copies . The music video of the song portrayed Lady Gaga appearing in a party where she plays the song , prompting party - goers to start dancing in enjoyment . Gaga compared her experience of shooting the video with being on a Martin Scorsese set . `` Just Dance '' was performed by Gaga in a number of live appearances including all of her concert tours , where she usually plays on a keytar during the song . In 2009 , the song received a Grammy nomination in the Best Dance Recording category but lost to electronic duo Daft Punk for their song `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger ( Alive 2007 ) '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Track listings and formats 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Writing and inspiration ( edit ) `` Just Dance '' is written by Gaga and Akon with co-writing by RedOne , who also produced the track . In an interview with Heat , Gaga explained her inspiration for writing the song . She said , `` I was very hung - over . I wrote the song in about 10 minutes with ( producer ) RedOne . And it was my first time being in a Hollywood studio . Very pristine , big huge room with giant speakers . '' Gaga wrote `` Just Dance '' during January 2008 and according to her it was `` hard work and a lot of people did n't believe in it at first '' . Later , Gaga reflected on the song by saying , `` That record saved my life . I was in such a dark space in New York . I was so depressed , always in a bar . I got on a plane to LA to do my music and was given one shot to write the song that would change my life and I did . I never went back . I left behind my boyfriend , my apartment . I still have n't been back . My mother went in and cleared it for me . '' In an interview with Contactmusic.com Gaga explained that `` Just Dance '' is a happy record and is supposed to be appreciated by people going through rough times like losing jobs and homes etc . Gaga further explained with Artistdirect that she wanted to write a beautiful record with `` Just Dance '' . Being asked the reason for which `` Just Dance '' has become popular , Gaga said that she thought , `` Everyone is looking for a song that really speaks to the joy in our souls and in our hearts and having a good time . It 's just one of those records . It feels really good , and when you listen to it , it makes you feel good inside . It 's as simple as that . I do n't think it 's rocket science when it comes to the heart . I think it 's a heart theme song . '' In March 2010 , the song was released as downloadable content for the music - based videogame series Rock Band , alongside `` Poker Face '' , `` Monster '' and `` Bad Romance '' as part of `` Lady Gaga Pack 01 '' . Composition ( edit ) `` Just Dance '' A 24 second sample of Gaga 's `` Just Dance '' featuring the chorus sung by Gaga in the range of C ♯ to B backed by a marching synth beat . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Just Dance '' is an uptempo synth - pop and dance - pop song . The song combines synths of clipped marching beats , soaring electronics and contains mild R&B - infused beats . It is written in the key of C ♯ minor and is set at a moderate dance tempo of 119 beats per minute . Gaga 's vocal spans from the low note of G ♯ to the high note of C ♯ . The song begins with a fast tempo following by the synth arrangement and Gaga uttering `` RedOne '' . `` Just Dance '' has a basic progression of C ♯ m -- E -- B -- F ♯ m . O'Donis sings the interlude in the same range as Gaga followed by an R&B - influenced interlude by her , after which the chorus is repeated with O'Donis providing backup vocals and the marching beats . The song ends with an echoing of the word `` dance '' . Lyrically , `` Just Dance '' throws a partial tongue - in - cheek perspective with lyrics like `` What 's going on on the floor ? / I love this record , baby but I ca n't see straight anymore '' . The lyrics deal with being completely intoxicated at a party . The opening lyric `` A RedOne '' has often been misinterpreted as `` red wine '' but in actuality is a reference to producer RedOne . Critical reception ( edit ) Matthew Chisling of AllMusic described the song as `` a powerhouse of dance waves and infectiously produced beats '' . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian called it a `` beguilingly compulsive tale of pulling a drug - induced whitey , with a combination of clipped marching beats , sawing electronics and mild R&B flavor that bears a vague resemblance to Nelly Furtado 's ' Maneater ' '' . Ben Norman of About.com said that the song `` opens the album like a valkyrie leading the charge ( ... ) riding triumphant ahead of her army . If you do n't know this song , use your browser . I wo n't waste time explaining what it sounds like . '' However he also noted that the song is not groundbreaking and compared it to the music of Rihanna , Chris Brown and The Pussycat Dolls . Bill Lamb from About.com called the song tame but catchy enough for Gaga to be noticed by mainstream . He also added that `` ' Just Dance ' has strong energy and features Lady GaGa 's striking voice , but it ultimately adds up to rather bland dance - pop . '' O'Donis ' smooth vocals were also complimented . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that `` Just Dance '' is an intensely catchy single and is an excellent indicator of what the album was all about . Ben Hogwood of musicOMH praised the song saying , `` You wo n't get many more catchy party odes than the chart topping Just Dance this year , a polished gem set to lodge in your head for the next few weeks . '' Freedom lu Lac of The Washington Post described the song to be `` filled with mindlessly frothy synth - pop that matches low - grade dance grooves with GaGa 's icy , almost disembodied vocals about dancing bliss '' . Lynn Saxberg from the Ottawa Citizen , while reviewing Gaga 's The Fame Ball Tour , called the song a perfect sing - along club anthem . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine wrote that the song resembles the `` desperate train wreck you 're likely to encounter getting wasted at any dive on the L.E.S. at four in the morning '' as is emphasized by the lyrics . Talia Kranes from BBC called the song irresistible and said that `` the catchiness of her songs is sure to cement her place in the list of pop idols '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Just Dance '' on the ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour in 2014 In the United States , `` Just Dance '' was initially a club hit after its release , peaking at number two on both the Hot Dance Airplay and Hot Dance Club Play charts during the summer of 2008 . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 76 on August 16 , 2008 . After five months , it gradually rose to number two on the Hot 100 , after selling 419,000 in downloads on January 10 , 2009 . The next week , the song reached number one on the Hot 100 . The single took a total of 22 weeks to hit the top spot , which is the longest climb to number one since Creed 's `` With Arms Wide Open '' took 27 weeks before finally reaching number one in November 2000 . The song also reached the top of the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Gaga 's first number - one song . `` Just Dance '' spent a total of 49 weeks on the Hot 100 and on May 29 , 2015 , the single was certified eight times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of eight million copies . It was the second song to reach the six - million mark in paid downloads , following `` I Gotta Feeling '' by the Black Eyed Peas . As of April 2016 , `` Just Dance '' has sold 7,100,000 digital downloads in the United States and is the ninth best - selling digital single of all time in the United States . In Canada , the song debuted at number 97 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated June 7 , 2008 . It reached the top of the chart on August 23 , 2008 , and was present there for five consecutive weeks . The song was certified six times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) in June 2009 , for sales of 240,000 copies in paid digital downloads . The track debuted at number 34 on the ARIA Singles Chart on July 21 , 2008 , and moved up to number 17 the next week . On September 15 , 2008 , the track reached the top of the chart . `` Just Dance '' was certified three times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 210,000 copies . The song was credited as the longest charting single in ARIA history , spending over 81 weeks in the top 100 . `` Just Dance '' debuted on the New Zealand charts at number 19 , and reached a peak of number three . It has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipment of 15,000 copies of the single . In the United Kingdom , `` Just Dance '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart , on January 4 , 2009 . It rose to number one the next week with total sales of 65,764 copies , and remained at the top for three weeks . In an interview with Daily Mail , Gaga explained her feelings on reaching number - one in the United Kingdom saying , `` It 's been a long running dream to have a big hit in the UK -- my fans there are so sexy and the people are so innovative and free in how they think about pop culture and music . I was in my apartment in Los Angeles getting ready to go to dance rehearsal when they called and told me , and I just cried . '' According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) the song was certified platinum , and in July 2016 it became Gaga 's third song to pass one million combined sales in the United Kingdom based on streaming . By January 2017 , it had been streamed 6.3 million times in the nation according to the Official Charts Company , and has sold 961,000 copies as of September 2017 . In Ireland , the song debuted at number eleven , and after one week it peaked the chart . The song also peaked the Dutch Top 40 on February 28 , 2009 . Across Europe , `` Just Dance '' reached the top ten in Austria , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the top twenty of Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) and France . Worldwide the song has sold over 10 million digital copies . Music video ( edit ) Released in May 2008 , the video was directed by music video director Melina Matsoukas , and is based on the thematic content of the song of being in a party . The video begins with Gaga arriving with her background dancers at a house party , which seems to have ended . One of the dancers puts a Discolite Boombox on , blaring the music through the house . The crowd at the party appear to be sleeping in different areas , and are awoken by the music . They all start to dance , and scenes of the party are intercut with scenes of a scantily dressed Gaga dancing in a poncho , with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale . She wears a blue , lightning - bolt shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover , which paid tribute to the album cover of David Bowie 's Aladdin Sane , as he is one of her musical idols . O'Donis appears in the video being flanked by several girls during the `` When I come through on the dance floor '' interlude . Cameo appearances are made by Akon and Space Cowboy . MTV called the video as an ode to the `` Me Decade '' . During an interview with Australian radio in September 2008 , Gaga said that `` ( t ) he whole video is performance art about being drunk at a party . '' When asked about the shooting experience of the music video , Gaga explained , `` Oh it was so fun , it was amazing . For me it was like being on a Martin Scorsese set . I 've been so low budget for so long , and to have this incredibly amazing video was really very humbling . It was really fun , but you 'll see if you ever come to a video shoot of mine one day -- I 'm very private about those things , I do n't really talk to everybody . I 'm not like the party girl running around . I might even seem to be a bit of a diva . I 'm sort of with myself , in my work head space worrying about costumes , and if extras look right , and placement . I do n't just show up for things , you know . That video was a vision of mine . It was Melina the director who wanted to do something , to have a performance art aspect that was so pop but it was still commercial , but that felt like lifestyle . It was all those things , I love it . '' Live performances ( edit ) In July , she performed the song for the first time at the swimsuit competition of the Miss Universe 2008 in Vietnam , later Lady Gaga performed the song on many television shows in the United States . She appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , So You Think You Can Dance and The Ellen DeGeneres Show . In Australia , she performed on Sunrise , where her performance was condemned for lip - synching . Gaga denied it and released a statement saying `` I was sick the day of the show but I absolutely , 100 per cent , was singing live . ( ... ) have never lip - synched and never will . Even on my worst day , I never will . '' In the United Kingdom , she performed the song on GMTV . She also performed the single during her AOL sessions . Gaga performing `` Just Dance '' during the 2010 leg of The Monster Ball Tour `` Just Dance '' was added to the setlist of her first headlining The Fame Ball Tour , where it was performed before the Encore . As the performance for the acoustic version of `` Poker Face '' ended , Gaga exited from the stage and a video interlude called `` The Face '' starts telling about Gaga 's alternate persona Candy Warhol and teaching her to speak . Gaga appeared on the stage wearing a tutu shaped dress with pointed shoulderpads and peplum . Her dancers were clad in Louis Vuitton Steven Sprouse printed trousers which matched Gaga 's shoes . The backdrop changed to show blinking disco lights and Gaga stood wearing her video sunglasses , displaying the line `` Pop Music Will Never Be Low Brow '' . A remix of the intro for `` Just Dance '' started and Gaga started singing the song , while moving around in choreographed dance moves . The song was also added to the setlist of The Monster Ball Tour . During the 2009 leg of the tour , she performed it as the second song of the list . After the opening song `` Dance in the Dark '' , she strapped on a portable silver jewelled keyboard and started performing `` Just Dance '' while inside a white cube from which she emerged from the top , and the video screen came up . She was raised on a platform with a keytar over her shoulder as eight dancers in white bodysuits locked into steps below her . During the revamped Monster Ball shows , in 2010 - 11 , Gaga wore a futuristic `` glitter ball suit '' , and started the performance by playing on a keyboard hidden inside the hood of a Rolls Royce . In May 2011 , Gaga performed the song during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Carlisle , Cumbria . She also made her debut performance on Irish TV screens performing Just Dance , on the Irish talk show Tubridy Tonight in January 2009 . `` Just Dance '' was included on her third concert tour , the 2012 Born This Way Ball , where Gaga performed it on the extended stage walkway and shouted off to her fans for joining and dancing onstage . Emily Zemler from The Hollywood Reporter noted that `` For all her preconceived speeches , these genuine moments resonated deeply with the audience , most of whom were dressed in tribute to the singer . '' For the 2014 ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour , Gaga combined `` Just Dance '' with short performances of `` Poker Face '' and 2010 single , `` Telephone '' . While she danced and sang the songs , the backdrops displayed multiple images of Gaga writhing around , while wrapped in tinsel and moss . Melissa Ruggieri from The Atlanta Journal - Constitution was impressed with Gaga 's vocals and complimented her for performing `` old songs '' in her actual voice . On February 5 , 2017 , Gaga performed the song during the Super Bowl LI halftime show . In 2017 , the song was added to the setlist of Gaga 's two Coachella shows , and her current concert series , the Joanne World Tour . Track listings and formats ( edit ) U.S. / Japanese CD single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 12 `` Just Dance '' ( Richard Vission Remix ) -- 6 : 13 `` Just Dance '' ( Trevor Simpson Remix ) -- 7 : 20 Australian / German CD single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Trevor Simpson Remix ) -- 7 : 21 German CD maxi single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 14 `` Just Dance '' ( Instrumental Version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Just Dance '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 10 French CD maxi single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Glam As You Radio Mix By Guéna LG ) -- 3 : 39 `` Just Dance '' ( Glam As You Club Mix By Guéna LG ) -- 6 : 25 US iTunes Remixes EP `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 12 `` Just Dance '' ( Richard Vission Remix ) -- 6 : 13 `` Just Dance '' ( Trevor Simpson Remix ) -- 7 : 20 US iTunes Remixes Pt. 2 EP `` Just Dance '' ( RedOne Remix ) ( feat . Kardinal Offishall ) -- 4 : 18 `` Just Dance '' ( Space Cowboy Remix ) ( feat . Colby O'Donis ) -- 5 : 01 `` Just Dance '' ( Robots To Mars Remix ) -- 4 : 37 `` Just Dance '' ( Tony Arzadon Remix ) ( feat . Colby O'Donis ) -- 6 : 24 UK EP `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Remix ) ( featuring Kardinal Offishall ) -- 4 : 18 `` Just Dance '' ( Glam As You Mix By Guéna LG ) -- 6 : 25 `` Just Dance '' ( Music Video ) -- 4 : 06 UK 7 '' numbered picture vinyl disc `` Just Dance '' ( Main Version ) -- 4 : 04 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 12 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Fame . Lady Gaga -- lead vocals , songwriting , background vocals RedOne -- songwriting , production , background vocals , instrumentation , music programming , recording at Record Plant Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Akon -- songwriting , background vocals Colby O'Donis -- additional lead vocals , background vocals Dave Russel -- audio engineering Robert Orton -- audio mixing Gene Grimaldi -- audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 28 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 72 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 7 Canadian Hot 100 6 French Singles Chart 73 New Zealand Singles Chart 12 Swedish Singles Chart 15 Chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 70 Austrian Singles Chart 38 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 42 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 21 Canadian Hot 100 42 Danish Singles Chart 17 Dutch Top 40 7 European Hot 100 Singles 30 German Singles Chart 33 Hungarian Airplay Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart Spanish Singles Chart 21 Swedish Singles Chart 85 Swiss Singles Chart 20 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 12 UK Singles Chart 24 US Billboard Hot 100 35 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 France 56,110 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) PC format Gold 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Mobile download Gold 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 961,655 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 7,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United States April 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) CD single Canada June 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) France June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Remixes EP -- Digital download Canada November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) United States November 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 04 ) Remixes Part 2 EP -- Digital download Canada United Kingdom December 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) CD single , 7 '' United States January 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 06 ) 7 '' See also ( edit ) Lady Gaga portal 2000s portal List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2008 List of number - one singles of 2008 ( Australia ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2009 List of number - one singles of 2009 ( UK ) List of number - one singles of 2009 ( Ireland ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2009 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ASCAP writer credits '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2009 in the field `` Year '' . Select 40 in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Lady Gaga ; ' Just Dance ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Enter Just Dance in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga -- Just Dance Single '' . LadyGaga.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( 1 + Tracks ) Single '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes ) feat . Colby O'Donis -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes ) feat . Colby O'Donis -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes , Pt. 2 ) -- EP -- USA '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes , Pt. 2 ) -- EP '' . Canada : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( 7 '' VINYL ) `` . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( 7 - inch single ) ( Vinyl ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lady Gaga songs Discography The Fame `` Just Dance '' `` LoveGame '' `` Paparazzi '' `` Poker Face '' `` Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) '' `` Beautiful , Dirty , Rich '' The Fame Monster `` Bad Romance '' `` Alejandro '' `` Monster '' `` Speechless '' `` Dance in the Dark '' `` Telephone '' `` So Happy I Could Die '' `` Teeth '' Born This Way `` Marry the Night '' `` Born This Way '' `` Government Hooker '' `` Judas '' `` Americano '' `` Hair '' `` Scheiße '' `` Electric Chapel '' `` You and I '' `` The Edge of Glory '' Artpop `` Aura '' `` Venus '' `` G.U.Y. '' `` Sexxx Dreams '' `` Do What U Want '' `` Artpop '' `` Swine '' `` Dope '' `` Gypsy '' `` Applause '' Cheek to Cheek `` Anything Goes '' `` Nature Boy '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' Joanne `` A-Yo '' `` Joanne '' `` John Wayne '' `` Perfect Illusion '' `` Million Reasons '' As featured artist `` Chillin '' `` Video Phone '' ( remix ) `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' Non-album songs `` Christmas Tree '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Til It Happens to You '' `` I Want Your Love '' `` The Cure '' Book Portal Colby O'Donis Studio albums Colby O ( 2008 ) Start Over ( TBA ) Singles `` What You Got '' Featured singles `` Just Dance '' `` Beautiful '' Related articles Discography Kon Live Lady Gaga Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dance_(song)&oldid=813939462 '' Categories : 2008 singles 2008 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Cherrytree Records singles Colby O'Donis songs Debut singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Interscope Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Lady Gaga songs Music videos directed by Melina Matsoukas Number - one singles in Australia Song recordings produced by RedOne Songs about dancing Songs written by Akon Songs written by Lady Gaga Songs written by RedOne UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from April 2014 Good articles Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 01 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings with lady gaga in just dance	[ "\"Just Dance\" is the debut single by American singer Lady Gaga. The song was produced by RedOne and co-written by RedOne, Gaga and Akon, while also featuring labelmate Colby O'Donis. It was released in 2008 as the lead single from Gaga's debut studio album, The Fame. The song was written by Gaga in 10 minutes as \"a happy record\". \"Just Dance\" also has influences of R&B and lyrically speaks about being intoxicated at a club." ]	[ "Colby O'Donis" ]
-3140205990730541983	Tom Scavo	Tom Scavo - wikipedia Tom Scavo Tom Scavo Doug Savant as Tom Scavo Desperate Housewives character Portrayed by Doug Savant Duration 2004 -- 12 First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , October 3 , 2004 Last appearance `` Finishing the Hat '' 8x23 , May 13 , 2012 Created by Marc Cherry Profile Other names Tom ( commonly used throughout the show ) Occupation Unknown Former Chief Financial Officer ( CFO ) Corporate Executive Owner of Scavo 's Pizzeria Advertising Executive Residence New York , New York Former 4355 Wisteria Lane in Fairview , Eagle State - ( Pre-series -- season 8 ) Apartment located in Fairview , Eagle State - ( season 8 ) show Family Parents Allison Scavo ( mother ) Rodney Scavo ( father ) Siblings Peter Scavo ( brother ) Theresa Scavo ( sister ) Spouse Lynette Lindquist ( wife ) Children Kayla Scavo ( daughter ; via Nora ) Porter Scavo ( twin son ; via Lynette ) Preston Scavo ( twin son ; via Lynette ) Parker Scavo ( son ; via Lynette ) Penny Lynn Scavo ( daughter ; via Lynette ) Paige Scavo ( daughter ; via Lynette ) Patrick Scavo ( son , miscarriage ; via Lynette ) Grandchildren Sophie Mayer - Scavo ( granddaughter via Julie with Porter ) Six other grandchildren Other relatives Penny Scavo ( aunt ) Vito Scavo ( uncle ) Stella Wingfield ( mother - in - law ) Mr. Lindquist ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Glen Wingfield ( first step - father - in - law ; deceased ) Frank Kaminsky ( second step - father - in - law ; deceased ) Lucy Lindquist ( sister - in - law ) Lydia Lindquist ( sister - in - law ) Polly ( aunt - in - law ) Dave ( brother - in - law ; via Lucy ) Herbert `` Rashi '' Brickmeyer ( future brother - in - law ; via Lydia ) Thomas `` Tom '' Scavo / ˈskɑːvoʊ / is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives , played by actor Doug Savant . Tom was originally credited as a recurring role throughout Season 1 , but became credited as a series regular in Season 2 . Early storylines often revolved around Tom 's position at an advertising firm , causing him to frequently travel , usually leaving Lynette alone to run the family . Starting in Season 3 , Tom 's storyline turned to a focus of him trying to find what was next for him , due to being tired of working in advertising . When he finally decides , he opens Scavo 's Pizzeria , much to Lynette 's dismay . After the five year jump , it becomes apparent that Tom is now experiencing a mid-life crisis , as he purchased and restored an early model convertible . After Lynette gives birth to Paige , it is discovered that Tom is experiencing Male Post-Partum Depression ( to which Lynette laughs off , thinking of it as a ridiculous notion . ) Tom separates from Lynette at the end of Season 7 and dates Jane for the greater part of Season 8 , however , Tom and Lynette reunite at the end of the series . Contents 1 History 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 2 References History ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Tom Scavo is frequently out of town and seems completely oblivious to Lynette 's problems . Tom has been keeping a secret from his wife that only his father , Rodney Scavo , knew about . This is speculated to be his secret child , Kayla . Tom decided to become a house - husband after he lost his promotion to Annabel and subsequently quit his job . He seems to truly love Lynette , being prepared to discuss family matters with her if she feels that they need to . Season 2 ( edit ) Midway through the second season , Tom returns to the workplace , sharing an employer with his wife for the second time . When Lynette 's boss asks Lynette to send instant messages to his wife to help him heat up his sex life , his wife found out and threatened to leave him unless he fires the person who sent the IMs . Feeling he can not fire Lynette , he tells his wife it was Tom , deciding to fire him instead but Lynette warns him he will need reasonable cause . Much to Lynette 's horror , Ed finds it - discovering that Tom has been falsifying expense reports . When Ed confronts him , the conversation ends with Tom punching Ed in the face . As grounds for dismissal have been met , double grounds in fact , Tom is fired . Tom is found out to be meeting another woman after Lynette follows him to Atlantic City and sees them embracing . Lynette later finds out that this woman is actually the mother of his daughter - born before he married Lynette . Season 3 ( edit ) It is later revealed that the woman is Nora Huntington , they had a one - night stand years before he had met Lynette . She was claiming that she conceived his child , a daughter named Kayla Huntington , but never told him . Tom later confesses to Lynette that he wants to open up a pizzeria . Nora , however , consistently undermines him behind his back and tries to get Lynette to tell him to drop the idea while planning to tell him that she 'd support him . She wanted him back , determined to make a proper family for Kayla but Tom rejects her and tells Lynette , who warns Nora to keep her distance in future . Tom and Lynette plan to fight Nora for custody of Kayla but before they get to court , Nora confronts Lynette in the supermarket but gets caught in hostage crisis . When Lynette tells Carolyn that Nora made a move on Tom , Carolyn shoots and kills Nora . Lynette promises Nora that she 'll take care of Kayla , just before she dies . Tom opens his pizzeria and with Lynette 's help , gets it ready for the grand opening , overcoming a few hitches along the way . He then tries organising a surprise for their 9th wedding anniversary but it goes wrong , leaving Lynette out in the woods at night and rushes to meet her . A little while later , Tom 's back is injured and he is confined to bed rest so Lynette hires a new chef , Rick , and Mrs McCluskey to look after Tom and the children when she 's at work . One night , Tom and the kids come to the pizzeria to surprise her , where Kayla sees chemistry between Lynette and Rick and tells Tom . So Tom suggests that he returns to work and they fire Rick but Lynette is not keen . After Lynette and Rick are locked in the freezer when the restaurant is robbed , they cuddle to keep warm but Tom sees the CCTV tape and confronts Rick , telling him that although his marriage to Lynette is shaky , it is rock solid and Rick would never break it up . Tom asks Rick to quit but he refuses , claiming Lynette `` does n't want him gone '' . Rick later tells Lynette about his lunch with Tom and his feelings for her and tries to get her to admit her feelings for him but Lynette refuses and fires him . After finding out Tom was returning to work , Lynette sobbed in her bathroom , obviously distraught . Lynette and Tom 's marriage continues to decline and they do n't speak for days . Trying to rebuild their marriage , Tom gets his old college friend / marriage counselor to speak to them without Lynette knowing , but she realizes and becomes even angrier about his ' ambush therapy ' . With Tom 's doctor informing him on his back recovery , Tom suggests to Lynette they either talk or have sex so Lynette agrees to sex but they become quite violent and Lynette falls off the bed , banging her head on the side table . She goes to hospital for her injury and Tom finds out Lynette fell for Rick and misses him . The doctor performs a CAT scan on Lynette and finds swollen lymph nodes and suggests they do a biopsy as it could be lymphoma ( a form of cancer ) . Season 4 ( edit ) In the third episode `` The Game '' Tom attends Susan 's small games party however Lynette remains at home because she is sick , Lynette 's mother Stella secretly gets marijuana from Andrew and bakes it in some brownies she makes for Lynette so that it would ease Lynette 's pain . It works and Lynette attends Susan 's party high and she had brought the drugged brownies with her for everyone else to have . Stella arrives over and tells Tom why no one can have a brownie and Tom takes them off everyone 's plate before they can eat them and ends up accidentally pushing Gabrielle into new resident Adam Mayfair spilling wine on him , sparking a feud between Gabrielle and Adam 's wife Katherine Mayfair . Tom later appears at the end of the episode when Lynette discovers the truth from him about what Stella did . A tornado hits Wisteria Lane and the Scavos take shelter in Karen McClusky 's basement with Ida Greenbberg . Tom and the children were left in the basement while Lynette and Mrs. McClusky went out looking for Ida 's cat . When Lynette and Mrs. McClusky hid from the tornado in a bathtub , Tom was knocked out with asthma from the cat . After the tornado hits , Tom and his children are okay and so are Lynette and Mrs. McClusky . Ida Greenberg did not make it . She saved Lynette 's and Tom 's children from the Tornado . Rick returns announcing that he is opening a new restaurant near Scavo 's pizzeria . Tom lied to the police when they investigate the vandalism happening to the restaurant , but later admitted to Lynette that he did vandalize Rick 's restaurant out of jealousy . Tom came under investigation again when a fire took place Rick 's restaurant . He was confronted by Lynette , to whom he swears he left the founders ball to listen to the game on the cart radio , and again by Rick after he found a matchbook from Scavo 's . The incident broke out into a fight and Tom was brought in by the police and later released after Lynette lies to them to provide him an alibi . Tom and Lynette are constantly arguing about the kids : the twins started the fire and he suggested taking them to therapy ; Lynette discovers the boys got the idea from Kayla and she took Kayla to therapy behind Tom 's back . Tom 's denial about the problems Kayla causes for Lynette lead to her lying to the therapist and getting Lynette arrested for child abuse . In the season 's penultimate episode , Tom sends Kayla to live with her maternal grandparents after she told Tom she lied about everything and she would n't stop if Lynette came back . In the season finale , Tom and Lynette help with catering Bob and Lee 's wedding . Tom 's advise to Lee about standing up for himself ( for wanting the ice sculpture be castle rather than a cherub ) escalated to Bob and Lee arguing then canceling the wedding . Lynette and Tom get the two in the same room and Tom tells them that if they can not decide over small decisions that they might as well not marry at all ; that they should ask themselves whether they love each other enough that no problem can possibly tear them apart . His speech gets Bob and Lee to reconcile and to reaffirm to Lynette that their marriage is stronger than she thought . Season 5 ( edit ) In the first episode of season 5 , Tom is going through a midlife crisis and he buys a Ford Mustang . It 's shown he has difficulty disciplining his teenage sons as they treat him far more cool than Tom was used to when he was their age . Lynette uses that against him by tricking Tom into letting the twins borrow his Mustang for a dance . When they come back a half - hour late , Tom angrily grounds them . When they claim he 's more worried about the car than them , he kicks a mirror off it but confesses to Lynette that it was already broken and he had ordered a replacement , impressing her . In `` Mirror , Mirror , '' flashbacks show that Tom was electrocuted in an accident and nearly died , which pushed him to enjoy life as much as he could . In the present , he tells Lynette his plan to sell the restaurant , buy an RV and spend a year traveling the country with his family . Lynette is not happy about this and tensions have risen over it . When Tom contacted one of his son 's friends ' mothers , Ann Shilling , who is a real estate agent , she found him a rehearsal space for the garage band he and some of the other Wisteria Lane men have started . He spends a lot of time there , and Lynnette confronts him about him sleeping with Mrs. Shilling , who has ' dropped by ' with some items for the rehearsal space , among them a futon . Tom denies it -- then steps on a condom wrapper on the floor to hide from Lynnette . He deduces that Porter is sleeping with some girl there -- but Lynette sees Mrs. Shilling leaving from the rehearsal space when Tom is there , so Lynette thinks Tom is cheating . In the next episode , Tom and Lynette realize that Porter is , in fact the one who is sleeping with the realtor . After much deliberation , Lynette decides to pay Mrs. Shilling off , but this backfires when Porter disappears , claiming that he wants to be with her . In the last episode we find out that because of the bad economy Scavo 's Pizzeria lost its business to low sales , and Tom was forced to throw a Going Out of Business sale to raise the money to repay his loans and pay Bree her money . Tom sinks into some depression being out of work with Lynette getting a new job and in the fifth season finale , decides to go to college as a Chinese language major . Thinking this is part of his middle - age syndrome , Lynette attempts to sabotage Tom by getting him drunk the night before his entrance exam . It 's only afterward that Tom says he was taking Chinese in hopes of getting a new job in that market . Incredibly , Tom managed to score in the top five with the exam despite being hung over . However , his college plans are jarred when Lynette reveals she 's 3.5 months pregnant with twins . Season 6 ( edit ) Tom is excited about becoming a dad again but Lynette tells him that she is not sure if she loves her unborn children . Tom then tells her that when she will hold them in her arms , she will love them with all her heart . These twins are Tom 's sixth and seventh children , but Lynette loses the boy . Tom was cheating in school because he was afraid of failing but he has since stopped . Lynette references that Tom had to drop out of college because Lynette was fired . He takes over Lynette 's job with Carlos while she is on maternity leave . Season 7 ( edit ) He is diagnosed with postpartum depression . He is then prescribed marijuana as a cure for this which stuns Lynette . In the episode `` Let Me Entertain You '' , Tom decides to hire his own mother as a nanny for the new baby . After a big argument , Lynette fires her mother - in - law , but Tom overrules her , telling her that she is going to stay . After Lynette and Allison 's talk , Tom 's mother shows symptoms of dementia to Penny , unknown to Lynette and Tom . Tom and Lynette finally discover Allison 's dementia on Halloween , after she collapses outside Gabrielle Solis ' house after going out to buy more candy , despite Penny telling her they had plenty . Allison is later admitted to a nursing home and Tom and Lynette agree to visit her there . Tom is deeply upset by his mother 's illness . In episode 9 Susan walks in on Tom and Lynette having sex on the nursery floor and is in awe at Tom 's huge penis ; she then confronts Lynette about why she has never mentioned it before . A drunken Renee reveals to Susan she once slept with him putting Susan in uncomfortable situation . When Susan is injured in a riot , a guilty Renee tells Tom she should reveal the truth but Tom insists she keep it quiet . Renee finally confesses to Lynette , revealing the affair took place when she and Tom were engaged but having one of their regular `` break - ups . '' Lynette is naturally upset but keeps it quiet and begins a series of pranks against Tom as payback . When Renee find out what Lynette is doing , she tells Tom about it . Tom confronts Lynette and tells that he wanted to tell her about Renee , but there was never a good time for that because he did not want to ruin the wonderful life they have together . Lynette then forgives Tom . Tom finds himself getting a major promotion at a new company and enjoys the work . Lynette is concerned about his over-working but Tom tells her he feels more alive than ever . When Tom attends a conference , Lynette is upset that she 's kept from the business talks and forced to attend spas and other projects with the other wives . She goes so far as to steal an ID from a woman only to find out she 's the keynote speaker for a lecture . Back home , Tom snaps at Lynette that after so many years supporting her , it hurts that she ca n't do the same for him . Renee tells Lynette that she has to choose between her own wants or being a good wife . Tom then hires the duo to decorate his office like a Donald Trump - style boss but Lynette thinks that it is not right for him and goes a different way . Renee overrules her to give Tom the office he wants and Lynette yells at Tom over how he 's changing but he retorts that he has to be this way in order to succeed and Lynette needs to stop thinking of him the way he 's been at home the last several years . When Tom decides to book a luxurious holiday for the family and announces it Lynette is annoyed and consults Tom about why he did not consult her about it first . The two then pitch to the kids what they think is the best holiday which leads to yet another fight between them ; this time however they insult each other . Lynette calls Tom a `` Pompous Ass '' while Tom labels Lynette as a `` Raving Bitch '' leaving them to decide that it is only them who need to spend a holiday together . The holiday turns out badly and the relationship deteriorates and becomes extremely awkward . When they return home Tom leads Lynette to believe that he will be spending a while in an apartment near to his work offices . Before Lynette attends a street dinner party , Penny reveals to her that Tom had left her a note . Lynette is surprised and finds that Tom 's unpacked suitcase from the holiday is not in the bedroom , convincing her that Tom had left her . After revealing to Susan that she thought Tom had left her , Lynette walks into her house , finding Tom , chopping up salad ingredients . He tells Lynette that he had only gone to buy the ingredients . Lynette questions him why it had taken him two hours , leading Tom to reveal that he had left but came back when he considered that Lynette would have to lie about where Tom was to her friends at the dinner party . The two talk for a while and Lynette confesses that when she thought Tom had left , she felt relieved , leading the pair to finally decide to separate . Season 8 ( edit ) By the beginning of season 8 , Tom has moved off Wisteria Lane . He and Lynette agree to work on their marriage by attending couples counseling , however when Tom begins dating a woman from his new building , Jane , Lynette seems to think there is no point anymore in continuing counseling if Tom does n't still have faith in their marriage . Later on he and Jane plan to go on a trip to Paris , although Lynette stops him at the airport and confesses to him that she is involved in the murder of Gabrielle 's stepfather . He then agrees to stay with her to help her cope , and Jane went to Paris without him . In `` With So Little to Be Sure Of '' , Lynette and Tom signed their divorce papers but it is not confirmed on whether it is final since Tom later breaks up with Jane due to his lingering feelings for Lynette . The married couple reconcile in the final episode , and Tom and Lynette move to New York City so Lynette can pursue her new career . The couple later buy a penthouse looking over central park , and have 6 grandchildren later in life . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Finishing the Hat '' . David Grossman ( director ) , Marc Cherry ( writer ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 8 , no . 23 . ^ Jump up to : Mentioned in `` Excited and Scared '' . Jeff Greenstein ( director ) , Jeff Greenstein ( writer ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 7 , no . 6 . Jump up ^ Season 8 episode 19 : He and Lynette signed divorce documents which are n't valid Jump up ^ Mentioned in `` Remember ( Part 2 ) '' . Larry Shaw ( director ) , Marc Cherry & Jenna Bans ( writers ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 2 , no . 24 . Jump up ^ Mentioned in `` Nice She Ai n't '' . David Warren ( director ) , Alexandra Cunningham & Susan Nirah Jaffee ( writers ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 3 , no . 5 . Jump up ^ Season 4 episode 8 Jump up ^ Season 7 episode 13 and 14 Jump up ^ Season 4 episode 7 Jump up ^ Season 4 episode 8 and season 8 episode 3 Jump up ^ Mentioned in `` The Chase '' . Larry Shaw ( director ) , John Pardee & Joey Murphy ( writers ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 6 , no . 16 . Jump up ^ Mentioned in `` You Ca n't Judge a Book by Its Cover '' . David Warren ( director ) , Chuck Ranberg & Anne Flett - Giordano ( writers ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 4 , no . 7 . Jump up ^ `` Watch While I Revise the World '' . David Warren ( director ) , John Paul Bullock III ( writer ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 8 , no . 3 . Desperate Housewives Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 Characters Betty Applewhite Angie Bolen Edie Britt Mike Delfino Orson Hodge Bob Hunter and Lee McDermott Julie Mayer Karl Mayer Susan Mayer Katherine Mayfair Karen McCluskey Renee Perry John Rowland Lynette Scavo Tom Scavo Carlos Solis Gabrielle Solis Andrew Van de Kamp Bree Van de Kamp Rex Van de Kamp Dave Williams Mary Alice Young Paul Young Related Cast members Awards and nominations DVDs Soundtrack Game Mobile App Wisteria Lane Amas de Casa Desesperadas ARG COL / ECU US Donas de Casa Desesperadas Desperate Housewives Africa Devious Maids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Scavo&oldid=844096955 '' Categories : Desperate Housewives characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional businesspeople Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who does tom have an affair with desperate housewives	[ "He is diagnosed with postpartum depression. He is then prescribed marijuana as a cure for this which stuns Lynette. In the episode \"Let Me Entertain You\", Tom decides to hire his own mother as a nanny for the new baby.\nAfter a big argument, Lynette fires her mother-in-law, but Tom overrules her, telling her that she is going to stay. After Lynette and Allison's talk, Tom's mother shows symptoms of dementia to Penny, unknown to Lynette and Tom. Tom and Lynette finally discover Allison's dementia on Halloween, after she collapses outside Gabrielle Solis' house after going out to buy more candy, despite Penny telling her they had plenty. Allison is later admitted to a nursing home and Tom and Lynette agree to visit her there. Tom is deeply upset by his mother's illness. In episode 9 Susan walks in on Tom and Lynette having sex on the nursery floor and is in awe at Tom's huge penis; she then confronts Lynette about why she has never mentioned it before.\nA drunken Renee reveals to Susan she once slept with him putting Susan in uncomfortable situation. When Susan is injured in a riot, a guilty Renee tells Tom she should reveal the truth but Tom insists she keep it quiet. Renee finally confesses to Lynette, revealing the affair took place when she and Tom were engaged but having one of their regular \"break-ups.\" Lynette is naturally upset but keeps it quiet and begins a series of pranks against Tom as payback. When Renee find out what Lynette is doing, she tells Tom about it. Tom confronts Lynette and tells that he wanted to tell her about Renee, but there was never a good time for that because he did not want to ruin the wonderful life they have together. Lynette then forgives Tom.\n" ]	[ "Renee" ]
-2895482450861857707	Taj Mahal	Taj Mahal - Wikipedia Taj Mahal For other uses , see Taj Mahal ( disambiguation ) . Taj Mahal Location Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India Coordinates 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Coordinates : 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Area 17 hectares Height 73 m ( 240 ft ) Built 1632 -- 53 Built for Mumtaz Mahal Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri Architectural style ( s ) Mughal architecture Visitors 7 -- 8 million ( in 2014 ) Governing body Government of India Website www.tajmahal.gov.in Location of Taj Mahal in Uttar pradesh Taj Mahal ( India ) Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show map of India Show all UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : i Reference 252 Inscription 1983 ( 7th Session ) The Taj Mahal ( / ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl , ˌtɑːʒ - / ; meaning `` Crown of the Palace '' ) is an ivory - white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned from 1628 to 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17 - hectare ( 42 - acre ) complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall . Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( U.S. $ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri . The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being `` the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage '' . It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 -- 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 -- 2007 ) initiative . Contents 1 Inspiration 2 Architecture and design 2.1 Tomb 2.2 Exterior decorations 2.2. 1 Interior decoration 2.3 Garden 2.4 Outlying buildings 3 Construction 4 Later days 5 Threats 6 Tourism 7 Myths 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Inspiration The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , a Persian princess who died giving birth to their 14th child , Gauhara Begum . Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 . The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan 's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the love story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal . The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later . Architecture and design Main article : Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture . Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur - e Amir ( the tomb of Timur , progenitor of the Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's Tomb , Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb ( sometimes called the Baby Taj ) , and Shah Jahan 's own Jama Masjid in Delhi . While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones . Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement . Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal `` Shah Jahan on a globe '' from the Smithsonian Institution Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal Tomb The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal . It is a large , white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan ( an arch - shaped doorway ) topped by a large dome and finial . Like most Mughal tombs , the basic elements are Persian in origin . The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight - sided structure that is approximately 55 metres ( 180 ft ) on each of the four long sides . Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas , making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building . Four minarets frame the tomb , one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners . The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan ; the actual graves are at a lower level . The tomb Taj Mahal from Main Entrance . Four minarets frame the tomb . Interior view of the vaulted dome over the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz . The false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the main chamber . The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level . Main marble dome , smaller domes , and decorative spires that extend from the edges of the base walls . The most spectacular feature is the marble dome that surmounts the tomb . The dome is nearly 35 metres ( 115 ft ) high which is close in measurement to the length of the base , and accentuated by the cylindrical `` drum '' it sits on which is approximately 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome or amrud ( guava dome ) . The top is decorated with a lotus design which also serves to accentuate its height . The shape of the dome is emphasised by four smaller domed chattris ( kiosks ) placed at its corners , which replicate the onion shape of the main dome . The dome is slightly asymmetrical . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb and provide light to the interior . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from edges of base walls , and provide visual emphasis to the height of the dome . The lotus motif is repeated on both the chattris and guldastas . The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements . The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced by a copy made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century . This feature provides a clear example of integration of traditional Persian and Hindu decorative elements . The finial is topped by a moon , a typical Islamic motif whose horns point heavenward . The minarets , which are each more than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) tall , display the designer 's penchant for symmetry . They were designed as working minarets -- a traditional element of mosques , used by the muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two working balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of those on the tomb . The chattris all share the same decorative elements of a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . The minarets were constructed slightly outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse , a typical occurrence with many tall constructions of the period , the material from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb . Exterior decorations The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture . As the surface area changes , the decorations are refined proportionally . The decorative elements were created by applying paint , stucco , stone inlays or carvings . In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms , the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy , abstract forms or vegetative motifs . Throughout the complex are passages from the Qur'an that comprise some of the decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan . The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' The calligraphy was created in 1609 by a calligrapher named Abdul Haq . Shah Jahan conferred the title of `` Amanat Khan '' upon him as a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' . Near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome is the inscription , `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and , to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour which creates a complex array of geometric patterns . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb are white marble dados sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings . The dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and levelled to the surface of the walls . Detailed exterior design Base , dome and minaret . Finial , tamga of the Mughal Empire . Calligraphy of Persian poems . Plant motifs . Reflective tiles . Marble jali lattice . Calligraphy of Arabic Ayaat . Interior decoration The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches far beyond traditional decorative elements . The inlay work is not pietra dura , but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones . The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face , although only the door facing the garden to the south is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and are topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level and , as with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas , and each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners . The octagonal marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work . The remaining surfaces are inlaid in delicate detail with semi-precious stones forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Each chamber wall is highly decorated with dado bas - relief , intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels which reflect , in miniature detail , the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex . Detailed interior design Flowers carved in marble . Detail of pietra dura jali inlay . Delicacy of intricate pierce work . Archways in the mosque . Incised painting . Finial floor tiling . Detail of jali . Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves . Hence , the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right , towards Mecca . Mumtaz Mahal 's cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of 1.5 by 2.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in by 8 ft 2 in ) . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz . On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet . Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side , and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated with lapidary and calligraphy that identifies him . On the lid of the casket is a traditional sculpture of a small pen box . The pen box and writing tablet are traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating the caskets of men and women respectively . The Ninety Nine Names of God are calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal . Other inscriptions inside the crypt include , `` O Noble , O Magnificent , O Majestic , O Unique , O Eternal , O Glorious ... `` . The tomb of Shah Jahan bears a calligraphic inscription that reads ; `` He travelled from this world to the banquet - hall of Eternity on the night of the twenty - sixth of the month of Rajab , in the year 1076 Hijri . '' Garden Walkways beside reflecting pool The complex is set around a large 300 - metre ( 980 ft ) square charbagh or Mughal garden . The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the centre of the garden is a raised marble water tank with a reflecting pool positioned on a north - south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum . The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al - Kawthar in reference to the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad . Elsewhere , the garden is laid out with avenues of trees labeled according to common and scientific names and fountains . The charbagh garden , a design inspired by Persian gardens , was introduced to India by Babur , the first Mughal emperor . It symbolises the four flowing rivers of Jannah ( Paradise ) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza , meaning ' walled garden ' . In mystic Islamic texts of the Mughal period , Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain , separating the garden into north , west , south and east . Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the centre . The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element , the tomb , is located at the end of the garden . With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or `` Moonlight Garden '' on the other side of the Yamuna , the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden 's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of Paradise . Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggests both gardens may have been designed by the same architect , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including abundant roses , daffodils , and fruit trees . As the Mughal Empire declined , the Taj Mahal and its gardens also declined . By the end of the 19th century , the British Empire controlled more than three - fifths of India , and assumed management of the Taj Mahal . They changed the landscaping to their liking which more closely resembled the formal lawns of London . Outlying buildings The Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) is the main entrance to the tomb . The Taj Mahal complex is bordered on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls ; the side facing the river is open . Outside the walls are several additional mausoleums , including those of Shah Jahan 's other wives , and a larger tomb for Mumtaz 's favourite servant . The main gateway ( darwaza ) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble , and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors . Its archways mirror the shape of the tomb 's archways , and its pishtaq arches incorporate the calligraphy that decorates the tomb . The vaulted ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric designs like those found in the other sandstone buildings in the complex . At the far end of the complex are two grand red sandstone buildings that mirror each other , and face the sides of the tomb . The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls . The western building is a mosque and the other is the jawab ( answer ) , thought to have been constructed for architectural balance although it may have been used as a guesthouse . Distinctions between the two buildings include the jawab 's lack of a mihrab ( a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca ) , and its floors of geometric design whereas the floor of the mosque is laid with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic design of a long hall surmounted by three domes is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i Jahān - Numā , or Jama Masjid , Delhi . The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an expansive vaulting dome . The outlying buildings were completed in 1643 . Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River ( northern view ) Construction The Taj Mahal is built on a parcel of land to the south of the walled city of Agra . Shah Jahan presented Maharajah Jai Singh with a large palace in the centre of Agra in exchange for the land . An area of roughly 1.2 hectares ( 3 acres ) was excavated , filled with dirt to reduce seepage , and levelled at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above riverbank . In the tomb area , wells were dug and filled with stone and rubble to form the footings of the tomb . Instead of lashed bamboo , workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb . The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle . The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . It is believed over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials . The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana , Rajasthan , the jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , twenty - eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . According to the legend , Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep the bricks taken from the scaffold , and thus it was dismantled by peasants overnight . A 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) tamped - earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials to the construction site and teams of twenty or thirty oxen pulled the blocks on specially constructed wagons . An elaborate post-and - beam pulley system was used to raise the blocks into desired position . Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs , an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism , into a large storage tank and raised to a large distribution tank . It was passed into three subsidiary tanks , from which it was piped to the complex . The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete . The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets , mosque and jawab , and gateway . Since the complex was built in stages , discrepancies exist in completion dates due to differing opinions on `` completion '' . Construction of the mausoleum itself was essentially completed by 1643 while work continued on the outlying buildings . Estimates of the cost of construction vary due to difficulties in estimating costs across time . The total cost at the time has been estimated to be about 32 million Indian rupees , which is around 52.8 billion Indian rupees ( $827 million US ) based on 2015 values . Later days Abdul Hamid Lahauri in his book Badshahnama refers to Taj Mahal as rauza - i munawwara , meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb . Soon after the Taj Mahal 's completion , Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort . Upon Shah Jahan 's death , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife . In the 18th century , the Jat rulers of Bharatpur invaded Agra and attacked the Taj Mahal , the two chandeliers , one of agate and another of silver , which were hung over the main cenotaph , were taken away by them , along with the gold and silver screen . Kanbo , a Mughal historian , said the gold shield which covered the 4.6 - metre - high ( 15 ft ) finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation . By the late 19th century , parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair . During the time of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials , who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls . At the end of the 19th century , British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project , which was completed in 1908 . He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber , modelled after one in a Cairo mosque . During this time the garden was remodelled with British - style lawns that are still in place today . Threats Protective wartime scaffolding In 1942 , the government erected a scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks by the Japanese Air Force . During the India - Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , scaffolding were again erected to mislead bomber pilots . More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of the Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery , which was opposed by Supreme Court of India directives . The pollution has been turning the Taj Mahal yellow . To help control the pollution , the Indian government has set up the Taj Trapezium Zone ( TTZ ) , a 10,400 - square - kilometre ( 4,000 sq mi ) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place . Concerns for the tomb 's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin which is falling at a rate of around 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) per year . In 2010 , cracks appeared in parts of the tomb , and the minarets which surround the monument were showing signs of tilting , as the wooden foundation of the tomb may be rotting due to lack of water . It has been pointed out by politicians , however , that the minarets are designed to tilt slightly outwards to prevent them from crashing on top of the tomb in the event of an earthquake . In 2011 , it was reported that some predictions indicated that the tomb could collapse within 5 years . Small minarets located at two of the outlying buildings were reported as damaged by a storm on April 11 , 2018 . Tourism Visitors at Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal attracts a large number of tourists . UNESCO documented more than 2 million visitors in 2001 , which had increased to about 7 -- 8 million in 2014 . A two - tier pricing system is in place , with a significantly lower entrance fee for Indian citizens and a more expensive one for foreigners . Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October , November and February . Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus . The Khawasspuras ( northern courtyards ) are currently being restored for use as a new visitor centre . The small town to the south of the Taj , known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad , was originally constructed with caravanserais , bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workmen . Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal , which also appears in several listings of seven wonders of the modern world , including the recently announced New Seven Wonders of the World , a recent poll with 100 million votes . The grounds are open from 06 : 00 to 19 : 00 weekdays , except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 : 00 and 14 : 00 . The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after , excluding Fridays and the month of Ramadan . For security reasons only five items -- water in transparent bottles , small video cameras , still cameras , mobile phones and small ladies ' purses -- are allowed inside the Taj Mahal . Myths Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , one of the first European visitors to the Taj Mahal Ever since its construction , the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography , and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument . A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river . The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665 . It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built . Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden , Mahtab Bagh , seemed to support this legend . However , excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discoloured white stones that had turned black . A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Moonlight Garden . A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen , befitting Shah Jahan 's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself . No evidence exists for claims that describe , often in horrific detail , the deaths , dismemberments and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb . Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design . Similar claims are made for many famous buildings . No evidence exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck , governor - general of India in the 1830s , supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble . Bentinck 's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck 's fund - raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort . Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth . To this day , officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette . In 2000 , India 's Supreme Court dismissed P.N. Oak 's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal . In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court . This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra , a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196 . As of 2017 , several court cases about Taj Mahal being a Hindu temple have been inspired by Oak 's theory . In August 2017 , Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) stated there was no evidence to suggest the monument ever housed a temple . A theory that the Taj Mahal was designed by an Italian , Geronimo Vereneo , held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted by Henry George Keene in 1879 who went by a translation of a Spanish work Itinerario , ( The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique , 1629 - 1643 ) . Another theory that a Frenchman , Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj was promoted by William Henry Sleeman based on the work of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier . These idea were revived by Father Hosten and discussed again by E.B. Havell and served as the basis for subsequent theories and controversies . Gallery Taj Mahal Eastern view in the morning Western view at sunset Taj Mahal through the fog A panoramic view looking 360 degrees around the Taj Mahal in 2005 See also Architecture of India Mehtab Bagh , a garden directly across the river from Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri , a nearby city and World Heritage Site Bibi Ka Maqbara , a similar building in the Deccan Taj Mahal replicas and derivatives Inside , a 1968 new - age music album recorded in the building Uttar Pradesh portal Architecture portal References Notes Jump up ^ Dutemple , Lesley A ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Lerner Publications Co. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 9 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archaeological Survey of India Agra working on compiling visual archives on Taj Mahal '' . The Economic Times . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 704 . 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Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal could collapse within five years because wooden foundations are rotting '' . Daily Mail . 5 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal could collapse within two to five years '' . Fox News . 7 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India Taj Mahal minarets damaged in storm '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2002 ) . `` Periodic Reporting Exercise On The Application Of The World Heritage Convention '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Koch , pp. 201 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Travel Correspondent ( 9 July 2007 ) . `` New Seven Wonders of the World announced '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Survey of India : Night Viewings of Taj Mahal '' . Asi.nic.in. 28 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ DNA India : Going to the Taj ? This is all you can carry Archived 14 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ tajmahal Jump up ^ Koch , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Asher , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Warrior Empire : The Mughals of India ( 2006 ) A + E Television Network . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Rosselli , J. , Lord William Bentinck the making of a Liberal Imperialist , 1774 -- 1839 , London Chatto and Windus for Sussex University Press 1974 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Writ Petition ( Civil ) 336 of 2000 , P.N. OAK vs. U.O.I. & Ors . Jump up ^ The Hindu , 14 July 2000 : Plea to rewrite Taj history dismissed Archived 16 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( `` counsel for the petitioner ( ... ) withdrew the petition '' ) Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal part of an ancient temple : UP BJP chief '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Siraj Qureshi , `` Another court petition challenges Taj Mahal 's story as a symbol of love '' Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , India Today , 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Taj Mahal a mausoleum or a Shiva temple ? CIC asks govt to clarify '' Archived 26 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , Hindustan Times , 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ BJP 's Vinay Katiyar now calls Taj Mahal a Hindu temple - a ' bee in bonnet ' theory that Supreme Court once rejected Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine . India Today Jump up ^ Dixon , Jack S. ( 1987 ) . `` The Veroneo controversy '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 15 ( 2 ) : 170 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086538708582735 . Sources Asher , Catherine B. ( 1992 ) . Architecture of Mughal India New Cambridge History of India I. 4 , Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 521 - 26728 - 5 . Bernier , Françoi ' ( 18911 ) . Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657 -- 1668 . Westminster : Archibald Constable & Co . Carroll , David ( 1971 ) . The Taj Mahal , Newsweek Books ISBN 0 - 88225 - 024 - 8 . Chaghtai , Muhammad Abdullah ( 1938 ) . Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra ( Inde ) . Histoire et description . Brussels : Editions de la Connaissance Copplestone , Trewin . ( ed ) . ( 1963 ) . World architecture -- An illustrated history . Hamlyn , London . Gascoigne , Bamber ( 1971 ) . The Great Moguls , Harper & Row . Havel , E.B. ( 1913 ) . Indian Architecture : Its Psychology , Structure and History , John Murray . Kambo , Muhammad Salih Amal - i - Salih or Shah Jahan Namah Ed . Ghulam Yazdani ( Calcutta : Baptist Mission Press ) Vol . I 1923 . Vol. II 1927 . Koch , Ebba ( 2006 ) ( Aug 2006 ) . The Complete Taj Mahal : And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra ( First ed . ) . Thames & Hudson Ltd. , 288 pages . ISBN 0 - 500 - 34209 - 1 . Lahawri , ' Abd al - Hamid Badshah Namah Ed . Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of Major W.N. Lees . ( Calcutta : College Press ) Vol . I 1867 Vol. II 1868 . Lall , John ( 1992 ) . Taj Mahal , Tiger International Press . Preston , Diana & Michael ( 2007 ) ( 2007 ) . A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time ( First ed . ) . London : Doubleday , 354 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 60947 - 0 . Rothfarb , Ed ( 1998 ) . In the Land of the Taj Mahal , Henry Holt ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5299 - 2 . Saksena , Banarsi Prasad ( 1932 ) . History of Shahjahan of Dihli ( Allahabad : The Indian Press Ltd . ) Spiller , R ( 1994 ) . `` Agricultural Sites of the Taj Mahal '' , Chronicle Books . Stall , B ( 1995 ) . Agra and Fathepur Sikri , Millennium . Stierlin , Henri ( editor ) & Volwahsen , Andreas ( 1990 ) . Architecture of the World : Islamic India , Taschen . Tillitson , G.H.R. ( 1990 ) . Architectural Guide to Mughal India , Chronicle Books . External links Media related to Taj Mahal at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Taj Mahal at Wikiquote Taj Mahal travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of the Taj Mahal Description of the Taj Mahal at the Archaeological Survey of India Profile of the Taj Mahal at UNESCO Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Humayun 's Tomb Keoladeo National Park Khajuraho Group of Monuments Kalka - Shimla Railway Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal East Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Kaziranga National Park Mahabodhi Temple Complex Nalanda Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Sun Temple at Konark Sundarbans National Park Khangchendzonga National Park South Great Living Chola Temples Srirangam Ranganatha Swamy Temple Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway Western Ghats West Historic City of Ahmadabad Ajanta Caves Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Champaner - Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Jantar Mantar of Jaipur Rani ki vav Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Western Ghats The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand BNF : cb12162158x ( data ) GND : 4086583 - 6 LCCN : sh85132019 NDL : 00954708 NKC : xx0082572 SUDOC : 030147409 ULAN : 500304454 VIAF : 172481610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Mahal&oldid=852703954 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1654 Buildings and structures in Agra Domes Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Persian gardens in India Taj Mahal Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites in India Marble buildings Tourism in India 1654 establishments in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is the taj mahal a tomb or a palace	[ "The Taj Mahal (/ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl, ˌtɑːʒ-/;[3] meaning \"Crown of the Palace\"[4]) is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658), to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17-hectare (42-acre)[5] complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall.\n" ]	[ "tomb" ]
-3119034080506217093	You Give Love a Bad Name	You Give Love a Bad Name - wikipedia You Give Love a Bad Name For the album by GG Allin , see You Give Love a Bad Name ( album ) . `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' Artwork for U.S. vinyl single , also used for the album Slippery When Wet Single by Bon Jovi from the album Slippery When Wet B - side `` Raise Your Hands '' ( US ) `` Let It Rock '' ( UK ) Released July 23 , 1986 Format CD single 7 '' Recorded 1986 Genre Hard rock Length 3 : 42 ( album version ) 4 : 06 ( full version ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Desmond Child Producer ( s ) Bruce Fairbairn Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Silent Night '' ( 1985 ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( 1986 ) `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( 1986 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1985 ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( 1986 ) `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( 1986 ) Alternative cover `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi , released as the first single from their 1986 album Slippery When Wet . Written by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Desmond Child about a woman who has jilted her lover , the song reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 29 , 1986 and became the band 's first number one hit . In 2007 , the song reentered the charts at No. 29 after Blake Lewis performed it on American Idol . In 2009 it was named the 20th greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1 . Despite the lyrics of the chorus , the song should not be confused with `` Shot Through the Heart '' , an unrelated song from Bon Jovi 's 1984 self - titled debut album . Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Sales and certifications 4 References 5 External links Composition ( edit ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' was originally written for Bonnie Tyler under the title `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' with different lyrics . Dissatisfied with its success in the US and the UK , Desmond Child re-wrote the song with Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora . The song was written with several catchy repeated lines and associated hooks to appeal to mainstream audiences including the chorus as well as several bridges . This song is written in the key of C minor and has a tempo of 123 BPM . The album version of the song ends with the title being repeated until it fades . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song used all - color concert footage ( the only all - color video song from Slippery When Wet ) and photogenic shots primarily of Jon Bon Jovi , as well as other band members in concert . This video was filmed at the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . Bon Jovi was now being managed by Doc McGee , who realized that Bon Jovi needed a video for MTV . Doc hired video director Wayne Isham , who had directed videos for Doc 's other band , Mötley Crüe . The two bands were competitive with each other and Mötley Crüe felt betrayed that Wayne would direct one of Bon Jovi 's videos . Wayne had the band 's name painted on the stage and made sure that the band did not see it until they began shooting . Bon Jovi had been opening for 38 Special , but became a headlining act after the video debuted . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 32 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 15 Spain ( AFYVE ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Album Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 9 US Cash Box Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 69 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 69 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 88 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 75 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Cash Box 30 Chart ( 1987 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 55 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reviews > Singles > Pop > Recommended > Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name ( 3 : 53 ) '' . Billboard . Vol. 98 no . 35 . August 30 , 1986 . p. 83 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` spreadit.org music '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ Curtis Child ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Desmond Child Special '' . YouTube . Google Inc . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Top 50 ( ARIA ) Singles Chart : Week ending 29th March , 1987 '' . imgur.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 13 december 1986 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - December 27 , 1986 '' . RPM . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bon Jovi '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( B ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi -- Chart history '' . Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks for Bon Jovi . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending DECEMBER 6 , 1986 '' . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1986 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of ' 86 '' . RPM . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1986 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1986 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard. 27 December 1986 . p . Y - 21 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1986 -- TOP 100 POP SINGLES ( As published in the December 27 , 1986 , issue ) '' . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of ' 87 '' . RPM . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- You Give Love a Bad Name '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter You Give Love a Bad Name in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Give_Love_a_Bad_Name&oldid=855053803 '' Categories : Bon Jovi songs 1986 singles 1986 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Mandaryna songs Blake Lewis songs Songs written by Desmond Child Songs written by Richie Sambora Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Song recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn Mercury Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was you give love a bad name made	[ "\"You Give Love a Bad Name\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi, released as the first single from their 1986 album Slippery When Wet. Written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, and Desmond Child about a woman who has jilted her lover, the song reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 29, 1986 and became the band's first number one hit.[3] In 2007, the song reentered the charts at No. 29 after Blake Lewis performed it on American Idol. In 2009 it was named the 20th greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.[2] Despite the lyrics of the chorus, the song should not be confused with \"Shot Through the Heart\", an unrelated song from Bon Jovi's 1984 self-titled debut album.\n" ]	[ "1986" ]
2439015968637266724	List of Shadowhunters episodes	List of Shadowhunters episodes - wikipedia List of Shadowhunters episodes Shadowhunters is an American supernatural drama television series . The series is based on the book series The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare , and developed for television by Ed Decter . It premiered in North America on Freeform . In December 2015 , Netflix acquired global rights to Shadowhunters , excluding the U.S. , making the series available as an original series a day after the U.S. premiere . Shadowhunters follows Clary Fray ( Katherine McNamara ) , who finds out on her birthday that she is not who she thinks she is but rather comes from a long line of Shadowhunters , human -- angel hybrids who hunt down demons . The series is set in an urban and contemporary New York City . The show received a straight - to - series order on March 30 , 2015 , and premiered on January 12 , 2016 on Freeform . In April 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes . The first half of ten episodes premiered on March 20 , 2018 . In June 2018 , Freeform canceled the series after three seasons , but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series ' story ; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019 . As of May 15 , 2018 , 43 episodes of Shadowhunters have aired , concluding the first half of the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 20 10 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 10 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 22 10 March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` The Mortal Cup '' McG Ed Decter January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 267314 - 1 1.82 On Clary Fray 's eighteenth birthday , her mother , Jocelyn , is kidnapped . Soon after , Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters , a half - angel / half - human race tasked to protect the Downworld ( faeries , werewolves , vampires , and warlocks ) from demons . Clary learns she also belongs to this race , after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace -- who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle . Clary overhears her mother 's friend , Luke , claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother . Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust -- her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters -- to help save Jocelyn from Valentine , a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter . `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' Mick Garris Ed Decter & Hollie Overton January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 267314 - 2 1.01 The Circle has returned , as has Valentine . With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup , the Institute is on alert . After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member , they realize Clary 's significance in the cause . Jace realizes Clary 's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup . Unfortunately , without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team . Thus Jace , Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones , where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself . Meanwhile , Luke is worried about Clary 's whereabouts , while Simon comes to terms with Clary 's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires . `` Dead Man 's Party '' Andy Wolk Marjorie David January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 267314 - 3 0.98 The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon , who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle , Alec and Clary locate Simon 's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort , where he is being held by Camille Belcourt , Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille 's outfit . Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty , since her father is their enemy . Isabelle visits Meliorn , her Seelie lover , in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort , so the group can get into the building unnoticed . The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary , but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille 's blood . `` Raising Hell '' Tawnia McKiernan Michael Reisz February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 267314 - 4 0.96 Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute . The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace , in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary 's memories . Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping . The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair , where the Circle has attacked . Magnus transports the group to his loft , where they summon the demon . Alec 's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory , forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories . Meanwhile , Simon is plagued with visions of Camille , and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort . 5 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' Kelly Makin Angel Dean Lopez February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 267314 - 5 0.95 The Lightwood family matriarch , Maryse , arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace . Alec is ordered to watch over Clary , but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother 's secret box -- that once belonged to a `` Jonathan Clark '' . Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment , to Alec 's chagrin . Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup , and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information . Jace , Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two , after Simon calls for help . The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally -- werewolf Luke , who defeats his alpha and assumes the title . 6 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' Oz Scott Y . Shireen Razack February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 267314 - 6 0.98 Clary , Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help . At Luke 's insistence , Magnus informs Clary of the Circle 's past and her mother 's involvement with the group . Meanwhile , Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute , and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies ' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name . When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off , he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus ' loft . There , he , Magnus and the others save Luke 's life with magic . Luke informs Clary that she had a brother , Jonathan Christopher , who died in a fire caused by Valentine . Clary then discovers one of her powers , making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup . 7 7 `` Major Arcana '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 267314 - 7 0.84 Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping . When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct , he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine . While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders , Luke 's boss is killed by a shapeshifter . Clary , Jace , Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup , but are tracked by demons . When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary , she kills it . Afterward , Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute . Meanwhile , Simon 's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family , who fear he is on drugs . He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille . 8 8 `` Bad Blood '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Allison Rymer March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 267314 - 8 0.87 Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon , who has been attacked and killed by Camille . He informs Clary that , unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset , his soul will be trapped for eternity . An envoy from the Clave , Lydia Branwell , arrives to temporarily take over the Institute . Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack , but Luke kills it . While retrieving the corpse from Luke , Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members . Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood . Alec decides to restore his family 's honor ( due to the current situation ) by proposing to Lydia . Later , another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute , but they eventually defeat it . Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire , but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster . 9 9 `` Rise Up '' J. Miller Tobin Hollie Overton March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 267314 - 9 0.95 Following the Forsaken attack , the Institute is on high alert . Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine . During his interrogation , Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave . With the help of Magnus , the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute . Later , Isabelle , Clary , Jace , Simon , Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones . Afterward , Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father . Meanwhile , Alec 's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships , and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire . 10 10 `` This World Inverted '' J. Miles Dale Y . Shireen Razack March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 267314 - 10 0.78 Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension . He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension , she will be transported to her father . However , when Clary arrives , she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension . Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons , but when one slips through , Jace ventures in to stop it . With the help of Magnus , Clary finds the portal at the Institute , and she and Jace step through it . When they arrive at Valentine 's hideout , they discover Jace 's father , Micheal Wayland , assumed to be dead , is being held captive there . Meanwhile , in reality , Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission , much to the anguish of Alec , who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial . 11 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' Mairzee Almas Marjorie David March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 267314 - 11 0.78 Clary , Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke 's for help . While there , Michael discloses the location of Valentine 's new hideout -- an abandoned hospital in Long Island . Jace , Michael , Luke and Clary go to rescue a still - unconscious Jocelyn , but are surrounded by demons . Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons , but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise . Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup . Before fleeing through a portal , he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings . Meanwhile , Isabelle 's trial begins , with Magnus as her defense attorney . During questioning , Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges , but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours . Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup , dropping the charges against Isabelle . 12 12 `` Malec '' James Marshall Michael Reisz March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 267314 - 12 0.82 Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary , and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches . Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party , where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond . Meanwhile , Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell , a former friend and warlock , for help on waking Jocelyn , believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under . A demon follows them and kills Ragnor , but before he dies , he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote . Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec 's wedding ; seeing him , Alec realizes that he can not go through with the marriage . After apologizing to an understanding Lydia , he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests . Later , Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them , though Robert offers support . Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille 's possession . Packing up to head back to Idris , Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge . It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse . 13 13 `` Morning Star '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 267314 - 13 0.76 The Shadowhunters can not prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine , and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army . Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup . Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke 's help , and Jace chops off Hodge 's hand in the ensuing battle . Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide , sending the others to aid Clary . Meanwhile , Clary , Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille ( imprisoned for Simon 's unlawful death ) about the Book of the White . In exchange for her help , Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire . Magnus , at his warlock loft , drafts the contract . The group then heads to Camille 's apartment , where she believes the book was hidden by Dot . They do find the Book , but are then ambushed by the Circle . Jace arrives to fight Valentine , but they are all captured . Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends . Back at the Institute , the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn , who reunites with her daughter and Luke . Jump up ^ The second episode , `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' , was released online on January 12 , 2016 , after the premiere of the first episode . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` This Guilty Blood '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 267314 - 14 1.19 Jace is held captive on Valentine 's ship . He attempts to kill Valentine , but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine 's thugs under glamour , and Jace is whipped for disloyalty . Maryse goes behind Lydia 's back to the Clave , and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute . Clary 's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine ; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive , the Institute is put on lockdown , and Clary , Alec , and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search , but they do anyway . Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son , and she is shocked having believed that JC ( Jonathan Christopher ) had died in a fire with his father . Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace , and also about Alec 's motivation in calling off the wedding . Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in - vitro using demon blood to make him stronger , this cause self - doubt in Jace . Valentine opens a portal to land , allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them . He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire , Jace refuses , but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation . When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow , Valentine steps in front of the shot . Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape . 15 `` A Door Into the Dark '' Andy Wolk Y . Shireen Razack January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) 267314 - 15 0.75 Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace 's life by explaining the effect Valentine 's experiments had on him as a baby . Upset , Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine . With Clary missing , Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas , a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec 's bond . Meanwhile at Camille 's Indian residence , Simon and Magnus search for the vampire , whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce , and find some items from Magnus ' past . With Dot 's help , Jace and Clary flee Valentine 's ship , but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose . 16 `` Parabatai Lost '' Gregory Smith Peter Binswanger January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 267314 - 16 0.81 Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic , but only Jace can save him . After escaping from Valentine 's ship , Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute . Meanwhile , Jace is hunted by werewolves , including a girl named Maia , who believe he has killed one of their own . Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec 's life . Magnus transports Alec to his loft , where Jace arrives to revive him . As the parabatai reunite , Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason . 17 `` Day of Wrath '' Joe Lazarov Jamie Gorenberg January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 267314 - 17 0.64 Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones , where he encounters Hodge . Valentine arrives to break him out , but Jace fights back . Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing . Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others , but it infiltrates the Institute . Meanwhile , Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille 's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help . With Camille 's grave dirt found at her house in India , an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave . At the Institute , a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn . The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it . 18 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zac Hug January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 267314 - 18 0.58 Jace is freed from the City of Bones , but Aldertree , still suspicious of Jace , bans him from the field of duty . Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell . Isabelle 's wound from her possession is not healing , so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen . Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor : mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks . Jace , Isabelle , and Alec arrive to save her , but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape . Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother , but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother 's memory . The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters , and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness . 19 6 `` Iron Sisters '' Mike Rohl Allison Rymer February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 267314 - 19 0.65 Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond . Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts . Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke 's sister , Cleophas . To enter the Citadel , the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities ; Clary passes , but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom . Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack . Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose : it can kill all demon - blooded creatures , including Downworlders . Clary shows Cleophas her runic power . Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship , despite their differences , but are surprised by Jace 's appearance : he has left the Institute due to Aldertree 's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus . Later , Cleophas kills Magdelena , an Iron Sister , and activates a Circle rune , indicating her allegiance to Valentine . 20 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' Ben Bray Hollie Overton February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 267314 - 20 0.55 Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary 's rune - creating ability , then approaches Luke and Clary , but her brother is unwilling to trust her . Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia , and Isabelle , now addicted to yin fen , is caught by Magnus at the Hunter 's Moon seeking the drug . She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission , and he tells her to go straight to the source : vampires themselves . Clary hears strange noises , and is convinced that Valentine is responsible . Alec , after going to Isabelle for advice , finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship . Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive , Jace , Clary , Luke , and Cleophas infiltrate his lair , and Clary creates a rune to free the angel . The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword . 21 8 `` Love is a Devil '' Catriona McKenzie Y . Shireen Razack February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 267314 - 21 0.67 Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max 's Rune Party at his loft , Magnus agrees . Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating . Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her . Max 's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse , and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest . Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse . Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse , captures her and sends her to Idris . However , Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine . Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary 's runic abilities , which Magnus identifies marks her as angel - blooded , and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself . Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her . 22 9 `` Bound by Blood '' Matt Hastings Peter Binswanger February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 267314 - 22 0.52 Clary 's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone , a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse . Clary goes to Magnus , who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie . Maia , who fears Clary 's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders , tries to kill her . A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed , while Magnus and Luke disagree . Alec is searching for Isabelle , and Magnus , having figured out her yin fen addiction , sends him to Raphael . Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on , and the siblings quarrel ; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael . Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary , but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine . Jace and Simon find and save Clary , but Simon is captured by Valentine . 23 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' Joshua Butler Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 267314 - 23 0.64 Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine 's behalf , killing many Shadowhunters , but sparing Alec . Jace , Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus ' . She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine : he slits Simon 's throat to draw her to the Institute . The group head to the Institute , and Clary , who goes to feed Simon to heal him , is revealed to be a glamoured Jace . Magnus finds and comforts Madzie . Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in , killing all of them . Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace 's father . Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath , and upon finding him safe , the two profess their love for each other . Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned . Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black . 24 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 267314 - 24 0.71 The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup . The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup . The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke . Isabelle , in the throes of yin fen withdrawal , seeks out Raphael for help , but he refuses to feed on her . She is attacked by Azazel , but is saved by a new Shadowhunter , Sebastian Verlac . Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight . Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him ; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel . Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon , and he reveals they are not related . Luke 's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions . Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction . Upon Alec 's request , Magnus summons Azazel , with Valentine as bait . But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine . 25 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' Bille Woodruff Jamie Gorenberg June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 267314 - 25 0.55 Azazel has cast a body - swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine . Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still - at - large Azazel ; Alec heads to Magnus ' loft for help with tracking the demon . When Alec arrives , Azazel attacks him but is vanquished , leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another 's bodies . Magnus , in Valentine 's body , is locked up in the Institute ; he tries to explain the body - swap to Alec , but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine 's place for information about the Mortal Cup . Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter . Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders , but Valentine , masquerading as Magnus , has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale ; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus ' loft . The demands are met , and the body - swapping spell is undone . At the last second , Clary pushes Valentine , now back in his own body , through a portal back to the cells at the Institute . Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath . 26 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' Michael Goi Zac Hug June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 267314 - 26 0.59 Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut - off . Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute . Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he is n't involved in the killings ; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave . Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts , Alec vehemently disagrees , but Jace seems amenable to the idea . Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor . Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute . Jace heads to the Hunter 's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped . Luke , angered at the Shadowhunters ' behaviour , tells Jace to leave . An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot . Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer , Max follows her and is kidnapped . With Meliorn 's help , they find Max and kill the culprit , a Seelie named Kaelie . Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute . Alec apologises to Magnus , and the two reconcile . Jace , on Alec 's orders , de-chips Maia , and the two sleep together . 27 14 `` The Fair Folk '' Chris Grismer Taylor Mallory June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 267314 - 27 0.67 Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court ; Simon insists on joining them . At the Institute , Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet , a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks , vampires , Seelies , and werewolves . Alec discusses the Institute 's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus , Luke , Meliorn and Raphael . Maryse is back in town ; her and Isabelle discuss her father 's infidelity and Isabelle 's yin fen addiction . They reconcile . At the Seelie Court , the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace . An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke . Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine , but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec . Alec decides not to press charges . Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses . Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair . Hearing a noise from a closet , he threatens a bound man he has kept inside . 28 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' Peter DeLuise Allison Rymer July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 267314 - 28 0.46 Alec is worried about Magnus ' wellbeing , he questions Magnus , but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss . Simon breaks up with Clary , and Isabelle comforts her . That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder 's Den , where vampires bite mundanes to get high ; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit . Sebastian 's cousin , Aline , arrives at the New York Institute ; the man captive in Sebastian 's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian . After being arrested by Luke 's police partner Ollie , Simon returns to the Bleeder 's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl . As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine 's body , Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother , dead . He finally confesses his struggles to Alec , who consoles him . The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline , but his captor kills him before he can reach her . The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris , but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian 's apartment . Sebastian 's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine `` father '' . 29 16 `` Day of Atonement '' Paul Wesley Peter Binswanger July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 267314 - 29 0.59 Sebastian holds Valentine captive ; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him . Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood . Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris . Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive . Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert , sends Isabelle to find him . Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn . The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted . Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld . Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him . With information they found at the cabin , Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive . 30 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' Jeffrey Hunt Hollie Overton July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 267314 - 30 0.60 Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword , thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments , he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror . Luke receives a message from Cleophas , still Valentine 's captive , that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword ; he shares the information with Magnus . Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him . No longer able to trust the Clave , he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen . Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance . Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine , as it pits him against his sister , Clary . Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror . With the help of Dot , they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian . Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape . Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian . He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge . 31 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' Amanda Row Jamie Gorenberg July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 267314 - 31 0.63 Max lies in a coma following Jonathan 's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside . Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen , who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine , even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters . Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide . Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror . Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him . Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute . However , her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it , and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . 32 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 267314 - 32 0.60 Isabelle , Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon . Jace kills the demon . Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine . Maia and Simon are dating . 33 20 `` Beside Still Water '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 267314 - 33 0.59 The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan , and using his blood , he summoned the wraith demons . Meanhwhile , Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia 's abduction , and in the final battle , Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace . Clary , in a fit of rage , stabs Valentine , finally killing him . With Raziel 's summoning , Clary wishes for Jace 's resurrection . At the end , Magnus and Alec get back together . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 34 `` On Infernal Ground '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 267314 - 34 0.49 Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn . An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes . Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen . 35 `` The Powers That Be '' Peter DeLuise Peter Binswanger March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 267314 - 35 0.44 Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date . Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted , he and Alec work together to try and fix it . 36 `` What Lies Beneath '' Amanda Row Alex Schemmer April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 267314 - 36 0.46 Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus ' in which she reveals news which upsets him . Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss . Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him . 37 `` Thy Soul Instructed '' Emile Levisetti Jamie Gorenberg April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 267314 - 37 0.35 Jace 's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality . Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate , who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon . Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control . 38 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' Geoff Shotz Brian Millikin April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 267314 - 38 0.30 Alec learns more about Magnus ' past after asking to move in . To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels . She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important . Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf . 39 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' Alexis Korycinsk Aisha Porter - Christie April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 267314 - 39 0.43 Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved . Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus ' past appears to help them . Simon tries to make amends to visitor who wo n't seem to leave him alone . The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon . While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie , Luke comes along and helps . The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed . 40 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' Joshua Butler Celeste Vasquez May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 267314 - 40 0.42 Following the reveal of the Owl 's identity , Jace and Clary fight upon the roof . Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute . Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him . Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn . Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing . The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him . Alec , Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it 's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office . They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus ' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time . While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan ; they dated and eventually he turned her . Simon and Luke investigate Lilith 's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith 's children to salt . 41 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' Ari Sandel Jamie Gorenberg May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 267314 - 41 0.42 Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel 's wish to resurrect Jace . After this revelation , Penhallow sentences her to death . Simon , Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts . Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain . Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her , Lilith goes to the Seelie realm . In order to preserve her life , the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is . Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace 's mind in hopes breaking Lilith 's control over him . When he is found , Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself . Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith 's control but Alec promises to get him out . Before they can , Lilith arrives . She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace . 42 9 `` Familia Ante Omnia '' Matt Hastings Taylor Mallory May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 42 0.37 Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon , so Clary resurrects him using a rune . Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family 's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage ; once there , he feeds on his sister Rebecca , revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister . Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave . Jace takes Valentine 's flesh but still needs Clary 's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan . 43 10 `` Erchomai '' Jeff Hunt Bryan Q. Miller May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 43 0.31 Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace . Simon enchants his mother , making her think that he is dead , but his sister forgives him and offers him help . Jace and Alec fight , but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession , revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone . Simon goads Lilith into attacking him , which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom , but causes a huge explosion . Just before the explosion , Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness , he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her . 44 11 `` Lost Souls '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 44 TBD 45 12 `` Original Sin '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 45 TBD 46 13 `` Beati Bellicosi '' Paul Wesley TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 46 TBD 47 14 `` A Kiss from a Rose '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zoe Broad 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 47 TBD 48 15 `` To the Night Children '' Siluck Saysanasy TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 48 TBD 49 16 `` Stay With Me '' Amanda Row Aisha Porter - Christie 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 49 TBD 50 17 `` Heavenly Fire '' Shannon Kohli Celeste Vasquez 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 50 TBD 51 18 `` The Beast Within '' Joshua Butler Taylor Mallory 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 51 TBD 52 19 `` Aku Cinta Kamu '' Todd Slavkin Jamie Gorenberg 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 52 TBD 53 20 `` City of Glass '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 53 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Mortal Cup '' January 12 , 2016 0.8 1.82 0.4 0.88 2.70 `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' January 19 , 2016 0.4 1.01 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.76 `` Dead Man 's Party '' January 26 , 2016 0.5 0.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Raising Hell '' February 2 , 2016 0.4 0.96 0.4 0.93 0.8 1.89 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' February 9 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.70 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' February 16 , 2016 0.4 0.98 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 7 `` Major Arcana '' February 23 , 2016 0.4 0.84 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.56 8 `` Bad Blood '' March 1 , 2016 0.4 0.87 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.61 9 `` Rise Up '' March 8 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.3 0.77 0.7 1.72 10 `` This World Inverted '' March 15 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.52 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' March 22 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 12 `` Malec '' March 29 , 2016 0.3 0.82 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 13 `` Morning Star '' April 5 , 2016 0.3 0.76 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` This Guilty Blood '' January 2 , 2017 0.4 1.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` A Door Into the Dark '' January 9 , 2017 0.3 0.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Parabatai Lost '' January 16 , 2017 0.3 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Day of Wrath '' January 23 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.19 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' January 30 , 2017 0.2 0.58 0.3 N / A 0.5 N / A 6 `` Iron Sisters '' February 6 , 2017 0.3 0.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' February 13 , 2017 0.2 0.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Love is the Devil '' February 20 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Bound by Blood '' February 27 , 2017 0.2 0.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' March 6 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' June 5 , 2017 0.3 0.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' June 12 , 2017 0.2 0.55 0.2 0.44 0.4 0.99 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' June 19 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 14 `` The Fair Folk '' June 26 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' July 10 , 2017 0.2 0.46 0.2 0.47 0.4 0.92 16 `` Day of Atonement '' July 17 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' July 24 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' July 31 , 2017 0.3 0.63 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' August 7 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Beside Still Water '' August 14 , 2017 0.2 0.59 N / A 0.52 N / A 1.11 Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` On Infernal Ground '' March 20 , 2018 0.2 0.49 N / A 0.51 N / A 1.01 `` The Powers That Be '' March 27 , 2018 0.2 0.44 N / A 0.43 N / A 0.88 `` What Lies Beneath '' April 3 , 2018 0.2 0.46 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A `` Thy Soul Instructed '' April 10 , 2018 0.1 0.35 0.2 0.46 0.3 0.81 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' April 17 , 2018 0.1 0.30 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' April 24 , 2018 0.2 0.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' May 1 , 2018 0.2 0.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' May 8 , 2018 0.2 0.42 0.2 0.41 0.4 0.83 9 `` Familia Onte Omnia '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Erchomai '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.31 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mortal Instruments ' Series : ABC Family Orders ' Shadowhunters ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters to debut January 12 on ABC Family / Freeform -- Comic Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Renewed for Season 3 at Freeform '' . Variety . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Canceled at Freeform , Will End With Two - Hour Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Shadowhunters Episode Two Now In The Freeform App '' . Shadowhunters TV . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls , ' Haves and the Have Nots ' holds strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Fixer Upper ' ticks up , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' premieres well , ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v O.J. Simpson ' finale stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl soar high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Monday 's Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Monday 's Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002C - 9 - 0000 - 0000 - A Lost Souls ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slavkin , Todd ( @ toddzer1 ) ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Just finished watching dir cut of 311 and I just ... ca n't ... @ mattdirector crushed me and will crush fandom # lostsouls # shadowhunters '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002D - 7 - 0000 - 0000 - G Original Sin ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Matt ( @ mattdirector ) ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Turned in Director 's cut of # 311 , tweaking my cut of # 312 . Amazing @ sallirichardson is shooting # 314 . Prepping # 315 with my pal # Siluck . Doing final color and mixing # 308 . Just saw insane VFX for # 309 from @ folksvfx . SO much goodness to share ! # cantwait # ShadowhuntersSeason3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002E - 5 - 0000 - 0000 - M Beati Bellicosi ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Matt ( @ mattdirector ) ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` paulwesley will be back in the directors chair 3B '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002F - 3 - 0000 - 0000 - SA Kiss From a Rose ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slavkin , Todd ( @ toddzer1 ) ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Wow too many to count . I shared moment I saw dir cut of 205 and was left a sobbing mess @ DSwim and I were brand new . Ca n't wait for @ sallirichardson to direct again # 314 # greatscript # season3 # shadowhunters '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Broad , Zoe ( @ ZOmygawd ) ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Truly could n't have asked for a more talented director to direct my first episode of television . Congratulations , @ sallirichardson ! And ps guys , just wait until you see @ ShadowhuntersTV ep 314 . Salli CRUSHED it 💕 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0030 - T - 0000 - 0000 - O To the Night Children ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0031 - R - 0000 - 0000 - U Stay With Me ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rakich , John ( @ johnrakich ) ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Once more into the pre-production breech my friends . S3E3016 directed by @ AmandaMRow with the amazing writing of @ NappyThoughtz # ShadowhuntersSeason3 # shadowhunterstv # locations # filmlife # wemaketv # LMGI twitter.com/johnrakich/status/969321884364963843/photo/1pic.twitter.com/mfv8GtBru9 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0032 - P - 0000 - 0000 - 0 Heavenly Fire ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vasquez , Celeste ( @ trashquez ) ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The writers and directors of # Shadowhunters episodes 316 & 317 . 👯 ‍ 👯 ‍ # girlpower # setlife # womeninfilm 📷 : @ veritymus_prime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . zero width joiner character in title = at position 66 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0033 - N - 0000 - 0000 - 5 The Beast Within ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Joshua ( @ TheJoshuaButler ) ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you for remembering , @ aleclightwoof ! What a wonderful filmmaking memory . Great news is I 'm directing another Season 3 @ ShadowhuntersTV episode starting in 2 weeks . So look for my work on both # Shadowhunters 3x07 AND 3x18 ! ! ! Stay tuned for updates . 😊 # DirectorPride '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Butler , Joshua ( @ TheJoshuaButler ) ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of prep on @ ShadowhuntersTV 3x18 ! I am so excited to have the opportunity to direct this inspired script by @ TayMals . # Shadowhunters # HalloweenIsComing # DirectorPride '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0034 - L - 0000 - 0000 - B Aku Cinta Kamu ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorenberg , Jamie ( @ jamiegorenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Just finished the latest draft of 3x19 , and this is the best part . Lucky me to have @ toddzer1 at the helm . He 's going to take you all on a ride to be remembered ! # Malec # Sizzy # Clace # Shadowhuntersseason3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gorenberg , Jamie ( @ jamiegorenberg ) ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Working late into the night on Ep 3x19 . Hmmm ... what should Magnus say next ? # ShadowhuntersSeason3 # Malec '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0035 - J - 0000 - 0000 - H City of Glass ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Matt ( @ mattdirector ) ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Prep day one ! # Shadowhunters # SeasonFinale '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 11 - 17 : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale more than doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 18 - 24 : ' Gold Rush ' moves ahead of ' Love and Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 1 - 7 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere leads across the board '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 8 - 14 : ' The Walking Dead ' now up vs. its last episode '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 15 - 21 : ' Better Call Saul ' premiere moves up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 22 - 28 : ' Walking Dead ' has steady growth '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 29 - March 6 : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' makes a big jump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 7 -- 13 : ' Walking Dead ' leads again but comes in lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 14 -- 20 : ' Walking Dead ' gets back on track , ' Americans ' premiere doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 21 -- 27 : ' Better Call Saul ' jumps up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 28 - April 3 : ' Walking Dead ' finale scores big '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 4 -- 10 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' finale rises the most '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' The New Edition Story ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' puts up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 30 - Feb. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' quadruples in 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Siren ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 26 - April 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 -- 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 -- 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shadowhunters episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shadowhunters_episodes&oldid=848748518 '' Categories : Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 01 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does the next shadowhunter episode come out	[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)22010January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)10June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)322[4]10March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)12[4]2019 (2019)[4]2019 (2019)[4]" ]	[ "2019" ]
-7066143018032334142	Small and medium-sized enterprises	Small and medium - sized enterprises - wikipedia Small and medium - sized enterprises Jump to : navigation , search Small and medium - sized enterprises ( SMEs , also small and medium enterprises ) or small and medium - sized businesses ( SMBs ) are businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits . The abbreviation `` SME '' is used in the European Union and by international organizations such as the World Bank , the United Nations and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Small enterprises outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employ many more people . SMEs are also said to be responsible for driving innovation and competition in many economic sectors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Definition around the world 2.1 Africa 2.1. 1 Egypt 2.1. 2 Ethiopia 2.1. 3 Kenya 2.1. 4 Nigeria 2.1. 5 Somalia 2.1. 6 South Africa 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 India 2.2. 2 Indonesia 2.2. 3 Bangladesh 2.2. 4 Singapore 2.3 Europe 2.3. 1 European Union 2.3. 1.1 Poland 2.3. 1.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 2 Switzerland 2.4 North America 2.4. 1 Canada 2.4. 2 Mexico 2.4. 3 United States 2.5 Oceania 2.5. 1 Australia 2.5. 2 New Zealand 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Petrakis and Kostis ( 2012 ) explore the role of interpersonal trust and knowledge in the number of small and medium enterprises . They conclude that knowledge positively affects the number of SMEs , which in turn , positively affects interpersonal trust . Note that the empirical results indicate that interpersonal trust does not affect the number of SMEs . Therefore , although knowledge development can reinforce SMEs , trust becomes widespread in a society when the number of SMEs is greater . Definition around the World ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Egypt ( edit ) Most of Egypt 's businesses are small - sized , with 97 percent employing less than 10 workers , according to census data released by state - run statistics body CAPMAS . Medium - sized enterprises with 10 to 50 employees account for around 2.7 percent of total businesses . However , big businesses with over 50 employees account for 0.4 percent of all enterprises nationwide . The data is part of Egypt 's 2012 / 13 economic census on establishments ranging from small stalls to big enterprises . Economic activity outside the establishments -- like street vendors and farmers , for example -- were excluded from the census . The results show that Egypt is greatly lacking in medium - sized businesses . Seventy percent of the country 's 2.4 million businesses have only one or two employees . But less than 0.1 percent -- only 784 businesses -- employ between 45 and 49 people . Ethiopia ( edit ) In Ethiopia , there are SME enterprises funded by the government that are becoming sources of work . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , the term changed to MSME , which stands for `` micro , small , and medium - sized enterprises '' . For micro enterprises , the maximum number of employees is up to 10 employees . For small enterprises , it is from 10 to 50 . For medium enterprises , it is from 50 to 100 . Nigeria ( edit ) The Central Bank of Nigeria defines small and medium enterprises in Nigeria according to asset base and number of staff employed . The criteria are an asset base that is between N5 million to N500 million , and a staff strength that is between 11 and 100 employees . Somalia ( edit ) In Somalia , the term is SME ( for `` small , medium , and micro enterprises '' ) ; elsewhere in Africa , MSME stands for `` micro , small , and medium enterprises '' . An SME is defined as a small business that has more than 30 employees but less than 500 employees . South Africa ( edit ) In the National Small Business Amendment Act 26 0f 2003 , micro-businesses in the different sectors , varying from the manufacturing to the retail sectors , are defined as businesses with five or fewer employees and a turnover of up to R100 , 000 ZAR . Very small businesses employ between 6 and 20 employees , small businesses employ between 21 and 50 employees . The upper limit for turnover in a small business varies from R1 million in the Agricultural sector to R13 million in the Catering , Accommodations and other Trade sector as well as in the Manufacturing sector , with a maximum of R32 million in the Wholesale Trade sector . Medium - sized businesses usually employ up to 200 people ( 100 in the Agricultural sector ) , and the maximum turnover varies from R5 million in the Agricultural sector to R51 million in the Manufacturing sector and R64 million in the Wholesale Trade , Commercial Agents and Allied Services sector . A comprehensive definition of an SME in South Africa is therefore any enterprise with one or more of the following characteristics : Fewer than 200 employees Annual turnover of less than R64 million Capital assets of less than R10 million Direct managerial involvement by owners Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Under section 7 of the Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Development ( MSMED ) Act , 2006 , the Indian government defined the size of micro , small , and medium enterprises as : ( a ) in the case of the enterprises engaged in the manufacture of goods pertaining to any industry specified in the First Schedule to the Industries ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1951 , as -- ( i ) a micro enterprise , where the investment in plant and machinery does not exceed twenty - five lakh rupees ( ii ) a small enterprise , where the investment in plant and machinery is more than twenty - five lakh rupees but does not exceed five crore rupees ; or ( iii ) a medium enterprise , where the investment in plant and machinery is more than five crore rupees but does not exceed ten crore rupees ; ( b ) in the case of the enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services , as -- ( i ) a micro enterprise , where the investment in equipment does not exceed ten lakh rupees ; ( ii ) a small enterprise , where the investment in equipment is more than ten lakh rupees but does not exceed two crore rupees ; or ( iii ) a medium enterprise , where the investment in equipment is more than two crore rupees but does not exceed five crore rupees . Businesses that are declared as MSMEs and within specific sectors and criteria can then apply for `` priority sector '' lending to help with business expenses ; banks have annual targets set by the Prime Minister 's Task Force on MSMEs for year - on - year increases of lending to various categories of MSMEs . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , the government defines micro , small , and medium enterprises ( Indonesian : Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah , UMKM ) based on their assets and revenues according to Law No. 20 / 2008 : Type Maximum assets , Rp Maximum revenue , Rp Micro 50,000,000 300,000,000 Small 500,000,000 2,500,000,000 Medium 10,000,000,000 50,000,000 , 00 An annual revenue of Rp 50 billion is approximately equal to USD 3.7 million as of November 2017 . Bangladesh ( edit ) In Bangladesh , Bangladesh Bank defines Small and medium enterprises based on Fixed Asset and Employed Manpower and they are definitely not Public Limited Co. and requires these characteristics - Serial No Sector Fixed Asset other than Land and Building ( Tk ) SE ( Small Enterprises ) & ME ( Medium Enterprises ) Employed Manpower ( not above ) 01 Services For SE 50,000 - 5000 , 000 & For ME 50 , 00,000 - 10 , 00 , 00,000 SE - 25 & ME - 50 02 Business For SE 50,000 - 50 , 00,000 & For ME 50 , 00,000 - 10 , 00 , 00,000 SE - 25 & ME - 50 03 Industrial For SE 50,000 - 1 , 50 , 00,000 For Me 1 , 50 , 00,000 - 2 , 00 , 00,000 SE - 50 & ME - 150 Singapore ( edit ) With effect from 1 April 2011 , the definition of SMEs is businesses with annual sales turnover of not more than $100 million or employing no more than 200 staff . Europe ( edit ) European Union ( edit ) The criteria for defining the size of a business differ from country to country , with many countries having programs of business rate reduction and financial subsidy for SMEs . According to the European Commission , the SME are the enterprises that meet the following definition of staff headcount and either the turnover or balance sheet total definitions : Company category Staff headcount Turnover Balance sheet total Medium - sized < 250 ≤ € 50 million ≤ € 43 million Small < 50 ≤ € 10 million ≤ € 10 million Micro < 10 ≤ € 2 million ≤ € 2 million In July 2011 , the European Commission said it would open a consultation on the definition of SMEs in 2012 . In Europe , there are three broad parameters which define SMEs : Micro-enterprises have up to 10 employees Small enterprises have up to 50 employees Medium - sized enterprises have up to 250 employees . The European definition of SME follows : `` The category of micro , small and medium - sized enterprises ( SMEs ) is made up of enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million euro , and / or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million euro . '' In order to prepare for an evaluation and revision of some features of the small and medium - sized enterprises definition European Union established public consultation period from 6 February 2018 to 6 May 2018 . Public consultation is available for all EU member country citizens and organizations . Especially , national and regional authorities , enterprises , business associations or organizations , venture capital providers , research and academic institutions , and individual citizens are expected as the main contributors . EU member states have had individual definitions of what constitutes an SME . For example , the definition in Germany had a limit of 255 employees , while in Belgium it could have been 100 . The result is that while a Belgian business of 249 employees would be taxed at full rate in Belgium , it would nevertheless be eligible for SME subsidy under a European - labelled programme . SMEs are a crucial element in the supplier network of large enterprises which are already on their way towards Industry 4.0 . According to German economist Hans - Heinrich Bass , `` empirical research on SME as well as policies to promote SME have a long tradition in ( West ) Germany , dating back into the 19th century . Until the mid-20th century most researchers considered SME as an impediment to further economic development and SME policies were thus designed in the framework of social policies . Only the Ordoliberalism school , the founding fathers of Germany 's social market economy , discovered their strengths , considered SME as a solution to mid-20th century economic problems ( mass unemployment , abuse of economic power ) , and laid the foundations for non-selective ( functional ) industrial policies to promote SMEs . '' Poland ( edit ) The SME sector in Poland generates almost 50 % of the GDP , and out of that , for instance , in 2011 , micro companies generated 29.6 % , small companies 7.7 % , and medium companies 10.4 % ( big companies 24.0 % ; other entities 16.5 % , and revenues from customs duties and taxes generated 11.9 % ) . In 2011 , out of the total of 1,784,603 entities operating in Poland , merely 3,189 were classified as `` large '' , so 1,781,414 were micro , small , or medium . Companies of the SMEs sector employed 6.3 million people out of the total of 9.0 million of labour employed in the private sector . In Poland in 2011 was 36.2 SMEs per 1,000 of inhabitants . United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK a company is defined as being an SME if it meets two out of three criteria : it has a turnover of less than £ 25m , it has fewer than 250 employees , it has gross assets of less than £ 12.5 m . Many small and medium - sized businesses form part of the UK 's currently growing Mittelstand , or Brittelstand as it is also often named . These are businesses in Britain that are not only small or medium but also have a much broader set of values and more elastic definition . The Department for Business Innovation and Skills estimated that at the start of 2014 , 99.3 % of UK private sector businesses were SMEs , with their £ 1.6 trillion annual turnover accounting for 47 % of private sector turnover . In order to support SMEs , the UK government set a target in 2010 `` that 25 % of government 's spend , either directly or in supply chains , goes to SMEs by 2015 '' ; it achieved this by 2013 . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the Federal Statistical Office defines small and medium - sized enterprises as companies with less than 250 employees . The categories are the following : Microentreprises : 1 to 9 employees . Small enterprises : 10 to 49 employees . Medium - sized enterprises : 50 to 249 employees . Large enterprises : 250 employees or more . North america ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Industry Canada defines a small business as one with fewer than 100 paid employees and a medium - sized business as one with at least 100 and fewer than 500 employees . As of December 2012 , there were 1,107,540 employer businesses in Canada , of which 1,087,803 were small . Small businesses make up 98.2 percent of employer businesses , medium - sized businesses make up 1.6 percent of employer businesses and large businesses make up 0.1 percent of employer businesses . In 2012 , over 7.7 million employees , or 69.7 percent of the total private labour force , worked for small businesses and 2.2 million employees , or 20.2 percent of the labour force , worked for medium - sized businesses . In total , SMEs employed about 10 million individuals , or 89.9 percent of employees . Canadian high - growth firms are present in every economic sector and are not just concentrated in knowledge - based industries . In terms of employment , the highest concentrations of high - growth firms in Canada during the 2006 -- 2009 period were in construction ( 4.9 percent of all firms ) ; business , building and other support services ( 4.6 percent ) ; and professional , scientific and technical services ( 4.5 percent ) . In 2011 , only 10.4 percent of SMEs exported . Nonetheless , they were responsible for $150 billion , or about 41.0 percent , of Canada 's total value of exports . Corporations in Canada are generally taxed at 29 % federally . Canadian Controlled private corporations receive a 17 % reduction in the tax rate on taxable income from active businesses up to $500,000 . This small business deduction is reduced for corporations whose taxable capital exceeding $10 M , and is completely eliminated for corporations whose taxable capital exceeds $15 M. It has been estimated that almost $2 trillion of Canadian SMEs will be coming up for sale over the next decade which is twice as large as the assets of the top 1,000 Canadian pension plans and approximately the same size as Canadian annual GDP . Mexico ( edit ) The small and medium sized companies in Mexico are called PyMEs , which is a direct translation of SMEs . But there 's another categorization in the country calledl MiPyMEs . The MiPyMEs are micro , small and medium sized businesses , with an emphasis on micro which are one man companies or a type of freelance . United States ( edit ) In the United States , the Small Business Administration sets small business criteria based on industry , ownership structure , revenue and number of employees ( which in some circumstances may be as high as 1500 , although the cap is typically 500 ) . Both the US and the EU generally use the same threshold of fewer than 10 employees for small offices ( SOHO ) . Also in the United States small and medium - sized manufacturers are referred to as SMM 's which the U.S. Department of Energy classifies as having gross annual sales below $100 million , Fewer than 500 employees at the plant site , and annual energy bills more than $100,000 but less than $2.5 million . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Australia , a SME has 200 or fewer employees . Microbusinesses have 1 -- 4 employees , small businesses 5 -- 19 , medium businesses 20 -- 199 , and large businesses 200 + . Australian SMEs make up 97 % of all Australian businesses , produced one third of total GDP , and employ 4.7 million people . SMEs represent 90 per cent of all goods exporters and over 60 % of services exporters . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , 99 % of businesses employ 50 or less staff , and the official definition of a small business is one with 19 or fewer employees . See also ( edit ) Confédération Européenne des Associations de Petites et Moyennes Entreprises ( CEA - PME ) , an international federation of SME associations Environmental regulation of small and medium enterprises Hidden champions Mittelstand Small and medium enterprises in Mexico Small business References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P.E. Petrakis , P.C. Kostis ( 2012 ) , `` Τhe Role of Knowledge and Trust in SMEs '' , Journal of the Knowledge Economy , DOI : 10.1007 / s13132 - 012 - 0115 - 6 . Jump up ^ Central Bank Of Nigeria ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` N200 BILLION SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES CREDIT GUARANTEE SCHEME ( SMECGS ) '' ( PDF ) . Central Bank of Nigeria . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of South Africa , National Small Business Amendment Act '' ( PDF ) . www.thedti.gov.za . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Du Toit. Erasmus. & Strydom `` Definition of a small business '' Introduction to business management , 7th Edition Oxford University press , 2009 , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` THE MICRO , SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . 31 : 5 . June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Government Law No. 20 of 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet on New SME Definition '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` What is an SME ? - Small and medium sized enterprises ( SME ) - Enterprise and Industry '' . ec.europa.eu . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Recommendation 2003 / 361 / EC : SME Definition '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Enterprise and Industry Publications : The new SME definition , user guide and model declaration , Extract of Article 2 of the Annex of Recommendation 2003 / 361 / EC Jump up ^ `` Consultations '' . European Commission - European Commission . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Lutz ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Industrial revolution - industry 4.0 : Are German manufacturing SMEs the first victims of this revolution ? '' . Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management . 8 ( 5 ) . doi : 10.3926 / jiem. 1470 . Jump up ^ Hans - Heinrich Bass : KMU in der deutschen Volkswirtschaft : Vergangenheit , Gegenwart , Zukunft , Berichte aus dem Weltwirtschaftlichen Colloquium der Universität Bremen Nr. 101 , Bremen 2006 ( PDF ; 96 kB ) Jump up ^ D. Walczak , G. Voss , New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK , Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences , Vol 4 , No 9 , p. 760 - 761 . Jump up ^ `` Mid-sized businesses '' . gov.uk . Department of Business , Innovation and Skills . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Bridging loans UK can be used for many purposes '' . www.konnectfinancial.co.uk . Konnect Financial . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Release : Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Business Innovation and Skills. 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 to 2015 government policy : government buying '' . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Taille , forme juridique , secteurs , répartition régionale , Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( page visited on 24 October 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Key Small Business Statistics - August 2013 '' . ic.gc.ca . Industry Canada . 2013 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` T2 Corporation - Income Tax Guide - Chapter 4 : Page 4 of the T2 return '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Equicapita May 2014 - Who Will Buy Baby Boomer Businesses ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ United States Small Business Administration . `` Size Standards '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ American Council for an Energy - Efficient Economy . `` Targeting Small and Medium - Sized Manufacturers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Industrial Assessment Center Small - Mid Size Manufacturer Criteria . `` Industrial Assessment Centers '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1321.0 - Small Business in Australia , 2001 '' . 23 October 2002 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AN INTRODUCTION TO FTAs ( FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ) '' ( PDF ) . Small Business Association of Australia , 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Business , Innovation and Employment ( 2014 ) . `` The Small Business Sector Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Business , Innovation and Employment . MBIE . Jump up ^ `` SMEs in New Zealand : Structure and Dynamics 2011 '' , Page 10 - 11 , Ministry of Economic Development External links ( edit ) SME Finance Forum SME definition by European Commission Small Business Expo Events Schedule USA NDL : 00573948 Companies portal Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises&oldid=832785362 '' Categories : Companies by type Small and medium - sized enterprises Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with French - language external links Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many employees is a medium sized company	[ "Also in the United States small and medium-sized manufacturers are referred to as SMM's [26] which the U.S. Department of Energy classifies as having gross annual sales below $100 million, Fewer than 500 employees at the plant site, and annual energy bills more than $100,000 but less than $2.5 million.[27]" ]	[ "Fewer than 500 employees" ]
-942375155725422961	2018 US Open (tennis)	2018 US Open ( tennis ) - wikipedia 2018 US Open ( tennis ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information on Singles draws : Men 's Singles draw and Women 's Singles draw 2018 US Open Date August 27 -- September 9 Edition 138th Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 32X Prize money $ 53,000,000 Surface Hard Location New York City , New York , United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Champions Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic Women 's Singles Naomi Osaka Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock Women 's Doubles Ashleigh Barty / CoCo Vandeweghe Mixed Doubles Bethanie Mattek - Sands / Jamie Murray Boys ' Singles Thiago Seyboth Wild Girls ' Singles Wang Xiyu Boys ' Doubles Adrian Andreev / Anton Matusevich Girls ' Doubles Cori Gauff / Caty McNally Wheelchair Men 's Singles Alfie Hewett Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot Wheelchair Quad Singles Dylan Alcott Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2017 US Open 2019 → The 2018 US Open was the 138th edition of tennis ' US Open and the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year . It was held on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City . Rafael Nadal and Sloane Stephens were the defending champions in the men 's and women 's singles events , however both failed to defend their titles . Nadal retired during his semifinal match against Juan Martín del Potro . Stephens was defeated in the quarterfinals by Anastasija Sevastova , whom Stephens had beaten at the same stage the previous year . Novak Djokovic won the men 's singles title , defeating del Potro in the final , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 . It was his third US Open title and 14th Grand Slam , tieing Pete Sampras ' record to become equal third among all - time Grand Slam champions . In women 's singles , Naomi Osaka defeated Serena Williams in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , becoming Japan 's first ever able - bodied Grand Slam singles champion . Contents 1 Tournament 2 Broadcast 3 Point and prize money distribution 3.1 Point distribution 3.1. 1 Senior 3.1. 2 Wheelchair 3.2 Prize money 4 Notable stories 4.1 Women 's Singles final 5 Singles players 6 Day - by - day summaries 7 Singles seeds 7.1 Men 's Singles 7.2 Women 's Singles 8 Doubles seeds 8.1 Men 's doubles 8.2 Women 's doubles 8.3 Mixed doubles 9 Events 9.1 Men 's Singles 9.2 Women 's Singles 9.3 Men 's Doubles 9.4 Women 's Doubles 9.5 Mixed Doubles 9.6 Junior Boys ' Singles 9.7 Junior Girls ' Singles 9.8 Junior Boys ' Doubles 9.9 Junior Girls ' Doubles 9.10 Wheelchair Men 's Singles 9.11 Wheelchair Women 's Singles 9.12 Wheelchair Quad Singles 9.13 Wheelchair Men 's Doubles 9.14 Wheelchair Women 's Doubles 9.15 Wheelchair Quad Doubles 10 Wild card entries 10.1 Men 's singles 10.2 Women 's singles 10.3 Men 's doubles 10.4 Women 's doubles 10.5 Mixed doubles 11 Qualifier entries 11.1 Men 's Singles 11.1. 1 Lucky Losers 11.2 Women 's Singles 11.2. 1 Lucky Losers 12 Protected ranking 13 Withdrawals 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Tournament ( edit ) Arthur Ashe Stadium before the retractable roof was installed and where the finals of the US Open took place The 2018 US Open was the 138th edition of the tournament and took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park of Queens in New York City , New York , United States . The tournament was held on 14 DecoTurf hard courts . The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and was part of the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament consisted of both men 's and women 's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event . There are also singles and doubles events for both boys and girls ( players under 18 ) , which are part of the Grade A category of tournaments . Additionally , there are singles and doubles wheelchair tennis events for men , women and quads . The tournament was played on hard courts and takes place over a series of 15 courts with DecoTurf surface , including the two existing main showcourts -- Arthur Ashe Stadium and the new Grandstand . The brand new Louis Armstrong Stadium would be ready for the 2018 tournament and replaced the temporary stadium on the same site from the 2017 edition . Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the 2018 US Open will be the fourth year in a row under an 11 - year , $825 million contract with ESPN , in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series . This means that the tournament is not available on broadcast television . This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors . Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event . Senior ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 -- -- -- -- -- Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair ( edit ) Event SF / 3rd QF / 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Quad Singles 800 500 375 100 Quad Doubles 800 100 -- -- Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 1000 600 370 200 100 45 30 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 750 450 275 150 75 N / A N / A N / A Girls ' Doubles N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) The total prize - money compensation for the 2018 US Open is $53 million , a more than 5 % increase on the same total last year . Of that total , a record $3.8 million goes to both the men 's and women 's singles champions , which is increased by 2.7 % from last year . This makes the US Open the most lucrative and highest paying tennis grand slam in the world , leapfrogging Roland - Garros in total prize money fund . Prize money for the US Open qualifying tournament is also up 10.3 % , to $3.2 million. ( 1 ) The prize money for the wheelchair draw amounts to a total of US $350,000 . The singles winners of the men and women draws receive US $31,200 and the winner of the quad singles receives US $23,400 . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles $3,800,000 $1,850,000 $925,000 $475,000 $266,000 $156,000 $93,000 $54,000 $30,000 $16,000 $8,000 Doubles $700,000 $350,000 $166,400 $85,275 $46,563 $27,876 $16,500 N / A N / A N / A N / A Mixed Doubles $155,000 $70,000 $30,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Notable stories ( edit ) Women 's singles final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Women 's Singles final Naomi Osaka defeated Serena Williams in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 . During the final , Williams received three code violations , the second coming with a point penalty and the third with a game penalty . The issue started during the second set when chair umpire Carlos Ramos cited Serena for a signal that was sent from her coach . Serena said she was unaware of the signal and verbally sparred with Ramos , saying `` I do n't cheat to win . I 'd rather lose . '' and `` You owe me an apology . I have never cheated in my life . '' After a mistake later in the second set , Serena smashed her racket into the court . This led to her second code violation , which Serena found out about upon attempting to serve and which increased the dispute between Serena and Ramos . During the change at the 3 -- 4 mark , a discussion between Serena and Ramos broke down leading Serena to call Ramos both `` a liar '' and `` a thief . '' As both players were concluding the changeover and getting set , Ramos issued Serena her third code violation . This led to confusion from both players who did not appear to hear the announcement , which Ramos explained to both after summoning them over to his seat . At this point , US Open referee , Brian Earley , and WTA supervisor , Donna Kelso , were summoned to the court due to the dispute . A four minute delay occurred due to a discussion between Serena , Earley , and Kelso regarding the issues . After the delay , Serena won the next game before Osaka won the set and match . Singles players ( edit ) Men 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Novak Djokovic ( 6 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 3 ) Semifinals out Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) Kei Nishikori ( 21 ) Quarterfinals out Dominic Thiem ( 9 ) John Isner ( 11 ) Marin Čilić ( 7 ) John Millman 4th round out Nikoloz Basilashvili Kevin Anderson ( 5 ) Borna Ćorić ( 20 ) Milos Raonic ( 25 ) David Goffin ( 10 ) Philipp Kohlschreiber João Sousa Roger Federer ( 2 ) 3rd round out Karen Khachanov ( 27 ) Guido Pella Taylor Fritz Denis Shapovalov ( 28 ) Fernando Verdasco ( 31 ) Daniil Medvedev Dušan Lajović Stan Wawrinka ( WC ) Alex de Minaur Jan - Lennard Struff Diego Schwartzman ( 13 ) Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) Richard Gasquet ( 26 ) Lucas Pouille ( 17 ) Mikhail Kukushkin Nick Kyrgios ( 30 ) 2nd round out Vasek Pospisil Lorenzo Sonego ( LL ) Jack Sock ( 18 ) Paolo Lorenzi Steve Johnson Jason Kubler ( WC ) Andreas Seppi Jérémy Chardy Denis Kudla Andy Murray ( PR ) Roberto Carballés Baena Stefanos Tsitsipas ( 15 ) Nicolás Jarry Cameron Norrie Gilles Simon Ugo Humbert ( Q ) Hubert Hurkacz ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Julien Benneteau Robin Haase Jaume Munar Gaël Monfils Matthew Ebden Nicolas Mahut ( LL ) Tennys Sandgren Laslo Đere Marcos Baghdatis Pablo Carreño Busta ( 12 ) Fabio Fognini ( 14 ) Chung Hyeon ( 23 ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert Benoît Paire 1st round out David Ferrer Lukáš Lacko Gilles Müller Albert Ramos Viñolas Guido Andreozzi Aljaž Bedene Casper Ruud ( Q ) Kyle Edmund ( 16 ) Mirza Bašić Denis Istomin Mischa Zverev Roberto Bautista Agut ( 19 ) Félix Auger - Aliassime ( Q ) Sam Querrey Andrey Rublev Ryan Harrison Donald Young Matteo Berrettini James Duckworth ( PR ) Feliciano López Florian Mayer Mitchell Krueger ( Q ) Evgeny Donskoy Tommy Robredo ( Q ) Bradley Klahn ( WC ) Peter Gojowczyk Jordan Thompson Damir Džumhur ( 24 ) Carlos Berlocq ( Q ) Lloyd Harris ( Q ) Collin Altamirano ( Q ) Grigor Dimitrov ( 8 ) Marius Copil Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) Taro Daniel Adrian Mannarino ( 29 ) Marco Cecchinato ( 22 ) Tim Smyczek ( WC ) Mackenzie McDonald Federico Gaio ( Q ) Federico Delbonis Ruben Bemelmans ( LL ) Facundo Bagnis ( Q ) Maximilian Marterer Filip Krajinović ( 32 ) Yannick Hanfmann Corentin Moutet ( WC ) Peter Polansky ( LL ) Márton Fucsovics Viktor Troicki Leonardo Mayer Yūichi Sugita Yannick Maden ( Q ) Mikhail Youzhny Marcel Granollers ( Q ) Malek Jaziri Michael Mmoh ( WC ) Jenson Brooksby ( WC ) Noah Rubin ( WC ) Ričardas Berankis Radu Albot Yuki Bhambri Dennis Novak ( Q ) Yoshihito Nishioka ( PR ) Women 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Naomi Osaka ( 20 ) Serena Williams ( 17 ) Semifinals out Anastasija Sevastova ( 19 ) Madison Keys ( 14 ) Quarterfinals out Karolína Plíšková ( 8 ) Sloane Stephens ( 3 ) Carla Suárez Navarro ( 30 ) Lesia Tsurenko 4th round out Kaia Kanepi Ashleigh Barty ( 18 ) Elise Mertens ( 15 ) Elina Svitolina ( 7 ) Maria Sharapova ( 22 ) Dominika Cibulková ( 29 ) Aryna Sabalenka ( 26 ) Markéta Vondroušová 3rd round out Rebecca Peterson Venus Williams ( 16 ) Karolína Muchová ( Q ) Sofia Kenin Victoria Azarenka ( WC ) Barbora Strýcová ( 23 ) Ekaterina Makarova Wang Qiang Caroline Garcia ( 6 ) Jeļena Ostapenko ( 10 ) Aleksandra Krunić Angelique Kerber ( 4 ) Petra Kvitová ( 5 ) Aliaksandra Sasnovich Kiki Bertens ( 13 ) Kateřina Siniaková 2nd round out Jil Teichmann ( Q ) Vania King ( PR ) Carina Witthöft Camila Giorgi Garbiñe Muguruza ( 12 ) Lucie Šafářová Maria Sakkari ( 31 ) Ana Bogdan Anhelina Kalinina ( Q ) Daria Gavrilova ( 25 ) Lara Arruabarrena Vera Lapko Julia Görges ( 9 ) Claire Liu ( WC ) Irina - Camelia Begu Tatjana Maria Monica Puig Kristina Mladenovic Sorana Cîrstea Taylor Townsend Bernarda Pera Kirsten Flipkens Hsieh Su - wei Johanna Larsson Wang Yafan Vera Zvonareva ( Q ) Julia Glushko ( Q ) Daria Kasatkina ( 11 ) Francesca Di Lorenzo ( Q ) Eugenie Bouchard ( Q ) Ajla Tomljanović Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 1st round out Simona Halep ( 1 ) Dalila Jakupović Natalia Vikhlyantseva Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 27 ) Magda Linette Caroline Dolehide Whitney Osuigwe ( WC ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( WC ) Zhang Shuai Dayana Yastremska Petra Martić Ons Jabeur ( Q ) Asia Muhammad ( WC ) Madison Brengle ( LL ) Marie Bouzková ( Q ) Zarina Diyas Evgeniya Rodina Kathinka von Deichmann ( Q ) Viktória Kužmová Sara Sorribes Tormo Danielle Lao ( Q ) Kateryna Kozlova Kateryna Bondarenko Kurumi Nara Anna Kalinskaya ( Q ) Heather Watson ( Q ) Polona Hercog Donna Vekić Magdaléna Rybáriková ( 31 ) Jennifer Brady Agnieszka Radwańska Sachia Vickery Johanna Konta Stefanie Vögele Tamara Zidanšek Nicole Gibbs ( Q ) Patty Schnyder ( Q ) Alison Riske Amanda Anisimova ( WC ) Andrea Petkovic Pauline Parmentier Yulia Putintseva Timea Bacsinszky ( PR ) CoCo Vandeweghe ( 24 ) Arantxa Rus ( Q ) Ekaterina Alexandrova Alizé Cornet Margarita Gasparyan ( PR ) Yanina Wickmayer Anna Karolína Schmiedlová Anna Blinkova Danielle Collins Laura Siegemund ( PR ) Monica Niculescu Belinda Bencic Tímea Babos Kristýna Plíšková Christina McHale Harmony Tan ( WC ) Mona Barthel ( LL ) Anett Kontaveit ( 28 ) Lizette Cabrera ( WC ) Alison Van Uytvanck Samantha Stosur Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Day - by - day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) The following are the seeded players and notable players who have withdrawn from the event . Seedings are based on ATP and WTA rankings as of August 20 , 2018 . Rank and points before are as of August 27 , 2018 . Men 's singles ( edit ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Rafael Nadal 10,040 2,000 720 8,760 Semifinals retired against Juan Martín del Potro ( 3 ) Roger Federer 7,080 360 180 6,900 Fourth round lost to John Millman Juan Martín del Potro 5,500 720 1,200 5,980 Runner - up , lost to Novak Djokovic ( 6 ) Alexander Zverev 4,845 45 90 4,890 Third round lost to Philipp Kohlschreiber 5 5 Kevin Anderson 4,615 1,200 180 3,595 Fourth round lost to Dominic Thiem ( 9 ) 6 6 Novak Djokovic 4,445 0 2,000 6,445 Champion , defeated Juan Martín del Potro ( 3 ) 7 7 Marin Čilić 4,445 90 360 4,715 Quarterfinals lost to Kei Nishikori ( 21 ) 8 8 Grigor Dimitrov 3,790 45 10 3,755 First round lost to Stan Wawrinka ( WC ) 9 9 Dominic Thiem 3,485 180 360 3,665 Quarterfinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 10 10 David Goffin 3,435 180 180 3,435 Fourth round lost to Marin Čilić ( 7 ) 11 11 John Isner 3,200 90 360 3,470 Quarterfinals lost to Juan Martín del Potro ( 3 ) 12 12 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,425 720 45 1,750 Second round retired against João Sousa 13 13 Diego Schwartzman 2,380 360 90 2,110 Third round lost to Kei Nishikori ( 21 ) 14 14 Fabio Fognini 2,190 10 45 2,225 Second round lost to John Millman 15 15 Stefanos Tsitsipas 2,042 ( 125 ) 45 1,962 Second round lost to Daniil Medvedev 16 16 Kyle Edmund 1,935 90 10 1,855 First round lost to Paolo Lorenzi 17 17 Lucas Pouille 1,915 180 90 1,825 Third round lost to João Sousa 18 18 Jack Sock 1,815 10 45 1,850 Second round lost to Nikoloz Basilashvili 19 22 Roberto Bautista Agut 1,650 90 10 1,570 First round lost to Jason Kubler ( WC ) 20 20 Borna Ćorić 1,735 90 180 1,825 Fourth round lost to Juan Martin del Potro ( 3 ) 21 19 Kei Nishikori 1,755 0 720 2,475 Semifinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 6 ) 22 21 Marco Cecchinato 1,734 ( 48 ) 10 1,696 First round lost to Julien Benneteau 23 23 Chung Hyeon 1,630 45 45 1,630 Second round lost to Mikhail Kukushkin 24 27 Damir Džumhur 1,475 90 10 1,395 First round lost to Dušan Lajović 25 24 Milos Raonic 1,575 0 180 1,755 Fourth round lost to John Isner ( 11 ) 26 25 Richard Gasquet 1,535 10 90 1,615 Third round lost to Novak Djokovic ( 6 ) 27 26 Karen Khachanov 1,525 10 90 1,605 Third round lost to Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 28 28 Denis Shapovalov 1,385 205 90 1,270 Third round lost to Kevin Anderson ( 5 ) 29 29 Adrian Mannarino 1,365 90 10 1,285 First round lost to Frances Tiafoe 30 30 Nick Kyrgios 1,345 10 90 1,425 Third round lost to Roger Federer ( 2 ) 31 32 Fernando Verdasco 1,330 45 90 1,375 Third round lost to Juan Martín del Potro ( 3 ) 32 33 Filip Krajinović 1,314 ( 29 ) + ( 33 ) 10 + 20 1,282 First round retired against Matthew Ebden † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 , but is defending points from one or more 2017 ATP Challenger Tour tournaments . Women 's singles ( edit ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Simona Halep 8,061 10 10 8,061 First round lost to Kaia Kanepi Caroline Wozniacki 5,975 70 70 5,975 Second round lost to Lesia Tsurenko Sloane Stephens 5,482 2,000 430 3,912 Quarterfinals lost to Anastasija Sevastova ( 19 ) Angelique Kerber 5,305 10 130 5,425 Third round lost to Dominika Cibulková ( 29 ) 5 5 Petra Kvitová 4,885 430 130 4,585 Third round lost to Aryna Sabalenka ( 26 ) 6 6 Caroline Garcia 4,725 130 130 4,725 Third round lost to Carla Suárez Navarro ( 30 ) 7 7 Elina Svitolina 4,555 240 240 4,555 Fourth round lost to Anastasija Sevastova ( 19 ) 8 8 Karolína Plíšková 4,105 430 430 4,105 Quarterfinals lost to Serena Williams ( 17 ) 9 9 Julia Görges 3,900 240 70 3,730 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova 10 10 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,787 130 130 3,787 Third round lost to Maria Sharapova ( 22 ) 11 11 Daria Kasatkina 3,525 240 70 3,355 Second round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 12 12 Garbiñe Muguruza 3,500 240 70 3,330 Second round lost to Karolína Muchová ( Q ) 13 13 Kiki Bertens 3,260 10 130 3,380 Third round lost to Markéta Vondroušová 14 14 Madison Keys 3,212 1,300 780 2,692 Semifinals lost to Naomi Osaka ( 20 ) 15 15 Elise Mertens 2,940 10 240 3,170 Fourth round lost to Sloane Stephens ( 3 ) 16 16 Venus Williams 2,841 780 130 2,191 Third round lost to Serena Williams ( 17 ) 17 26 Serena Williams 1,676 0 1,300 2,976 Runner - up , lost to Naomi Osaka ( 20 ) 18 17 Ashleigh Barty 2,740 130 240 2,850 Fourth round lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 8 ) 19 18 Anastasija Sevastova 2,250 430 780 2,600 Semifinals lost to Serena Williams ( 17 ) 20 19 Naomi Osaka 2,245 130 2,000 4,115 Champion , defeated Serena Williams ( 17 ) 21 21 Mihaela Buzărnescu 2,068 40 0 2,028 Withdrew due to right ankle injury 22 22 Maria Sharapova 2,003 240 240 2,003 Fourth round lost to Carla Suárez Navarro ( 30 ) 23 23 Barbora Strýcová 1,930 70 130 1,990 Third round lost to Elise Mertens ( 15 ) 24 25 CoCo Vandeweghe 1,878 780 10 1,108 First round lost to Kirsten Flipkens 25 32 Daria Gavrilova 1,435 70 70 1,435 Second round lost to Victoria Azarenka ( WC ) 26 20 Aryna Sabalenka 2,140 ( 60 ) 240 2,320 Fourth round lost to Naomi Osaka ( 20 ) 27 28 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 1,585 10 10 1,585 First round lost to Rebecca Peterson 28 27 Anett Kontaveit 1,665 10 10 1,665 First round lost to Kateřina Siniaková 29 35 Dominika Cibulková 1,390 70 240 1,560 Fourth round lost to Madison Keys ( 14 ) 30 24 Carla Suárez Navarro 1,879 240 430 2,069 Quarterfinals lost to Madison Keys ( 14 ) 31 29 Magdaléna Rybáriková 1,540 130 10 1,420 First round lost to Wang Qiang 32 30 Maria Sakkari 1,514 130 70 1,454 Second round lost to Sofia Kenin † Serena Williams was ranked 26 on the day when seeds were announced . Nevertheless she was deemed a special case and seeded 17th by the organizers because she missed a significant portion of the last 12 - month period due to pregnancy and maternity . ‡ The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 . Accordingly , points for her 16th best result are deducted instead . Doubles seeds ( edit ) Men 's doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Oliver Marach Mate Pavić 5 Henri Kontinen John Peers 9 Mike Bryan Jack Sock 13 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 15 Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 21 5 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 24 6 Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 27 7 Raven Klaasen Michael Venus 36 8 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 42 9 Feliciano López Marc López 44 10 Ivan Dodig Marcel Granollers 51 11 Ben McLachlan Jan - Lennard Struff 53 12 Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos 63 13 Robin Haase Matwé Middelkoop 63 14 Rohan Bopanna Édouard Roger - Vasselin 64 15 Dominic Inglot Franko Škugor 66 16 Rankings as of August 20 , 2018 . Women 's doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková 7 Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic 9 Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Barbora Strýcová 17 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 21 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 28 5 Lucie Hradecká Ekaterina Makarova 32 6 Elise Mertens Demi Schuurs 32 7 Nicole Melichar Květa Peschke 33 8 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 39 9 Chan Hao - ching Yang Zhaoxuan 43 10 Vania King Katarina Srebotnik 64 11 Alicja Rosolska Abigail Spears 64 12 Ashleigh Barty CoCo Vandeweghe 66 13 Raquel Atawo Anna - Lena Grönefeld 66 14 Irina - Camelia Begu Monica Niculescu 70 15 Miyu Kato Makoto Ninomiya 81 16 Rankings as of August 20 , 2018 . Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Gabriela Dabrowski Mate Pavić 12 Nicole Melichar Oliver Marach 19 Chan Hao - ching Henri Kontinen 28 Latisha Chan Ivan Dodig 29 Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Édouard Roger - Vasselin 34 5 Demi Schuurs Matwé Middelkoop 41 6 Katarina Srebotnik Michael Venus 41 7 Abigail Spears Juan Sebastián Cabal 43 8 Rankings as of August 20 , 2018 . Events ( edit ) Men 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic def . Juan Martín del Potro , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Women 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Women 's Singles Naomi Osaka def . Serena Williams , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def . Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Women 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Women 's Doubles Ashleigh Barty / CoCo Vandeweghe def . Tímea Babos / Kristina Mladenovic , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Mixed Doubles Bethanie Mattek - Sands / Jamie Murray def . Alicja Rosolska / Nikola Mektić , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , ( 11 -- 9 ) Junior Boys ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Boys ' Singles Thiago Seyboth Wild def . Lorenzo Musetti , 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Junior Girls ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Girls ' Singles Wang Xiyu def . Clara Burel , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Junior Boys ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Boys ' Doubles Adrian Andreev / Anton Matusevich def . Emilio Nava / Axel Nefve , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 8 ) Junior Girls ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Girls ' Doubles Cori Gauff / Caty McNally def . Hailey Baptiste / Dalayna Hewitt , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair men 's singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Alfie Hewett def . Shingo Kunieda , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 . Wheelchair Women 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot def . Yui Kamiji , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair Quad Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Wheelchair Quad Singles Dylan Alcott def . David Wagner , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def . Stéphane Houdet / Nicolas Peifer , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , ( 11 -- 9 ) Wheelchair Women 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def . Marjolein Buis / Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair Quad Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def . Dylan Alcott / Bryan Barten , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , ( 10 -- 4 ) Wild card entries ( edit ) The following players were given wildcards to the main draw based on internal selection and recent performances . Men 's singles ( edit ) Jenson Brooksby Bradley Klahn Jason Kubler Michael Mmoh Corentin Moutet Noah Rubin Tim Smyczek Stan Wawrinka Women 's singles ( edit ) Amanda Anisimova Victoria Azarenka Lizette Cabrera Svetlana Kuznetsova Claire Liu Asia Muhammad Whitney Osuigwe Harmony Tan Men 's doubles ( edit ) Christopher Eubanks / Donald Young Christian Harrison / Ryan Harrison Evan King / Nathan Pasha Kevin King / Reilly Opelka Bradley Klahn / Daniel Nestor Patrick Kypson / Danny Thomas Martin Redlicki / Evan Zhu Women 's doubles ( edit ) Jennifer Brady / Asia Muhammad Caroline Dolehide / Christina McHale Nicole Gibbs / Sabrina Santamaria Sofia Kenin / Sachia Vickery Allie Kiick / Jamie Loeb Varvara Lepchenko / Bernarda Pera Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe Mixed doubles ( edit ) Amanda Anisimova / Michael Mmoh Kaitlyn Christian / James Cerretani Danielle Collins / Tom Fawcett Cori Gauff / Christopher Eubanks Jamie Loeb / Noah Rubin Christina McHale / Christian Harrison Whitney Osuigwe / Frances Tiafoe Taylor Townsend / Donald Young Qualifier entries ( edit ) The qualifying competitions took place at USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center on 21 -- 24 August 2018 . Men 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Ugo Humbert Stefano Travaglia Federico Gaio Casper Ruud Marcel Granollers Hubert Hurkacz Lloyd Harris Dennis Novak Félix Auger - Aliassime Collin Altamirano Mitchell Krueger Donald Young Tommy Robredo Facundo Bagnis Yannick Maden Carlos Berlocq Lucky Losers ( edit ) Lorenzo Sonego Peter Polansky Ruben Bemelmans Nicolas Mahut Women 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 US Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Jil Teichmann Marie Bouzková Anna Kalinskaya Julia Glushko Karolína Muchová Anhelina Kalinina Arantxa Rus Francesca Di Lorenzo Ons Jabeur Nicole Gibbs Heather Watson Vera Zvonareva Kathinka von Deichmann Danielle Lao Patty Schnyder Eugenie Bouchard Lucky Losers ( edit ) Madison Brengle Mona Barthel Protected ranking ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking : Men 's Singles James Duckworth Andy Murray Yoshihito Nishioka Women 's Singles Timea Bacsinszky Margarita Gasparyan Vania King Laura Siegemund Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament , but withdrew with injuries , suspensions or for personal reasons . Men 's singles Tomáš Berdych → replaced by Viktor Troicki Pablo Cuevas → replaced by Peter Polansky Alexandr Dolgopolov → replaced by Mikhail Youzhny Jared Donaldson → replaced by Lorenzo Sonego Guillermo García López → replaced by Ruben Bemelmans Cedrik - Marcel Stebe → replaced by Guido Andreozzi Jo - Wilfried Tsonga → replaced by James Duckworth Jiří Veselý → replaced by Nicolas Mahut Women 's singles Catherine Bellis → replaced by Vania King Mihaela Buzărnescu → replaced by Mona Barthel Luksika Kumkhum → replaced by Madison Brengle Mirjana Lučić - Baroni → replaced by Caroline Dolehide Peng Shuai → replaced by Natalia Vikhlyantseva Elena Vesnina → replaced by Markéta Vondroušová Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winner of the USTA Boys ' under - 18 national tournament Jump up ^ Winner of the Men 's USTA Wild Card Challenge Jump up ^ Recipient of the USTA 's Grand Slam Reciprocal Wildcard Agreement with the Tennis Australia ^ Jump up to : Recipient of the USTA 's Grand Slam Reciprocal Wildcard Agreement with the French Tennis Federation Jump up ^ Recipient of the USTA 's Grand Slam Reciprocal Wildcard Agreement with the Tennis Australia Jump up ^ Winner of the Women 's USTA Wild Card Challenge Jump up ^ Winner of the USTA Girls ' under - 18 national tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.sanluisobispo.com/sports/article217872115.html Jump up ^ Serena Williams 's US Open final breakdown blow - by - blow -- Australian Broadcasting Corporation News Jump up ^ `` Naomi Osaka Lost Her Moment of Triumph . Let 's Not Forget Her Match '' . New York Times . 10 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Serena Williams unleashes furious rant at umpire as she loses US Open 2018 final to Naomi Osaka -- The Telegraph Jump up ^ Naomi Osaka Beats Serena Williams in a U.S. Open Final Marred by Boos and Tears -- The New York Times Jump up ^ Highlights US Open 2018 Women 's final : Naomi Osaka beats Serena Williams to win first Grand Slam championship -- Firstpost Jump up ^ ( https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/nation/osaka-beats-serena-to-win-us-open-title Williams rebukes chair umpire ; Osaka wins US Open final -- PBS Newshour ) Jump up ^ At U.S. Open , power of Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka is overshadowed by an umpire 's power play -- Washington Post Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams accuses umpire of sexism and vows to ' fight for women ' '' . Guardian . 10 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miki Buzarnescu s-a retras de la US Open ! Romanca trebuia sa joace in aceasta seara '' ( Miki Buzarnescu withdrew from US Open ! Romanian was supposed to play tonight ) ( in Romanian ) . Pro X . August 28 , 2018 . Retrieved September 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asia Muhammad , Whitney Osuigwe , Jenson Brooksby Earn US Open Wild Cards '' . Tennis Tour Talk . 13 August 2018 . Retrieved 14 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 US Open WC Challenge Standings '' ( PDF ) . United States Tennis Association . August 6 , 2018 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KUBLER AWARDED US OPEN WILDCARD '' . Tennis Australia . 14 August 2018 . Retrieved 14 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Wawrinka , Victoria Azarenka awarded 2018 US Open wild cards '' . US Open . 14 August 2018 . Retrieved 14 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corentin Moutet et Harmony Tan invités à Flushing Meadows '' ( Corentin Moutet and Harmony Tan invited to Flushing Meadows ) ( in French ) . Eurosport . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 US Open WC Challenge Standings - Women '' ( PDF ) . United States Tennis Association . August 6 , 2018 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by 2018 Wimbledon Championships Grand Slams Succeeded by 2019 Australian Open US Open Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) 2018 in tennis Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP Finals Next Generation ATP Finals ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA Premier WTA Finals WTA Elite Trophy WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team events Davis Cup World Group Fed Cup World Group Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Other events Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Mediterranean Games South American Games Summer Youth Olympic Games 2018 US Open Series `` 2017 2019 '' ATP World Tour Atlanta ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) New York ( S , D , X ) WTA Tour San Jose ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) New York ( S , D , X ) Tennis on ESPN Australian Open 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 French Open 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Misc . events Indian Wells Masters ( ? -- 2007 , 2011 -- present ) Miami Open ( 1985 -- 2007 , 2011 -- present ) US Open Series ( 2004 -- present ) ATP Masters 1000 ( 2000 -- present ) ( Only for the Caribbean ) ATP World Tour Finals ( 2000 -- present ) WTA Tour Championships ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2011 -- present ) Davis Cup ( 1979 -- 2008 ) Charleston Open ( ? -- present ) tennis portal New York City portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_US_Open_(tennis)&oldid=866386872 '' Categories : 2018 US Open Series 2018 ATP World Tour 2018 in tennis 2018 US Open ( tennis ) 2018 WTA Tour US Open ( tennis ) by year August 2018 sports events in the United States September 2018 sports events in the United States 2018 in American tennis 2018 in sports in New York City Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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-1879047128078128233	Premier League records and statistics	Premier League records and statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League since then . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Wins 1.3 Losses 1.4 Draws 1.5 Attendances 1.6 Goals 1.7 Points 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest players to score 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 , Manchester United twice ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 and 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 18 points , 1999 -- 2000 ; Manchester United ( 91 points ) over Arsenal ( 73 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference , the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 30 , Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 14 , Arsenal ( between 10 February 2002 and 24 August 2002 ) Most consecutive wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 13 , joint record : Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Losses ( edit ) Fewest losses in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Most losses in total : 336 , Everton Fewest home losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive losses over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Fewest away losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 26 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 & 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 & 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 & 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 & 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 & 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most draws in total : 277 , Everton Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 76,069 Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers ( at Old Trafford , 31 March 2007 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon v. Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 103 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 71 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,856 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,231 , Tottenham Hotspur Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 95 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 633 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 25 September 2017 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Most goals scored away from home : Wayne Rooney ( 91 ) Most Premier League goals at one club : Wayne Rooney ( 183 , for Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : Teddy Sheringham , 40 years and 268 days ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : James Vaughan , 16 years and 271 days ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 200 463 0.43 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 159 474 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 31 , joint record : Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , 2007 -- 08 ) Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , 2013 -- 14 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 36 , Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) 22 - team league : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 Goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 Goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 Goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 Goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 Goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : Sadio Mané , 2 minutes 56 seconds ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Highest number of different clubs to score for : 7 : Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most Hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most Goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Most assists ( career ) Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 107 Frank Lampard 102 Wayne Rooney 101 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 Teddy Sheringham 76 9 James Milner 75 10 Thierry Henry 74 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Rank Player Clean sheets Most clean sheets ( career ) Petr Čech 192 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 152 David Seaman 142 5 Nigel Martyn 138 6 Pepe Reina 134 Edwin van der Sar 8 Tim Howard 132 Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 129 Most clean sheets in one season : 21 , joint record : Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest players to score ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 - Apr - 2005 Everton 16 years 274 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 - Dec - 2002 Leeds United 16 years 360 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 - Oct - 2002 Everton 16 years 364 days Arsenal Cesc Fabregas 25 - Aug - 2004 Arsenal 17 years 113 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 06 - May - 1997 Liverpool 17 years 148 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 05 - Sep - 1992 Tottenham 17 years 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 05 - Apr - 2009 Manchester United 17 years 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 - Oct - 2012 Liverpool 17 years 312 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 - Feb - 1999 Chelsea 17 years 335 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 - Sep - 1997 Everton 17 years 338 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United had won the 2010 -- 11 competition Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City had won the 2015 -- 16 competition Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 25 962 604 209 149 1856 847 1009 2021 13 5 80.84 Arsenal 25 962 525 247 190 1698 911 787 1822 6 5 7 72.88 Chelsea 25 962 516 241 205 1645 925 720 1789 5 71.56 Liverpool 25 962 478 243 241 1601 986 615 1677 5 6 67.08 5 Tottenham Hotspur 25 962 400 247 315 1406 1231 175 1447 57.88 6 Everton 25 962 349 277 336 1259 1207 52 1324 52.96 7 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 8 Newcastle United 22 844 322 217 305 1168 1140 28 1183 53.77 9 Manchester City 20 772 327 190 255 1173 925 248 1171 58.55 10 West Ham United 21 806 265 209 332 964 1146 − 182 1004 47.81 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 18 696 222 187 287 855 966 − 111 853 47.39 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 11 422 130 118 174 516 610 − 94 508 46.18 19 West Bromwich Albion 11 418 106 115 197 444 640 − 196 433 39.36 8 20 Stoke City 9 342 109 97 136 363 457 − 94 424 47.11 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 25 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 26 Crystal Palace 8 312 86 78 148 329 456 − 127 336 42.00 10 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 29 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 30 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.90 8 31 Swansea City 6 228 74 57 97 278 327 − 49 279 46.50 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.10 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 36 Watford 152 34 35 83 144 254 − 110 137 34.25 13 37 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 38 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 39 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 40 Burnley 114 26 25 63 109 190 − 81 103 34.33 16 41 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 42 Bournemouth 76 23 19 34 100 134 − 34 88 44.00 9 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 45 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 46 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 47 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 48 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 49 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 Premier League 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship 2017 -- 18 Football League One 2017 -- 18 Football League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League winner 's medals : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards : 3 , Antonio Conte Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest - serving manager : Sir Alex Ferguson , 21 years ( Manchester United , 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2013 ) Shortest - serving manager ( excluding caretakers ) : Les Reed , 41 days ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . 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Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League as it happened '' . 3 October 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Brian Deane scores first ever Premier League goal -- Daily Mail Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Top Scorers -- Most Premier League Goals '' . 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney has scored the most goals in the Premier League for Manchester United '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest goal scorers Premier League '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League 's Top 10 Youngest Goalscorers '' . 29 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Vardy Streak Finally Ends as Riyad Mahrez Steals Show with Hat - Trick and Sends Leicester City to Top - beIN SPORTS '' . Beinsports - USA . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bajkowski , Simon ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Will Giggs continue his scoring streak ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Stats & Info '' . www.premierleague.com . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` The five fastest Premier League goals of all time - Navas misses the cut '' . Jump up ^ `` The biggest wins in the Premier League '' . 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers game '' . Sky Sports . 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com Soccernet England : Alan Shearer '' . ^ Jump up to : `` hitrowz.com '' . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Premier League season in stats and facts '' . Jump up ^ Innes , Richard ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` The funniest tweets of disbelief as Sadio Mane scores three - minute hat - trick '' . Jump up ^ Gorman , Ken ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` Cardiff 2 - 1 Norwich : Craig Bellamy becomes the first player to score for SEVEN different Premier League clubs '' . Jump up ^ `` Richard Dunne becomes first ever player to bring Premier League own goals into double figures - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ `` Martin Skrtel breaks own goal record with his fourth of season '' . 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( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=803807726 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Italiano 日本語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most assists in the premier league ever	[ "\n\nRank\nPlayer\nAssists\n\nMost assists (career)\n\n1\n Ryan Giggs\n162\n\n\n2\n Cesc Fàbregas\n107\n\n\n3\n Frank Lampard\n102\n\n\n4\n Wayne Rooney\n101\n\n\n5\n Dennis Bergkamp\n94\n\n\n6\n Steven Gerrard\n92\n\n\n7\n David Beckham\n80\n\n\n8\n Teddy Sheringham\n76\n\n\n9\n James Milner\n75\n\n\n10\n Thierry Henry\n74\n\n" ]	[ "Ryan Giggs" ]
313966584104244337	Valley of the Dolls	Valley of the Dolls - wikipedia Valley of the Dolls Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Valley of the Dolls ( disambiguation ) . Valley of the Dolls First Hardcover Edition Author Jacqueline Susann Country United States Language English Published 1966 ( Bernard Geis Associates ) Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 442 pp ( hardcover edition ) ISBN 978 - 0802135193 Preceded by Every Night , Josephine ! Followed by The Love Machine Valley of the Dolls is the first novel by American writer Jacqueline Susann . Published in 1966 , the book was the biggest selling novel of its year . To date , it has sold more than 31 million copies , making it one of the best - selling works in publishing history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception 4 Adaptations 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The novel tells the story of three young women who become fast friends in the turbulent post-war worlds of Broadway and Hollywood : Anne Welles , a reserved New England beauty who sees New York as the romantic city of her dreams ; Neely O'Hara , an ebullient vaudevillian with a talent she does n't fully understand ; and Jennifer North , a sweet - natured showgirl who wants only to be loved . As life becomes difficult , each woman grows increasingly dependent on `` dolls , '' the amphetamines and barbiturates which , for a time , seem to help . Crossing their paths are such people as Helen Lawson , a brilliant but ruthless Broadway legend ; Lyon Burke , a magnetic but self - centered theatrical attorney ; Tony Polar , a child - like but sexually aggressive pop singer ; Kevin Gillmore , a powerful but lovesick cosmetics tycoon ; and Ted Casablanca , a potent but opportunistic fashion designer . Over the course of twenty eventful years ( 1945 -- 1965 ) , each of the women strives to ascend the Mount Everest of her dreams , only to find herself back in the valley of the dolls . Background ( edit ) Susann had apparently been thinking about the novel for some time . Some years earlier , she had begun a show business novel , Underneath the Pancake , with her friend , actress Beatrice Cole ( c. 1910 -- 1999 ) . Later , she considered writing a novel about drug usage in show business to be called The Pink Dolls . Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman à clef , with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland , Carole Landis , Dean Martin , and Ethel Merman . In 1973 , after publication of her third novel , Susann said , `` They can keep calling it that ( roman à clef ) . It 'll only make my books sell , I do n't care . '' Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme : `` Then I start asking , what kind of a personality ? And because I have a good ear , I unconsciously pick up certain people . '' Susann dedicated the book to her poodle , Josephine , and to her husband , Irving Mansfield . Reception ( edit ) The book was published by Bernard Geis Associates on February 10 , 1966 , and `` took off like a Cape Canaveral space shot . '' Although Publishers Weekly , in an advance review , called the novel `` big , brilliant and sensational '' ( if `` poorly written '' ) , the book received largely negative reviews . Gloria Steinem panned the book in The New York Herald Tribune as did the reviewer in The New York Times . Time magazine called it the `` Dirty Book of the Month , '' and said , `` it might more accurately be described as a highly effective sedative , a living doll . '' Despite the poor reviews , the book was a commercial juggernaut . On May 8 , 1966 , in its ninth week on the list , the book reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller List , where it remained for 28 consecutive weeks . With a total of 65 weeks on the list , the book became the best selling novel of 1966 . By the time of Susann 's death in 1974 , it had entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the best selling novel in publishing history , with more than 17 million copies sold . By 2016 , the book had sold more than 31 million copies . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1967 the book was adapted into a film of the same name , directed by Mark Robson ( Peyton Place ) , and starring Barbara Parkins ( as Anne ) , Patty Duke ( Neely ) , Paul Burke ( Lyon ) , Sharon Tate ( Jennifer ) , and Susan Hayward ( Helen ) . The movie was written by Helen Deutsch ( National Velvet ) and Dorothy Kingsley ( Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ) , and produced by Robson and David Weisbart . Reviews were scathing , but the film was an enormous box - office hit , becoming the sixth most popular of the year with $44 million at the domestic box office . Susann , who had a cameo as a news reporter , hated the film , reportedly telling director Robson that it was `` a piece of shit . '' The novel was adapted for television in 1981 as Jacqueline Susann 's Valley of the Dolls , a mini-series executive - produced by Susann 's widower Irving Mansfield and directed by Walter Grauman . This version stars Catherine Hicks , Lisa Hartman , and Veronica Hamel . In 1994 a late - night , syndicated television soap opera , Valley of the Dolls , ran for one season and 65 episodes . The premise was a loose adaptation of the novel . BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 15 - episode dramatisation scripted by Yvonne Antrobus over three weeks in August and September 2005 . It was part of the Woman 's Hour programme 's ongoing fifteen - minute daily drama slot , and has been rebroadcast several times on BBC Radio 4 Extra in three 70 - minute omnibus episodes . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The 20th - Century American Bestsellers Database : 1960s . University of Virginia , via Publishers Weekly , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Symonds , Alexandria . ' Valley of the Dolls , ' by the numbers . T : The New York Times Style Magazine . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Best Seller . Encyclopedia Britannica . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seaman , Barbara . Lovely Me : The Life of Jacqueline Susann . 2nd ed . ( New York : Seven Stories Press , 1996 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Seaman . Lovely Me , p. 251 - 252 . Jump up ^ Collins , Amy Fine . Once Was Never Enough . Vanity Fair , January 2000 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin . Jackie Susann Picks Up the Marbles . The New York Times , August 12 , 1973 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Susann , Jacqueline . Valley of the Dolls . ( New York : Bernard Geis Associates , 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Daniels , Mary . Susann 's Best Love Story a Private Affair . Chicago Tribune . August 15 , 1976 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Irving and Jean Libman Block . Life with Jackie . ( New York : Bantam Books , 1983 ) , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Seaman , Lovely Me , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Fremont - Smith , Eliot . Thank You , Franz Kafka ! The New York Times . February 4 , 1966 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Books : Dirty Book of the Month . Time . April 22 , 1966 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adult New York Times Best Seller Lists for 1966 . Hawes Publications . ( n.d. ) Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Laurie . Jacqueline Susann Dead at 53 ; Novelist Wrote ' Valley of Dolls ' . The New York Times . September 23 , 1974 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seaman . Lovely Me , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Top Grossing Films of 1967 . Listal . June 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , David B . This Day in Jewish History 1974 : Jacqueline Susann , Who Knew What You Really Want to Read , Dies . Haaretz . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Lawsuit Threatens Lee Daniels ' ' Valley of the Dolls ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Radio Listings Jump up ^ BBC Radio omnibus edition catalogue entry External links ( edit ) Valley of the Dolls The official website , run by the estate of Jacqueline Susann . ( hide ) Jacqueline Susann Books Every Night , Josephine ! ( 1963 ) Valley of the Dolls ( 1966 ) The Love Machine ( 1969 ) Once Is Not Enough ( 1973 ) Dolores ( 1976 ) Yargo ( 1979 ) Adaptations Valley of the Dolls ( 1967 ) The Love Machine ( 1971 ) Once Is Not Enough ( 1975 ) Valley of the Dolls ( TV series , 1994 ) Related articles Is n't She Great Jacqueline Susann 's Open Door Just This Once Irving Mansfield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_of_the_Dolls&oldid=835442298 '' Categories : 1966 American novels American LGBT novels American novels adapted into films Debut novels Feminist literature Hollywood novels Novels about actors Novels by Jacqueline Susann Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the book valley of the dolls	[ "Valley of the Dolls is the first novel by American writer Jacqueline Susann. Published in 1966, the book was the biggest selling novel of its year.[1] To date, it has sold more than 31 million copies,[2] making it one of the best-selling works in publishing history.[3]" ]	[ "Jacqueline Susann" ]
-3747327868057301952	Phases of clinical research	Phases of clinical research - wikipedia Phases of clinical research Main article : Clinical trial The phases of clinical research are the steps in which scientists do experiments with a health intervention in an attempt to find enough evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment . In the case of pharmaceutical study , the phases start with drug design and drug discovery then proceed on to animal testing . If this is successful , they begin the clinical phase of development by testing for safety in a few human subjects and expand to test in many study participants to determine if the treatment is effective . Contents 1 Summary 2 Pre-clinical studies 3 Phase 0 4 Phase I 5 Phase II 5.1 Success rate 6 Phase III 6.1 Success rate 7 Phase IV 8 Overall cost 9 References Summary ( edit ) Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases . Individual trials may encompass more than one phase . A common example of this is combined phase I / II or phase II / III trials . Therefore , it may be easier to think of early phase studies and late phase studies . The drug - development process will normally proceed through all four phases over many years . If the drug successfully passes through Phases I , II , and III , it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population . Phase IV are ' post-approval ' studies . Summary of clinical trial phases Phase Primary goal Dose Patient monitor Typical number of participants Success rate Notes Preclinical Testing of drug in non-human subjects , to gather efficacy , toxicity and pharmacokinetic information unrestricted scientific researcher not applicable ( in vitro and in vivo only ) Phase 0 Pharmacokinetics ; particularly , oral bioavailability and half - life of the drug very small , subtherapeutic clinical researcher 10 people often skipped for phase I Phase I Testing of drug on healthy volunteers for safety ; involves testing multiple doses dose - ranging often subtherapeutic , but with ascending doses clinical researcher 20 -- 100 normal healthy volunteers ( or for cancer drugs , cancer patients ) approximately 70 % determines whether drug is safe to check for efficacy Phase II Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy and side effects therapeutic dose clinical researcher 100 -- 300 patients with specific diseases approximately 33 % determines whether drug can have any efficacy ; at this point , the drug is not presumed to have any therapeutic effect whatsoever Phase III Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy , effectiveness and safety therapeutic dose clinical researcher and personal physician 300 -- 3,000 patients with specific diseases 25 -- 30 % determines a drug 's therapeutic effect ; at this point , the drug is presumed to have some effect Phase IV Postmarketing surveillance -- watching drug use in public therapeutic dose personal physician anyone seeking treatment from their physician N / A watch drug 's long - term effects Preclinical studies ( edit ) Before pharmaceutical companies start clinical trials on a drug , they conduct extensive pre-clinical studies . These involve in vitro ( test tube or cell culture ) and in vivo ( animal ) experiments using wide - ranging doses of the study drug to obtain preliminary efficacy , toxicity and pharmacokinetic information . Such tests assist pharmaceutical companies to decide whether a drug candidate has scientific merit for further development as an investigational new drug . Phase 0 ( edit ) Phase 0 is a recent designation for optional exploratory trials conducted in accordance with the United States Food and Drug Administration 's ( FDA ) 2006 Guidance on Exploratory Investigational New Drug ( IND ) Studies . Phase 0 trials are also known as human microdosing studies and are designed to speed up the development of promising drugs or imaging agents by establishing very early on whether the drug or agent behaves in human subjects as was expected from preclinical studies . Distinctive features of Phase 0 trials include the administration of single subtherapeutic doses of the study drug to a small number of subjects ( 10 to 15 ) to gather preliminary data on the agent 's pharmacokinetics ( what the body does to the drugs ) . A Phase 0 study gives no data on safety or efficacy , being by definition a dose too low to cause any therapeutic effect . Drug development companies carry out Phase 0 studies to rank drug candidates in order to decide which has the best pharmacokinetic parameters in humans to take forward into further development . They enable go / no - go decisions to be based on relevant human models instead of relying on sometimes inconsistent animal data . Phase I ( edit ) Phase I trials were formerly referred to as `` first - in - man studies '' but the field generally moved to the gender - neutral language phrase `` first - in - humans '' in the 1990s ; these trials are the first stage of testing in human subjects . They are designed to test the safety , side effects , best dose , and formulation method for the drug . Normally , a small group of 2 -- 100 healthy volunteers will be recruited . These trials are often conducted in a clinical trial clinic , where the subject can be observed by full - time staff . These clinical trial clinics are often run by contract research organization ( CROs ) who conduct these studies on behalf of pharmaceutical companies or other research investigators . The subject who receives the drug is usually observed until several half - lives of the drug have passed . This phase is designed to assess the safety ( pharmacovigilance ) , tolerability , pharmacokinetics , and pharmacodynamics of a drug . Phase I trials normally include dose - ranging , also called dose escalation studies , so that the best and safest dose can be found and to discover the point at which a compound is too poisonous to administer . The tested range of doses will usually be a fraction of the dose that caused harm in animal testing . Phase I trials most often include healthy volunteers . However , there are some circumstances when clinical patients are used , such as patients who have terminal cancer or HIV and the treatment is likely to make healthy individuals ill . These studies are usually conducted in tightly controlled clinics called CPUs ( Central Pharmacological Units ) , where participants receive 24 - hour medical attention and oversight . In addition to the previously mentioned unhealthy individuals , `` patients who have typically already tried and failed to improve on the existing standard therapies '' may also participate in phase I trials . Volunteers are paid a variable inconvenience fee for their time spent in the volunteer center . Before beginning a phase I trial , the sponsor must submit an Investigational New Drug application to the FDA detailing the preliminary data on the drug gathered from cellular models and animal studies . Phase I trials can be further divided : Single ascending dose ( Phase Ia ) In single ascending dose studies , small groups of subjects are given a single dose of the drug while they are observed and tested for a period of time to confirm safety . Typically , a small number of participants , usually three , are entered sequentially at a particular dose . If they do not exhibit any adverse side effects , and the pharmacokinetic data are roughly in line with predicted safe values , the dose is escalated , and a new group of subjects is then given a higher dose . If unacceptable toxicity is observed in any of the three participants , an additional number of participants , usually three , are treated at the same dose . This is continued until pre-calculated pharmacokinetic safety levels are reached , or intolerable side effects start showing up ( at which point the drug is said to have reached the maximum tolerated dose ( MTD ) ) . If an additional unacceptable toxicity is observed , then the dose escalation is terminated and that dose , or perhaps the previous dose , is declared to be the maximally tolerated dose . This particular design assumes that the maximally tolerated dose occurs when approximately one - third of the participants experience unacceptable toxicity . Variations of this design exist , but most are similar . Multiple ascending dose ( Phase Ib ) Multiple ascending dose studies investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of the drug , looking at safety and tolerability . In these studies , a group of patients receives multiple low doses of the drug , while samples ( of blood , and other fluids ) are collected at various time points and analyzed to acquire information on how the drug is processed within the body . The dose is subsequently escalated for further groups , up to a predetermined level . Food effect A short trial designed to investigate any differences in absorption of the drug by the body , caused by eating before the drug is given . These studies are usually run as a crossover study , with volunteers being given two identical doses of the drug while fasted , and after being fed . Phase II ( edit ) Once a dose or range of doses is determined , the next goal is to evaluate whether the drug has any biological activity or effect . Phase II trials are performed on larger groups ( 100 -- 300 ) and are designed to assess how well the drug works , as well as to continue Phase I safety assessments in a larger group of volunteers and patients . Genetic testing is common , particularly when there is evidence of variation in metabolic rate . When the development process for a new drug fails , this usually occurs during Phase II trials when the drug is discovered not to work as planned , or to have toxic effects . Phase II studies are sometimes divided into Phase IIA and Phase IIB . There is no formal definition for these 2 sub-categories , but generally : Phase IIA studies are usually pilot studies designed to demonstrate clinical efficacy or biological activity ( ' proof of concept ' studies ) ; Phase IIB studies look to find the optimum dose at which the drug shows biological activity with minimal side - effects ( ' definite dose - finding ' studies ) . Some trials combine Phase I and Phase II , and test both efficacy and toxicity . Trial design Some Phase II trials are designed as case series , demonstrating a drug 's safety and activity in a selected group of patients . Other Phase II trials are designed as randomized controlled trials , where some patients receive the drug / device and others receive placebo / standard treatment . Randomized Phase II trials have far fewer patients than randomized Phase III trials . Example Cancer Design In the first stage , the investigator attempts to rule out drugs which have no or little biologic activity . For example , the researcher may specify that a drug must have some minimal level of activity , say , in 20 % of participants . If the estimated activity level is less than 20 % , the researcher chooses not to consider this drug further , at least not at that maximally tolerated dose . If the estimated activity level exceeds 20 % , the researcher will add more participants to get a better estimate of the response rate . A typical study for ruling out a 20 % or lower response rate enters 14 participants . If no response is observed in the first 14 participants , the drug is considered not likely to have a 20 % or higher activity level . The number of additional participants added depends on the degree of precision desired , but ranges from 10 to 20 . Thus , a typical cancer phase II study might include fewer than 30 people to estimate the response rate . Efficacy vs Effectiveness When a study assesses efficacy , it is looking at whether the drug given in the specific manner described in the study is able to influence an outcome of interest ( e.g. tumor size ) in the chosen population ( e.g. cancer patients with no other ongoing diseases ) . When a study is assessing effectiveness , it is determining whether a treatment will influence the disease . In an effectiveness study it is essential that patients are treated as they would be when the treatment is prescribed in actual practice . That would mean that there should be no aspects of the study designed to increase patient compliance above those that would occur in routine clinical practice . The outcomes in effectiveness studies are also more generally applicable than in most efficacy studies ( for example does the patient feel better , come to the hospital less or live longer in effectiveness studies as opposed to better test scores or lower cell counts in efficacy studies ) . There is usually less rigid control of the type of patient to be included in effectiveness studies than in efficacy studies , as the researchers are interested in whether the drug will have a broad effect in the population of patients with the disease . Some researchers argue that phase II studies are generally smaller than they ought to be . Success rate ( edit ) Phase II clinical programs historically have experienced the lowest success rate of the four development phases . In 2010 , the percentage of phase II trials that proceeded to phase III was 18 % , and only 30.7 % of developmental candidates advanced from Phase II to Phase III in a large study of trials from 2006 - 2015 . Phase III ( edit ) This phase is designed to assess the effectiveness of the new intervention and , thereby , its value in clinical practice . Phase III studies are randomized controlled multicenter trials on large patient groups ( 300 -- 3,000 or more depending upon the disease / medical condition studied ) and are aimed at being the definitive assessment of how effective the drug is , in comparison with current ' gold standard ' treatment . Because of their size and comparatively long duration , Phase III trials are the most expensive , time - consuming and difficult trials to design and run , especially in therapies for chronic medical conditions . Phase III trials of chronic conditions or diseases often have a short follow - up period for evaluation , relative to the period of time the intervention might be used in practice . This is sometimes called the `` pre-marketing phase '' because it actually measures consumer response to the drug . It is common practice that certain Phase III trials will continue while the regulatory submission is pending at the appropriate regulatory agency . This allows patients to continue to receive possibly lifesaving drugs until the drug can be obtained by purchase . Other reasons for performing trials at this stage include attempts by the sponsor at `` label expansion '' ( to show the drug works for additional types of patients / diseases beyond the original use for which the drug was approved for marketing ) , to obtain additional safety data , or to support marketing claims for the drug . Studies in this phase are by some companies categorized as `` Phase IIIB studies . '' While not required in all cases , it is typically expected that there be at least two successful Phase III trials , demonstrating a drug 's safety and efficacy , in order to obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory agencies such as FDA ( USA ) , or the EMA ( European Union ) . Once a drug has proved satisfactory after Phase III trials , the trial results are usually combined into a large document containing a comprehensive description of the methods and results of human and animal studies , manufacturing procedures , formulation details , and shelf life . This collection of information makes up the `` regulatory submission '' that is provided for review to the appropriate regulatory authorities in different countries . They will review the submission , and , it is hoped , give the sponsor approval to market the drug . Most drugs undergoing Phase III clinical trials can be marketed under FDA norms with proper recommendations and guidelines through a New Drug Application ( NDA ) containing all manufacturing , pre-clinical , and clinical data . In case of any adverse effects being reported anywhere , the drugs need to be recalled immediately from the market . While most pharmaceutical companies refrain from this practice , it is not abnormal to see many drugs undergoing Phase III clinical trials in the market . Success rate ( edit ) As of 2010 , about 50 % of drug candidates either fail during the Phase III trial or are rejected by the national regulatory agency . Phase II / III cost The amount of money spent on Phase II / III trials depends on numerous factors , with therapeutic area being studied and types of clinical procedures as key drivers ; Phase II studies may cost as much as $20 million , and Phase III as much as $53 million . Phase IV ( edit ) A Phase IV trial is also known as postmarketing surveillance trial , or informally as a confirmatory trial . Phase IV trials involve the safety surveillance ( pharmacovigilance ) and ongoing technical support of a drug after it receives permission to be sold ( e.g. after approval under the FDA Accelerated Approval Program ) . Phase IV studies may be required by regulatory authorities or may be undertaken by the sponsoring company for competitive ( finding a new market for the drug ) or other reasons ( for example , the drug may not have been tested for interactions with other drugs , or on certain population groups such as pregnant women , who are unlikely to subject themselves to trials ) . The safety surveillance is designed to detect any rare or long - term adverse effects over a much larger patient population and longer time period than was possible during the Phase I - III clinical trials . Harmful effects discovered by Phase IV trials may result in a drug being no longer sold , or restricted to certain uses ; recent examples involve cerivastatin ( brand names Baycol and Lipobay ) , troglitazone ( Rezulin ) and rofecoxib ( Vioxx ) . The minimum time period mandatory for Phase IV clinical trials is 2 years . Overall cost ( edit ) The entire process of developing a drug from preclinical research to marketing can take approximately 12 to 18 years and often costs well over $1 billion . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DeMets , D. , Friedman , L. , and Furberg , C. ( 2010 ) . Fundamentals of Clinical Trials ( 4th ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 1585 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Step 3 . Clinical research '' . US Food and Drug Administration . 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ CDER ( January 2006 ) . `` Exploratory IND Studies '' ( PDF ) . Guidance for Industry , Investigators , and Reviewers . Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Lancet ( 2009 ) . `` Phase 0 trials : a platform for drug development ? '' . Lancet . 374 ( 9685 ) : 176 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 09 ) 61309 - X . PMID 19616703 . Jump up ^ Fisher , JA ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` Feeding and Bleeding : The Institutional Banalization of Risk to Healthy Volunteers in Phase I Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials '' . Science , technology & human values . 40 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 226 . doi : 10.1177 / 0162243914554838 . PMC 4405793 . PMID 25914430 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phases of clinical trials '' . Canadian Cancer Society . 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCI Dictionary '' . National Cancer Institute . Jump up ^ Adil E. Shamoo ( 2008 ) . `` The Myth of Equipoise in Phase 1 Clinical Trials '' . Medscape J Med. 10 ( 11 ) : 254 . PMC 2605120 . PMID 19099004 . ( registration required ) ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Norfleet , Shayne Cox Gad , `` Phase I Clinical Trials '' , in Shayne Cox Gad , Clinical Trials Handbook , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 46635 - 3 , 2009 , p. 247 Jump up ^ `` New drugs failing Phase II and III clinical trials '' . MedCity News . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Development Success Rates 2006 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . bio.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators '' . Food and Drug Administration . 1999 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ The regulatory authority in the USA is the Food and Drug Administration ; in Canada , Health Canada ; in the European Union , the European Medicines Agency ; and in Japan , the Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare Jump up ^ Arcangelo , Virginia Poole ; Andrew M. Peterson ( 2005 ) . Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice : A Practical Approach . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5784 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arrowsmith , John ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Trial watch : Phase III and submission failures : 2007 -- 2010 '' . Nat Rev Drug Discov. 10 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 87 . doi : 10.1038 / nrd3375 -- via www.nature.com . Jump up ^ Sertkaya , A ; Wong , H.H. ; Jessup , A ; Beleche , T ( 2016 ) . `` Key cost drivers of pharmaceutical clinical trials in the United States '' . Clinical Trials. 13 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 26 . doi : 10.1177 / 1740774515625964 . PMID 26908540 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Are the Phases of Clinical Trials ? '' . American Cancer Society . 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Holland , John ( 2013 ) . `` Fixing a broken drug development process '' . Journal of Commercial Biotechnology . 19 . doi : 10.5912 / jcb588 . Jump up ^ Adams , C.P. ; Brantner , V.V. ( 2006 ) . `` Estimating the Cost of New Drug Development : Is It Really $802 Million ? '' . Health Affairs . 25 ( 2 ) : 420 -- 8 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 25.2. 420 . PMID 16522582 . Drug design Steps in design Drug discovery Hit to lead Drug development Pre-clinical Clinical Phases Case studies of discovery and development of drug classes 5α - Reductase inhibitors ACE inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers Antiandrogens Beta - blockers Beta agonists Cephalosporins c - Met inhibitors Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors Dipeptidyl peptidase - 4 inhibitors Direct thrombin inhibitors Direct Xa inhibitors Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Gliflozins HIV - protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Lipase inhibitors Memantine and related drugs mTOR inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors Non-nucleoside reverse - transcriptase inhibitors NS5A inhibitors Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse - transcriptase inhibitors PDE5 inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors Statins Thalidomide and its analogs Triptans TRPV1 antagonists Tubulin inhibitors Bcr - Abl tyrosine - kinase inhibitors Cannabinoid receptor antagonists CCR5 receptor antagonists Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists 5 - HT antagonists Melatonin receptor agonists Renin inhibitors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phases_of_clinical_research&oldid=854325425 '' Categories : Clinical research Design of experiments Life sciences industry Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with login required references or sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 14 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is a drug studied in patients who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat	[ "\n\n\nSummary of clinical trial phases\n\n\nPhase\n\nPrimary goal\n\nDose\n\nPatient monitor\n\nTypical number of participants\n\nSuccess rate[2]\n\nNotes\n\n\nPreclinical\n\nTesting of drug in non-human subjects, to gather efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic information\n\nunrestricted\n\nscientific researcher\n\nnot applicable (in vitro and in vivo only)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhase 0\n\nPharmacokinetics; particularly, oral bioavailability and half-life of the drug\n\nvery small, subtherapeutic\n\nclinical researcher\n\n10 people\n\n\n\noften skipped for phase I\n\n\nPhase I\n\nTesting of drug on healthy volunteers for safety; involves testing multiple doses dose-ranging\n\noften subtherapeutic, but with ascending doses\n\nclinical researcher\n\n20–100 normal healthy volunteers (or for cancer drugs, cancer patients)\n\napproximately 70%\n\ndetermines whether drug is safe to check for efficacy\n\n\nPhase II\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy and side effects\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher\n\n100–300 patients with specific diseases\n\napproximately 33%\n\ndetermines whether drug can have any efficacy; at this point, the drug is not presumed to have any therapeutic effect whatsoever\n\n\nPhase III\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher and personal physician\n\n300–3,000 patients with specific diseases\n\n25–30%\n\ndetermines a drug's therapeutic effect; at this point, the drug is presumed to have some effect\n\n\nPhase IV\n\nPostmarketing surveillance – watching drug use in public\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\npersonal physician\n\nanyone seeking treatment from their physician\n\nN/A\n\nwatch drug's long-term effects\n\n", "\n\n\nSummary of clinical trial phases\n\n\nPhase\n\nPrimary goal\n\nDose\n\nPatient monitor\n\nTypical number of participants\n\nSuccess rate[2]\n\nNotes\n\n\nPreclinical\n\nTesting of drug in non-human subjects, to gather efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic information\n\nunrestricted\n\nscientific researcher\n\nnot applicable (in vitro and in vivo only)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhase 0\n\nPharmacokinetics; particularly, oral bioavailability and half-life of the drug\n\nvery small, subtherapeutic\n\nclinical researcher\n\n10 people\n\n\n\noften skipped for phase I\n\n\nPhase I\n\nTesting of drug on healthy volunteers for safety; involves testing multiple doses dose-ranging\n\noften subtherapeutic, but with ascending doses\n\nclinical researcher\n\n20–100 normal healthy volunteers (or for cancer drugs, cancer patients)\n\napproximately 70%\n\ndetermines whether drug is safe to check for efficacy\n\n\nPhase II\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy and side effects\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher\n\n100–300 patients with specific diseases\n\napproximately 33%\n\ndetermines whether drug can have any efficacy; at this point, the drug is not presumed to have any therapeutic effect whatsoever\n\n\nPhase III\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher and personal physician\n\n300–3,000 patients with specific diseases\n\n25–30%\n\ndetermines a drug's therapeutic effect; at this point, the drug is presumed to have some effect\n\n\nPhase IV\n\nPostmarketing surveillance – watching drug use in public\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\npersonal physician\n\nanyone seeking treatment from their physician\n\nN/A\n\nwatch drug's long-term effects\n\n", "\n\n\nSummary of clinical trial phases\n\n\nPhase\n\nPrimary goal\n\nDose\n\nPatient monitor\n\nTypical number of participants\n\nSuccess rate[2]\n\nNotes\n\n\nPreclinical\n\nTesting of drug in non-human subjects, to gather efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic information\n\nunrestricted\n\nscientific researcher\n\nnot applicable (in vitro and in vivo only)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhase 0\n\nPharmacokinetics; particularly, oral bioavailability and half-life of the drug\n\nvery small, subtherapeutic\n\nclinical researcher\n\n10 people\n\n\n\noften skipped for phase I\n\n\nPhase I\n\nTesting of drug on healthy volunteers for safety; involves testing multiple doses dose-ranging\n\noften subtherapeutic, but with ascending doses\n\nclinical researcher\n\n20–100 normal healthy volunteers (or for cancer drugs, cancer patients)\n\napproximately 70%\n\ndetermines whether drug is safe to check for efficacy\n\n\nPhase II\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy and side effects\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher\n\n100–300 patients with specific diseases\n\napproximately 33%\n\ndetermines whether drug can have any efficacy; at this point, the drug is not presumed to have any therapeutic effect whatsoever\n\n\nPhase III\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher and personal physician\n\n300–3,000 patients with specific diseases\n\n25–30%\n\ndetermines a drug's therapeutic effect; at this point, the drug is presumed to have some effect\n\n\nPhase IV\n\nPostmarketing surveillance – watching drug use in public\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\npersonal physician\n\nanyone seeking treatment from their physician\n\nN/A\n\nwatch drug's long-term effects\n\n", "\n\n\nSummary of clinical trial phases\n\n\nPhase\n\nPrimary goal\n\nDose\n\nPatient monitor\n\nTypical number of participants\n\nSuccess rate[2]\n\nNotes\n\n\nPreclinical\n\nTesting of drug in non-human subjects, to gather efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic information\n\nunrestricted\n\nscientific researcher\n\nnot applicable (in vitro and in vivo only)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhase 0\n\nPharmacokinetics; particularly, oral bioavailability and half-life of the drug\n\nvery small, subtherapeutic\n\nclinical researcher\n\n10 people\n\n\n\noften skipped for phase I\n\n\nPhase I\n\nTesting of drug on healthy volunteers for safety; involves testing multiple doses dose-ranging\n\noften subtherapeutic, but with ascending doses\n\nclinical researcher\n\n20–100 normal healthy volunteers (or for cancer drugs, cancer patients)\n\napproximately 70%\n\ndetermines whether drug is safe to check for efficacy\n\n\nPhase II\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy and side effects\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher\n\n100–300 patients with specific diseases\n\napproximately 33%\n\ndetermines whether drug can have any efficacy; at this point, the drug is not presumed to have any therapeutic effect whatsoever\n\n\nPhase III\n\nTesting of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\nclinical researcher and personal physician\n\n300–3,000 patients with specific diseases\n\n25–30%\n\ndetermines a drug's therapeutic effect; at this point, the drug is presumed to have some effect\n\n\nPhase IV\n\nPostmarketing surveillance – watching drug use in public\n\ntherapeutic dose\n\npersonal physician\n\nanyone seeking treatment from their physician\n\nN/A\n\nwatch drug's long-term effects\n\n" ]	[ "Phase I", "Phase II", "Phase III", "Phase IV" ]
5541197997562520310	Markup (legislation)	Markup ( legislation ) - wikipedia Markup ( legislation ) For the business term , see Markup ( business ) . For other uses , see Markup . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Markup ( or mark - up ) is the process by which a U.S. congressional committee or state legislative session debates , amends , and rewrites proposed legislation . Contents 1 Markup in the House of Representatives 2 Markups in other form 3 References 4 External links Markup in the House of Representatives ( edit ) The process of marking up bills and resolutions in committees of the House of Representatives generally resembles , but does not perfectly replicate , the process of amending measures on the House floor . At the beginning of a markup , committee members often make opening statements , usually not exceeding five minutes apiece . The first reading of the text of the bill to be marked up can be waived , either by unanimous consent or by adopting a nondebatable motion . The bill then is read for amendment , one section at a time , with committee members offering their amendments to each section after it is read but before the next section is read . By unanimous consent only , the committee may agree to dispense with the reading of each section , or to consider a bill for amendment by titles or chapters instead of by sections . Also by unanimous consent , the committee may consider the entire bill as having been read and open to amendment at any point . Each amendment must be read in full unless the committee waives that reading by unanimous consent . Committees debate amendments under the five - minute rule . A committee can end the debate on an amendment by ordering the previous question on it , or by agreeing to a motion to close debate on it . A committee also can order the previous question or close debate on the entire bill , once it has been read or that reading has been waived by unanimous consent . However , the committee can only close debate , not order the previous question , on individual sections ( titles , chapters ) of the bill . The various kinds of amendments , as well as most of the other motions , that are in order on the House floor are in order in committee as well . Committees do not change the texts of the bills they mark up . Instead , committees vote on amendments that their members want to recommend that the House adopt when the House considers the bill on the floor . The committee concludes a markup not by voting on the bill as a whole , but by voting on a motion to order the bill reported to the House with whatever amendments the committee has approved . A majority of the committee must be present when this final vote occurs . For all other stages of markups , committees may set their own quorum requirements , so long as that quorum is at least one - third of the committee 's membership . Like the Speaker of the House , committee chairs are responsible for maintaining order and for enforcing proper procedure , at their own initiative or by ruling on points of order that other committee members make . Chairs also frequently respond to questions about procedure in the form of parliamentary inquiries . A committee may report a bill back to the House without amendment , with several amendments , or with an amendment in the nature of a substitute that proposes an entirely different text for the bill . Alternatively , a committee may report a new or `` clean '' bill on the same subject as the bill ( or other text ) that it has marked up . Markups in other form ( edit ) State governments and various kinds of municipalities also markup legislation and the process varies by locality . In some , the legislative branch marks up the legislation ( or budget since it is a piece of legislation ) by deleting parts and adding sections , etc . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is markup as it relates to congress	[ "Markup (or mark-up) is the process by which a U.S. congressional committee or state legislative session debates, amends, and rewrites proposed legislation.[1]\n" ]	[ "the process by which a U.S. congressional committee or state legislative session debates, amends, and rewrites proposed legislation" ]
-6448025917367058049	The Mountain Between Us (film)	The Mountain Between Us ( film ) - wikipedia The Mountain Between Us ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Mountain Between Us Theatrical release poster Directed by Hany Abu - Assad Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark David Ready Jenno Topping Screenplay by Chris Weitz J. Mills Goodloe Based on The Mountain Between Us by Charles Martin Starring Idris Elba Kate Winslet Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Mandy Walker Edited by Lee Percy Production companies Chernin Entertainment Fox 2000 Pictures Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) ( TIFF ) October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $62.8 million The Mountain Between Us is a 2017 American romance survival drama film , directed by Hany Abu - Assad and written by Chris Weitz and J. Mills Goodloe , based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Charles Martin . It stars Idris Elba and Kate Winslet as a surgeon and a journalist , respectively , who survive a plane crash , with a dog , and are stranded in High Uintas Wilderness with injuries and harsh weather conditions . The film premiered on September 9 , 2017 , at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 6 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Music 5 Releases 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) After the cancellation of their flights out of Boise Airport due to stormy weather , neurosurgeon Dr. Ben Bass ( Idris Elba ) and photojournalist Alex Martin ( Kate Winslet ) contact Walter ( Beau Bridges ) , a local private pilot to get to Alex 's wedding ( scheduled for the following day ) and Ben 's emergency surgery appointment in Baltimore , Maryland . They board an uncharted flight with Walter 's dog . Shortly after takeoff , Walter suffers a stroke , causing the plane to crash on a mountaintop . Ben , Alex and the dog survive the incident with various injuries , but Walter is killed . Ben buries Walter and tends to Alex 's wounds , realizing they must find civilization for any hope of survival . Alex asks Ben to leave her behind as he has a better chance of surviving , but Ben refuses . Instead , he climbs a peak to see if there are any structures nearby . On his descent , he nearly falls off a cliff face . Meanwhile , a cougar approaches the plane wreckage , attacking and injuring the dog . The cougar then approaches Alex within the plane wreckage , but she wounds it with a flare . Ben returns to find a blood trail and rushes to the plane . He provides medical attention to the dog and later retrieves the body of the cougar and barbecues it for food . Stranded for days with dwindling sustenance , Ben and Alex find strength in each other . Alex becomes skeptical that help will come , though Ben continues to insist they wait for help . After a heated argument , they both sleep , with Alex resolving that she will leave . At first light , she proceeds to leave the wreckage and start a descent down the mountain . Ben wakes and gives chase , eventually catching up with Alex , and they make up over past grievances . While making shelter in a cave , Alex uses her camera to locate a man - made structure and spots a reflective material flashing at her . They agree to make it down to this structure . As they continue their walk , they become separated from the dog . Ben goes after him and finds an abandoned cabin . As he looks through it , Alex feels the ground beneath her cracking . She realizes she is standing over thin ice , and she falls through into the ice cold water . Ben hears the cracking and sees Alex fall down . He runs over and pulls her out , but she is unconscious and almost blue . Ben brings her to the cabin and starts a fire to warm her up . He takes a risk of administrating her an injection he crafted out of materials in the cabin in a resourceful way . A couple of days later , Alex eventually wakes up to the sound Ben makes with the piano in the cabin . The first time Ben leaves Alex alone in the cabin , she goes through his personal things and again listens to a voicemail recording from his wife . Ben catches Alex in the act . She says she did n't mean to be nosy , but she just wants to know something about him , especially since he has disclosed so little about himself and he never talks about his wife . He finally tells her his wife died two years ago from a brain tumour . When Ben tells Alex he is going outside to get more wood for the fire , the culmination of all of their experiences together finally overcomes them . No longer able to resist each other , they have sex . As Ben sleeps afterwards , Alex takes his picture . Deciding that they still wo n't make it , Alex again asks Ben to leave her behind to find help and return . Ben initially agrees but has regrets about leaving her behind just for a moment . He returns once more and they begin to press forward again . As they make their way down , Alex begins to tire quickly . However , Ben still refuses to leave her behind . They fall asleep in the woods . Eventually , they find a timber yard on the mountain and they make their way to it . Ben gets his leg caught in a bear trap . Alex keeps going and she 's rescued by a truck driver , who goes back and rescues Ben . Ben wakes up in the hospital and goes to Alex 's room , where he sees her with Mark , her fiancé . Mark praises Ben for saving Alex , to which Ben replies she saved him , and leaves the room , heartbroken . Some time after , Mark tells Alex that `` I told myself that if you ever lost a part of you ( an arm or leg in her dangerous job as a photojournalist ) , I would still love you . '' But now , it 's obvious to him that he has lost her heart . Alex tries calling Ben , but he declines her phone calls until he receives pictures of him and Alex on the mountain . This encourages Ben to call Alex . They meet up at a restaurant in Manhattan , where it is revealed that Alex is now a part - time teacher who is uncomfortable flying , and Ben is now working as a consultant in trauma clinics as his frostbitten hands have not recovered enough for him to operate . Ben admits that he did not call her back because he thought she would be married , and Alex responds by saying that she could n't go through with it and she loved Ben while they were together on the mountain . After leaving the restaurant , Ben admits to Alex that they survived because they fell in love . She dismisses her feelings and reminds him of what he said before on the mountain - that ' the heart is just a muscle . ' They hug goodbye and as they depart in opposite directions , they feel deep regrets , burst into tears and run back into each other 's arms . Cast ( edit ) Idris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass , a surgeon Kate Winslet as Alex Martin , a photojournalist Dermot Mulroney as Mark , Alex 's fiancé Beau Bridges as Walter , the pilot of the charter plane Raleigh and Austin as Walter 's dog , later adopted by Ben Production ( edit ) The project was first developed in January 2012 , with Mexican director Gerardo Naranjo set to direct a script by J. Mills Goodloe . In August 2012 , Scott Frank was hired to re-write the script . In November 2014 , Hany Abu - Assad replaced Naranjo , and Chris Weitz was later hired to re-write the script . Abu - Assad has said of the film , `` I really did n't see an epic love story against the background of survival , I think optimism and hope is crucial to survive . And to go on with your life even if you 've had a lot of bad luck . So if you give ( in ) to the bad luck , you will die . ( But ) if you fight the bad luck , you have a better chance to survive and make your life better . This is very simple wisdom , yes ? But still very crucial especially in these kind of days , when everybody feels entitled to their good luck . '' Casting ( edit ) The film went through several lead casting changes . In March 2012 , it was announced that Michael Fassbender would star as Bass , but by September 2014 , Fassbender dropped out due to a scheduling conflict , and Charlie Hunnam replaced him . Margot Robbie also came on board to star as Alex . In November 2014 , Robbie dropped out of the project , and Rosamund Pike entered negotiations for the lead role . In December 2015 , both Hunnam and Pike dropped out . In February 2016 , Idris Elba came on board , followed by Kate Winslet in June 2016 . Dermot Mulroney joined the cast as Winslet 's character 's fiancé in early February 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography started on December 5 , 2016 , in Vancouver and continued until February 24 , 2017 . Elba and Winslet filmed scenes at the Vancouver International Airport on December 6 , 2016 , and Elba also filmed scenes at the Abbotsford International Airport on December 7 , 2016 . Filming stopped for Christmas holidays , from December 20 , 2016 , to January 3 , 2017 . Filming resumed around Invermere and Panorama Mountain Village on January 4 , 2017 . Winslet was spotted filming scenes at Eagle Ridge Hospital in Port Moody on February 8 , 2017 . Most of the filming took place in Canada , on the border of Alberta and British Columbia . Abu - Assad has described the locations as having very cold temperatures , and tough and harsh filming conditions . Many scenes were shot on a mountaintop , and he and the crew had to drive 40 minutes before reaching the film 's base camp . If the weather was okay , they could board the helicopter to reach their destination along with their supplies . On July 19 , 2017 , Winslet and Elba were spotted in London re-shooting some scenes for the film . Music ( edit ) German - Iranian composer Ramin Djawadi composed the music for the film . The official trailer for the movie was released with `` Dusk Till Dawn '' by Zayn and Sia as the official soundtrack . Releases ( edit ) The film had its premiere at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , on September 9 , 2017 . The film was initially set for release in the United States on October 20 , 2017 , but was later moved up to October 6 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of December 21 , 2017 , The Mountain Between Us has grossed $30.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $30.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $61.1 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Blade Runner 2049 and My Little Pony : The Movie , and was expected to gross $11 -- 12 million from 3,088 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to $10.1 million , finishing second at the box office , behind Blade Runner 2049 ( $32.5 million ) . The film dropped 47 % in its second weekend , making $5.7 million and falling to 5th . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 41 % , based on 146 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Mountain Between Us may be too far - fetched for some viewers to appreciate , but it 's elevated by reliably engaging performances from Idris Elba and Kate Winslet . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as `` an easily digestible love story - come - survival tale that tosses two excellent actors in the snow and lets them do their thing , '' before concluding that `` what really helps Mountain overcome its far - fetched scenario is the pairing of Winslet and Elba , who know how to turn up the charm tenfold yet make Alex and Ben seem ( mostly ) like real people . '' Tim Grierson of ScreenDaily noted that the film `` struggles to balance its life - or - death stakes with its far more florid love story , '' but added that `` the considerable chemistry between Kate Winslet and Idris Elba certainly helps sell this tearjerker . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge described it as `` a movie in which neither the subzero temperature nor the romantic heat penetrates more than skin deep . '' Also criticising the film , Steve Pond of TheWrap found it unnecessarily lengthy and said that `` a love story cheapens the grand survival story . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club criticized the central characters as `` a couple of one - note personality - test types '' with `` zero romantic chemistry , '' and wrote that the script `` actually tones down the howling outrageousness of Martin 's novel , which seems to miss the point . But , structurally , it 's the same junk . Problems pop out of nowhere and resolve themselves , while torturous motivations attempt to explain why characters would withhold basic information from one another for weeks ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE MOUNTAIN BETWEEN US '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet May Board The Mountain Between Us With Idris Elba '' . wegotthiscovered.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Idris Elba and Kate Winslet Are Stranded Survivors in ' The Mountains Between Us ' Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet in Talks to Star Opposite Idris Elba in ' Mountain Between Us ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Winslet - Idris Elba Survival Pic ' The Mountain Between Us ' Moves Up In October '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` ' Miss Bala ' Director Gerardo Naranjo Lands Hollywood Debut ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . thefilmstage.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Scott Frank rewrites Chernin 's ' Mountain ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl 's Rosamund Pike Circling ' The Mountain Between Us ' With Charlie Hunnam '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Chris Weitz re-writing The Mountain Between Us as it loses its leads '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mandell , Andrea ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` See Idris Elba , Kate Winslet stranded in the wild in ' Mountain Between Us ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 30 May 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Michael Fassbender To Climb ' The Mountain Between Us ' For ' Miss Bala ' Director Gerardo Naranjo '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Casting : Charlie Hunnam Replaces Michael Fassbender in ' The Mountain Between Us ; ' Two More Join The Coen Bros ' ' Hail Caesar ! ' '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Idris Elba to Star in ' The Mountains Between Us ' as Fox Embraces Colorblind Casting '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet in Talks for ' Mountain Between Us ' With Idris Elba '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Dermot Mulroney Joins Idris Elba & Kate Winslet In ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` VANCOUVER SCREEN SCENE : THE MOUNTAIN BETWEEN US , IMPOSTERS , DEAD SHACKVANCOUVER SCREEN SCENE : THE MOUNTAIN BETWEEN US , IMPOSTERS , DEAD SHACK , AND MORE '' . Insidevancouver.ca . Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's on a roll ! Idris Elba chows down on a baguette and enjoys a very modern can of Coke in period costume while filming new sci - fi action flick The Dark Tower in LA '' . Daily Mail . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make - up free Kate Winslet seen for first time on set filming The Mountain Between Us with Idris Elba in Vancouver '' . Daily Mail . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Between Us & Fatal Vision Currently Filming in Vancouver '' . Whatsfilming.ca. 13 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` VANCOUVER SCREEN SCENE : CASEY AFFLECK , WHEN CALLS THE HEART , PUBLIC SCHOOLED , AND MORE '' . Insidevancouver.ca . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Eric ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` Big stars set to film in local mountains '' . Columbiavalleypioneer.com . Archived from the original on 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Haney , Stephanie ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Ouch ! Kate Winslet appears bruised and battered on set of The Mountain Between Us in British Columbia '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Chester , Jason ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Farewell scene ? Idris Elba and Kate Winslet warmly embrace as they film new movie The Mountain Between Us on London street ... after tense location shoot in rural Canada '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ramin Djawadi to Score ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Filmmusicreporter.com. 5 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` TWC / Dimension Moves Robert De Niro Comedy ' War With Grandpa ' To October , Sets ' Polaroid ' For Summer '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Poised To Fly Around The World With Estimated $100 M Bow '' . Deadline.com . October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blade Runner 2049 ' Dulls - 11 % On Saturday ; Weekend Opening Now At $31 M+ : Sunday Postmortem '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Between Us reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mintzer , Jordan ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mountain Between Us ' : Film Review TIFF 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mountain Between Us ' : Toronto Review '' . ScreenDaily . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Review : ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mountain Between Us ' Toronto Review : Idris Elba and Kate Winslet Plane Crash Drama Falls Short '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A plane crash becomes a blind date from hell in the mawkish and clumsy The Mountain Between Us '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Mountain Between Us on IMDb The Mountain Between Us at Box Office Mojo The Mountain Between Us at Rotten Tomatoes The Mountain Between Us at Metacritic Films directed by Hany Abu - Assad Het 14e kippetje ( 1998 ) Rana 's Wedding ( 2002 ) Paradise Now ( 2005 ) Stories on Human Rights ( 2008 ) The Courier ( 2012 ) Omar ( 2013 ) The Idol ( 2015 ) The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) Films by Chris Weitz Films directed American Pie ( 1999 ) Down to Earth ( 2001 ) About a Boy ( 2002 ) The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) A Better Life ( 2011 ) Operation Finale ( 2018 ) Written only Antz ( 1998 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mountain_Between_Us_(film)&oldid=828145584 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s disaster films 2010s romantic drama films 20th Century Fox films American adventure drama films American disaster films American films American romantic drama films American survival films Films about aviation accidents or incidents Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by Hany Abu - Assad Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films set in Utah Films shot in Alberta Films shot in London Films shot in Vancouver Mountaineering films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays in the movie the mountain between us	[ "\nIdris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass, a surgeon\nKate Winslet as Alex Martin, a photojournalist\nDermot Mulroney as Mark, Alex’s fiancé\nBeau Bridges as Walter, the pilot of the charter plane\nRaleigh and Austin as Walter's dog, later adopted by Ben\n", "\nIdris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass, a surgeon\nKate Winslet as Alex Martin, a photojournalist\nDermot Mulroney as Mark, Alex’s fiancé\nBeau Bridges as Walter, the pilot of the charter plane\nRaleigh and Austin as Walter's dog, later adopted by Ben\n", "\nIdris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass, a surgeon\nKate Winslet as Alex Martin, a photojournalist\nDermot Mulroney as Mark, Alex’s fiancé\nBeau Bridges as Walter, the pilot of the charter plane\nRaleigh and Austin as Walter's dog, later adopted by Ben\n", "\nIdris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass, a surgeon\nKate Winslet as Alex Martin, a photojournalist\nDermot Mulroney as Mark, Alex’s fiancé\nBeau Bridges as Walter, the pilot of the charter plane\nRaleigh and Austin as Walter's dog, later adopted by Ben\n", "\nIdris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass, a surgeon\nKate Winslet as Alex Martin, a photojournalist\nDermot Mulroney as Mark, Alex’s fiancé\nBeau Bridges as Walter, the pilot of the charter plane\nRaleigh and Austin as Walter's dog, later adopted by Ben\n" ]	[ "Idris Elba", "Kate Winslet", "Dermot Mulroney", "Beau Bridges", "Raleigh and Austin as Walter's dog" ]
-463853144313703942	Bornu Empire	Bornu Empire - wikipedia Bornu Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this article be merged into Kanem -- Bornu Empire . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2016 . Bornu Empire 1380 -- 1893 Flag of Bornu , also known as Organa , from Vallseca atlas of 1439 Bornu Empire extent c. 1750 Capital Ngazargamu Languages Kanuri Religion Islam Government Monarchy King ( Mai ) 1381 -- 1382 Said of Bornu Historical era Middle Ages Established 1380 Disestablished 1893 Area 1800 50,000 km ( 19,000 sq mi ) 1892 129,499 km ( 50,000 sq mi ) Population 1892 est . 5,000,000 Density 39 / km ( 100 / sq mi ) Preceded by Succeeded by Kanem Empire French Chad Rabih az - Zubayr Part of a series on the History of Northern Nigeria Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory The Hausa States Sokoto Period Kanem Bornu Pre-Colonial Colonial Period Protectorate Period 1953 - 1960 1960 - 1963 1963 - 1966 1999 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) Hausa People Fulani People Igbirra People By topic ( show ) Pacification of Northern Nigeria Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Medicine Military Women By Province ( show ) Bauchi Benue Borno Ilorin Kano Katsina Plateau Zaria Niger Adamawa Kabba Sokoto Sardauna The Bornu Empire ( 1380 -- 1893 ) was a state of what is now northeastern Nigeria from 1380 to 1893 . It was a continuation of the great Kanem Empire founded centuries earlier by the Sayfawa Dynasty . In time it would become even larger than Kanem , incorporating areas that are today parts of Chad , Niger , Sudan , and Cameroon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Exile from Kanem 2 Early rule 3 Kanem - Bornu Period 3.1 Idris Alooma 3.2 Successors 4 Decline and Fall 4.1 Fulani Jihad 4.2 Muhammad al - Kanemi 4.3 Post-Sayfawa Era 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Exile from Kanem ( edit ) After decades of internal conflict , rebellions and outright invasion from the Bulala , the once - strong Sayfawa Dynasty was forced out of Kanem and back into the nomadic lifestyle they had abandoned nearly 700 years earlier . Around 1380 , the Kanembu finally overcame attacks from neighboring Arabs , Berbers and Hausa , to found a new state in Bornu . Over time , the intermarriage of the Kanembu and Bornu peoples created a new people and language , the Kanuri . Early rule ( edit ) Even in Bornu , the Sayfawa Dynasty 's troubles persisted . During the first three - quarters of the 15th century , for example , fifteen mais occupied the throne . Then , around 1455 , Mai Ali Dunamami defeated his rivals and began the consolidation of Bornu . He built a fortified capital at Ngazargamu ( in present - day Nigeria ) , to the west of Lake Chad . This was the first permanent home a Sayfawa mai had enjoyed in a century . So successful was the Sayfawa rejuvenation that by the early 16th century Mai Ali Gaji ( 1455 -- 1487 ) was able to defeat the Bulala and retake Njimi , the former capital . The empire 's leaders , however , remained at Ngazargamu because its lands were more productive agriculturally and better suited to the raising of cattle . Ali Gaji was the first ruler of the empire to assume the title of Caliph . Kanem - Bornu period ( edit ) Bornu territory by 1500 With control over both capitals , the Sayfawa dynasty became more powerful than ever . The two states were merged , but political authority still rested in Bornu . Kanem - Bornu peaked during the reign of the statesman Mai Idris Alooma ( c. 1571 -- 1603 ) . Idris Alooma ( edit ) Idris Alooma is remembered for his military skills , administrative reforms , and Islamic piety . His main adversaries were the Hausa to the west , the Tuareg and Tubu to the north , and the Bulala to the east . His innovations included the employment of fixed military camps ( with walls ) ; permanent sieges and `` scorched earth '' tactics , where soldiers burned everything in their path ; armored horses and riders ; and the use of Berber camelry , Kotoko boatmen , and iron - helmeted musketeers trained by Turkish military advisers . His active diplomacy featured relations with Tripoli , Egypt , and the Ottoman Empire , which sent a 200 - member ambassadorial party across the desert to Alooma 's court at Ngazargamu . Alooma also signed what was probably the first written treaty or cease - fire in Chadian history . Alooma introduced a number of legal and administrative reforms based on his religious beliefs and Islamic law ( sharia ) . He sponsored the construction of numerous mosques and made a pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca , where he arranged for the establishment of a hostel to be used by pilgrims from his empire . As with other dynamic politicians , Alooma 's reformist goals led him to seek loyal and competent advisers and allies , and he frequently relied on slaves who had been educated in noble homes . Alooma regularly sought advice from a council composed of heads of the most important clans . He required major political figures to live at the court , and he reinforced political alliances through appropriate marriages . ( Alooma himself was the son of a Kanuri father and a Bulala mother . ) Kanem - Bornu under Alooma was strong and wealthy . Government revenue came from tribute ( or booty , if the recalcitrant people had to be conquered ) , sales of slaves , and duties on and participation in trans - Saharan trade . Unlike West Africa , the Chadian region did not have gold . Still , it was central to one of the most convenient trans - Saharan routes . Between Lake Chad and Fezzan lay a sequence of well - spaced wells and oases , and from Fezzan there were easy connections to North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea . Many products were sent north , including natron ( sodium carbonate ) , cotton , kola nuts , ivory , ostrich feathers , perfume , wax , and hides , but the most important of all were slaves . Imports included salt , horses , silks , glass , muskets , and copper . Alooma took a keen interest in trade and other economic matters . He is credited with having the roads cleared , designing better boats for Lake Chad , introducing standard units of measure for grain , and moving farmers into new lands . In addition , he improved the ease and security of transit through the empire with the goal of making it so safe that `` a lone woman clad in gold might walk with none to fear but God . '' Successors ( edit ) Most of the successors of Idris Alooma are only known from the meagre information provided by the Diwan . Some of them are noted for having undertaken the pilgrimage to Mecca others for their piety . In the eighteenth century Bornu was affected by several long - lasting famines . Decline and fall ( edit ) Bornu and neighboring states circa 1750 The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Alooma sustained the empire until the mid-17th century , when its power began to fade . By the late 18th century , Bornu rule extended only westward , into the land of the Hausa of modern Nigeria . The empire was still ruled by the mai who was advised by his councilors ( kokenawa ) in the state council or `` nokena '' . Fulani jihad ( edit ) Around that time , Fulani people , invading from the west , were able to make major inroads into Bornu . By the early 19th century , Kanem - Bornu was clearly an empire in decline , and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu . Usman dan Fodio led the Fulani thrust and proclaimed a holy war ( the Fulani War ) on the allegedly irreligious Muslims of the area . His campaign eventually affected Kanem - Bornu and inspired a trend toward Islamic orthodoxy , but a Muslim scholar - turned - statesman , Muhammad al - Amin al - Kanemi , contested the Fulani advance . Muhammad al - Kanemi ( edit ) Muhammad al - Amin al - Kanemi was a Muslim scholar and non-Sayfawa commander who had put together an alliance of Shuwa Arabs , Kanembu , and other seminomadic peoples . He eventually built in 1814 a capital at Kukawa ( in present - day Nigeria ) . Sayfawa mais remained titular monarchs until 1846 . In that year , the last mai , in league with the Ouaddai Empire , precipitated a civil war . It was at that point that Kanemi 's son , Umar , became king , thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in international history . Borno in 1810 Post-sayfawa era ( edit ) Kanembu warriors and their mounted chief in an illustration from Heinrich Barth 's Travels and Discoveries , Vol . III , 1857 . Although the dynasty ended , the kingdom of Kanem - Bornu survived . Umar eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu ( from the Arabic shaykh ) , could not match his father 's vitality , and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers ( wazirs ) . Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization , regional particularism , and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east . The decline continued under Umar 's sons . In 1893 , Rabih az - Zubayr led an invading army from eastern Sudan and conquered Bornu . Following his expulsion shortly thereafter , the state was absorbed by the British ruled entity which eventually became known as Nigeria . From that point on , a remnant of the old kingdom was ( and still is ) allowed to continue to exist in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the Borno Emirate . See also ( edit ) Kanem Empire Kanem - Bornu Empire Sayfawa dynasty Chronology of the Sayfawa ( Kanem - Bornu ) Dīwān ( Girgam ) Ibn Furtu History of Nigeria List of Sunni Muslim dynasties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oliver , page 12 Jump up ^ Hughes , page 281 Jump up ^ Nehemia Levtzion , Randall Pouwels . The History of Islam in Africa . Ohio University Press . p. 81 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Lange , Chronicle , 38 . Jump up ^ Lange , Diwan , 81 - 82 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Shehus , 46 , 104 - 7 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brenner , Louis : The Shehus of Kukawa , Oxford 1973 . Cohen , Ronald : The Kanuri of Bornu , New York 1967 . Hughes , William ( 2007 ) . A class - book of modern geography ( Paperback ) . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger Publishing . p. 390 Pages . ISBN 1 - 4326 - 8180 - X . Lange , Dierk : Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem - Bornu , Wiesbaden 1977 . -- A Sudanic Chronicle : The Borno Expeditions of Idris Alauma ( 1564 - 1576 ) , Stuttgart 1987 . -- `` Ethnogenesis from within the Chadic state '' , Paideuma , 39 ( 1993 ) , 261 - 277 . Nachtigal , Gustav : Sahara und Sudan , Berlin , 1879 - 1881 , Leipzig 1989 ( Nachdruck Graz 1967 ; engl . Übers . von Humphrey Fisher ) . Oliver , Roland & Anthony Atmore ( 2005 ) . Africa Since 1800 , Fifth Edition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 405 Pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83615 - 8 . Urvoy , Yves : L'empire du Bornou , Paris 1949 . Zakari , Maikorema : Contribution à l'histoire des populations du sud - est nigérien , Niamey 1985 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bornu . The Story of Africa : Kanem - Borno -- BBC World Service Sahelian kingdoms Bamana Baol Bornu Darfur Ghana Great Fulo Fwatai Bakwai Jolof Kaabu Kanem Mali Mossi Saloum Sennar Shilluk Sine Sokoto Songhai Wadai Wassoulou Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bornu_Empire&oldid=811480216 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Africa Former countries in Africa Former empires States and territories established in the 1380s States and territories disestablished in 1893 1893 disestablishments States and territories established in 1387 Countries in medieval Africa Countries in precolonial Africa Former empires in Africa History of Cameroon History of Northern Nigeria History of Chad Muslim empires Kanem Empire Bornu Empire Sahelian kingdoms 14th - century establishments in Nigeria 19th - century disestablishments in Nigeria 1893 disestablishments in Nigeria Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles to be merged from April 2016 All articles to be merged Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages تۆرکجه Башҡортса Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Kiswahili Lietuvių Nederlands Русский Simple English Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	factors that contributed to the decline and fall of borno empire	[ "Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem-Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu (from the Arabic shaykh), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (wazirs). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893, Rabih az-Zubayr led an invading army from eastern Sudan and conquered Bornu. Following his expulsion shortly thereafter, the state was absorbed by the British ruled entity which eventually became known as Nigeria. From that point on, a remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the Borno Emirate.", "Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem-Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu (from the Arabic shaykh), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (wazirs). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893, Rabih az-Zubayr led an invading army from eastern Sudan and conquered Bornu. Following his expulsion shortly thereafter, the state was absorbed by the British ruled entity which eventually became known as Nigeria. From that point on, a remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the Borno Emirate.", "Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem-Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu (from the Arabic shaykh), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (wazirs). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893, Rabih az-Zubayr led an invading army from eastern Sudan and conquered Bornu. Following his expulsion shortly thereafter, the state was absorbed by the British ruled entity which eventually became known as Nigeria. From that point on, a remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the Borno Emirate." ]	[ "administrative disorganization", "regional particularism", "attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east" ]
4167697897923645674	Kingdom of England	Kingdom of England - wikipedia Kingdom of England Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the state that existed from the 10th century to 1707 . For the country in its current form , see England . Kingdom of England 10th century -- 1707 1649 -- 1660 : Commonwealth Flag ( after 13th cent . ) Royal Arms ( 1399 -- 1603 ) Royal Banner ( 1406 -- 1603 ) Location of the Kingdom of England in 1700 Capital Winchester ( until 1066 ) London ( 1066 -- 1707 ) ∟ Westminster ( administrative ) ∟ City of London ( commercial ) Languages English Old Norse ( until 11th century ) Welsh Cornish Cumbric ( until 11th century ) Anglo - Norman ( 11th -- 15th century ) Medieval Latin ( until 15th century ) Religion Christianity Demonym English Government Absolute monarchy ( 10th century -- 1215 ) Unitary parliamentary monarchy ( 1215 -- 1707 ) Monarch 927 -- 939 Æthelstan ( first ) 1702 -- 1707 Anne ( last ) Legislature Parliament Upper house House of Lords Lower house House of Commons History Unification 10th century Battle of Hastings 14 October 1066 Conquered Wales 1277 -- 1283 Incorporated Wales 1535 -- 1542 Union of the Crowns 24 March 1603 Glorious Revolution 11 December 1688 Union with Scotland 1 May 1707 Area 1283 -- 1542 est . 145,000 km ( 56,000 sq mi ) 1542 -- 1707 est . 151,000 km ( 58,000 sq mi ) Population 1283 est . 2,600,000 Density 18 / km ( 46 / sq mi ) 1542 est . 3,000,000 Density 21 / km ( 54 / sq mi ) 1707 est . 5,750,000 Density 38 / km ( 99 / sq mi ) Currency Pound sterling Preceded by Succeeded by Wessex Sussex Essex Kent Dumnonia Mercia East Anglia Northumbria Welsh Marches Principality of Wales Great Britain Today part of United Kingdom ∟ England ∟ Wales a . ^ Monarch of Wessex from 925 . b . ^ Continued as monarch of Great Britain until her death in 1714 . Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worthing York England portal The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century -- when it emerged from various Anglo - Saxon kingdoms -- until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . In the early 10th century the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms , united by Æthelstan ( r . 927 -- 939 ) , became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo - Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066 -- 1154 , Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 , Tudor 1485 -- 1603 and Stuart 1603 -- 1714 ( interrupted by the Interregnum ( England ) of 1649 -- 1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154 -- 1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became `` more English in nature '' ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327 -- 1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government -- in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558 -- 1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland . Under the Stuarts , the kingdom plunged into civil war , which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649 . The monarchy returned in 1660 , but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without the consent of Parliament . This concept became legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . From this time the kingdom of England , as well as its successor state the United Kingdom , functioned in effect as a constitutional monarchy . On 1 May 1707 , under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Anglo - Saxon England 2.2 Norman conquest 2.3 High Middle Ages 2.4 Late Middle Ages 2.5 Tudor period 2.6 Early Modern history 2.6. 1 Civil War and Interregnum 2.6. 2 Restoration and Glorious Revolution 2.6. 3 Union with Scotland 3 Territorial divisions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography Name ( edit ) Main article : Name of England The Anglo - Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Angelcynn , originally names of the Angles . They called their land Engla land , meaning `` land of the English '' , by Æthelweard Latinized Anglia , from an original Anglia vetus , the purported homeland of the Angles ( called Angulus by Bede ) . The name Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle English period ( Engle - land , Engelond ) . The Latin name was Anglia or Anglorum terra , the Old French and Anglo - Norman one Angleterre . By the 14th century , England was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain . The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was Rex Anglorum ( `` King of the English '' ) . Canute the Great , a Dane , was the first to call himself `` King of England '' . In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard , with occasional use of Rex Anglie ( `` King of England '' ) . From John 's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie . In 1604 James I , who had inherited the English throne the previous year , adopted the title ( now usually rendered in English rather than Latin ) King of Great Britain . The English and Scottish parliaments , however , did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 . History ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Saxon England The kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval Anglo - Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy : East Anglia , Mercia , Northumbria , Kent , Essex , Sussex , and Wessex . The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms , and native Anglo - Saxon life in general . The English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927 CE . During the Heptarchy , the most powerful king among the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as Bretwalda , a high king over the other kings . The decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful . It absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825 . The kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century . In 827 , Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore , briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England . In 886 , Alfred the Great retook London , which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle says that `` all of the English people ( all Angelcyn ) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred . '' Asser added that `` Alfred , king of the Anglo - Saxons , restored the city of London splendidly ... and made it habitable once more . '' Alfred 's `` restoration '' entailed reoccupying and refurbishing the nearly deserted Roman walled city , building quays along the Thames , and laying a new city street plan . It is probably at this point that Alfred assumed the new royal style ' King of the Anglo - Saxons . ' During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian invaders , but was definitively brought under English control by Eadred in 954 , completing the unification of England . At about this time , Lothian , the northern part of Northumbria ( Roman Bernicia ) , was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland . On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English . This can be considered England 's ' foundation date ' , although the process of unification had taken almost 100 years . The dominions of Cnut the Great ( 1014 -- 1035 ) England has remained in political unity ever since . During the reign of Æthelred the Unready ( 978 -- 1016 ) , a new wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by Sweyn I of Denmark , culminating after a quarter - century of warfare in the Danish conquest of England in 1013 . But Sweyn died on 2 February 1014 , and Æthelred was restored to the throne . In 1015 , Sweyn 's son Cnut the Great ( commonly known as Canute ) launched a new invasion . The ensuing war ended with an agreement in 1016 between Canute and Æthelred 's successor , Edmund Ironside , to divide England between them , but Edmund 's death on 30 November of that year left England united under Danish rule . This continued for 26 years until the death of Harthacnut in June 1042 . He was the son of Canute and Emma of Normandy ( the widow of Æthelred the Unready ) and had no heirs of his own ; he was succeeded by his half - brother , Æthelred 's son , Edward the Confessor . The Kingdom of England was once again independent . Norman conquest ( edit ) Main article : Norman conquest of England The peace lasted until the death of the childless Edward in January 1066 . His brother - in - law was crowned King Harold , but his cousin William the Conqueror , Duke of Normandy , immediately claimed the throne for himself . William launched an invasion of England and landed in Sussex on 28 September 1066 . Harold and his army were in York following their victory against the Norwegians at the Battle of Stamford Bridge ( 25 September 1066 ) when the news reached him . He decided to set out without delay and confront the Norman army in Sussex so marched southwards at once , despite the army not being properly rested following the battle with the Norwegians . The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the Battle of Hastings ( 14 October 1066 ) , in which the English army , or Fyrd , was defeated , Harold and his two brothers were slain , and William emerged as victor . William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition . He was not , however , planning to absorb the Kingdom into the Duchy of Normandy . As a mere duke , William owed allegiance to Philip I of France , whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without interference . He was crowned on 25 December 1066 in Westminster Abbey , London . High Middle ages ( edit ) Main article : England in the High Middle Ages Further information : Angevin Empire , Norman invasion of Wales , and Conquest of Wales by Edward I In 1092 , William II led an invasion of Strathclyde , a Celtic kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria . In doing so , he annexed what is now the county of Cumbria to England . In 1124 , Henry I ceded what is now southeast Scotland ( called Lothian ) to the Kingdom of Scotland , in return for the King of Scotland 's loyalty . This final cession established what would become the traditional borders of England which have remained largely unchanged since then ( except for occasional and temporary changes ) . This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria . Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital , Edinburgh . This arrangement was later finalised in 1237 by the Treaty of York . King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede in 1215 , surrounded by his baronage . Illustration from Cassell 's History of England , 1902 . The Duchy of Aquitaine came into personal union with the Kingdom of England upon the accession of Henry II , who had married Eleanor , Duchess of Aquitaine . The Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy remained in personal union until John Lackland , Henry II 's son and fifth - generation descendant of William I , lost the continental possessions of the Duchy to Philip II of France in 1204 . A few remnants of Normandy , including the Channel Islands , remained in John 's possession , together with most of the Duchy of Aquitaine . Up until the Norman conquest of England , Wales had remained for the most part independent of the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms , although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the Bretwalda . Soon after the Norman conquest of England , however , some Norman lords began to attack Wales . They conquered and ruled parts of it , acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England but with considerable local independence . Over many years these `` Marcher Lords '' conquered more and more of Wales , against considerable resistance led by various Welsh princes , who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England . Edward I defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , and so effectively conquered Wales , in 1282 . He created the title Prince of Wales for his heir , the future Edward II , in 1301 . Edward I 's conquest was brutal and the subsequent repression considerable , as the magnificent Welsh castles such as Conwy , Harlech , and Caernarfon attest ; but this event re-united under a single ruler the lands of Roman Britain for the first time since the establishment of the Kingdom of the Jutes in Kent in the 5th century , some 700 years before . Accordingly , this was a highly significant moment in the history of medieval England , as it re-established links with the pre-Saxon past . These links were exploited for political purposes to unite the peoples of the kingdom , including the Anglo - Normans , by popularising Welsh legends . The Welsh language -- derived from the British language , with significant Latin influences -- continued to be spoken by the majority of the population of Wales for at least another 500 years , and is still a majority language in parts of the country . Late Middle ages ( edit ) Main article : England in the Late Middle Ages Further information : Wars of the Roses and Hundred Years ' War Fifteenth - century miniature depicting the English victory over France at the Battle of Agincourt . Edward III was the first English king to have a claim to the throne of France . His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) , which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois . Though the English won numerous victories , they were unable to overcome the numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder weapons . England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453 , retaining only a single town in France , Calais . During the Hundred Years ' War an English identity began to develop in place of the previous division between the Norman lords and their Anglo - Saxon subjects . This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French , whose kings and other leaders ( notably the charismatic Joan of Arc ) used a developing sense of French identity to help draw people to their cause . The Anglo - Normans became separate from their cousins who held lands mainly in France and mocked the former for their archaic and bastardised spoken French . English also became the language of the law courts during this period . The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) , a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the House of Lancaster ( whose heraldic symbol was the red rose ) and the House of York ( whose symbol was the white rose ) , each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III . The end of these wars found the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster , married to the eldest daughter of the House of York : Henry VII and Elizabeth of York . They were the founders of the Tudor dynasty , which ruled the kingdom from 1485 to 1603 . Tudor period ( edit ) Main articles : Tudor period , Elizabethan era , Stuart period , and English Renaissance Wales had retained a separate legal and administrative system , which had been established by Edward I in the late 13th century . The country was divided between the Marcher Lords , who gave feudal allegiance to the crown , and the Principality of Wales . Under the Tudor monarchy , Henry VIII replaced the laws of Wales with those of England ( under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 ) . Wales now was incorporated into the Kingdom of England , and henceforth was represented in the Parliament of England . Portrait of Elizabeth I made to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada ( 1588 ) , depicted in the background . Elizabeth 's international power is symbolised by the hand resting on the globe . During the 1530s , Henry VIII overthrew the power of the Roman Catholic Church within the kingdom , replacing the pope as head of the English Church and seizing the Church 's lands , thereby facilitating the creation of a variation of Catholicism that became more Protestant over time . This had the effect of aligning England with Scotland , which also gradually adopted a Protestant religion , whereas the most important continental powers , France and Spain , remained Roman Catholic . In 1541 , during Henry VIII 's reign , the Parliament of Ireland proclaimed him king of Ireland , thereby bringing the Kingdom of Ireland into personal union with the Kingdom of England . Calais , the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom , was lost in 1558 , during the reign of Philip and Mary I. Their successor , Elizabeth I , consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant Church of England . She also began to build up the kingdom 's naval strength , on the foundations Henry VIII had laid down . By 1588 , her new navy was strong enough to defeat the Spanish Armada , which had sought to invade England to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place . Early modern History ( edit ) Main articles : Early modern Britain and Stuart period The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603 . James I ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland . Despite the Union of the Crowns , the kingdoms remained separate and independent states : a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century . Civil War and interregnum ( edit ) Main articles : English Civil War , English Interregnum , English Commonwealth , and English Protectorate Cromwell at Dunbar . Oliver Cromwell united the whole of the British Isles by force and created the Commonwealth of England . The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy , and were cast down by Parliament in 1645 and 1688 . In the first instance , Charles I 's introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament led to the English Civil War ( 1641 -- 45 ) , in which the king was defeated , and to the abolition of the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell during the interregnum of 1649 -- 1660 . Henceforth , the monarch could reign only at the will of Parliament . After the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649 , the Rump Parliament passed an act declaring England to be a Commonwealth on 19 May 1649 . The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished , and so the House of Commons became a unitary legislative chamber with a new body , the Council of State becoming the executive . However the Army remain the dominant institution in the new republic and the most prominent general was Oliver Cromwell . The Commonwealth fought wars in Ireland and Scotland which were subdued and placed under Commonwealth military occupation . In April 1653 Cromwell and the other Grandees of the New Model Army , frustrated with the members of the Rump Parliament who would not pass legislation to dissolve the Rump and to allow a new more representative parliament to be elected , stopped the Rumps session by force of arms and declared the Rump dissolved . After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly ( Barebone 's Parliament ) , the Grandees in the Army , through the Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the Instrument of Government . Under the Instrument of Government executive power lay with a Lord Protector ( an office be held for life of the incumbent ) and there were to be triennial Parliaments , with each sitting for at least five months . Article 23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector . The Instrument of Government was replaced by a second constitution ( the Humble Petition and Advice ) under which the Lord Protector could nominate his successor . Cromwell nominated his son Richard who became Lord Protector on the death of Oliver on 3 September 1658 . Restoration and Glorious Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : Restoration ( England ) and Glorious Revolution Richard proved to be ineffectual and was unable to maintain his rule . He resigned his title and retired into obscurity . The Rump Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of state . But this restoration of Commonwealth rule similar to that before the Protectorate , proved to be unstable , and the exiled claimant , Charles II , was restored to the throne in 1660 . Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , an attempt by James II to reintroduce Roman Catholicism -- a century after its suppression by the Tudors -- led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , in which he was deposed by Parliament . The Crown was then offered by Parliament to James II 's Protestant daughter and son - in - law / nephew , William III and Mary II . Union with Scotland ( edit ) In the Scottish case , the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put in place through the Alien Act 1705 . The English were more anxious about the royal succession . The death of William III in 1702 had led to the accession of his sister - in - law Anne to the thrones of England and Scotland , but her only surviving child had died in 1700 , and the English Act of Settlement 1701 had given the succession to the English crown to the Protestant House of Hanover . Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland . By 1704 , the Union of the Crowns was in crisis , with the Scottish Act of Security allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch , which could in turn lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war . The English establishment did not wish to risk a Stuart on the Scottish throne , nor the possibility of a Scottish military alliance with another power . A Treaty of Union was agreed on 22 July 1706 , and following the Acts of Union of 1707 , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain , the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May 1707 . The Acts of Union created a customs union and monetary union and provided that any `` laws and statutes '' that were `` contrary to or inconsistent with the terms '' of the Acts would `` cease and become void '' . The English and Scottish Parliaments were merged into the Parliament of Great Britain , located in Westminster , London . At this point England ceased to exist as a separate political entity , and since then has had no national government . The laws of England were unaffected , with the legal jurisdiction continuing to be that of England and Wales , while Scotland continued to have its own laws and law courts . This continued after the 1801 union between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Territorial divisions ( edit ) Further information : Historic counties of England , List of earldoms , Domesday Book , County palatine , English county histories , and English feudal barony The counties of England were established for administration by the Normans , in most cases based on earlier shires established by the Anglo - Saxons . They ceased to be used for administration only with the creation of the administrative counties in 1889 . Unlike the partly self - governing boroughs that covered urban areas , the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power , enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives -- originally Sheriffs and later the Lord Lieutenants -- and their subordinate Justices of the Peace . Counties were used initially for the administration of justice , collection of taxes and organisation of the military , and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation . Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest , some counties were formed considerably later , up to the 16th century . Because of their differing origins the counties varied considerably in size . The county boundaries were fairly static between the 16th century Laws in Wales acts and the Local Government Act 1888 . Each shire was responsible for gathering taxes for the central government ; for local defence ; and for justice , through assize courts . The power of the feudal barons to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of Quia Emptores . Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete ( but not extinct ) on the abolition of feudal tenure during the Civil War , as confirmed by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 passed under the Restoration which took away Knights service and other legal rights . Tenure by knight - service was abolished and discharged and the lands covered by such tenures , including once - feudal baronies , were henceforth held by socage ( i.e. in exchange for monetary rents ) . The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to a peerage on such basis , meaning a right to sit in the House of Lords , were not to be revived , nor any right of succession based on them . The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England . It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title `` Prince of Wales '' as legally part of the lands of England , and established shire counties on the English model over those areas . The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England . The Council of Wales and the Marches , administered from Ludlow Castle , was initially established in 1472 by Edward IV of England to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales . Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 introduced under Henry VIII , the jurisdiction of the marcher lords was abolished in 1536 . The Acts had the effect of annexing Wales to England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction , commonly referred to as England and Wales . See also ( edit ) List of English monarchs English colonial empire English Army Royal Navy Privy Council of England Crown Jewels of England England and Wales Anglo - Norman language Middle English language Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Old English ( until 1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1550 ) Modern English ( 1550 -- 1707 ) Jump up ^ Old Welsh ( until 12th century ) Middle Welsh ( 12th -- 14th century ) Modern Welsh ( 14th century -- 1707 ) Jump up ^ Old Cornish ( until 12th century ) Middle Cornish ( 12th -- 16th century ) Late Cornish ( 16th century -- 1707 ) Jump up ^ Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United Kingdom , with the reservation that it is `` uncodified '' , is taken to be based in the Bill of Rights 1689 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ London , 800 -- 1216 : The Shaping of a City , `` ... rivalry between City and government , between a commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster . '' , accessed November 2013 . Jump up ^ Acts of Union 1707 parliament.uk , accessed 27 January 2011 Jump up ^ Making the Act of Union 1707 scottish.parliament.uk , accessed 27 January 2011 Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stephen Harris , Race and Ethnicity in Anglo - Saxon Literature , Studies in Medieval History and Culture , Routledge , 2004 , 139f . Jump up ^ A.L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat , A Concise Dictionary of Middle English From A.D. 1150 To 1580 ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ `` Anglia '' ( par L. Favre , 1883 -- 1887 ) , dans du Cange , et al. , Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis , éd . augm. , Niort : L. Favre , 1883 ‐ 1887 , t . 1 , col . 251c . http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ANGLIA Jump up ^ The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle Freely licensed version at Gutenberg Project . Note : This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle . It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram , as published in the Everyman edition . Jump up ^ Asser 's Life of King Alfred , ch. 83 , trans . Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge , Alfred the Great : Asser 's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources ( Penguin Classics ) ( 1984 ) , pp. 97 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Vince , Alan , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , The Archaeology of London series ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Vision of Britain -- Type details for ancient county . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Frederic A , Jr. ( 1979 ) . Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England , Vol. I : Southern England . London : Royal Historical Society . pp. xii -- xiii . ISBN 0 - 901050 - 67 - 9 . Ancient County : Counties are geographic entities whose origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period . They were derived either from Anglo - Saxon kingdoms whose size made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century , or as artificial creations formed from larger kingdoms . The number of ' shires ' ( the Anglo - Saxon term ) or ' counties ' ( Norman term ) varied in the medieval period , particularly in the north of England . Jump up ^ Chandler , J.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Local government before 1832 '' . Explaining Local Government : Local Government in Britain Since 1800 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0719067065 . Jump up ^ Hackwood , Frederick William ( 1920 ) . The Story of the Shire , being the Lore , History and Evolution of English County Institutions ( PDF ) . London : Heath Cranton Limited . Jump up ^ Byrne , Tony ( 1994 ) . Local Government in Britain . Harmondsworth : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017663 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vision of Britain -- Census Geographies . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Angus JL ( 1990 ) . Discovering Parish Boundaries . Oxford : Shire Publications . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0060 - X . Jump up ^ William Searle Holdsworth , `` A History of English Law , '' Little , Brown , and Company , 1912 , pg. 502 Bibliography ( edit ) Bartlett , Robert . England under the Norman and Angevin kings : 1075 - 1225 ( Oxford UP , 2002 ) , major scholarly survey . Black , J.R. The Reign of Elizabeth , 1558 - 1603 ( 1959 ) , scholarly survey . Borman , Tracy . Thomas Cromwell : The Untold Story of Henry VIII 's Most Faithful Servant ( 2015 ) popular biography . Elton , G.R. , England under the Tudors ( London : Methuen , 1955 ) , scholarly survey Ellis , Steven G. Ireland in the age of the Tudors , 1447 - 1603 : English expansion and the end of Gaelic rule ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Guy , John . The Tudors : a very short introduction ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . Harriss , G.L. Shaping the nation : England 1360 - 1461 ( Oxford UP , 2005 ) , scholarly survey . Jacob , E.F. The Fifteenth Century , 1399 - 1485 ( Oxford History of England , 1961 ) ) , scholarly survey . Jenkins , Elizabeth . Elizabeth the Great ( Time Incorporated , 1964 ) . popular well - illustrated biography . Jones , J. Gwynfor . Wales and the Tudor state : government , religious change and the social order , 1534 - 1603 ( U of Wales Press , 1989 ) . Levin , Carole . The heart and stomach of a king : Elizabeth I and the politics of sex and power ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) . Loades , David Michael . Politics and nation : England 1450 - 1660 ( Wiley - Blackwell , 1999 ) . Loades , David Michael . Power in Tudor England ( 1997 ) . McCaffrey , Wallace . Elizabeth I , a major scholarly biography McKisack , May . The Fourteenth Century , 1307 - 1399 ( Oxford History of England , 1959 ) . Neale , J.E. Queen Elizabeth I : a biography ( 1957 ) old scholarly biography ; very well written . Penn , Thomas . Winter king : Henry VII and the dawn of Tudor England ( 2012 ) . Powicke , Maurice . The Thirteenth Century , 1216 - 1307 ( Oxford History of England , 1962 ) scholarly survey Ridley , Jasper G. Henry VIII ( 1985 ) , biography . Roberts , Clayton , F. David Roberts , and Douglas Bisson . A History of England , Volume 1 : Prehistory to 1714 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . university textbook . Thomson , John A , F. The Transformation of Medieval England 1370 - 1529 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Williams , Penry . The Later Tudors : England , 1547 - 1603 ( Oxford UP , 1995 ) , major scholarly survey ... Preceded by The Heptarchy c. 500 -- c. 927 Kingdom of England c. 927 -- 1649 Succeeded by English Interregnum 1649 -- 1660 Preceded by English Interregnum 1649 -- 1660 Kingdom of England 1660 -- 1707 Succeeded by Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1800 Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Union of the Crowns Overseas possessions Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Maritime history Economy in the Middle Ages Union with Scotland Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal Badges Royal Supporters Royal Standard Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England ( hide ) British Isles Terminology Alba Albion Prydain Britain Éire Hibernia Naming dispute Politics Sovereign states Ireland United Kingdom ( England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales ) Crown dependencies Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Sark Political cooperation Ireland -- United Kingdom relations British -- Irish Council British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly Common Travel Area Geography Island groups Channel Islands Islands of the Clyde Great Britain Hebrides Inner Outer Ireland Isle of Man Northern Isles Orkney Shetland Isles of Scilly Lists of islands of Bailiwick of Guernsey Ireland Bailiwick of Jersey Isle of Man United Kingdom England Scotland Wales History Island groups Ireland Current states Ireland United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Former states Irish Free State Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Scotland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Society Modern languages Germanic English Scots Celtic Cornish Scottish Gaelic Irish Manx Welsh Romance Auregnais French Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Other British Sign Language Irish Sign Language Northern Ireland Sign Language Shelta People British Cornish English English Gypsies Irish Irish Travellers Kale Manx Northern Irish Scottish Ulster - Scots Welsh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&oldid=820932495 '' Categories : Former countries in the British Isles Former state unions States and territories established in the 10th century States and territories disestablished in 1707 Kingdom of England 1707 disestablishments in Great Britain Former kingdoms Former monarchies of Europe 10th - century establishments in England Anglo - Saxon England States and territories established in the 920s 927 establishments Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from May 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 13 : 11 . 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About Wikipedia	what was the capital of uk before london	[ "\n\nKingdom of England\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10th century – 1707\n1649–1660: Commonwealth\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag (after 13th cent.)\n\n\n\nRoyal Arms (1399–1603)\n\nRoyal Banner (1406–1603)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation of the Kingdom of England in 1700\n\n\n\nCapital\n\n\n\nWinchester (until 1066)\nLondon (1066–1707)\n∟ Westminster\n (administrative)\n∟ City of London\n (commercial)\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguages\n\n\n\nEnglish[nb 1]\nOld Norse (until 11th century)\nWelsh[nb 2]\nCornish[nb 3]\nCumbric (until 11th century)\nAnglo-Norman (11th–15th century)\nMedieval Latin (until 15th century)[nb 4]\n\n\n\n\n\nReligion\nChristianity\n\n\nDemonym\nEnglish\n\n\nGovernment\nAbsolute monarchy (10th century – 1215)\nUnitary parliamentary monarchy (1215–1707)\n\n\n\nMonarch\n\n\n\n • \n927–939\nÆthelstan (first)[a]\n\n\n • \n1702–1707\nAnne (last)[b]\n\n\nLegislature\nParliament\n\n\n • \nUpper house\nHouse of Lords\n\n\n • \nLower house\nHouse of Commons\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n\n • \nUnification\n10th century\n\n\n • \nBattle of Hastings\n14 October 1066\n\n\n • \nConquered Wales\n1277–1283\n\n\n • \nIncorporated Wales\n1535–1542\n\n\n • \nUnion of the Crowns\n24 March 1603\n\n\n • \nGlorious Revolution\n11 December 1688\n\n\n • \nUnion with Scotland\n1 May 1707\n\n\nArea\n\n\n • \n1283–1542 est.\n145,000 km2 (56,000 sq mi)\n\n\n • \n1542–1707 est.\n151,000 km2 (58,000 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation\n\n\n • \n1283 est.\n2,600,000 \n\n\n Density\n18/km2 (46/sq mi)\n\n\n • \n1542 est.\n3,000,000 \n\n\n Density\n21/km2 (54/sq mi)\n\n\n • \n1707 est.\n5,750,000 \n\n\n Density\n38/km2 (99/sq mi)\n\n\nCurrency\nPound sterling\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWessex\n\n\n\nSussex\n\n\n\nEssex\n\n\n\nKent\n\n\n\nDumnonia\n\n\n\nMercia\n\n\n\nEast Anglia\n\n\n\nNorthumbria\n\n\n\nWelsh Marches\n\n\n\nPrincipality of Wales\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGreat Britain\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nToday part of\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\n ∟ England\n ∟ Wales\n\n\n\n\n\na.\n^ Monarch of Wessex from 925.\n\n\nb.\n^ Continued as monarch of Great Britain until her death in 1714.\n\n" ]	[ "Winchester" ]
-8694676649029297819	Great Red Spot	Great Red Spot - wikipedia Great Red Spot Jump to : navigation , search A false - color image of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter from Voyager 1 . The white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot has approximately the same diameter as the Earth . NASA image . The Great Red Spot is a persistent zone of high pressure , producing an anticyclonic storm on the planet Jupiter , 22 ° south of the equator . It has been continuously observed for 187 years , since 1830 . Earlier observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be the same storm ; if this is correct , it has existed for at least 350 years . Storms such as this are not uncommon within the turbulent atmospheres of gas giants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observation history 2 Structure 3 Mechanical dynamics 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Observation history ( edit ) Image of Jupiter by Pioneer 10 in 1974 , showing a more solid - looking spot than when shown by Voyager 1 in 1979 The Great Red Spot may have existed since before 1665 , but the present spot was first seen only after 1830 and well - studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879 . A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its seventeenth - century discovery ; whether the original spot dissipated and reformed , whether it faded , or even if the observational record was simply poor , are all unknown . For example , its first sighting is often credited to Robert Hooke , who described a spot on the planet in May 1664 ; however , it is likely that Hooke 's spot was in the wrong belt altogether ( the North Equatorial Belt , versus the current Great Red Spot 's location in the South Equatorial Belt ) . Much more convincing is Giovanni Cassini 's description of a `` permanent spot '' the following year . With fluctuations in visibility , Cassini 's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713 ; however , the 118 - year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive , and the older spot 's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot make their identity unlikely . A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by Donato Creti , which is exhibited in the Vatican . Part of a series of panels in which different ( magnified ) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various Italian scenes , and all overseen by the astronomer Eustachio Manfredi for accuracy , Creti 's painting is the first known to depict the Great Red Spot as red . No Jovian feature was explicitly described as red before the late 1800s . A wider view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from Voyager 1 in 1979 On February 25 , 1979 , when the Voyager 1 spacecraft was 9.2 million kilometres ( 5.7 million miles ) from Jupiter it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot back to Earth . Cloud details as small as 160 kilometres ( 100 miles ) across were visible . The colorful , wavy cloud pattern seen to the left ( west ) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion . Time - lapse sequence from the approach of Voyager 1 to Jupiter , showing the motion of atmospheric bands , and circulation of the Great Red Spot . NASA image . At the start of 2004 , the Great Red Spot had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had a century ago , when it reached a size of 40,000 kilometres . At the present rate of reduction it would become circular by 2040 . It is not known how long the spot will last , or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations . A smaller spot , designated Oval BA , formed recently ( March 2000 ) from the merger of three white ovals , has turned reddish in color . Astronomers have named it the Little Red Spot or Red , Jr . As of June 5 , 2006 , the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence . The storms pass each other about every two years but the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance . Amy Simon - Miller , of the Goddard Space Flight Center , predicted the storms would have their closest passing on July 4 , 2006 . She worked with Imke de Pater and Phil Marcus of UC Berkeley , and a team of professional astronomers since April 2006 to study the storms using the Hubble Space Telescope ; on July 20 , the two storms were photographed passing each other by the Gemini Observatory without converging . In May 2008 a third storm turned red . The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot , a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft . Note that a feature in the atmosphere of Neptune was also called the Great Dark Spot . The latter feature was imaged by Voyager 2 in 1989 , and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm and it was no longer present as of 1994 ( although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north ) . NASA 's Juno Spacecraft flew over the Great Red Spot on July 11 , 2017 , taking several images of the Spot from about 5,000 miles ( 8,000 km ) above the surface . Structure ( edit ) Approximate size comparison of Earth and the Great Red Spot . The oval object rotates counter-clockwise , with a period of about six Earth days or fourteen Jovian days . Measuring in at 10,159 miles ( 16,350 kilometers ) in width ( as of April 3 , 2017 ) Jupiter 's Great Red Spot is 1.3 times as wide as Earth . The cloud - tops of this storm are about eight kilometres above the surrounding cloud - tops . Infrared data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder ( and thus , higher in altitude ) than most of the other clouds on the planet . However , recent infrared measurements of the upper atmosphere show far more heat above the Great Red Spot than the rest of the planet ; `` acoustic waves '' rising from the storm have been proposed as an explanation for Jupiter 's temperature . Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the spot 's counter-clockwise circulation as far back as 1966 , observations dramatically confirmed by the first time - lapse movies from the Voyager fly - bys . The spot is confined by a modest eastward jet stream to its south and a very strong westward one to its north . Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at ~ 120 metres per second ( 432 kilometres per hour ) , currents inside it seem stagnant , with little inflow or outflow . The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time , perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size . Color animation of Jupiter 's cloud motion . The Great Red Spot 's latitude has been stable for the duration of good observational records , typically varying by about a degree . Its longitude , however , is subject to constant variation . Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes , astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude . System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 ° , and was originally based on the average rotation rate of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s . Despite this , however , the spot has `` lapped '' the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early nineteenth century . Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the South Equatorial Belt , and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance . Closeup detail of the Great Red spot taken by NASA 's Juno on July 11 , 2017 It is not known exactly what causes the Great Red Spot 's reddish color . Theories supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by complex organic molecules , red phosphorus , or a compound containing sulphur , but a consensus has yet to be reached . The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue , from almost brick - red to pale salmon , or even white . In fact , the spot occasionally `` disappears '' , becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow , which is its niche in the South Equatorial Belt ( SEB ) . Interestingly , its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB ; when the belt is bright white , the spot tends to be dark , and when it is dark , the spot is usually light . These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals ; as of 1997 , during the preceding 50 years , the spot was darkest in the periods 1961 -- 1966 , 1968 -- 1975 , 1989 -- 1990 , and 1992 -- 1993 . Mechanical dynamics ( edit ) There is no definitive theory as to what is causing the formation or colour of the storm that is known as the Great Red Spot . Laboratory studies are examining the effects that cosmic rays or UV Light from the Sun are having on the chemical composition of the clouds of Jupiter . In particular whether the Sun 's radiation is reacting with ammonium hydrosulfide in the planet 's outer atmosphere to create the deep red colour . Research has shown that the storm produces extreme amounts of heat because it is simultaneously generating gravity and acoustic waves . When these turbulent energy waves collide 500 mi ( 800 km ) above the red spot , they are creating extremely high temperatures in the planet 's upper atmosphere . The effect is described as being like `` crashing ( ... ) ocean waves on a beach '' . The reason the storm has continued to exist for centuries is because of the physical nature of Jupiter . As there is no planetary surface to provide friction ( only a liquid core of hydrogen ) , circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum . See also ( edit ) Solar System portal Atmosphere of Jupiter Great Dark Spot , a similar storm on Neptune Great White Spot , a similar storm on Saturn Extraterrestrial cyclone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Jupiter Data Sheet -- SPACE. coma '' . Imaginova . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Anonymous . `` The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter -- The Great Red Spot '' . Dept . Physics & Astronomy -- University of Tennessee . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Beebe ( 1997 ) , 38 - 41 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 6 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 188 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2003 ) . `` Astronomical Observations : Donato Creti '' . Vatican Museums . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hockey ( 1999 ) , 40 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith et al ( 1979 ) , 951 - 972 . Jump up ^ Beatty , J. Kelly ( 2002 ) . `` Jupiter 's Shrinking Red Spot '' . Sky and Telescope . 103 ( 4 ) : 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sanchez - Lavega , A. ; et al. ( February 2001 ) . `` The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter '' . Icarus . 149 ( 2 ) : 491 -- 495 . Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 149 ... 491S . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2000.6548 . Jump up ^ Sanchez - Lavega , A. ; Orton , G.S. ; Morales R. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter '' . Icarus . 149 ( 2 ) : 491 -- 495. Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 149 ... 491S . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2000.6548 Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony . `` Huge Storms Converge '' . Science@NASA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Peter . `` Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter 's Red Spots '' . Gemini Observatory . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shiga , David . `` Third red spot erupts on Jupiter '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony . `` The Great Dark Spot '' . Science at NASA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) . `` NASA just released Juno 's first stunning close - ups of Jupiter 's giant storm '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Smith et al ( 1979 ) , 954 . Jump up ^ Perez , Martin ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) . `` NASA 's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter 's Great Red Spot '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 191 . Jump up ^ Tricia Talbert ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Jupiter 's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source '' . NASA . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 194 - 6 . Jump up ^ Beebe ( 1997 ) , 35 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 195 . Jump up ^ Rogers , John . `` Interim reports on STB ( Oval BA passing GRS ) , STropB , GRS ( internal rotation measured ) , EZ ( S. Eq . Disturbance ; dramatic darkening ; NEB interactions ) , & NNTB '' . British Astronomical Association . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Reese , Elmer J. ; Solberg , H. Gordon ( 1966 ) . `` Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter 's red spot '' . Icarus . 5 ( 1 - 6 ) : 266 -- 273 . Bibcode : 1966Icar ... 5 ... 266R . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 66 ) 90036 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 192 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stone , Peter H. ( 1974 ) . `` On Jupiter 's Rate of Rotation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences . 31 : 1471 -- 1472 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1974 ) 031 < 1471 : OJROR > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 48 , 193 . Jump up ^ Rogers ( 1995 ) , 193 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter 's Great Red Spot : A Swirling Mystery '' . NASA . August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter 's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source '' . NASA . July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter 's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot '' . www.astrophysicsspectator.com . November 24 , 2004 . References ( edit ) ( Numerous authors ) ( 1999 ) . Beatty , Kelly J. ; Peterson , Carolyn Collins ; Chaiki , Andrew , eds . The New Solar System ( 4th ed . ) . Massachusetts : Sky Publishing Corporation . ISBN 0933346867 . Beebe , Reta ( 1997 ) . Jupiter the Giant Planet ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 1560986859 . Hockey , Thomas ( 1999 ) . Galileo 's Planet : Observing Jupiter Before Photography . Bristol , Philadelphia : IOP Publishing . ISBN 0750304480 . Peek , Bertrand M. ( 1981 ) . The Planet Jupiter : The Observer 's Handbook ( Revised ed . ) . London : Faber and Faber Limited . ISBN 0571180264 . Rogers , John H. ( 1995 ) . The Giant Planet Jupiter . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521410088 . Smith , B.A. ; et al. ( 1979 ) . `` The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1 '' . Science . 204 : 951 -- 957 , 960 -- 972 . Bibcode : 1979Sci ... 204 ... 951S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 204.4396. 951 . PMID 17800430 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Red Spot . Yang , Sarah ( April 21 , 2004 ) . `` Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet 's spots disappear '' . UC Berkeley News . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Phillips , Tony ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Jupiter 's New Red Spot '' . Science at NASA . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Phillips , Tony ( June 5 , 2006 ) . `` Huge Storms Converge '' . Science at NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Youssef , Ashraf ; Marcus , Philip S. ( 2003 ) . `` The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger '' . Icarus . 162 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 162 ... 74Y . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 02 ) 00060 - X . Williams , Gareth P. ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` NOAA Web Page '' . Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Video based on Juno 's Perijove 7 overflight by Seán Doran ( see album for more ) ( hide ) Jupiter Outline of Jupiter Geography Atmosphere Great Red Spot Magnetosphere Rings Moons Inner moons Adrastea Amalthea Metis Thebe Galilean moons Callisto Europa Ganymede Io Irregular moons Ananke group Carme group Himalia group Pasiphae group Ungrouped moons Carpo Themisto S / 2003 J 2 S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Astronomy General Jupiter - crossing minor planets Solar eclipses Trojans Greek camp Trojan camp Impact events Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact event 2010 Jupiter impact event Exploration and orbiting missions Current Juno Past Cassini Galileo New Horizons Pioneer program Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Ulysses Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Future Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) Europa Clipper ( 2025 ) Proposed Io Volcano Observer ( 2021 ) Laplace - P ( 2023 ) Smara ( 2030 ) Related Fiction Jovian Jupiter Moons Mythology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&oldid=809257096 '' Categories : Jupiter Planetary spots Anticyclones Vortices Storms Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 00 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the giant red spot that is seen on jupiter	[ "The Great Red Spot is a persistent zone of high pressure, producing an anticyclonic storm on the planet Jupiter, 22° south of the equator. It has been continuously observed for 187 years, since 1830. Earlier observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least 350 years.[1][2] Storms such as this are not uncommon within the turbulent atmospheres of gas giants." ]	[ "a persistent zone of high pressure, producing an anticyclonic storm" ]
-5660001654561523202	Albus Dumbledore	Albus Dumbledore - wikipedia Albus Dumbledore Jump to : navigation , search Albus Dumbledore Harry Potter character Dumbledore as portrayed by Michael Gambon in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Richard Harris ( adult , films 1 & 2 ) Michael Gambon ( adult , films 3 -- 8 ) Toby Regbo ( youth , film 7 ) Jude Law ( adult , Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ) House Gryffindor Information Species Wizard Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . For most of the series , he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts . As part of his backstory , it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix , an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort . Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . After Harris ' death , Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films . Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in the untitled sequel to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Rowling stated she chose the name Dumbledore , which is an Early Modern English word for `` bumblebee '' , because of Dumbledore 's love of music : she imagined him walking around `` humming to himself a lot '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 4.4 Possessions 4.5 Family 5 Reception 5.1 Sexuality 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links Character development The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he `` is the epitome of goodness . '' Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her , as he `` knows pretty much everything '' about the Harry Potter universe . Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets `` that he has always had to be the one who knew , and who had the burden of knowing . And he would rather not know . '' As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter , `` Dumbledore is a very wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life . He allows Harry to get into what he would n't allow another pupil to do , and he also unwillingly permits Harry to confront things he 'd rather protect him from . '' In a 1999 interview , Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore `` more as a John Gielgud type , you know , quite elderly and -- and quite stately . '' During his time as a student , Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House . Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old . However , on her website , she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881 , making him either 115 or 116 when he died . On 19 October 2007 , Rowling was asked by a young fan whether Dumbledore finds `` true love . '' Rowling said that she always thought of Dumbledore as being homosexual and that he had fallen in love with Gellert Grindelwald , which was Dumbledore 's `` great tragedy '' ; Rowling did not explicitly state whether Grindelwald returned his affections . Rowling explains this further by elaborating on the motivations behind Dumbledore 's flirtation with the idea of wizard domination of Muggles : `` He lost his moral compass completely when he fell in love and I think subsequently became very mistrustful of his own judgement in those matters so became quite asexual . He led a celibate and a bookish life . '' Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone In the opening chapter of the first novel of the series , Dumbledore arrives at number four , Privet Drive in Little Whinging , Surrey . When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harry 's parents before being reduced to a lesser form , Dumbledore decides to place the now - orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon and Petunia Dursley . He knows that Harry will be protected by the special magic caused by his mother 's sacrifice , after he evokes the magic of the bond of blood and Harry 's aunt , his mother 's sister - Petunia Evans Dursley , sealed it by accepting her nephew into her home . This old magic of binding love renders Voldemort incapable of touching Harry . Dumbledore leaves Harry upon the doorstep of the Dursley home with a letter explaining the situation . He departs with the final phrase , `` Good luck , Harry . '' When Harry arrives at Hogwarts , Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised , claiming that when he looks into it , he sees himself `` holding a pair of thick , woollen socks . '' Harry later recalls in the final book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him . He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosopher 's Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror and whose desire was `` to find the Stone ... but not use it '' would receive it , as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirror 's special magic . He is called out to the Ministry of Magic by a false message on the night when Professor Quirinus Quirrell , Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger enter the dungeons to retrieve the Stone , but realises during the trip that he is needed at Hogwarts and returns in time to rescue Harry from Quirrell and Voldemort . He also has a final conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons and tells him that he is too young to comprehend the information about why Voldemort attempts to kill him . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second novel , Dumbledore suspects that Tom Riddle is somehow involved in the attacks on the muggle born students , as he says , when asked who is the culprit , `` not who , but how ? '' A younger Dumbledore appears in Riddle 's diary , when Harry sees his memory , and asks Riddle if he knows anything about the attacks on the students . During the last half of the novel , Lucius Malfoy forces the school 's other eleven governors to suspend Dumbledore as Headmaster in the wake of attacks by a basilisk in the school when the Chamber of Secrets is opened . Dumbledore is reinstated when the governors discover that Ginny Weasley was taken into the Chamber of Secrets and Lucius is found to have coerced the other governors into suspending him . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban At the beginning of the third novel , Dumbledore is forced to accept Dementors onto his school 's grounds for the protection of his students from Sirius Black , the supposed murderer and accessory to murder , who had escaped from Azkaban . After Black 's breach into Hogwarts , Dumbledore issues orders to close every entrance to the school and grounds . After Harry falls off his broomstick during a Quidditch match because of the Dementors , Dumbledore becomes uncharacteristically angry with them and uses his wand to cause Harry to levitate safely to the ground . Later in that book , Dumbledore suggests Hermione Granger use her Ministry - approved Time - Turner to go back three hours to save Buckbeak the hippogriff and Sirius from their unjust executions . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth novel , Dumbledore introduces the Triwizard Tournament . He also serves as a judge during the entire event . When Harry 's name comes out of the Goblet of Fire , Dumbledore is not enraged , but remains calm ; simply asking Harry whether he had himself , or had asked an older student to submit his name ( although in the film version he does get angry to the point of manhandling Harry ) . When Harry answers no , he believes him . By the end of the book , Dumbledore 's fears are realised when Harry returns from his encounter with Voldemort clutching the dead body of Cedric Diggory and when Mad - Eye Moody ( being impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr , through Polyjuice Potion ) takes Harry away from Dumbledore and to his office inside the castle . Dumbledore immediately becomes suspicious and heads straight towards Moody 's office with Minerva McGonagall and Severus Snape to save Harry and to interrogate Crouch . Afterwards , Dumbledore listens to Harry 's eyewitness account about Voldemort 's return . Harry though , only wakes up later to find Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge in the hospital wing arguing with McGonagall and Dumbledore . In the end , Fudge and Dumbledore `` part ways '' after an argument about the situation of Voldemort 's return and the consequences that would follow should Fudge remain in denial of this fact . Harry Potter and the Order of the phoenix In the fifth book , Dumbledore is demoted from Chief Warlock of the Wizengamot , voted out of the Chairmanship of the International Confederation of Wizards , and is almost stripped of his Order of Merlin First Class due to his speeches regarding the return of Voldemort , although it is reported that he is unconcerned as long as he is not taken off the Chocolate Frog cards . Meanwhile , the Ministry of Magic does everything they can to discredit him and Harry -- mainly through the Daily Prophet . At the beginning of the book , Dumbledore enrages Fudge when he stops by at Harry 's hearing with a witness ( Arabella Figg ) to ensure that he is not expelled . While Harry feels better when Dumbledore assists him , he becomes annoyed to the point of being angry that the headmaster refuses to speak to or even look at him . During the following year at Hogwarts , the Ministry passes Educational Decree Twenty - two , allowing Fudge to place Dolores Umbridge to the post of Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher ( after Dumbledore failed to find a suitable candidate ) . Through her , Fudge gradually gains power over Hogwarts and Dumbledore , who he fears is building an under - age wizard army to overthrow the Ministry . Umbridge forbids practical defence practice in her classes , forcing Harry , Ron , and Hermione to form Dumbledore 's Army ( a defence group led by Harry ) with fellow friends . It is when the Ministry discovers the D.A. that Dumbledore , choosing to accept the responsibility , falsely claims that the organisation was his own subversive creation , and allows himself to be removed as headmaster ( for the second time ) rather than allow Harry to be expelled . Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters . He subdues all the Death Eaters , except for Bellatrix Lestrange , and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping . He then saves Harry from the Avada Kedavra curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord . This culminates in Voldemort 's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy . Voldemort is forced to leave Harry 's body and flee with Bellatrix after this ruse fails . Many ministry officials ' having witnessed the end of the battle , Dumbledore is reinstated as headmaster and retrieves all his distinctions . Towards the end of the book , Dumbledore explains to Harry that Voldemort chose him as his equal and that one must kill the other in the end , and confesses that his great affection for Harry has clouded his judgement . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In the sixth book , Dumbledore fetches Harry from Privet Drive and takes him to persuade Horace Slughorn to rejoin the Hogwarts staff . Harry notices that Dumbledore 's right hand is shrivelled and black . During the school year , Dumbledore teaches Harry of events in Voldemort 's past that he feels are of immense importance . Using the Pensieve , they visit the memories of others , which contain important information about Voldemort 's life and his genocidal rise to power . While using the pensieve , Harry sees a vision of Dumbledore 's first encounter with Voldemort , then a disturbed young orphan named Tom Riddle ; Dumbledore had known from the beginning that the boy was dangerous , but believed that Hogwarts would change him . It is learned that Voldemort created six Horcruxes to gain immortality and that they must all be destroyed before Harry goes after the final piece of Voldemort 's soul in the Dark Lord 's body . Harry also repeatedly warns Dumbledore in most of their lessons that Draco Malfoy , is working for Voldemort . Dumbledore refuses to take any action against Draco , and instead tells Harry that he already knows more about what is happening than Harry does . By the end of the book , Dumbledore and Harry set out to the cave where Dumbledore believes a Horcrux resides . In the cave , Dumbledore drinks a potion inside the Horcrux 's container ; while drinking it , he begins to scream , seemingly enduring mental torture and being weakened . Dumbledore begins to call out for water after he finishes the potion , and Harry , realising he has no other choice , dips the goblet into the lake to give him a drink . When he does this though , all the Inferi that reside in the lake grab at Harry and attempt to drag him down and drown him in the lake . Dumbledore suddenly recovers , thanks to the water , and conjures a fire lasso around them . Dumbledore takes the horcrux ( a locket ) and both make their way back out of the cave and back to Hogsmeade . When they return , Madam Rosmerta informs them that the Dark Mark was conjured over the Astronomy Tower . In the tower , Dumbledore enjoins Harry not to interfere in the events that are about to take place there , and places him in a body - binding curse under his invisibility cloak . Hidden , Harry is unable to intervene as Dumbledore ( now extremely weak ) is disarmed by Draco . Dumbledore is conversing with Draco about the plot to kill him , when several other Death Eaters enter the tower and try to persuade Draco to kill Dumbledore . When Draco hesitates , Snape appears and performs the Killing Curse on Dumbledore , only after Dumbledore pleads with Snape saying , `` Severus , please ... '' . To what Dumbledore was referring is not revealed until the seventh book . Dumbledore dies in Hogwarts ' grounds . Shortly after his death , Dumbledore 's portrait magically appears in the Headmaster 's office . His funeral is attended by students , Hogwarts staff , members of the Ministry of Magic , ghosts , centaurs , merpeople and others who wish to pay their respects . Shrouded in purple velvet , he is entombed in a white marble sarcophagus beside the lake at Hogwarts , and it is said that he is the only headmaster to be buried on the school grounds . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Rowling used several chapters in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows to reveal two main matters concerning Dumbledore : his early life and his death . The book introduces his parents , Percival and Kendra Dumbledore , as well as his little sister , Ariana ; his brother , Aberforth Dumbledore , was mentioned in previous books . At six years old , Ariana was attacked by three Muggle boys who had witnessed her doing magic . Because of this attack , Ariana was seriously traumatised and never able to control her magic again , having recurring outbursts of magic . Enraged , Percival mercilessly attacked the Muggle boys ( killing them in the film version ) , and was sentenced to life in Azkaban . After this , Kendra moved her family to the village of Godric 's Hollow . In one of her outbursts , Ariana accidentally kills Kendra around the time Albus has completed his education . Albus becomes the head of the family and is forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completes his education . The Elder Wand , as reproduced in Harry Potter Warner Bros. films Soon afterward , a young Gellert Grindelwald arrived in Godric 's Hollow to live with his great - aunt , Bathilda Bagshot , author of A History of Magic . The two young men took to each other immediately , and together they dreamed of a world ruled by wizards over Muggles by uniting the legendary Deathly Hallows . They believed that if they were forced to destroy a few along the way , it would still be `` for the greater good '' , and the sufferings and losses would be rewarded a hundredfold in the end . This scenario would never happen , though . A discussion between Albus , Aberforth , and Grindelwald led to a duel that resulted in Ariana 's death . For the rest of his life , Albus felt guilty , never certain whether it was his own curse or another 's that had killed his sister . Grindelwald stormed back to Bagshot 's home and departed to begin his own rule , leaving the country hours later . As a result of his mistakes , Albus felt that he was not to be trusted with power and , because of this , never took the position of Minister for Magic , despite being offered it several times . Dumbledore returned to Hogwarts as professor of Transfiguration , and he served in recruiting students for the school . Decades later , in 1945 , Dumbledore finally defeated the now - Dark wizard Grindelwald , who had come to possess the Elder Wand . Grindelwald 's defeat made Dumbledore the master of the Elder Wand , which remained his until just before his death , when Draco used the Disarming Charm on him . Dumbledore had another Hallow in his keeping since the death of James Potter : the Invisibility Cloak , which he had borrowed to examine . When James died , Dumbledore kept the cloak and decided to pass it on to Harry , James 's son . The truth about Dumbledore 's death is revealed through Snape 's last memories in the Pensieve . Harry learns that Dumbledore made a terrible error by placing a cursed ring on his right hand , sometime between the fifth and sixth book , forgetting the curses that must be on the ring . The ring held the Resurrection Stone , which Dumbledore hoped to use to allow him to apologise to his sister and parents . Dumbledore called Snape to help him ; however , when Snape arrived and assessed the curse , all he could do was contain it . Snape told Dumbledore that he had little more than a year to live . After hearing this news , Dumbledore revealed to Snape that he knew about Voldemort 's plan to have Draco kill him . He asked Snape to use the Killing Curse on him when the time came because he did not want Draco to have to kill him , saying that the boy 's soul was still intact ; Draco 's soul would have been damaged in killing Dumbledore out of malice , whereas Snape was fully aware that he would be merely sparing Dumbledore pain and humiliation . He also intended for Snape to be the one to kill him and for the Elder Wand to be buried with him , in order to prevent the wand from being passed on again . Dumbledore 's spirit appears to Harry towards the end of the book in a limbo - like King 's Cross , after Harry is struck with the Killing Curse which was conjured by Voldemort . During the last book , Harry finds out that he must die because he is a Horcrux . When Voldemort conjures the Killing Curse , Harry does not fight back , which stops him from dying . When they meet again , the boy comforts Dumbledore as he confesses all of his many regrets . Dumbledore then informs Harry of the choice he still has : of moving on to the next life or returning to his body to face Voldemort one last time . After returning from the mystical King 's Cross and defeating Voldemort for good , Harry has a short conversation with Dumbledore 's portrait in the Headmaster 's office about the fate of each of the three Deathly Hallows . He keeps the Cloak , leaves the Stone in the Forbidden Forest where he dropped it , and returns the Elder Wand to Dumbledore 's tomb ( from which Voldemort had stolen it ) . In the epilogue , it is revealed that Harry names his second son Albus Severus Potter after Dumbledore and Snape . Portrayals within films Dumbledore as portrayed by Richard Harris in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In the film adaptations of Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) , Dumbledore was played by Richard Harris , who was expected to play Dumbledore throughout the series . Harris mentioned that he was originally not going to take the role , since he knew his own health was in decline . He accepted because his then - 11 - year - old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it . Harris was determined to portray Dumbledore again in Prisoner of Azkaban ( which was released in 2004 ) , despite having been diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and asked David Heyman not to recast the role . However , his death on 25 October 2002 necessitated recasting . Ian McKellen was offered the role , but he turned it down , having played the similar character Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , as well as feeling it would have been inappropriate to take Harris 's role , as Harris had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Michael Gambon was cast as Harris 's replacement four months after Harris 's death . Gambon was not concerned about bettering Harris , and he portrayed the character in his own way , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Gambon reprised his role in all the remaining films . Toby Regbo was chosen to portray Dumbledore in his youth in Deathly Hallows Part I and Part 2 , for flashbacks scenes which provide essential information on the character 's backstory . Jude Law was tapped to portray Dumbledore in the sequel to the first prequel film , Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . In the Chamber of Secrets DVD interview , screenwriter Steve Kloves stated that he considers Dumbledore a fascinating character because of the wisdom he provides , but he feels that `` Dumbledore bears such a tremendous dark burden , and he knows secrets and I think in many ways he bears the weight of the future of the wizard world '' and the `` only way that he can keep that at bay , the darkness , is to be whimsical and humorous '' . Characterisation Appearance Albus Dumbledore was tall and thin , with silver hair and beard ( auburn in his youth ) so long that they could be tucked into his belt . He had a very long and crooked nose that looked as if it had been broken at least twice . ( It is speculated that his brother 's punch during their sister 's funeral may have played a role in shaping his nose . ) He was also said to have had long and skillful fingers . His eyes were described to be a brilliant , soul - piercing shade of blue , and usually twinkled with kindness and mischief . Dumbledore wore half - moon spectacles and a colourful array of robes , ranging from purple to bright orange . He once claimed to have a scar above his left knee in the precise shape of a map of the London Underground , but whether or not he actually does is unknown . His demeanour is often -- if not always -- serene and ethereal , and he usually spoke in a calm , pleasant voice even when Harry thought that he was actually furious . During the last year of his life , Dumbledore 's right hand was scarred when he donned Marvolo Gaunt 's Ring , which was cursed . Had Snape not intervened with a counter-curse , Dumbledore would have died much more quickly . Regardless , the curse left his hand blackened and dead - looking , and no amount of healing could repair the appearance . According to Snape , the curse would eventually spread itself from the contained hand , and Dumbledore was doomed to die in no more than one year 's time . Whether this means the blackening dead - look appearance would spread throughout the entire body is unknown . Personality Considered the most powerful wizard in the world , Dumbledore is benevolent and wise , a good wizard in the style of Merlin . He almost constantly gives off an aura of serenity and composure , rarely displaying intense emotions of anger or fear . Yet despite his benign nature , it is said that Dumbledore was the only wizard Lord Voldemort ever truly feared . Dumbledore is very eccentric and even slightly effeminate ; he is very fond of knitting patterns and frequently wears flamboyant clothing ( at one point , he is seen wearing a flowered bonnet ) . He is also known for his odd displays of whimsicality ; he often uses humour to make people feel comfortable in his presence . As a supremely talented wizard , Dumbledore displays numerous examples of extraordinary powers . His abilities as a wizard are combined with a kind of cunning and subtlety of mind that allowed him to comprehend human nature and turn the better aspects of humanity ( trust , love , and friendship ) to Voldemort 's disadvantage in particular . More than anything else , Dumbledore has a deep capacity for love , frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest magic of all . Dumbledore believes in the good in everyone and insists on giving second chances . The greatest example of this is Dumbledore 's relationship with Snape , in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of faith because he showed remorse . Dumbledore is highly perceptive and emotionally intelligent ; his knowledge of a person 's true personality goes beyond simply being a good judge of character . This is never more apparent than in his complex insights into Voldemort 's psyche , which he pieces together with Harry to deduce where Voldemort 's horcruxes are hidden . However , in spite of Dumbledore 's many extraordinary qualities , he was no saint . According to Rowling , `` Although Dumbledore seems to be so benign for six books , he 's quite a Machiavellian figure , really . He 's been pulling a lot of strings . '' In a 2005 interview , Rowling commented : `` Immense brainpower does not protect you from emotional mistakes , and I think Dumbledore really exemplifies that . '' Dumbledore 's greatest personality flaw , which he explained to Harry , was his desire for power . He eventually found that those best suited for power are those who do not seek it . When he and Grindelwald met each other , they made plans to enslave Muggles and re-establish wizards as the natural rulers of the world . However , Dumbledore was disillusioned of this fantasy after his sister Ariana was killed during a duel between himself , his brother Aberforth , and Grindelwald . Dumbledore was haunted by his sad family history . In particular , he was riddled with guilt over the circumstances surrounding the death of his sister . He felt enormous remorse for his selfishness and was tortured for the rest of his life by the possibility that he might have been the one who cast the spell that killed his sister . When he looked into the Mirror of Erised , he saw himself redeemed in the eyes of his brother and his entire family alive and together . Magical abilities and skills Since a young age , Dumbledore has always shown great magical abilities . During his education at Hogwarts , Dumbledore was known as the most brilliant student to have ever stepped into the school , winning `` every prize of note that the school offered '' , and in his N.E.W.T.s , `` ... did things with a wand ( the examiner had ) never seen before '' . Rowling has said that Dumbledore is primarily self - taught , although he `` had access to superb teachers at Hogwarts , '' and , as far as his education is concerned , `` Dumbledore 's family would be a profitable line of inquiry . '' While he is not vain , Dumbledore also exhibits no false modesty , readily acknowledging that he is unusually intelligent and an exceptionally powerful wizard . He admits a number of times to Harry in their occasional meetings in Half - Blood Prince that he makes mistakes , and since he is smarter than most men , his mistakes `` tend to be correspondingly huger . '' Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist who has worked with Nicolas Flamel , the only known maker of the Philosopher 's Stone , and is credited with discovering the twelve uses of dragon 's blood . His Patronus takes the form of a phoenix , a recurring symbol in the books . His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic , love , is extensive . He taught Harry about its very essence , and the innate power of his ability to love his parents , which eventually helped Harry realise his destiny to kill Lord Voldemort . He is known to be able to conjure Gubraithian fire ( magical everlasting fire ) . He has claimed to be able to become invisible without using an invisibility cloak , which is a powerful Disillusionment Charm . Dumbledore is also skilled in Occlumency and Legilimency . Dumbledore is an expert at Transfiguration too , having taught the subject before becoming headmaster . He frequently creates complex objects like sofa chairs out of thin air ( or from less comfortable chairs ) . Dumbledore is also proficient at Charms and Potions ; according to the obituary written by Elphias Doge , his papers were published in journals such as Achievements in Charming and The Practical Potioneer . Dumbledore is famous for defeating Grindelwald , who is second on a list of Most Dangerous Dark Wizards of All Time only to Voldemort himself , in a `` spectacular duel of legend '' , succeeding in doing so despite the fact that Grindelwald possessed the Elder Wand , which supposedly guarantees invincibility in duels due to its power . His skill at duelling is further shown when he calmly engages Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , overpowering him and eventually forcing him to possess Harry to be spared from total defeat . It is known in retrospect that Dumbledore possessed the Elder Wand when duelling Voldemort however , having taken it from Grindelwald . Unlike most wizards who make a distinct popping sound when they apparate Dumbledore notably is able to apparate silently ; the only other wizard shown to possess this skill is Voldemort . Dumbledore is known to be able to understand Mermish and Gobbledegook ( Goblin language ) and Parseltongue . Possessions Dumbledore 's office houses `` a number of curious ( ... ) instruments . '' Among them is a Pensieve , a stone receptacle used to store and review memories , which witches and wizards are able to extract from their heads as a type of fluid . Harry first discovers this device in Goblet of Fire , and it is frequently used for flashback scenes throughout the remainder of the series . In the first chapter of Philosopher 's Stone , Dumbledore is seen using the Deluminator , a device for removing and later returning light , and for use as a homing device . It is confirmed in Deathly Hallows when the object is inherited by Ron that the Deluminator is of Dumbledore 's own design . Dumbledore is the possessor and master of the Elder Wand , an extremely powerful object known also as the `` Wand of Destiny '' or the `` Deathstick '' , and one of the Deathly Hallows . Unlike many of the wand 's previous owners , Dumbledore keeps its identity a closely guarded secret . He also has a pet phoenix named Fawkes . It is revealed in Philosopher 's Stone by Mr. Ollivander that Harry 's wand carries a phoenix feather as its magical core and that particular phoenix only gave one other feather , the one in Voldemort 's wand that gave Harry his scar . It is later revealed in Goblet of Fire that Fawkes was the phoenix whose feathers provide the magical core in Harry 's and Voldemort 's wands . Family Through various interviews and discussions about the character , Rowling has established that Albus Dumbledore was born in July or August 1881 to Percival and Kendra Dumbledore . The character had previously referenced his brother Aberforth , and in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , it is revealed that Albus is three years older than Aberforth . The same book established their sister Ariana who , at six years old , suffered a vicious attack by three male Muggle youths who had witnessed her doing magic . Frightened , they first tried to get her to repeat what they had seen , and upon her failure to recreate it due to her young age , they tried to stop her from being `` different '' . It is not explicitly stated in the novel what form this attack took , but Percival was sentenced to life in Azkaban for tracking down and hexing the boys who seriously traumatised his daughter . The severe trauma of the attack left Ariana unable to function socially or to properly perform magic again . To prevent her being institutionalised in St. Mungo 's Hospital , or hurting someone accidentally with her uncontrolled magic , Kendra moved the family to Godric 's Hollow , and her illness was concealed . Neighbours assumed that Ariana was a non-magical squib . When Dumbledore and his friend Elphias left Hogwarts , they planned to take their `` then - traditional '' tour of the world . On the eve of their trip , the eighteen - year - old Dumbledore suffered the death of his mother Kendra , who was accidentally killed by Ariana during one of her uncontrolled outbursts of magic . Because Dumbledore 's parents were absent ( his father in Azkaban and his mother dead ) , Albus became the head of the family and it became his duty to put food on the table , as they were not left with much gold . He was forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completed his education . Aberforth knew of his brother 's resentment and offered to care for Ariana himself , saying that she preferred him , but Albus refused by stating that it was his duty as eldest to care for the family . When Grindelwald arrived at Godric 's Hollow , he immediately became friends with Dumbledore and together dreamed of a new world order in which wizards ruled over Muggles `` for the greater good '' . Dumbledore and Grindelwald suggested that they had to move to carry on their plans , but Aberforth refused because Ariana 's state did not allow her to be moved . The discussion between Albus , Aberforth and Grindelwald turned into a duel that resulted in Ariana 's accidental death . According to the author , as a result of this incident , Albus 's boggart became Ariana 's corpse . In Philosopher 's Stone , he mentions to Harry that the deepest desire of his heart , revealed by the Mirror of Erised , is to have a pair of woollen socks . In the seventh novel , Harry realises that he and Dumbledore see the same thing in the Mirror : their reunited families . Reception The character of Albus Dumbledore has been compared to other archetypal `` wise old man '' characters . Dumbledore acts much like Merlin from The Sword in the Stone , in the manner of an `` absent - minded professor '' ; both Merlin and Dumbledore educate a story 's main character in a castle . As writer Evelyn Perry notes , `` Dumbledore resembles Merlin both personally and physically ; he is an avid lover of books and wisdom who wears flowing robes and a long , white beard . '' Dumbledore has also been compared with Gandalf from Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings . Dave Kopel draws comparisons between Rowling 's writing and John Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress and states that , among the Christian symbols that Rowling has used in her books , Dumbledore acts like `` the bearded God the Father '' figure in which Harry puts his faith to be saved from Voldemort and his servants . IGN also listed Dumbledore as their fifth favourite Harry Potter character , saying that `` ( f ) or a character that was introduced into popular culture a mere twelve years ago , it speaks volumes that Professor Dumbledore has already taken his place among the great mentor figures in literature and film '' . IGN 's Joe Utichi called Dumbledore his third favourite Harry Potter character , calling the revelation that he was n't so `` infallible '' one of the most heartbreaking themes of the final book . Actor Michael Gambon received some criticism for his louder , more aggressive , portrayal of the character , who is depicted as exhibiting a more subdued , unflappable calm in the books . This has been attributed to Gambon 's policy of not reading the source material from which his films are adapted . As a main character of the series , major facts relating to Dumbledore have generated a vast number of essays and discussions . The death of Dumbledore at the end of Half - Blood Prince was discussed by fans and critics alike . A website named DumbledoreIsNotDead.com sought to understand the events of the sixth book in a different way and provided arguments to claim that the character did not really die . However , Rowling confirmed on 2 August 2006 that Dumbledore was , in fact , dead , humorously apologising to the website as she did so . Along with DumbledoreIsNotDead.com , a collection of essays , Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence , was published by Zossima Press in November 2006 . In NextMovie. com 's Harry Potter Mega Poll , Dumbledore 's death was voted as the most unforgettable moment in the whole series . Sexuality Rowling 's statement that Dumbledore was gay caused a great debate among critics . Melissa Anelli , webmaster of the fan site The Leaky Cauldron , told The Associated Press , `` J.K. Rowling calling any Harry Potter character gay would make wonderful strides in tolerance toward homosexuality ... By dubbing someone so respected , so talented and so kind , as someone who just happens to be also homosexual , she 's reinforcing the idea that a person 's gayness is not something of which they should be ashamed . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Mark Harris said `` her choice to make a beloved professor - mentor gay in a world where gay teachers are still routinely slandered as malign influences was , I am certain , no accident . '' The stars and director of the Harry Potter films were supportive of Rowling 's revelation as well . Some critics discussed the implications of this statement . New York Times columnist Edward Rothstein said that `` Ms. Rowling may think of Dumbledore as gay '' ; however , `` there is no reason why anyone else should '' . The East Tennessee State University 's student newspaper accused Rowling of lying , saying her answer was a publicity stunt . Michelle Smith quoted the Death of the Author principle , stating that Rowling 's subsequent commentary is irrelevant to the understanding of the books . Dumbledore 's sexuality was also condemned by several right - wing Christian groups , such as Mission America and the Christian Coalition of America . Slate quotes an attendee of the book talk who said , `` It was clear that JKR did n't plan to out Dumbledore . She just cares about being true to her readers . '' Mike Thomas of the Orlando Sentinel said that upon reflection , Dumbledore was gay from the beginning , and that this neatly explains the behaviour of his character and his relationship with Grindelwald . Thomas notes the skill Rowling displays in writing a gay character without having to put a gay label on him . Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell stated that `` It 's good that children 's literature includes the reality of gay people , since we exist in every society . But I am disappointed that she did not make Dumbledore 's sexuality explicit in the Harry Potter book . Making it obvious would have sent a much more powerful message of understanding and acceptance . '' A spokesperson for Stonewall praised Rowling , saying `` It 's great that JK has said this . It shows that there 's no limit to what gay and lesbian people can do , even being a wizard headmaster . '' In popular culture Dumbledore has been parodied in several sketches and animated series : In the series Wizards of Waverly Place , the episodes `` Wizard School Part 1 '' and `` Wizard School Part 2 '' feature Alex and Justin Russo going to a wizarding summer school called Wiz - tech , in which Headmaster Crumbs ( played by Ian Abercrombie ) is based on Dumbledore . In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Lisa asks Homer to read her Angelica Button book to her for bedtime . Homer , learning that the character Headmaster Greystash will die ( as Dumbledore did in Half - Blood Prince ) , hides the fact from Lisa by inventing a happier ending , though Lisa does read the real ending and decides that Homer 's was better . Dumbledore also stars in Neil Cicierega 's Potter Puppet Pals , in which he frequently strips completely naked , except for his hat , randomly in the story . Also , in half of the `` Potter Puppet Pals '' videos Dumbledore is using the exclamation `` Alas ! '' in an apparently incorrect place , parodying Rowling 's love for unusual words . In the episode `` Ron 's Disease '' , Dumbledore reveals himself to be `` a gay android '' . Albus Dumbledore appears in some episodes of Robot Chicken voiced by Seth Green . In `` Password : Swordfish '' when the threat of the puberty creature Pubertis is known , Dumbledore gives Harry a stone that might help him fight Pubertis . During this appearance , Dumbledore is an African - American who states that he is played by a different actor in each of the movies . Upon confrontation with Pubertis , Harry rubs the stone two times , which summons ghosts to punch it . When it comes to the third time , Dumbledore appears and tells Harry that the stone can only be warmed up three times a day ( four if he takes a week off ) and that Pubertis can not be destroyed since it lives in everyone just like his own demon Wandus Limpus prevents him from having meaningful relationships . In `` Tell My Mum '' , Dumbledore tells the students that Professor Snape suffered a `` minor potion accident '' and has enlisted Criss Angel as their substitute teacher . In 2003 , Comic Relief performed a spoof story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan , in which Dumbledore is portrayed by Nigel Planer , who wore the beard and costume of late Richard Harris . Dumbledore also appears in one of the Harry Bladder sketches in All That , portrayed by Kenan Thompson 's old character Principal Williame Banes Pimpell ( who appeared as Headmaster Pimpell ) . After the revelation of Dumbledore 's sexuality , the American skit comedy Saturday Night Live featured a sketch featuring Rowling ( played by Amy Poehler ) showing deleted scenes from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban where Dumbledore ( played by Bill Hader ) acts stereotypically gay . In A Very Potter Musical , Dumbledore is played by actor Dylan Saunders . Dumbledore appears in an episode of Icons of Teen from the YouTube channel , Shut Up Cartoons voiced by Justin Roiland . As a teenager , Dumbledore liked to do magic and make robotic copies of himself . One day , he went scuba diving to earn his scuba diving badge for scouts . Dumbledore gets scared and stays on the boat while his crush Charlene and the scoutmaster go diving . They run into a giant sea monster and Charlene closes her eyes and says Dumbledore , a trick he taught her . Dumbledore receives her distress signal and dives in after them . He meets a talking dolphin who agrees to help Dumbledore if he can eat him in the end . Dumbledore suggests he eat the scoutmaster and the dolphin takes him to his friends . Dumbledore makes a robotic copy and sends it into the creature 's stomach , distracting the creature long enough for Dumbledore , Charlene and the scoutmaster to escape . Charlene thanks Dumbledore for saving them . Dumbledore makes a sexual comment but plays it off like she said it . Charlene asks where the scoutmaster is ; Dumbledore says he 's gone somewhere , when really the dolphin ate him . Dumbledore then decides to build a robot copy of the scoutmaster to prevent anyone from finding out what happened to him . Albus Dumbledore appears in The Lego Movie , though his voice actor is not credited . He is seen among the Master Builders who meet with Vitruvius in Cloud Cuckoo Land , including a Lego version of Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings . References Jump up ^ Hirsch , Anne - Christin ( 2008 ) . 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Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat . `` A Brief History Of The Worst ' Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire ' Mistake Ever '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Haber , David ( 19 July 2005 ) . `` Dumbledore Is Not Dead ! '' . Beyond Hogwarts . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore ' definitely ' dead , says Rowling '' . HPANA. 2 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Harris ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Mega Poll : The Mega Results ! '' . NextMovie.com . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore 's outing gives text new meaning '' . MSNBC. 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Dumbledore : A Lovely Outing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Potter stars react to gay twist '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( 29 October 2007 ) . `` Is Dumbledore Gay ? Depends on Definitions of ' Is ' and ' Gay ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore '' . East Tennessean. 22 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michelle ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` The ' death ' of J.K. Rowling : Why it does n't matter what she has to say about Harry Potter '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ Linda Harvey ( 24 October 2007 ) . `` Christian parents : Stop trusting Harry Potter '' . WorldNetDaily . Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Wamsley , Laurel . `` Bloggerson Stephen Colbert 's presidential run '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mike ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` So Dumbledore is Gay '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay '' . BBC News . 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Haw - Hawed Couple Epison Recap '' . tv.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Potter Puppet Pals '' . The Potter Puppet Pals Official Website . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' . tv.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` French and Saunders : Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' ... frenchandsaunders.com. 19 February 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Videos '' . Bill Hader Online . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Albus Dumbledore on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki J.K. Rowling quotes about Dumbledore at Accio-Quote.org Dumbledore 's page at the Harry Potter Lexicon J.K. Rowling defines Dumbledore 's sexuality ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. 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Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albus_Dumbledore&oldid=800456759 '' Categories : Harry Potter characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional English people Fictional gay males Fictional principals and headteachers Fictional alchemists Fictional professors Fictional LGBT characters in film Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2011 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the actor who played dumbledore die	[ "In the film adaptations of Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Chamber of Secrets (2002), Dumbledore was played by Richard Harris, who was expected to play Dumbledore throughout the series. Harris mentioned that he was originally not going to take the role, since he knew his own health was in decline. He accepted because his then-11-year-old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it.[19] Harris was determined to portray Dumbledore again in Prisoner of Azkaban (which was released in 2004), despite having been diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma, and asked David Heyman not to recast the role.[20] However, his death on 25 October 2002 necessitated recasting.[21]" ]	[ "25 October 2002" ]
-6453756783213776987	Leopard (pattern)	Leopard ( pattern ) - wikipedia Leopard ( pattern ) This article is about general leopard patterning . For leopard patterning in horses , see Leopard complex . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A leopard , the animal with a classic leopard hair coat pattern A leopard pattern is a spotted color pattern , particularly in the hair coat or skin of animals , but can also describe spotting patterns in plants and fabrics . The term refers to the black and gold spotted coat of the leopard cat , but is used to describe many color combinations that result in spots scattered randomly across the skin or hair coat of other animals . Examples of animals with coloring patterns termed leopard include many great cats in the genus Panthera , the leopard frog , the `` leopard '' spotting pattern in the Appaloosa and Knabstrupper breeds of horses , the leopard seal , insects such as the giant leopard moth , and fish species such as the leopard darter , leopard shark , and the leopard eel . Examples of plants that use the term include the leopard lily , and the leopard flower . The Lp ( leopard complex ) gene is responsible for the leopard color pattern in horses , which not only produces a spotted coat color but also causes mottling of the skin , a white sclera around the eye , and striped hooves . Horses with the Lp gene may be spotted all over , or may have concentrations of spots in various patterns . A leopard - patterned Knabstrupper horse The giant leopard moth A southern leopard frog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopard_(pattern)&oldid=845210264 '' Categories : Horse coat colors Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 06 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the pattern on a leopard's coat called	[ "A leopard pattern is a spotted color pattern, particularly in the hair coat or skin of animals, but can also describe spotting patterns in plants and fabrics. The term refers to the black and gold spotted coat of the leopard cat, but is used to describe many color combinations that result in spots scattered randomly across the skin or hair coat of other animals. Examples of animals with coloring patterns termed leopard include many great cats in the genus Panthera, the leopard frog, the \"leopard\" spotting pattern in the Appaloosa and Knabstrupper breeds of horses, the leopard seal, insects such as the giant leopard moth, and fish species such as the leopard darter, leopard shark, and the leopard eel. Examples of plants that use the term include the leopard lily, and the leopard flower." ]	[ "A leopard pattern" ]
-2558199766533138150	Bessemer process	Bessemer process - wikipedia Bessemer process Jump to : navigation , search Bessemer converter , schematic diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace . The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron . The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten . Related decarburizing with air processes had been used outside Europe for hundreds of years , but not on an industrial scale . One such process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia , where the scholar Shen Kuo of that era described its use in the Chinese iron and steel industry . In the 17th century , accounts by European travelers detailed its possible use by the Japanese . The modern process is named after its inventor , the Englishman Henry Bessemer , who took out a patent on the process in 1856 . The process was said to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly , though there is little to back up this claim . The process using a basic refractory lining is known as the `` basic Bessemer process '' or Gilchrist -- Thomas process after the English discoverers Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Bessemer 's patent 1.3 Industrial revolution in the United States 2 Technical details 2.1 Oxidation 2.2 Managing the process 2.3 Predecessor processes 2.4 `` Basic '' vs. acidic Bessemer process 3 Importance 4 Obsolescence 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Bessemer converter , Kelham Island Museum , Sheffield , England ( 2010 ) . Early History ( edit ) A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia . Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty innovated a `` partial decarbonization '' method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast . Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of metallurgy Theodore A. Wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process of making steel . This process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) in 1075 , when he visited Cizhou . Hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron - production district along the Henan -- Hebei border during the 11th century . In the 15th century the finery process , another process which shares the air - blowing principle with the Bessemer process , was developed in Europe . In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible technique for steel manufacture , at his workshop in the district of Handsworth in Sheffield . This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel production , but it was unrelated to the Bessemer - type process employing decarburization . Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo described the Japanese use of the Bessemer process . The Japanese may have made use of a Bessemer - type process , which was observed by European travelers in the 17th century . The adventurer Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo describes the process in a book published in English in 1669 . He writes , `` They have , among others , particular invention for the melting of iron , without the using of fire , casting it into a tun done about on the inside without about half a foot of earth , where they keep it with continual blowing , take it out by ladles full , to give it what form they please . '' According to historian Donald Wagner , Madelslo did not personally visit Japan , so his description of the process is likely derived from accounts of other Europeans who had traveled to Japan . Wagner believes that the Japanese process may have been similar to the Bessemer process , but cautions that alternative explanations are also plausible . Bessemer 's patent ( edit ) William Kelly may have independently discovered the process before Bessemer 's patent . In the early 1850s , the American inventor William Kelly experimented with a method similar to the Bessemer process . Wagner writes that Kelly may have been inspired by techniques introduced by Chinese ironworkers hired by Kelly in 1854 . When Bessemer 's patent for the process was reported by Scientific American , Kelly responded by writing a letter to the magazine . In the letter , Kelly states that he had previously experimented with the process and claimed that Bessemer knew of Kelly 's discovery . He wrote that `` I have reason to believe my discovery was known in England three or four years ago , as a number of English puddlers visited this place to see my new process . Several of them have since returned to England and may have spoken of my invention there . '' Sir Henry Bessemer described the origin of his invention in his autobiography written in 1890 . During the outbreak of the Crimean War , many English industrialists and inventors became interested in military technology . According to Bessemer , his invention was inspired by a conversation with Napoleon III in 1854 pertaining to the steel required for better artillery . Bessemer claimed that it `` was the spark which kindled one of the greatest revolutions that the present century had to record , for during my solitary ride in a cab that night from Vincennes to Paris , I made up my mind to try what I could to improve the quality of iron in the manufacture of guns . '' At the time steel was used to make only small items like cutlery and tools , but was too expensive for cannons . Starting in January 1855 he began working on a way to produce steel in the massive quantities required for artillery and by October he filed his first patent related to the Bessemer process . He patented the method a year later in 1856 . Henry Bessemer Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to four ironmasters , for a total of £ 27,000 , but the licensees failed to produce the quality of steel he had promised -- it was `` rotten hot and rotten cold '' , according to his friend , William Clay -- and he later bought them back for £ 32,500 . His plan had been to offer the licenses to one company in each of several geographic areas , at a royalty price per ton that included a lower rate on a proportion of their output in order to encourage production , but not so large a proportion that they might decide to reduce their selling prices . By this method he hoped to cause the new process to gain in standing and market share . He realised that the technical problem was due to impurities in the iron and concluded that the solution lay in knowing when to turn off the flow of air in his process so that the impurities were burned off but just the right amount of carbon remained . However , despite spending tens of thousands of pounds on experiments , he could not find the answer . Certain grades of steel are sensitive to the 78 % nitrogen which was part of the air blast passing through the steel . Bessemer was sued by the patent purchasers who could n't get it to work . In the end Bessemer set up his own steel company because he knew how to do it , even though he could not convey it to his patent users . Bessemer 's company became one of the largest in the world and changed the face of steel making . The solution was first discovered by English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet , who had carried out thousands of experiments in the Forest of Dean . His method was to first burn off , as far as possible , all the impurities and carbon , then reintroduce carbon and manganese by adding an exact amount of spiegeleisen . This had the effect of improving the quality of the finished product , increasing its malleability -- its ability to withstand rolling and forging at high temperatures and making it more suitable for a vast array of uses . Mushet 's patent ultimately lapsed due to Mushet 's inability to pay the patent fees and was acquired by Bessemer . Bessemer earned over 5 million dollars in royalties from the patents . The first company to license the process was the Manchester firm of W & J Galloway , and they did so before Bessemer announced it at Cheltenham in 1856 . They are not included in his list of the four to whom he refunded the license fees . However , they subsequently rescinded their license in 1858 in return for the opportunity to invest in a partnership with Bessemer and others . This partnership began to manufacture steel in Sheffield from 1858 , initially using imported charcoal pig iron from Sweden . This was the first commercial production . Industrial Revolution in the United States ( edit ) Alexander Lyman Holley contributed significantly to the success of Bessemer steel in the United States . His A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor is an important work on contemporary weapons manufacturing and steel - making practices . In 1862 , he visited Bessemer 's Sheffield works , and became interested in licensing the process for use in the US . Upon returning to the US , Holley met with two iron producers from Troy , New York , John F. Winslow and John Augustus Griswold , who asked him to return to the United Kingdom and negotiate with the Bank of England on their behalf . Holley secured a license for Griswold and Winslow to use Bessemer 's patented processes and returned to the United States in late 1863 . The trio began setting up a mill in Troy , New York in 1865 . The factory contained a number of Holley 's innovations that greatly improved productivity over Bessemer 's factory in Sheffield , and the owners gave a successful public exhibition in 1867 . The Troy factory attracted the attention of the Pennsylvania Railroad , which wanted to use the new process to manufacture steel rail . It funded Holley 's second mill as part of its Pennsylvania Steel subsidiary . Between 1866 and 1877 , the partners were able to license a total of 11 Bessemer steel mills . One of the investors they attracted was Andrew Carnegie , who saw great promise in the new steel technology after a visit to Bessemer in 1872 , and saw it as a useful adjunct to his existing businesses , the Keystone Bridge Company and the Union Iron Works . Holley built the new steel mill for Carnegie , and continued to improve and refine the process . The new mill , known as the Edgar Thomson Steel Works , opened in 1875 , and started the growth of the United States as a major world steel producer . Using the Bessemer process , Carnegie Steel was able to reduce the costs of steel railroad rails from $100 per ton to $50 per ton between 1873 and 1875 . The price of steel continued to fall until Carnegie was selling rails for $18 per ton by the 1890s . Prior to the opening of Carnegie 's Thomson Works ) ) , steel output in the United States totaled around 157,000 tons per year . By 1910 , American companies were producing 26 million tons of steel annually . William Walker Scranton , manager and owner of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company in Scranton , Pennsylvania , had also investigated the process in Europe . He built a mill in 1876 using the Bessemer process for steel rails and quadrupled his production . Bessemer steel was primarily used in the United States for railroad rails . During the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge , a major dispute arose over whether crucible steel should be used instead of the cheaper Bessemer steel . In 1877 , Abram Hewitt wrote a letter urging against the use of Bessemer steel in the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge . Bids had been submitted for both crucible steel and Bessemer steel ; John A. Roebling 's Sons submitted the lowest bid for Bessemer steel , but at Hewitt 's direction , the contract was awarded to J. Lloyd Haigh Co ... Technical details ( edit ) Bessemer converter components . Using the Bessemer process , it took between 10 and 20 minutes to convert three to five tons of iron into steel -- it used to take at least a full day of heating , stirring and reheating to achieve this . Oxidation ( edit ) The blowing of air through the molten pig iron introduces oxygen into the melt which results in oxidation , removing impurities found in the pig iron , such as silicon , manganese , and carbon in the form of oxides . These oxides either escape as gas or form a solid slag . The refractory lining of the converter also plays a role in the conversion -- clay linings are used when there is little phosphorus in the raw material -- this is known as the acid Bessemer process . When the phosphorus content is high , dolomite , or sometimes magnesite , linings are used in the alkaline Bessemer limestone process . These are also known as Gilchrist -- Thomas converters , after their inventors , Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas . In order to produce steel with desired properties , additives such as spiegeleisen ( a ferromanganese alloy ) , can be added to the molten steel once the impurities have been removed . Managing the process ( edit ) When the required steel had been formed , it was poured into ladles and then transferred into moulds while the lighter slag was left behind . The conversion process , called the `` blow '' , was completed in approximately 20 minutes . During this period the progress of the oxidation of the impurities was judged by the appearance of the flame issuing from the mouth of the converter . The modern use of photoelectric methods of recording the characteristics of the flame greatly aided the blower in controlling final product quality . After the blow , the liquid metal was recarburized to the desired point and other alloying materials were added , depending on the desired product . A Bessemer converter could treat a `` heat '' ( batch of hot metal ) of 5 to 30 tons at a time . They were usually operated in pairs , one being blown while another was being filled or tapped . Predecessor processes ( edit ) Bessemer converter at Högbo Bruk , Sandviken . Before the Bessemer process , steel could only be made from wrought iron . Wrought iron was made by reducing the carbon content of pig iron . The traditional way to remove carbon from pig iron was to heat the pig iron directly in a fire and hit it with a hammer . This method was extremely labor intensive and by the early 19th century it had been replaced by the puddling process . Until technological advances made it possible to work at higher heats , slag impurities could not be removed entirely , but the reverberatory furnace made it possible to heat iron without placing it directly in the fire , offering some degree of protection from the impurity of the fuel source . Thus , with the advent of this technology , coal began to replace charcoal fuel . The Bessemer process allowed steel to be produced without fuel , using the impurities of the iron to create the necessary heat . This drastically reduced the costs of steel production , but raw materials with the required characteristics could be difficult to find . High - quality steel was made by the reverse process of adding carbon to carbon - free wrought iron , usually imported from Sweden . The manufacturing process , called the cementation process , consisted of heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week in a long stone box . This produced blister steel . The blister steel was put in a crucible with wrought iron and melted , producing crucible steel . Up to 3 tons of expensive coke was burnt for each ton of steel produced . Such steel when rolled into bars was sold at £ 50 to £ 60 ( approximately £ 3,390 to £ 4,070 in 2008 ) a long ton . The most difficult and work - intensive part of the process , however , was the production of wrought iron done in finery forges in Sweden . This process was refined in the 18th century with the introduction of Benjamin Huntsman 's crucible steel - making techniques , which added an additional three hours firing time and required additional large quantities of coke . In making crucible steel , the blister steel bars were broken into pieces and melted in small crucibles , each containing 20 kg or so . This produced higher quality crucible steel but increased the cost . The Bessemer process reduced the time needed to make steel of this quality to about half an hour while requiring only the coke needed initially to melt the pig iron . The earliest Bessemer converters produced steel for £ 7 a long ton , although it initially sold for around £ 40 a ton . `` Basic '' vs. acidic Bessemer process ( edit ) Sidney Gilchrist Thomas , a Londoner with a Welsh father , was an industrial chemist who decided to tackle the problem of phosphorus in iron , which resulted in the production of low grade steel . Believing that he had discovered a solution , he contacted his cousin , Percy Gilchrist , who was a chemist at the Blaenavon ironworks . The manager at the time , Edward Martin , offered Sidney equipment for large - scale testing and helped him draw up a patent that was taken out in May , 1878 . Sidney Gilchrist Thomas 's invention consisted of using dolomite or sometimes limestone linings for the Bessemer converter rather than clay , and it became known as the ' basic ' Bessemer rather than the ' acid ' Bessemer process . An additional advantage was that the processes formed more slag in the converter , and this could be recovered and used very profitably as a phosphate fertilizer . Importance ( edit ) Bessemer furnace in operation in Youngstown , Ohio , 1941 . In 1898 , Scientific American published an article called Bessemer Steel and its Effect on the World explaining the significant economic effects of the increased supply in cheap steel . They noted that the expansion of railroads into previously sparsely inhabited regions of the country had led to settlement in those regions , and had made the trade of certain goods profitable , which had previously been too costly to transport . The Bessemer process revolutionized steel manufacture by decreasing its cost , from £ 40 per long ton to £ 6 -- 7 per long ton , along with greatly increasing the scale and speed of production of this vital raw material . The process also decreased the labor requirements for steel - making . Before it was introduced , steel was far too expensive to make bridges or the framework for buildings and thus wrought iron had been used throughout the Industrial Revolution . After the introduction of the Bessemer process , steel and wrought iron became similarly priced , and some users , primarily railroads , turned to steel . Quality problems , such as brittleness caused by nitrogen in the blowing air , prevented Bessemer steel from being used for many structural applications . Open - hearth steel was suitable for structural applications . Steel greatly improved the productivity of railroads . Steel rails lasted ten times longer than iron rails . Steel rails , which became heavier as prices fell , could carry heavier locomotives , which could pull longer trains . Steel rail cars were longer and were able to increase the freight to car weight from 1 : 1 to 2 : 1 . As early as 1895 in the UK it was being noted that the heyday of the Bessemer process was over and that the open hearth method predominated . The Iron and Coal Trades Review said that it was `` in a semi-moribund condition . Year after year , it has not only ceased to make progress , but it has absolutely declined . '' It has been suggested , both at that time and more recently , that the cause of this was the lack of trained personnel and investment in technology rather than anything intrinsic to the process itself . For example , one of the major causes of the decline of the giant ironmaking company Bolckow Vaughan of Middlesbrough was its failure to upgrade its technology . The basic process , the Thomas - Gilchrist process , remained in use longer , especially in Continental Europe , where iron ores were of high phosphorus content and the open - hearth process was not able to remove all phosphorus ; almost all inexpensive construction steel in Germany was produced with this method in the 1950s and 1960s . It was eventually superseded by basic oxygen steelmaking . Obsolescence ( edit ) In the U.S. , commercial steel production using this method stopped in 1968 . It was replaced by processes such as the basic oxygen ( Linz -- Donawitz ) process , which offered better control of final chemistry . The Bessemer process was so fast ( 10 -- 20 minutes for a heat ) that it allowed little time for chemical analysis or adjustment of the alloying elements in the steel . Bessemer converters did not remove phosphorus efficiently from the molten steel ; as low - phosphorus ores became more expensive , conversion costs increased . The process permitted only limited amount of scrap steel to be charged , further increasing costs , especially when scrap was inexpensive . Use of electric arc furnace technology competed favourably with the Bessemer process resulting in its obsolescence . Basic oxygen steelmaking is essentially an improved version of the Bessemer process ( decarburization by blowing oxygen as gas into the heat rather than burning the excess carbon away by adding oxygen carrying substances into the heat ) . The advantages of pure oxygen blast over air blast was known to Henry Bessemer , but the 19th - century technology was not advanced enough to allow for the production of the large quantities of pure oxygen to make it economically feasible for use . See also ( edit ) Engineering portal Cementation ( metallurgy ) process Methods of crucible steel production Open hearth furnace , the Siemens -- Martin process References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ponting , Clive ( 2000 ) , World History , A New Perspective , Pimlico , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6572 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 2008 ) . Science and civilisation in China , Volume 5 , Part 7 ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 261 -- 5 . ISBN 9780521875660 . ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Harold ( 2009 ) . China : A History . Hackett Publishing . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 915 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Donald ( 2008 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Vol. 5 , Part 11 : Ferrous Metallurgy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 363 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87566 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Donald ( 2008 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Vol. 5 , Part 11 : Ferrous Metallurgy . Cambridge University Press . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87566 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Bessemer process '' . Britannica. 2 . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005 . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert B. ( 2001 ) . American Iron , 1607 -- 1900 . JHU Press . pp. 221 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6816 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Beginnings of Cheap Steel by Philip W. Bishop '' . Retrieved 23 February 2018 -- via www.gutenberg.org . Jump up ^ `` No. 762 : Kelly 's Converter '' . www.uh.edu . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaping Technology / building Society : Studies in Sociotechnical Change . MIT Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 26043 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Robert ( March 1966 ) . `` Markets , Technology , and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh - Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry '' . The Journal of Economic History . 26 ( 1 ) : 54 . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . JSTOR 2116001 . Jump up ^ Wertime , Theodore A. ( 1962 ) . The coming of the age of steel . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert K.G. ( 1999 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . London : Prion . p. 49 . ISBN 9781853752926 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Charlotte ( 1986 ) ( 1959 ) . British industrialists : steel and hosiery 1850 -- 1950 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 0 - 566 - 05141 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bessemer , Sir Henry ( 1905 ) . Sir Henry Bessemer , F.R.S . Offices of `` Engineering '' ,. p172 . Jump up ^ Anstis 1997 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ J.E. Gordon , `` The new science of strong materials '' , Penguin books . Jump up ^ `` Mushet , Robert Forester '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Jump up ^ Anstis 1997 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Company , Lewis Publishing ( 1908 ) . A century and a half of Pittsburg and her people . Lewis Pub. Co . Jump up ^ Bessemer , Sir Henry ( 1905 ) . An Autobiography . London : Engineering . pp. 176 , 180 . Jump up ^ Cutliffe , Stephen H. ( 1999 ) . `` Holley , Alexander Lyman '' . American National Biography . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Misa , A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 ( 1995 ) : chapter on Holley and Bessemer process online Jump up ^ Heilbroner , Robert L. ; Singer , Aaron ( 1977 ) . The economic transformation of America . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 518800 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cheryl A. Kashuba , `` William Walker led industry in the city '' , The Times - Tribune , 11 July 2010 , accessed 23 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` New York Daily Herald , 14 Jan 1877 , Sun , Page 14 '' . The New York Daily Herald . January 14 , 1877 . p. 14 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ McCullough , David ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . The Great Bridge : The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1831 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Brooklyn Daily Eagle , 12 Jan 1877 , Fri , Page 2 '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . January 12 , 1877 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Reier , Sharon ( 1977 ) . The Bridges of New York . Courier Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 41230 - 6 . Jump up ^ Heilbroner , Robert L. ; Singer , Aaron ( 1977 ) . The economic transformation of America . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 518800 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Temin ( 1963 ) . `` The Composition of Iron and Steel Products , 1869 -- 1909 '' . The Journal of Economic History . 23 ( 4 ) : 447 -- 471 . JSTOR 2116209 . Jump up ^ `` Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present '' . 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blaenavon World Heritage Site : Blaenavon and the ' Gilchrist - Thomas ' Process Archived December 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bessemer Steel and its Effect on the World '' . Scientific American . 78 ( 13 ) : 198 . 1898 . JSTOR 26116729 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1982 ) . Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6 . Jump up ^ Misa , Thomas J. ( 1999 ) ( 1995 ) . A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 . Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology . Baltimore , Md. : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6052 - 0 . OCLC 540692649 . Chapter 1 online . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1982 ) . Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 60 , 69 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6 . Jump up ^ Payne , P.L. ( 1968 ) . `` Iron and steel manufactures '' . In Aldcroft , Derek H. The development of British industry and foreign competition , 1875 -- 1914 ; studies in industrial enterprise . London : George Allen & Unwin . pp. 92 -- 94 , 97 . OCLC 224674 . Jump up ^ Abe , E. The Technological Strategy of a Leading Iron and Steel Firm : Bolckow Vaughan Co. Ltd : Late Victorian Industrialists Did Fail . Business History , 1996 , Vol. 38 , No. 1 , pages 45 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Rail that Survived Demolition by `` Lawrence of Arabia '' : An Analysis `` . www.tms.org . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anstis , Ralph ( 1997 ) , Man of Iron , Man of Steel : Lives of David and Robert Mushet , Albion House , ISBN 0 - 9511371 - 4 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bessemer converter . `` Progress in the Manufacture of Steel '' in Popular Science Monthly Volume 19 , October 1881 `` Bessemer 's explanation of his process '' . The Engineer. 15 August 1856 . `` How the Modern Steel Furnace Does Its Work '' . Popular Science : 30 -- 31 . February 1919 . ( hide ) Iron and steel production History of ferrous metallurgy List of steel producers Iron production ( Ironworks ) Smelting Bloomery ( produces sponge iron ) Blast furnace ( produces pig iron ) Cold blast Hot blast Anthracite iron Direct reduced iron Secondary Wrought iron ( via Finery forge or Reverberatory Puddling Furnace ) Cast iron ( via Cupola furnace or Induction furnace ) Steelmaking ( Steel mill ) Primary ( Pre-1850 ) Pattern welding ( Damascus steel ) Crucible steel Tatara furnace Cementation process Primary ( Post-1850 ) Bessemer process Open hearth furnace Electric arc furnace Basic oxygen process Secondary Electro - slag remelting Vacuum arc remelting Argon oxygen decarburization Production by country Bangladesh China India Italy Luxembourg United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bessemer_process&oldid=842095683 '' Categories : English inventions Steelmaking Metallurgical processes Economic history of the United States Hidden categories : Articles incorporating Cite DNB template CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron	[ "A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia.[2][3] Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty innovated a \"partial decarbonization\" method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast.[11] Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of metallurgy Theodore A. Wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process of making steel.[2][12][13] This process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official Shen Kuo (1031–1095) in 1075, when he visited Cizhou.[11] Hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron-production district along the Henan–Hebei border during the 11th century.[11]" ]	[ "Song Dynasty" ]
-788766127798541750	Governor-General of India	Governor - General of India - Wikipedia Governor - General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . Viceroy and Governor - General of India Standard of the Governor - General Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first governor - general during the dominion period Style His Excellency Residence Viceroy 's House Appointer East India Company ( to 1858 ) Monarch of India ( from 1858 ) Formation 20 October 1774 First holder Warren Hastings Final holder Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Abolished 26 January 1950 The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence and Pakistani Independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian monarch and head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' . In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch . To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him . The title of viceroy was abandoned when India and Pakistan gained their independence , but the office of governor - general continued to exist -- as representatives of George VI as King of India and King of Pakistan , respectively -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 . Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government . Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded and if one were removed or left a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . Provisional governors - general were often chosen from among the provincial governors . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 3 Council 4 Style and title 5 Flag 6 Residence 7 Insignia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 . Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act ; their successors were to be elected by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Act provided for a five - year term for the Governor - General and Council , but the Sovereign had the power to remove any of them . The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval . India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 . Functions ( edit ) Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were neither allowed to declare war on nor make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William . The powers of the Governor - General in respect of foreign affairs were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General , or by the Company 's Court of Directors . While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India . This status only came with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council . After 1858 , the Governor - General ( henceforth usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency ( which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy ) , or by provincial authorities . The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of the King - Emperor to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee which met more often . Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions . Council ( edit ) Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 1931 ) now University of Delhi main building The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . '' The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General . In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding . The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated . In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India . The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) . The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation . In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval . Style and title ( edit ) Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) . The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 . Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all . Flag ( edit ) Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 - 1950 ) From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast . From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only . Residence ( edit ) Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century . The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India . Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan . After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded £ 877,000 ( over £ 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India . Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study . Insignia ( edit ) See also : Star of India ( flag ) Badge of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1947 -- 1950 ) See also ( edit ) India portal Pakistan portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India . List of governors - general of India Commander - in - Chief , India British Empire Emperor of India Indian independence movement Council of India British Raj Secretary of State for India India Office Indian Civil Service Partition of India History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 . Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers ( 1999 ) `` Government Buildings -- India '' Forrest , G.W. , CIE , ( editor ) ( 1910 ) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors - General of India ; Warren Hastings ( 2 vols ) , Oxford : Blackwell 's Encyclopædia Britannica ( `` British Empire '' and `` Viceroy '' ) , London : Cambridge University Press , 1911 , 11th edition , James , Lawrence ( 1997 ) Raj : the Making and Unmaking of British India London : Little , Brown & Company ISBN 0 - 316 - 64072 - 7 Keith , A.B. ( editor ) ( 1922 ) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy , 1750 -- 1921 , London : Oxford University Press Oldenburg , P. ( 2004 ) . `` India . '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) mountbattenofburma.com -- Tribute & Memorial website to Louis , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Further Reading ( edit ) Arnold , Sir Edwin ( 1865 ) . The Marquis of Dalhousie 's Administration of British India : Annexation of Pegu , Nagpor , and Oudh , and a general review of Lord Dalhousie 's rule in India . Dodwell H.H. , ed . The Cambridge History of India . Volume 6 : The Indian Empire 1858 - 1918 . With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 - 1858 ( 1932 ) 660pp online edition ; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire Moon , Penderel . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol. 1989 ) 1235pp ; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top - down perspective ; Rudhra , A.B. ( 1940 ) The Viceroy and Governor - General of India . London : H. Milford , Oxford University Press Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 298 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Governors - General of India 1774 -- 1833 ( Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( Bengal ) ) Warren Hastings Sir John Macpherson Charles Cornwallis John Shore Alured Clarke Richard Wellesley Charles Cornwallis Sir George Barlow Gilbert Elliot - Murray - Kynynmound Francis Rawdon - Hastings John Adam William Amherst William Butterworth Bayley Lord William Bentinck ... 1833 -- 1858 ( Governors - General of India ) Lord William Bentinck ( continued ) Charles Metcalfe George Eden Edward Law William Wilberforce Bird Henry Hardinge James Broun - Ramsay Dalhousie Charles Canning 1858 -- 1947 ( Governors - General and Viceroys of India ) Charles Canning ( continued ) James Bruce Robert Napier William Denison John Lawrence Richard Bourke John Strachey Francis Napier Thomas Baring Robert Bulwer - Lytton George Robinson Frederick Hamilton - Temple - Blackwood Henry Petty - Fitzmaurice Victor Bruce George Curzon Gilbert Elliot - Murray - Kynynmound Charles Hardinge Frederic Thesiger Rufus Isaacs Edward Wood Freeman Freeman - Thomas Victor Hope Archibald Wavell Louis Mountbatten 1947 -- 1950 ( Governors - General of the Union of India ) Louis Mountbatten ( continued ) C. Rajagopalachari Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_India&oldid=816146224 '' Categories : Governors - General of India India and the Commonwealth of Nations Westminster system Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the governor general of india in 2017	[ "\n\n\n\nLouis Mountbatten, the\nlast Viceroy of India & the first governor-general during the dominion period\n\n\n" ]	[ "Louis Mountbatten" ]
3259571462254283569	Playing time (cricket)	Playing time ( cricket ) - Wikipedia Playing time ( cricket ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Games in the sport of cricket are played over a number of hours or days , making it one of the sports with the longest playing time , though sailing , yachting , road cycling and rallying are sometimes longer . Typically , Test and first - class cricket matches are played over three to five days with , at least , six hours of cricket being played each day . List A matches last for six hours or more and twenty20 and 100 - ball matches lasting just a few hours . Cricket therefore has special rules about intervals for lunch , tea and drinks as well as rules about when play starts and ends . These rules are outlined in Laws 11 ( Intervals ) and 12 ( Start of play ; cessation of play ) in the Laws of Cricket . Contents 1 When the game is played 2 Starting and finishing play 3 Intervals 4 Notable games 4.1 The longest Test 5 See also 6 External links 7 Notes When the game is played ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) The game is only played in dry weather . Additionally , as it is not unusual for balls to be bowled at over 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) in first - class cricket , the game needs to be played in enough light for a batsman to be able to see the ball . Play is therefore halted when it rains ( but not usually when it drizzles ) and when there is bad light . Some one - day games and Test matches are now played under floodlights . The first day / night Test match was played between Australia and New Zealand in Adelaide , in November 2015 , and was deemed a success , leading to further day / night Tests being scheduled . Day / night Test cricket is played with a pink ball as opposed to the traditional red ball to aid visibility . Apart from some experimental One Day International series in Australia 's roofed Etihad Stadium , cricket is played outdoors . These requirements mean that in England , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and Zimbabwe the game is played in the summer . In the West Indies , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh games are played in the winter . In these countries the hurricane and typhoon season coincides with their summers . This has another effect . Games start earlier in these places than in the countries which play cricket as a summer sport . In these countries games start at around 09 : 30 rather than the 10 : 30 or 11 : 00 start time used in England , say , so that play for the day is complete before dusk , which may be as early as 17 : 30 . A cricket match in progress on 2 January 2004 in Sydney in the Australian summer . Starting and finishing play ( edit ) A game or day starts when the umpire at the bowler 's end calls ' Play ' . ' Play ' is also called to restart the game after an interval or interruption . Before an interval in or interruption of play , and at the end of a match , the umpire at the bowler 's end calls ' Time ' and removes the bails from both of the wickets . The bowling side can not make an appeal for a dismissal after ' Time ' has been called . The game finishes when the first of three things happens : There is a result , so that one of the teams has won or the team batting last has lost all its wickets with both teams having the same score thereby giving a tie ; The later of the minimum number of overs for the last hour are completed and the agreed time for the end of the game has been reached ( see notes below ) ; If the players leave the field , either for adverse conditions of ground , weather or light , or in exceptional circumstances , and no further play is possible . Notes : In one - day cricket the second of these is replaced by the requirement that the agreed number of overs has been reached . The term last hour can be a misnomer . One hour before the scheduled end of the game , the last hour starts . An agreed minimum number of overs ( usually 15 in Test match cricket and 20 in other first - class cricket games ) is bowled . The last hour therefore lasts either for the longer of 60 minutes , or the time it takes to bowl the agreed minimum number of overs . This rule is there to prevent time wasting by a team that looks likely to lose a game . Today , Test matches are played under a set of conditions agreed by the boards of the competing countries . These are highly standardised . Days are scheduled as six hours of playing time , but there is a requirement that a minimum of 90 six - ball overs are bowled , and the third session may run overtime if the over rate has been slower than this . If there is a change of innings , two overs are deducted from the requirement . If there are interruptions to play due to weather or bad light , the scheduled stumps time may be extended by up to one hour to compensate ( light permitting ) . If more than an hour 's play is lost , time may be added on subsequent days . Intervals ( edit ) Because of the length of the game , there are a number of intervals that occur in a game of cricket . These are : The period between close of play on one day and the start of the next day 's play . Intervals between innings . Intervals for meals ( lunch and tea ) . Intervals for drinks . There are special rules setting out the duration of each interval . The interval between innings lasts for 10 minutes . In Test cricket , lunch ( or , in the case of day / night Test matches , dinner ) will last for 40 minutes and tea for 20 minutes . Before the coin toss to determine which side bats first , the hours of play , including the timing and duration of intervals for meals or any non-standard interval , is agreed . However , if nine wickets are down when the agreed time for tea is reached ( so that the bowling team only needs one more wicket to end the batting team 's innings ) , tea may be delayed until the end of the innings , with a maximum delay of 30 minutes . In a one - day game the teams may agree to take the interval for tea between innings rather than have a separate interval . Also , the teams and umpires sometimes agree to have other intervals . This may be to allow the teams to be presented to an important visitor or to allow time for a presentation or acclamation when a player breaks a significant record . Other intervals may be varied slightly if a wicket falls shortly before the interval is scheduled to be taken . Drinks intervals are agreed at the start of each day , but are not taken during the last hour of the match . Drinks intervals are particularly important when the game is played in hot climates . Games being played in heat of 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) and above are not unknown . Drinks intervals may not last for more than 5 minutes . Notable games ( edit ) A number of games are notable for either their length or because they were played through adverse conditions that would usually see the game called off . The longest Test ( edit ) See also : Timeless Test Test match cricket is international cricket played over three or more days . Nowadays all men 's Test matches are scheduled over five days . In the past some Tests were ' timeless ' , that is , they were scheduled to be played to their conclusion regardless of how long that took . The longest Test on record was between South Africa and England in Durban , South Africa . The game started on 3rd March 1939 and play continued on the 4th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 13th and the 14th . Play was scheduled for the 11th , but none was possible because of rain , giving 9 days of actual play and 10 days of scheduled play . By the evening of 14 March England were 316 & 654 -- 5 chasing South Africa 's 530 & 481 , needing just 42 more runs for victory . But England needed to leave Durban the following day to catch their boat home , so , despite being a ' timeless ' Test , a draw was agreed . England 's 654 is the highest ever Test cricket score for teams batting last ( beating the next highest by more than 200 runs . See also ( edit ) World 's longest cricket marathon External links ( edit ) http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/344781.html Article on Cricinfo using light meters Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term `` bad light '' has been broadly used in cricket to refer to low visibility levels . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playing_time_(cricket)&oldid=855758467 '' Categories : Cricket terminology Cricket laws and regulations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 16 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when can a test match be called off	[ "The game is only played in dry weather. Additionally, as it is not unusual for balls to be bowled at over 130 km/h (80 mph) in first-class cricket, the game needs to be played in enough light for a batsman to be able to see the ball. Play is therefore halted when it rains (but not usually when it drizzles) and when there is bad light. Some one-day games and Test matches are now played under floodlights. The first day/night Test match was played between Australia and New Zealand in Adelaide, in November 2015, and was deemed a success, leading to further day/night Tests being scheduled. Day/night Test cricket is played with a pink ball as opposed to the traditional red ball to aid visibility. Apart from some experimental One Day International series in Australia's roofed Etihad Stadium, cricket is played outdoors.\n" ]	[ "when it rains (but not usually when it drizzles) and when there is bad light" ]
7096414404430320802	Little House on the Prairie	Little House on the Prairie - wikipedia Little House on the Prairie For other uses , see Little House on the Prairie ( disambiguation ) . series of children 's books , primarily 9 novels 1932 to 1971 ; also the American media franchise based on it Little House Books Front hardcover , first edition of the most frequently adapted volume ( 1935 ) Little House in the Big Woods Farmer Boy Little House on the Prairie On the Banks of Plum Creek By the Shores of Silver Lake The Long Winter Little Town on the Prairie These Happy Golden Years The First Four Years Author Laura Ingalls Wilder Country United States Language English Genre Fiction Publisher Harper & Brothers Published 1932 -- 1943 , 1971 No. of books 9 The `` Little House '' Books is a series of American children 's novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder , based on her childhood and adolescence in the American Midwest ( Wisconsin , Kansas , Minnesota , South Dakota , and Missouri ) between 1870 and 1894 . Eight of the novels were completed by Wilder , and published by Harper & Brothers . The appellation `` Little House '' books comes from the first and third novels in the series of eight published in her lifetime . The second novel was about her husband 's childhood . The first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the series . The Little House books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once , most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie , which ran from 1974 to 1983 . As well as an anime , and many different kinds of books , such as cookbooks , there are also many licensed objects to buy that are representative of the books . A tenth book , the non-fiction On the Way Home , is Laura Ingalls Wilder 's diary of the years after 1894 , when she , her husband and their infant daughter moved from De Smet , South Dakota to Mansfield , Missouri , where they settled permanently . It was published in 1962 and includes commentary by Rose Wilder Lane . Contents 1 History 1.1 Publishing 1.2 Depiction of minorities 1.3 Accuracy to history 1.4 Political relation to the Little House books 1.4. 1 Connections with politics 1.4. 2 Depiction of the United States Government 2 Books 2.1 Little House in the Big Woods 2.2 Farmer Boy 2.3 Little House on the Prairie 2.4 On the Banks of Plum Creek 2.5 By the Shores of Silver Lake 2.6 The Long Winter 2.7 Little Town on the Prairie 2.8 These Happy Golden Years 2.9 The First Four Years 2.10 Related books 3 Television adaptations 3.1 Jackanory ( 1966 , 1968 ) 3.2 Little House on the Prairie ( TV series , 1974 -- 1983 ) 3.3 Laura , the Prairie Girl ( animated series , 1975 ) 3.4 Beyond the Prairie ( 2000 , 2001 ) 3.5 Little House on the Prairie ( 2005 miniseries ) 4 Stage adaptation 5 Documentary 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Publishing ( edit ) The first book of the Little House series , Little House in the Big Woods , was published in 1932 . This first book did well when it was first published . The Little House books were reissued by Ursula Nordstrom to be illustrated by Garth Williams . Before writing the Little House series Laura Ingalls Wilder was a columnist in a farm journal . Her daughter , Rose Wilder Lane , was the motivator behind Wilder 's writing and publishing of the first book . Since the first book , there have been around 60 million Little House books sold . There are 9 books that fall under the Little House books umbrella . Rose Wilder Lane had a heavy hand in the editing of the books , though Laura Ingalls Wilder 's voice is still strong . It is contested the amount of influence that Lane had on the books , especially regarding any political themes , but views that align with hers are very visible within the books . Regardless , Rose Wilder Lane was a large part in the publishing and form of the books . Lane , also had a hand in giving the rights to Roger Lea MacBride , who then led to the creation of the television show entitled Little House on the Prairie . Time ranks the Little House series as 22 out of 100 of the `` 100 Best Young Adult Books of All Time . '' They are considered classics of American children 's literature and remain widely read . In a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience , Little House in the Big Woods was ranked number 19 among all - time best children 's novels , and two of its sequels were ranked among the top 100 . Five of the Little House book have been Honor Books for the Newbery Medal . In 1938 , On the Banks of Plum Creek , was a honor book , in 1940 By the Shores of Silver Lake was as well . Later in 1941 , The Long Winter , was an honor book , and the two honor books later were The Little Town on the Prairie , in 1942 , and Those Happy Golden Years in 1944 . In addition to this , the American Library Association stated that The Long Winter , the seventh book in the series , was a `` resource for teaching about pioneer history . '' Depiction of minorities ( edit ) The Little House books do include people from ethnic minorities , mainly Native Americans . There have been criticisms of the Little House books because of portrayals of Native Americans . Much of the criticism relates to the negative stereotyping as well as a view of them as less than human . There 's also been criticism of the ignorance present in the books of the illegality of the Ingalls ' occupation of land they did not have the right to occupy . Wilder presents the land as `` uninhabited , '' which it was not . She moves through the series in which she gets older and her growth `` gradually forces her to embrace whiteness ... as a sign of refinement and to reject brownness as its antithesis . '' An important moment concerning Wilder 's depiction of Native Americans occurred in 1998 , when an eight year old girl read Little House on the Prairie in her elementary school class . The novel contains the line , `` The only good Indian is a dead Indian '' ; and this caused the girl great distress . Her mother , Waziyatawin Angela Cavender Wilson , a member of the Wahpetunwan Dakota nation , challenged the school on its use of the book in the classroom . This prompted the American Library Association to investigate and ultimately change the name of the Wilder Award , an award named after Laura Ingalls Wilder , to the Children 's Literature Legacy Award . This award is given to books that have made a large impact on children 's literature in America . Accuracy to history ( edit ) Laura Ingalls Wilder work is autobiographical fiction . Wilder embellished or bent the truth on more than one occasion to keep her story interesting . She also presented a view of the world that supported her family 's experiences and has been criticized regarding the history of the government 's involvement in homesteading , and the related tragedies faced by Native American people . including illegal occupation of the land by her family , when that land was still recognized by the United States government as the Osage 's territory . Political relation to the Little House books ( edit ) While the Little House books may not be blatantly political in the sense of aligning outright with political parties , there are underlying themes within the books that are anti-government , and there have been owners of the rights to the books who are aligned with political parties . Connections with politics ( edit ) While Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the Little House books , it was Rose Wilder Lane who edited them and it was Lane who had the rights after Laura 's death . Rose was an `` outspoken antigovernment polemicist and is called one of the grandmothers of the libertarian movement . '' Lane 's views were supported by her mother . Though despite her mother 's support of her political views , Lane went against her mother , and what was written in her will , by leaving the rights of the Little House books to Roger Lea MacBride after her own death . Roger Lea MacBride has strong connections to politics , being a once libertarian presidential candidate , and a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus . His gaining of the rights to the books , was not only from Lane 's will but also through a legal battle with the library that Wilder wrote in her will would gain the rights after Lane 's death . MacBride was the one to allow the television show to be made , and through the rights he has made a great deal of money . In addition to being involved in party politics the Little House books were used for the `` reeducation process '' of Japanese and German people after World War Two . Another layer of politics the Little House books brings to the surface is John Locke 's Labor Theory of Property . That is essential in the rhetoric surrounding the Little House books because of the relation between homesteading and the labor theory of property . The labor theory of property is the idea that if someone improves the land with their own labor that they then have rights to that land . Depiction of the United states government ( edit ) Anti-governmental political views , such as those held by Rose Wilder Lane , can be found in the Little House books . In her article , `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' and the Truth About the American West , '' Patricia Nelson Limerick connects Wilder 's apparent and Lane 's outright distaste for the government as a way to blame the government for their father 's failure at homesteading . The books show the Wilder family to be entrepreneurs and shows a form of hero worship of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's parents . this shaped a hatred of the government , who in fact helped homesteaders . In `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' and the Myth of Self Reliance , '' Julie Tharp and Jeff Kleiman claim that the idea of the settlers ' self - reliance , which they consider to be a myth , has contributed to conservative rhetoric , and that the Little House books are full of this narrative . Within the books there is also rhetoric against the New Deal . Books ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) Four series of books expand the Little House series to include five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's family . The `` Martha Years '' and `` Charlotte Years '' series , by Melissa Wiley , are fictionalized tales of Laura 's great - grandmother in Scotland in the late 18th century and grandmother in early 19th century Massachusetts . The `` Caroline Years '' series narrates Laura 's mother , Caroline Quiner 's , childhood in Wisconsin . The Rose Years ( originally known as the `` Rocky Ridge Years '' ) series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco . It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride . Two volumes of Laura 's letters and diaries have also been issued under the Little House imprint : On The Way Home and West From Home , both published by Harper Collins in 1962 and 1974 respectively . Little House in the Big Woods ( edit ) Main article : Little House in the Big Woods Front hardcover , first ed. of the first vol. ( 1932 ) The story of the first book in the series , Little House in the Big Woods , revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin , Wisconsin . The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls , father Charles Ingalls , elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls , and younger daughter ( and protagonist ) , Laura Ingalls Wilder . Also in the story , though not yet born historically , is Laura 's baby sister Carrie . In the book , Laura herself turns five years old , when the real - life author had only been three during the events of the book . According to a letter from her daughter , Rose , to biographer William Anderson , the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three - year - old to have specific memories such as she wrote about . Little House replica at the Little House Wayside Little House in the Big Woods describes the homesteading skills Laura observed and began to practice during her fifth year . The cousins come for Christmas that year , and Laura receives a doll , which she names Charlotte . Later that winter , the family goes to Grandma Ingalls 's and has a `` sugaring off , '' when they harvest sap and make maple syrup . They return home with buckets of syrup , enough to last the year . Laura remembered that sugaring off , and the dance that followed , for the rest of her life . The book also describes other farm work duties and events , such as the birth of a calf , and the availability of milk , butter and cheese , gardening , field work , hunting , gathering , and more . Everyday housework is also described in detail . When Pa went into the woods to hunt , he usually came home with a deer then smoked the meat for the coming winter . One day he noticed a bee tree and returned from hunting early to get the wash tub and milk pail to collect the honey . When Pa returned in the winter evenings , Laura and Mary always begged him to play his fiddle , as he was too tired from farm work to play during the summertime . Farmer Boy ( edit ) Main article : Farmer Boy Farmer Boy , published in 1933 , is the second - published of the Little House books and it is commonly numbered two in the series , but its story is unrelated to that of the inaugural novel , Little House in the Big Woods . It features the boyhood of Laura 's future husband Almanzo Wilder from before his ninth birthday until after his tenth . The book describes his schooling , holidays , farm work , and most of all , food . Little House on the Prairie ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( novel ) Little House on the Prairie , published in 1935 , is the third book in the Little House series but only the second that features the Ingalls family ; it continues directly the story of the inaugural novel , Little House in the Big Woods . The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas , around the town of Independence , Kansas . At the beginning of this story , Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin , and move the family , via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence , Kansas , as there were widely circulating stories that the land ( technically still under Osage ownership ) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders imminently . So Laura , along with Pa and Ma , Mary , and baby Carrie , move to Kansas . Along the way , Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs , which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty . Caroline and Charles Ingalls When the family reaches Indian Territory , they meet Mr. Edwards , who is extremely polite to Ma , but tells Laura and Mary that he is `` a wildcat from Tennessee . '' Mr. Edwards is an excellent neighbor , and helps the Ingalls in every way he can , beginning with helping Pa erect their house . Pa builds a roof and a floor for their house and digs a well , and the family is finally settled . At their new home , unlike their time in the Big Woods , the family meets difficulty and danger . The Ingalls family becomes terribly ill from a disease called at that time `` fever ' n ' ague '' ( fever with severe chills and shaking ) which was later identified as malaria . Laura comments on the varied ways they believe to have acquired it , with `` Ma '' believing it came from eating bad watermelon . Mrs. Scott , another neighbor , takes care of the family while they are sick . Around this time , Mr. Edwards brings Laura and Mary their Christmas presents from Independence , and in the spring , the Ingalls plant the beginnings of a small farm . Irony also becomes a part of this book . Ma 's prejudice about American Indians , and Laura 's childish observations of them , are contrasted with Pa 's more egalitarian view of them , and these views collectively are shown side by side with the objective portrayal of the Osage tribe that lives on and owns that land . At the end of this book , the family is told that the land must be vacated by settlers as it is not legally open to settlement yet , and in 1870 Pa elects to leave the land and move before the Army forcibly requires him to abandon the land . On the Banks of Plum Creek ( edit ) Main article : On the Banks of Plum Creek On the Banks of Plum Creek , published in 1937 and fourth in the series , follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin , Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove , Minnesota , and settle in a dugout `` on the banks of Plum Creek ( Redwood County , Minnesota ) '' . Pa trades his horses Pet and Patty to the property owner ( a man named Hanson ) for the land and crops , but later gets two new horses as Christmas presents for the family , which Laura and her sister Mary name `` Sam '' and `` David '' . Pa soon builds a new , above - ground , wooden house for the family . During this story , Laura and Mary go to school for the first time in town where they meet their teacher , Miss Eva Beadle . They also meet Nellie Oleson , who makes fun of Laura and Mary for being `` country girls . '' Laura plays with her bulldog Jack when she is home , and she and Mary are invited to a party at the Olesons ' home . Laura and Mary invite all the girls ( including Nellie ) to a party at their house to reciprocate . The family soon goes through hard times when a plague of Rocky Mountain Locust decimates their crops . The book ends with Pa returning safely to the house after being unaccounted for during a severe four - day blizzard . By the Shores of Silver Lake ( edit ) Main article : By the Shores of Silver Lake By the Shores of Silver Lake , published in 1939 and fifth in the series . The story begins when the family is about to leave Plum Creek , shortly after the family has recovered from the scarlet fever which caused Mary to become blind . The family welcomes a visit from Aunt Docia , whom they had not seen for several years . She suggests that Pa and Ma move west to the rapidly developing Dakota Territory , where Pa could work in Uncle Henry 's railroad camp at very good wages for that era . Ma and Pa agree , since it will allow Pa to look for a homestead while he works . The family has endured many hardships on Plum Creek and Pa especially is anxious for a new start . After selling his land and farm to neighbors , Pa goes ahead with the wagon and team . Mary is still too weak to travel so the rest of the family follows later by train . The day Pa leaves , however , their beloved bulldog Jack is found dead , which saddens Laura greatly . In actuality , the dog upon whom Jack was based was no longer with the family at this point , but the author inserted his death here to serve as a transition between her childhood and her adolescence . Laura also begins to play a more mature role in the family due to Mary 's blindness -- Pa instructs Laura to `` be Mary 's eyes '' and to assist her in daily life as she learns to cope with her disability . Mary is strong and willing to learn . The family travels to Dakota Territory by train -- this is the children 's first train trip and they are excited by the novelty of this new mode of transportation that allows them to travel in one hour the distance it would take a horse and wagon an entire day to cover . With the family reunited and situated at the railroad camp , Laura meets her cousin Lena , and the two become good friends . As winter approaches , and the railroad workers take down the cabins and head back East , the family wonders where they might stay for the winter . As luck would have it , the county surveyor needs a house - sitter while he is East for the winter , and Pa signs up . It is a winter of luxury for the Ingalls family as they are given all the provisions they need in the large , comfortable house . They spend a cozy winter with their new friends , Mr. and Mrs. Boast , and both families look forward to starting their new claims in the spring . But the `` Spring Rush '' comes early . The large mobilization of pioneers to the Dakotas in early March prompts Pa to leave immediately on the few days ' trip to the claims office . The girls are left alone and spend their days and nights boarding and feeding all the pioneers passing through . They charge 25 cents for dinner and boarding , starting a savings account toward sending Mary to the School for the Blind in Vinton , Iowa . Pa successfully files his claim , with the aid of old friend Mr. Edwards . As the spring flowers bloom and the prairie comes alive with new settlers , the Ingalls family moves to their new piece of land and begins building what will become their permanent home . The Long winter ( edit ) Main article : The Long Winter ( novel ) The Long Winter , published in 1940 and sixth in the series , covers the shortest timespan of the novels , only an eight - month period . The winter of 1880 -- 1881 was a notably severe winter in history , sometimes known as `` The Snow Winter '' . The story begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead in South Dakota on a hot September day in 1880 as Laura and her father ( `` Pa '' ) are haying . Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter , and this year , they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen . In mid-October , the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty . Soon afterward , Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source : a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards . Impressed , Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter . Laura attends school with her younger sister , Carrie until the weather becomes too severe to permit them to walk to and from the school building . Blizzard after blizzard sweeps through the town over the next few months . Food and fuel become scarce and expensive , as the town depends on the trains to bring supplies but the frequent blizzards prevent the trains from getting through . Eventually , the railroad company suspends all efforts to dig out the train , stranding the town . For weeks , the Ingalls subsist on potatoes and coarse brown bread , using twisted hay for fuel . As even this meager food runs out , Laura 's future husband Almanzo Wilder and his friend Cap Garland risk their lives to bring wheat to the starving townspeople -- enough to last the rest of the winter . Laura 's age in this book is also accurate . ( In 1880 , she would have been 13 , as she states in the first chapter . ) However , Almanzo Wilder 's age is misrepresented in this book . Much is made of the fact that he is 19 pretending to be 21 in order to illegally obtain a homestead claim from the US government . But in 1880 , his true age would have been 23 . Scholar Ann Romines has suggested that Laura made Almanzo younger because it was felt that more modern audiences would be scandalized by the great difference in their ages in light of their young marriage . As predicted , the blizzards continue for seven months . Finally , the trains begin running again , bringing the Ingalls a Christmas barrel full of good things -- including a turkey . In the last chapter , they sit down to enjoy their Christmas dinner in May . Little town on the Prairie ( edit ) Main article : Little Town on the Prairie Little Town on the Prairie , published in 1941 and seventh in the series . The story begins as Laura accepts her first job performing sewing work in order to earn money for Mary to go to a college for the blind in Iowa . Laura 's hard work comes to an end by summer when she is let go , and the family begins planning to raise cash crops to pay for Mary 's college . After the crops are destroyed by blackbirds , Pa sells a calf to earn the balance of the money needed . When Ma and Pa escort Mary to the college , Laura , Carrie , and Grace are left alone for a week . In order to stave off the loneliness stemming from Mary 's departure , Laura , Carrie , and Grace do the fall cleaning . They have several problems , but the house is sparkling when they are done . Ma and Pa come home , and are truly surprised . In the fall , the Ingalls quickly prepare for a move to town for the winter . Laura and Carrie attend school in town and Laura is reunited with her friends Minnie Johnson and Mary Power and meets a new girl , Ida Brown . There is a new schoolteacher for the winter term : Eliza Jane Wilder , Almanzo 's sister . Nellie Oleson , Laura 's nemesis from Plum Creek , has moved to De Smet and is attending the school . Nellie turns the teacher against Laura and Miss Wilder loses control of the school for a time . A visit by the school board restores order ; however , Miss Wilder leaves at the end of the fall term , and is eventually replaced by Mr. Clewett and then Mr. Owen , the latter of whom befriends Laura . Through the course of the winter , Laura sets herself to studying , as she only has one year left before she can apply for a teaching certificate . At the same time , Almanzo Wilder begins escorting Laura home from church . By Christmastime , Almanzo once again sees Laura home , and offers to take her on a sleigh ride after he completes the cutter he is building . At home , Laura is met by Mr. Boast and Mr. Brewster , who ask Laura if she would be interested in a teaching position at a settlement led by Brewster twelve miles ( 19 km ) from town . The school superintendent , George Williams , comes and tests Laura ( though she is two months too young , he never asks her age ) , and she is awarded a third - grade teaching certificate . These Happy Golden Years ( edit ) Main article : These Happy Golden Years These Happy Golden Years , published in 1943 and eighth in the series , originally ended with a note alone on the last page : `` The end of the Little house books . '' It takes place between 1882 and 1885 . As the story begins , Pa is taking Laura 12 miles ( 19 km ) from home to her first teaching assignment at Brewster settlement . Laura , only 15 and a schoolgirl herself , is apprehensive as this is both the first time she has left home and the first school she has taught . She is determined to complete her assignment and earn $40 to help her sister Mary , who is attending Vinton College for the Blind in Iowa . This first school proves difficult for her . Laura must board with the Brewsters in their two - room claim shanty , sleeping on their sofa . The Brewsters are an unhappy family and Laura is deeply uncomfortable observing the way husband and wife quarrel . In one particularly unsettling incident , she wakes in the night to see Mrs Brewster standing over her husband with a knife . It is a bitterly cold winter , and neither the claim shanty or the school house can be heated adequately . The children she is teaching , some of whom are older than she is herself , test her skills as a teacher . Laura grows more self - assured through the term , and successfully completes the two - month term . To Laura 's surprise and delight , homesteader Almanzo Wilder ( with whom she became acquainted in Little Town on the Prairie ) appears at the end of her first week of school in his new two - horse cutter to bring her home for the weekend . Already fond of Laura and wanting to ease her homesickness , Almanzo takes it upon himself to bring her home and back to school each weekend . The relationship continues after the school term ends . Sleigh rides give way to buggy rides in the spring , and Laura impresses Almanzo with her willingness to help break his new and often temperamental horses . Laura 's old nemesis , Nellie Oleson , makes a brief appearance during two Sunday buggy rides with Almanzo . Nellie 's chatter and flirtatious behavior towards Almanzo annoys Laura . Shortly thereafter , Nellie moves back to New York after her family loses their homestead . Laura 's Uncle Tom ( Ma 's brother ) visits the family and tells of his failed venture with a covered wagon brigade seeking gold in the Black Hills . Laura helps out seamstress Mrs. McKee by staying with her and her daughter on their prairie claim for two months to `` hold it down '' as required by law . The family enjoys summer visits from Mary . The family finances have improved to the point that Pa can sell a cow to purchase a sewing machine for Ma . Laura continues to teach and work as a seamstress . Almanzo invites Laura to attend summer `` singing school '' with him and her classmates . On the last evening of singing school while driving Laura home , Almanzo -- who has by now been courting Laura for three years -- proposes to Laura . During their next ride , Almanzo presents Laura with a garnet - and - pearl ring and they share their first kiss . Several months later , after Almanzo has finished building a house on his tree claim , he asks Laura if she would mind getting married within a few days as his sister and mother have their hearts set on a large church wedding , which Pa can not afford . Laura agrees , and she and Almanzo are married in a simple ceremony by the Reverend Brown . After a wedding dinner with her family , Laura drives away with Almanzo and the newlyweds settle contentedly into their new home . The first Four Years ( edit ) Main article : The First Four Years ( novel ) The First Four Years , published in 1971 , is commonly considered the ninth and last book in the original Little House series . It covers the earliest years of Laura and Almanzo 's marriage . The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged . Laura did not want to be a farm wife , but she consented to try farming for three years . At the end of that time , Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year , a `` year of grace '' , in Laura 's words . The book ends at the close of that fourth year , on a rather optimistic note . In reality , the continually hot , dry Dakota summers , and several other tragic events described in the book eventually drove them from their land , but they later founded a very successful fruit and dairy farm in Missouri , where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths . Related books ( edit ) On the Way Home ( 1962 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) The Road Back ( 2006 ) Television adaptations ( edit ) Jackanory ( 1966 , 1968 ) ( edit ) Jackanory is a British television series intended to encourage children to read ; it ran from 1965 to 1996 , and was revived in 2006 . From October 24 through October 28 , 1966 , five short episodes aired that were based on Little House in the Big Woods , with Red Shively as the storyteller . From October 21 through October 25 , 1968 , five more were released , this time based on Farmer Boy , with Richard Monette as the storyteller . Little House on the Prairie ( tv series , 1974 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) The television series Little House on the Prairie aired on the NBC network from 1974 to 1983 . The show was a loose adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie semi-autobiographical novel series , although the namesake book was represented in the premiere only ; the ensuing television episodes primarily followed characters and locations from the follow - up book , On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) , although the continuity of the television series greatly departed from this book as well . Some storylines were borrowed from Wilder 's later books but were portrayed as having taken place in the Plum Creek setting . Michael Landon starred as Charles Ingalls , Karen Grassle played Caroline Ingalls , Melissa Gilbert played Laura Ingalls , Melissa Sue Anderson played Mary Ingalls , and the twins Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush ( credited as Lindsay Sidney Greenbush ) played Carrie Ingalls . Victor French portrayed long - time friend Mr. Edwards . Dean Butler portrayed Laura 's husband , Almanzo Wilder . Some characters were added in the show , such as Albert , played by Matthew Laborteaux , an orphan whom the family adopted . Although it deviated from the original books in many respects , the television series , which was set in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , was one of a few long - running successful dramatic family shows . It remained a top - rated series , and garnered 17 Emmy ® and three Golden Globe ® nominations , along with two People 's Choice ® Awards . Laura , the Prairie girl ( animated series , 1975 ) ( edit ) Main article : Laura , the Prairie Girl A Japanese cartoon series of 26 episodes ( about 24 minutes each ) , originally entitled Sōgen no shōjo Laura . Beyond the Prairie ( 2000 , 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Two made for television movies by Marcus Cole , with Meredith Monroe as Laura . Part 1 tells the story of teenage Laura in DeSmet , while the second part is about Laura and Almanzo 's ( Walton Goggins ) marriage and their life in Mansfield , Missouri . It also focuses a lot on the character of Wilder 's young daughter ; Rose ( Skye McCole Bartusiak ) . Little House on the Prairie ( 2005 miniseries ) ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV miniseries ) The 2005 ABC five - hour ( six - episode ) miniseries Little House on the Prairie attempted to follow closely the books Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie . It starred Cameron Bancroft as Charles Ingalls ; Erin Cottrell as Caroline Ingalls ; Kyle Chavarria as Laura Ingalls ; Danielle Chuchran as Mary Ingalls ; and Gregory Sporleder as Mr Edwards . It was directed by David L. Cunningham . In 2006 the mini-series was released on DVD and the 2 - disc set runs approximately 255 minutes long . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( musical ) A musical version of the Little House books premiered at the Guthrie Theater , Minnesota on July 26 , 2008 . The musical has music by Rachel Portman and lyrics by Donna DiNovelli and is directed by Francesca Zambello with choreography by Michele Lynch . The cast includes Melissa Gilbert as `` Ma '' . The musical began a US national tour in October 2009 . Documentary ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie : The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie : The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder is a one - hour documentary film that looks at the life of Wilder . Wilder 's story as a writer , wife , and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians , archival photography , paintings by frontier artists , and dramatic reenactments . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Novels portal Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fraser , Caroline ( 2017 ) . Prairie Fires . New York : Metropolitan Book . p. 2 . ISBN 9781627792769 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1992 ) . Laura Ingalls Wilder : A Biography . New York : Harper Trophy . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 020113 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Little House on the Prairie , Melissa Gilbert , Michael Landon , Karen Grassle , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 Jump up ^ Fraser , Caroline ( 2017 ) . Prairie Fires . New York : Metropolitan Books . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Maria ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Finding America , Both Red and Blue , in the ' Little House ' Books '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Limerick , Patricia Nelson ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) . `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' and the Truth About the American West '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Garth Williams , Illustrator of American Childhood '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Laura Ingalls . The Little House Books . U.S.A. : Harper & Row Publishers Inc. , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Young - Adult Books of All Time '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ admin ( 1999 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Newbery Medal and Honor Books , 1922 - Present '' . Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Brian Q. ( 2013 ) . `` Homesteading Remembered : A Sesquicentennial Perspective '' . Agricultural History . 87 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.3098 / ah. 2013.87. 1.1 . JSTOR 10.3098 / ah. 2013.87. 1.1 . Jump up ^ Eschner , Kat . `` The Little House on the Prairie Was Built on Native American Land '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Smulders , Sharon ( January 1 , 2002 ) . `` '' The Only Good Indian `` : History , Race , and Representation in Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie '' . Children 's Literature Review Quarterly . 27 ( 4 ) : 191 -- 202 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Caroline ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Perspective Yes , ' Little House on the Prairie ' is racially insensitive -- but we should still read it '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ admin ( 1999 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Welcome to the ( Laura Ingalls ) Wilder Award home page ! '' . Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Tharp , Julie ; Kleiman , Jeff ( 2000 ) . `` '' Little House on the Prairie '' and the Myth of Self - Reliance `` . Transformations : The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy. 11 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 64 . JSTOR 43587224 . Jump up ^ Becker , Lawrence C. ( 1976 ) . `` The Labor Theory of Property Acquisition '' . The Journal of Philosophy. 73 ( 18 ) : 653 -- 664 . doi : 10.2307 / 2025823 . JSTOR 2025823 . Jump up ^ `` Martha and Charlotte - Melissa Wiley '' . Melissa Wiley . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Little House : The Caroline Years Series by Maria D. Wilkes '' . www.goodreads.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Little House : The Rose Years Series by Roger Lea MacBride '' . www.goodreads.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1974 ) . West from Home . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440081 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1962 ) . On the Way Home . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440080 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Laura Ingalls Wilder : Young Pioneer , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Laura Ingalls Wilder : The Iowa Story , pp. 1 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1932 ) . Little House in the Big Woods . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 06 - 440003 - 4 Check isbn = value : length ( help ) . Jump up ^ Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1933 ) . Farmer Boy . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 06 - 440002 - 6 Check isbn = value : length ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1935 ) . Little House on the Prairie . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 06 - 440004 - 2 Check isbn = value : length ( help ) . Jump up ^ `` The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1937 ) . On the Banks of Plum Creek . New York : Harper & Row . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1939 ) . On the Shores of Silver Lake . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Laskin , David . The Children 's Blizzard . New York : HarperCollins , 2004 . Pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Potter , Constance . `` Genealogy Notes : De Smet , Dakota Territory , Little Town in the National Archives , Part 2 '' . Prologue , Vol. 35 , No. 4 ( Winter 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Robinson , Doane . History of South Dakota ( 1904 ) . Volume I , Chapter III , pp. 306 -- 09 . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1940 ) . The Long Winter . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Kuznets , Lois R. ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Wild and Wilder : Gendered Spaces in Narratives for Children and Adults '' . Michigan Quarterly Review . XXXIX ( 2 ) . ISSN 1558 - 7266 . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1941 ) . Little Town on the Prairie . New York : harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` These happy golden years '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Online Catalog ( catalog.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1943 ) . These Happy Golden Years . New York : Harper & Row . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Laura Ingalls ( 1971 ) . The First Four Years . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie '' . littlehouseontheprairie.com . Jump up ^ Cole , Marcus ( 2000 - 01 - 02 ) , Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder , Rob Halverson , Terra Allen , Alandra Bingham , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 Jump up ^ `` The Television Mini-Series '' . littlehouseontheprairie.com . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` New Musical Little House on the Prairie Makes World Premiere July 26 at the Guthrie '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , July 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ Rothstein , Mervyn. `` Prairie Tales '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , July 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder - a Documentary DVD '' . littlehouseontheprairie.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Fraser , Caroline ( 2017 ) . `` Prairie Fires . '' New York : Metropolitan Books . IBSN 9781627792769 . Fraser , Caroline . `` Yes , ' Little House on the Prairie ' is Racially Insensitive - But we Should Still Read it . '' The Washington Post ( Washington D.C. ) March 13 , 2018 . Kilgore , John . `` Little House in the Culture Wars '' . Eastern Illinois University . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Limerick , Patricia Nelson . `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' and the Truth About the American West . '' The New York Times ( New York , NY ) . November 20th , 2017 . Miller , John E. ( May 1998 ) . Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder : The Woman Behind the Legend . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1167 - 4 . Russo , Maria . `` Finding America , Both Red and Blue in the ' Little House ' Books . '' The New York Times ( New York , NY ) . February 7th , 2017 . Smulders , Sharon . `` ' The Only Good Indian ' : History , Race , and Representation in Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie '' Children 's Literature Association Quarterly Vol. 27 , No. 4 , 2003 . Tharp , Julie and Kleiman , Jeff . `` Little House on the Prairie and the Myth of Self Reliance . '' Transformations : The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy Vol. 11 , No. 1 , 10TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE ( Spring 2000 ) , pp. 55 -- 64 . Zochert , Donald ( 1977 - 05 - 01 ) . Laura : The Life of Laura Ingalls Wilder . Avon . ISBN 0 - 380 - 01636 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little House on the Prairie Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : Laura Ingalls Wilder ( in the public domain in Canada ) , including the complete text of the first eight Little House books Official website at Friendly Family Productions , LLC Little House on the Prairie historic site , near Independence , Kansas Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie&oldid=852191282 '' Categories : Little House series American children 's book series Book series introduced in 1932 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : ISBN Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with Bibliowiki links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands Polski Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 07 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	little house on the prairie house in minnesota	[ "On the Banks of Plum Creek, published in 1937 and fourth in the series, follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin, Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, and settle in a dugout \"on the banks of Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)\".[29]\n" ]	[ "a dugout \"on the banks of Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)\"" ]
5235007420055245972	Geography of the Philippines	Geography of the Philippines - wikipedia Geography of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Geography of the Philippines Continent Asia Region Southeast Asia Coordinates 13 ° 00'N 122 ° 00'E Area Ranked 64th Total 343,448 km ( 132,606 sq mi ) Land 99.38 % Water 0.62 % Coastline 36,289 km ( 22,549 mi ) Borders None Highest point Mount Apo 3,143 metres ( 10,312 ft ) Lowest point Galathea Depth 10,540 metres ( 34,580 ft ) ( sea level ) Longest river Cagayan River Largest lake Laguna de Bay The Philippines is an archipelago that consists of 7,641 islands with a total land area of 343,448 square kilometers ( 132,606 sq mi ) . The 11 largest islands contain 95 % of the total land area . The largest of these islands is Luzon at about 105,000 square kilometers ( 40,541 sq mi ) . The next largest island is Mindanao at about 95,000 square kilometers ( 36,680 sq mi ) . The archipelago is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) from the Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo . The Philippine archipelago is divided into three island groups : Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . The Luzon islands include Luzon itself , Palawan , Mindoro , Marinduque , Masbate , Romblon , Catanduanes , Batanes and Polilio . The Visayas is the group of islands in the central Philippines , the largest of which are : Panay , Negros , Cebu , Bohol , Leyte , Samar , Siquijor , Biliran and Guimaras . The Mindanao islands include Mindanao itself , Dinagat , Siargao , Camiguin , Samal , plus the Sulu Archipelago , composed primarily of Basilan , Sulu , and Tawi - Tawi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical geography 1.1 Topography 1.1. 1 Luzon 1.1. 2 Visayas 1.1. 3 Mindanao 2 Administrative geography 2.1 Regions 2.2 Provinces 2.2. 1 Landlocked and island provinces 3 Climate 4 Statistics 4.1 CIA Statistics 4.2 Largest cities and towns 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Physical Geography ( edit ) Territorial limits of the Philippines The Philippine archipelago lies in Southeast Asia in a position that has led to its becoming a cultural crossroads - a place where Malays , Hindus , Arabs , Chinese , Spaniards , Americans , and others had interacted to forge a unique cultural and racial blend . The archipelago numbers some 7,641 islands , and the nation claims an exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) of 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) from its shores . The Philippines occupies an area that stretches for 1,850 kilometers ( 1,150 mi ) from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude . The total land area is 343,448 square kilometers ( 132,606 sq mi ) . Only approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated , and fewer than one - half of these are larger than 2.5 square kilometers ( 1 sq mi ) . Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the Philippine landmass , and two of these -- Luzon and Mindanao -- measure 105,000 square kilometers ( 40,541 sq mi ) and 95,000 square kilometers ( 36,680 sq mi ) , respectively . They , together with the cluster of islands in Visayas in between them , represent the three principal regions of the archipelago that are identified by the three stars on the Philippine flag . The Philippines is broken up by the sea , which gives it one of the longest coastlines of any nation in the world . Off the coast of eastern Mindanao is the Philippine Trench , which descends to a depth of 10,430 meters ( 34,220 ft ) . The Philippines is part of a western Pacific arc system characterized by active volcanoes . Among the most notable peaks are Mount Mayon near Legazpi City , Taal Volcano south of Manila , and Mount Apo in Mindanao . All of the Philippine islands are prone to earthquakes . The northern Luzon highlands , or Cordillera Central , rise to between 2,500 meters ( 8,200 ft ) and 2,750 meters ( 9,020 ft ) , and , together with the Sierra Madre in the northeastern portion of Luzon and the mountains of Mindanao , boast rain forests that provide refuge for numerous upland tribal groups . The rain forests also offer prime habitat for more than 500 species of birds , including the Philippine eagle ( or monkey - eating eagle ) , some 1,100 species of orchids , and some 8,500 species of flowering plants . The country 's most extensive river systems are the Pulangi River , which flows into the Mindanao River ( Rio Grande de Mindanao ) ; the Agusan , in Mindanao which flows north into the Mindanao Sea ; the Cagayan in northern Luzon ; and the Pampanga , which flows south from east Central Luzon into Manila Bay . Laguna de Bay , east of Manila Bay , is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines . Several rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power . To protect the country 's biological resources , the government has taken a first step of preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan to address conservation of threatened species . Topography ( edit ) Major volcanoes in the Philippines The islands are volcanic in origin , being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , and are mostly mountainous . The highest point in the country is the peak of Mount Apo in Mindanao , which is 2,954 meters ( 9,692 ft ) above sea level . The second highest point can be found on Luzon at Mount Pulog , a peak 2,842 meters ( 9,324 ft ) above sea level . The Philippine Archipelago is geologically part of the Philippine Mobile Belt located between the Philippine Sea Plate , the South China Sea Basin of the Eurasian Plate , and the Sunda Plate . The Philippine Trench ( also called the Mindanao Trench ) is a submarine trench 1,320 kilometers ( 820 mi ) in length found directly east of the Philippine Mobile Belt and is the result of a collision of tectonic plates . The Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt at the rate of about 16 centimeters ( 6.3 in ) per year . Its deepest point , the Galathea Depth , has a depth of 10,540 meters ( 34,580 ft ) . The Philippine Fault System consists of a series of seismic faults that produce several earthquakes per year , most of which are not felt . Many volcanoes in the country are active , the most recent eruption being that of Mount Pinatubo on Luzon in 1991 . Mount Mayon is another of the active volcanoes and has the world 's most perfectly shaped cone . Mayon has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and another violent eruption is currently feared . Taal Volcano , also located on Luzon , is one of the Decade Volcanoes . Most of the islands used to be covered by tropical rainforests . However , illegal logging has reduced forest cover to less than 10 % of the total land area . 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Major geographic features of the Philippines Batanes group of islands Babuyan group of islands Cordillera mountains Cagayan valley 5 Sierra Madre mountains 6 Caraballo mountains 7 Zambales mountains 8 Central Luzon plain 9 Sierra Madre ( southern tip ) 10 Polillo group of islands 11 Bicol peninsula 12 Mindoro island 13 Romblon group of islands 14 Masbate island 15 Samar island 16 Palawan group of islands 17 Panay island 18 Negros island 19 Cebu island 20 Bohol island 21 Leyte island 22 Zamboanga peninsula 23 Bukidnon - Lanao plateau 24 Davao - Agusan Trough 25 Diwata mountains 26 Cotabato Basin 27 Central Mindanao highlands 28 Pacific Cordillera mountains 29 Tiruray highlands 30 Sulu archipelago Luzon ( edit ) Luzon in satellite image The La Paz San Dunes in Laoag , part of the Ilocos coastline Pasil Valley in Kalinga of the Cordillera Central The Sierra Madre Mountains viewed from Gabaldon The plains of Central Luzon , showing the Manila Bay with Mount Arayat in the background The Zambales Mountains as viewed from San Narciso Laguna de Bay at Cardona , with the Banahaw volcano complex in the distance Mayon Volcano overlooking the city of Legazpi . The Batanes and Babuyan islands The Batanes and Babuyan Islands are situated on the northernmost extremity of the Philippines at Luzon Strait facing Taiwan . It contains the northernmost point of land , the islet of Y'Ami in the Batanes Islands , separated from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel ( c. 80.4672 kilometers ( 50.0000 mi ) wide ) . Western Luzon This region stretches from Mairaira Point in Pagudpud , Ilocos Norte in the north to Cochinos Point in Mariveles , Bataan in the south . The terrain ranges from coastal plains to rugged mountains bordered by the South China Sea in the west and the Cordillera Central and Zambales mountain ranges in the east . Western Luzon is known for its beaches , surf spots and historic towns . Cagayan Valley Nestled between the Cordilleras in the east and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges in the west is the Cagayan Valley , also the name of the administrative region which it covers . Through its center runs the country 's longest river , the Cagayan , flowing in a northward direction before emptying its waters in the Luzon Strait at the town of Aparri . Further information : Cagayan Valley Cordilleras and Caraballos The Cordilleras and Caraballos , together with the Sierra Madre Range , form the main mountain system in Northern Luzon . The Cordilleras consists of 2 , sometimes 3 , mountain ranges that are found in northwestern central Luzon . The first , called Caraballo del Sur , forms the nucleus of the system and has its highest peaks in the border between the provinces of Abra , Ilocos Norte and Cagayan . Caraballo Occidentalles , is further divided into 2 ranges , the Cordillera Norte and Cordillera Central . They line the central portions of the Cordillera Administrative Region . Further information : Cordillera Central The Caraballos ( Caraballo de Baler ) start where the Sierra Madre and the Cordilleras meet . They are found south of Cagayan Valley , northeast of the Central Luzon Plains . Sierra Madre Mountains Lying in the eastern portion of Luzon is the longest mountain range in the Philippines , the Sierra Madre , stretching from Quezon province in the south to Cagayan in the north . 80 percent of the mountain range is tropical rainforest , which is diminishing from rampant illegal logging activity . The range serves as the eastern wall of Luzon Island that protects inhabitants from tropical cyclones usually coming from the Pacific Ocean . Central Luzon Plains The largest plain of the nation is situated in the Central Luzon region and produces most of the national rice supply , earning itself the nickname `` Rice Bowl of the Philippines '' . The plains encompass the provinces of Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Pampanga , Tarlac and Pangasinan . Manila - Katagalugan plains South of the Central Luzon plains lies the largest inland freshwater lake in Southeast Asia , the Laguna de Bay . To the east of the lake is a plain that stretches westward to the Manila Bay . Large rivers from bays and mountain springs traverse the plain . In the northern part of the region , that is , Manila and Rizal , most of the plain had been converted into cities and towns , and are thus industrialized . Lying east of the lake is the southern terminus of the Sierra Madre mountain range at northern Quezon province . To the southwest of the Laguna de Bay is the nation 's third largest lake , the Taal , bordered to the north by the Tagaytay Ridge , a ridge stretching from southern Cavite to northern Batangas provinces . Bondoc Peninsula The Bondoc Peninsula is located in the southeastern part of Quezon Province . Further information : Bondoc Peninsula Bicol peninsula Southeast of Laguna de Bay lies the Bicol Peninsula , connected to mainland Luzon by the isthmus of Tayabas . The predominantly flat landscape features several solitary peaks , usually active volcanoes , which include Iriga , Mayon and Bulusan . The peninsula has an irregular coastline that features large bays and gulfs , which include the Lamon Bay , San Miguel Bay , Lagonoy Gulf , and Albay Gulf to the north , and the Tayabas Bay , Ragay Gulf and Sorsogon Bay to the south . Mindoro island Mindoro coastal plains Mindoro 's coastal plains are characterized by rice and corn fields , rivers , beaches , and extensive open space areas . Most of the population is concentrated on the northern and eastern coast of this island where the city of Calapan and Puerto Galera are located . Mindoro highlands The Mindoro mountain range begins with Mount Halcon and is further divided into 3 . The northwest ends at Calavite Point and is a landmark for ships . The east originates from Lake Naujan and the west follows the Mindoro Strait . Palawan Kalayaan islands ( Spratly Islands ) The Kalayaan Islands are located to the west of Palawan . Kalayaan is a Filipino word meaning `` freedom '' . Further information : Spratly islands Visayas ( edit ) Catbalogan plains This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) Panay - Negros - Cebu area This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) Mindanao ( edit ) Eastern Pacific Cordillera The eastern coast of Mindanao features a long mountain range , the Eastern Pacific Cordillera , which stretches from Bilar Point at Surigao in the north to Cape San Agustin at Davao in the south . Forming its northern portion are the Diwata Mountains ( also spelled Diuata ) , separated from the south by low passes situated at the middle . To the east of the range are narrow strips of lowland that feature several inlets and bays , the most prominent of which include the Lianga and Bislig bays . Davao - Agusan Trough To the west of the Pacific Cordillera lies an extensive lowland , the Davao - Agusan Trough . Its northern portion includes the Agusan Valley which forms the lower river basin of the Agusan River . The river flows in a northward direction and empties into the Iligan Bay . Draining the southern portion of the lowland are several other rivers , which include the Tagum , flowing southward to the Davao Gulf . Central Mindanao highlands Situated west of the Davao - Agusan Trough is a complex series of mountain ranges called the Central Mindanao Highlands ( also known as the Central Cordillera ) . From these mountains form the headwaters of several rivers which include the Rio Grande de Mindanao , Pulangi , Maridagao and Tagoloan rivers . Several tall mountains , such as Mount Apo , the country 's highest are found within the range . Bukidnon - Lanao plateaus The north - central portion of Mindanao is dominated by an extensive highland region , the Bukidnon - Lanao Plateau , which includes the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountain ranges . Within the plateau lies the country 's second largest lake , Lake Lanao situated at an elevation of 2,296 feet , drained by the Agus River flowing northward to its river mouth at Iligan Bay . Cotabato Basin South of the Bukidnon - Lanao Plateau lies a large depression , the Cotabato Basin , which forms the lower river basin of the country 's second largest river system , the Rio Grande de Cagayan ( also known as the Mindanao River ) . Surrounded by three mountain ranges , the basin 's only opening to the sea is to the northwest at Illana Bay , where the Mindanao River empties into the ocean . To the southeast of the main basin are two large valleys , the Koronadal and Allah valleys . Tiruray highlands Situated south and west of the Cotabato Basin are a moderately high mountain range , the Tiruray Highlands , which block off the Basin from the southern coastline . South of the highlands are narrow strips of coastlines . Zamboanga peninsula At the northwestern tip of Mindanao is the generally mountainous Zamboanga Peninsula . The chain of mountain ranges in this region is called Zamboanga Cordilleras , with the highest elevation at Mount Dapi , which is 2,617 meters ( 8,586 ft ) high . The southern coastline is irregular , featuring two smaller peninsulas , the Sibuguey and Baganian , extending southward to the Moro Gulf . Outlying islands of Mindanao Dinagat and Siargao islands To the north of the Diwata Mountains at northeast Mindanao lie Siargao island and the Dinagat group of islands . Sulu archipelago Southwest of the Zamboanga Peninsula is the Sulu Archipelago , a chain of islands which comprise the smaller archipelago provinces of Basilan , Sulu , and Tawi - Tawi . Administrative Geography ( edit ) Further information : Administrative divisions of the Philippines The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units ( LGUs ) with the 81 provinces and 38 independent cities as the primary unit . Provinces are further subdivided into component cities and municipalities , both of which consist of barangays , the smallest local government unit . Regions ( edit ) There are 17 regions comprising the Philippines . Each region , with the exception of the National Capital Region , is further subdivided into component provinces . The National Capital Region is divided into four special districts . Most government offices establish regional offices in a city to serve the constituent provinces . Such cities are designated as `` regional centers '' . The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government , with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Further information : Regions of the Philippines Provinces ( edit ) Forming the regions , with the exception of the National Capital , are the 81 provinces . Each province has a capital city or municipality . Further information : Provinces of the Philippines § List of provinces Landlocked and island provinces ( edit ) Of the 81 provinces of the Philippines , 15 are landlocked , and 16 are island provinces . Landlocked provinces Province Region Island Apayao CAR Luzon Abra CAR Luzon Kalinga CAR Luzon Mountain Province CAR Luzon Ifugao CAR Luzon Benguet CAR Luzon Nueva Vizcaya II Luzon Quirino II Luzon Nueva Ecija III Luzon Tarlac III Luzon Laguna IV - A Luzon Rizal IV - A Luzon Bukidnon X Mindanao North Cotabato XII Mindanao Agusan del Sur XIII Mindanao These provinces have coastlines on Laguna de Bay , a large lake . Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade , they are considered to be landlocked . Island provinces Province Region Island group Batanes II Luzon Marinduque IV - B Luzon Romblon IV - B Luzon Palawan IV - B Luzon Catanduanes V Luzon Masbate V Luzon Guimaras VI Visayas Cebu VII Visayas Bohol VII Visayas Siquijor VII Visayas Biliran VIII Visayas Camiguin X Mindanao Dinagat Islands XIII Mindanao Basilan ARMM Mindanao Sulu ARMM Mindanao Tawi - Tawi ARMM Mindanao Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the Philippines Philippines map of Köppen climate classification . The Philippines has a tropical climate dominated by a rainy season and a dry season , although certain locations have no dry season ( meaning , all months have an average rainfall of above 60 mm ) and certain higher - altitude areas can have a subtropical climate . The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October , whereas the winter monsoon brings relatively cooler and drier air from December to February . Manila and most of the lowland areas are hot and dusty from March to May . Even at this time , however , temperatures rarely rise above 37 ° C ( 98.6 ° F ) . Mean annual sea - level temperatures rarely fall below 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) . Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters ( 196.9 in ) in the mountainous east coast section of the country , but less than 1,000 millimeters ( 39.4 in ) in some of the sheltered valleys . Monsoon rains , although hard and drenching , are not normally associated with high winds and waves . But the Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt , and it suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October . These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions , but Manila gets devastated periodically as well . In the last decade , the Philippines has been hit severely by natural disasters . In 2005 alone , Central Luzon was hit by both a drought , which sharply curtailed hydroelectric power , and by a typhoon that flooded practically all of low - lying Manila 's streets . Still more damaging was the 1990 earthquake that devastated a wide area in Luzon , including Baguio and other northern areas . The city of Cebu and nearby areas were struck by a typhoon that killed more than a hundred people , sank vessels , destroyed part of the sugar crop , and cut off water and electricity for several days . The Philippines is prone to about 6 - 9 storms which make landfall each year , on average . The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption also damaged much of Central Luzon , the lahar burying towns and farmland , and the ashes affecting global temperatures . Building construction is undertaken with natural disasters in mind . Most rural housing has consisted of nipa huts that are easily damaged but are inexpensive and easy to replace . Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed ( not always successfully ) to resist both typhoons and earthquakes . Damage is still significant , however , and many people are displaced each year by typhoons , earthquakes , and other natural disasters . In 1987 alone the Department of Social Welfare and Development helped 2.4 million victims of natural disasters . Statistics ( edit ) CIA statistics ( edit ) Unless otherwise indicated , the information below is taken from CIA Factbook information for the Philippines . Area Total : 300,000 square kilometres ( 115,831 sq mi ) Land : 298,170 square kilometres ( 115,124 sq mi ) Water : 1,830 square kilometres ( 707 sq mi ) Coastline 36,289 kilometres ( 22,549 mi ) Maritime claims ( measured from claimed archipelagic baselines ) Continental shelf : to depth of exploitation Exclusive economic zone : 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) Territorial sea : irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty ; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal - shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles ( 528 km ; 328 mi ) in breadth . Lingayen Gulf Balabac Strait Basilan Strait Cebu Strait Guimaras Strait Baler Bay Mindoro Strait San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait South China Sea Surigao Strait Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Philippine Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Samar Sea Sibuyan Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Sea Celebes Sea Tablas Strait Tañon Strait Balintang Channel Davao Gulf Lagonoy Gulf Leyte Gulf Panay Gulf Ragay Gulf Manila Bay Luzon Strait Butuan Bay Iligan Bay Illana Bay Lamon Bay Macajalar Bay San Miguel Bay Moro Gulf Sarangani Bay Sibuguey Bay Honda Bay Jintotolo Channel Tayabas Bay Verde Island Passage Canigao Channel Babuyan Channel Polillo Strait Linapacan Strait Tapiantana Channel Asid Gulf Oceans and Seas in the Philippines Natural resources Timber , petroleum , nickel , cobalt , silver , gold , salt , and copper . Land use Arable land : 19 % Permanent crops : 16.67 % Other : 64.33 % ( 2005 ) Irrigated land 15,500 square kilometers ( 5,985 sq mi ) ( 2003 ) Natural hazards The Philippines sit astride typhoon belt and are usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year ; landslides ; active volcanoes ; destructive earthquakes ; tsunamis . Environment - current issues Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas ; soil erosion ; air and water pollution in Manila ; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds ; severe water pollution that caused the death of one of the country 's major rivers , though there are ongoing efforts at resuscitation . Also Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 caused major problems . Environment - international agreements Party to : Biodiversity , Climate Change , Endangered Species , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Nuclear Test Ban , Ozone Layer Protection , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , Whaling Signed , but not ratified : Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol , Desertification Subnational enclaves and exclaves In political geography , an enclave is a territory or part of a territory lying wholly within the boundaries of another , and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it . Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves , but the two are not synonymous . Exclaves which are not enclaves Caloocan City is divided in two by Valenzuela City and Quezon City . In Cotabato province , the municipality of President Roxas is divided in two by Antipas municipality . Pene - enclaves / exclaves and inaccessible districts In SoCCSKSarGen , Sarangani province is divided by General Santos City or Sarangani Bay . In Zamboanga Peninsula : Isabela City is part of this region ( although it is the capital of the ARMM province of Basilan ) , but it is separated from it by Basilan Strait . Zamboanga del Sur -- Zamboanga City , a chartered city , is unofficially part of this province but is separated from it by Zamboanga Sibugay . Subnational quadripoint A quadripoint is a point on the Earth that touches four distinct regions . Such points are often called `` four corners '' , from the corners of the four regions meeting there . Four provinces in Mindanao meet at a point at the summit of Mount Apo : Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao Region , Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur of Davao Region , and Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen More than four Four distinct geographic divisions converging at a single point is not uncommon in the Philippines , and there are other points of convergence between five or more divisions that can be found . Count Cities / municipalities Location 5 Tagkawayan Labo San Lorenzo Ruiz San Vicente Del Gallego Camarines Norte , Camarines Sur , Quezon 5 Cadiz Sagay Silay Talisay Calatrava Negros Occidental 5 Batuan Bilar Carmen Dimiao Valencia Bohol 5 Alicia Dagohoy Pilar San Miguel Ubay Bohol 5 Baungon Lantapan Sumilao Talakag Malaybalay Bukidnon 5 Aleosan Carmen Kabacan Pikit Pagagawan Cotabato , Maguindanao 5 Tibiao Barbaza Madalag Libacao Jamindan Antique , Aklan , Capiz 6 Basey Marabut Balangkayan Llorente Balangiga Lawaan Eastern Samar , Samar 8 Ligao Legazpi Tabaco Guinobatan Camalig Daraga Malilipot Santo Domingo Albay ( Mayon Volcano crater ) Mayon shared by 8 cities / towns Geographic center This article appears to contradict the article Extreme points of the Philippines . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The island province of Marinduque prides itself as being the geographic center of the Philippines . The Marinduque governor has stated that their claim to be the Geographical Center of the Philippines has received notice and support from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority ( NAMRIA ) . The Luzon Datum of 1911 in Marinduque is used as point number one for all map makers in the country . The boundaries of the Philippine archipelago are described in Article III of the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , as comprising an irregular polygon . A box enclosing that polygon would have corners at 20 ° N 116 ° E , 20 ° N 127 ° E , 4.75 ° N 127 ° E , 4.75 ° N 116 ° E. The center of this box would lie at 121.5 E , 12.375 N. That point lies roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait between the islands of Tablas and Mindoro . Republic Act No. 9522 , `` An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines '' , describes an irregular polygon which fits within a box with its center at 121 ° 44'47.45 `` E 12 ° 46'6.1252 '' N , a point also roughly in the center of the Tablas Strait . The CIA Factbook locates the Philippines at 13 ° N 122 ° E . The extreme points under Philippine control as of 2010 are : Direction Location Coordinates Latitude ( N ) Longitude ( E ) North Amianan Island , Batanes 21o7'18.41 '' 121o56'48.79 '' East Pusan Point , Davao Oriental 7o17'19.80 '' 126o36'18.26 '' South Frances Reef , Tawi - Tawi 4o24'53.84 '' 119o14'50.71 '' West Thitu Island , Kalayaan , Palawan 11 ° 3'10.19 '' 114 ° 16'54.66 '' Pusan Point is the easternmost incorporated territory of the Philippines , but the Benham Plateau is the easternmost unincorporated territory of the Philippines . Thitu island is the westernmost of all the Spratly Island features controlled by the Philippines as of December 2009 . The center of a box enclosing these points would be located at 12 ° 46'6.13 `` N , 120 ° 26'36.46 '' E. That point is located in the Mindoro Strait , about 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) NNE of Apo Island , in Sablayan , Occidental Mindoro . Further information : Extreme points of the Philippines Largest cities and towns ( edit ) Further information : List of Philippine cities and municipalities by population The following is a list of the most populous cities in the country , with their population according to the 2010 census . Component cities and municipalities of Metro Manila , Metro Cebu and Metro Davao are taken as one to show the extent of urbanization . Largest cities in the Philippines PSA Census August 2015 Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Quezon City Manila Quezon City National Capital Region 2,936,116 11 Parañaque National Capital Region 665,822 Davao City Caloocan Manila National Capital Region 1,780,148 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 659,019 Davao City Davao Region 1,632,991 13 Valenzuela National Capital Region 620,422 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,583,978 14 Bacoor Calabarzon 600,609 5 Cebu City Central Visayas 922,611 15 General Santos Soccsksargen 594,446 6 Zamboanga City Zamboanga Peninsula 861,799 16 Las Piñas National Capital Region 588,894 7 Taguig National Capital Region 804,915 17 Makati National Capital Region 582,602 8 Antipolo Calabarzon 776,386 18 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 574,089 9 Pasig National Capital Region 755,300 19 Bacolod Western Visayas 561,875 10 Cagayan de Oro Northern Mindanao 675,950 20 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 504,509 See also ( edit ) Island groups of the Philippines List of islands of the Philippines List of headlands of the Philippines List of mountains in the Philippines List of Ultras of the Philippines List of volcanoes in the Philippines List of active volcanoes in the Philippines List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines List of bays of the Philippines List of lakes of the Philippines List of rivers of the Philippines Extreme points of the Philippines Territories claimed by the Philippines References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.ph/about-the-philippines Jump up ^ `` Philippines Mountain Ultra-Prominence '' . peaklist.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 2011 - 04 - 06 ) . `` The World Factbook -- Philippines '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Philippines '' . Republic of the Philippines , National Government Portal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago '' . GMA News . GMA News . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wernstedt , Frederick L. ; Spencer , Joseph Earl ( 1978 ) . The Philippine Island World : A Physical , Cultural , and Regional Geography . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 32 -- 37 . ISBN 9780520035133 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hinz , Erhard ( 1985 ) . Human Helminthiases in the Philippines the Epidemiological and Geomedical Situation . Berlin , Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 9783642708411 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Philippines : Geography Archived January 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Cezar Tigno , Resuscitating the Pasig River , Asian Development Bank , April 2009 . Jump up ^ Regional Tourism Stakeholders to meet in Marinduque , Marinduque.gov Jump up ^ STATE OF THE PROVINCE ADDRESS of Gov. JOSE ANTONIO N. CARRION , GOVERNOR OF MARINDUQUE , July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Luzon Datum of 1911 , Marinduque.gov Jump up ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain , The Avalon project . Jump up ^ Republic Act No. 9522 , An Act to Define the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines , as amended by Section 1 of Republic Act No. 5446 , The LawPhil project . External links ( edit ) Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Climate of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Coordinates : 13 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 00 '' E / 13.000 ° N 122.000 ° E / 13.000 ; 122.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_Philippines&oldid=831222522 '' Categories : Geography of the Philippines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles contradicting other articles Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the philippines lie in term of latitude	[ "The Philippine archipelago lies in Southeast Asia in a position that has led to its becoming a cultural crossroads - a place where Malays, Hindus, Arabs, Chinese, Spaniards, Americans, and others had interacted to forge a unique cultural and racial blend. The archipelago numbers some 7,641 islands,[6] and the nation claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores. The Philippines occupies an area that stretches for 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude. The total land area is 343,448 square kilometers (132,606 sq mi).[5] Only approximately 1,000 of its islands are populated, and fewer than one-half of these are larger than 2.5 square kilometers (1 sq mi). Eleven islands make up 95 percent of the Philippine landmass, and two of these — Luzon and Mindanao — measure 105,000 square kilometers (40,541 sq mi) and 95,000 square kilometers (36,680 sq mi), respectively. They, together with the cluster of islands in Visayas in between them, represent the three principal regions of the archipelago that are identified by the three stars on the Philippine flag. The Philippines is broken up by the sea, which gives it one of the longest coastlines of any nation in the world." ]	[ "from about the fifth to the twentieth parallels north latitude" ]
-6466588058031279816	India at the Olympics	India at the Olympics - wikipedia India at the Olympics This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 October 2018 . India at the Olympics IOC code IND NOC Indian Olympic Association Website www.olympic.ind.in Medals Gold 9 Silver 7 Bronze 12 Total 28 Olympics appearances ( overview ) 34 Summer appearances 1900 1904 -- 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Winter appearances 1964 1968 1972 -- 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances Independent Olympic Participants The Indian Hockey team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics , later going on to defeat Germany 8 -- 1 in the final India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900 , with a lone athlete ( Norman Pritchard ) winning two medals - both silver - in athletics . The nation first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1920 , and has participated in every Summer Games since then . India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games beginning in 1964 . Indian athletes have won a total of 28 medals so far , all at the Summer Games . For a period of time , India national field hockey team was dominant in Olympic competition , winning eleven medals in twelve Olympics between 1920 and 1980 . The run included 8 gold medals total and six successive gold medals from 1928 -- 1956 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Recent history 2 List of competitors 3 Medal tables 3.1 Medals by Summer Games 3.2 Medals by sport 4 List of medalists 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Indian Olympic delegation 1920 India sent its first athlete to the Summer Olympics for the 1900 Games , but an Indian national team did not compete at the Summer Olympics until 1920 . Ahead of the 1920 Games , Sir Dorabji Tata and Governor of Bombay George Lloyd helped India secure representation at the International Olympic Council , enabling it to participate in the Games ( see India at the 1920 Olympic Games ) . India then sent a team to the 1920 Olympics , comprising four athletes , two wrestlers , and managers Sohrab Bhoot and A.H.A. Fyzee . The Indian Olympic movement was then established during the 1920s : some founders of this movement were Dorabji Tata , A.G. Noehren ( Madras College of Physical Education ) , H.C. Buck ( Madras College of Physical Education ) , Moinul Haq ( Bihar sports associations ) , S. Bhoot ( Bombay Olympic Association ) , A.S. Bhagwat ( Deccan Gymkhana ) , and Guru Dutt Sondhi ( Punjab Olympic Association ) ; Lt. Col H.L.O. Garrett ( from the Government College Lahore and Punjab Olympic Association ) and Sagnik Poddar ( of St. Stephen 's School ) helped organise some early national games ; and prominent patrons included Maharajas and royal princes Bhupinder Singh of Patiala , Ranjitsinhji of Nawanagar , the Maharaja of Kapurthala , and the Maharaja of Burdwan . In 1923 , a provisional All India Olympic Committee was formed , and in February 1924 , the All India Olympic Games ( that later became the National Games of India ) were held to select a team for the Paris Summer Olympics . The Indian delegation at the Paris Olympics comprised seven athletes , seven tennis players and team manager Harry Buck . In 1927 , the provisional Indian Olympic Committee formally became the Indian Olympic Association ( IOA ) ; its main tasks were to promote the development of sports in India , choose host cities for the national games , and send teams selected from the national games to the Summer Olympics . Thus , at the 1928 national games , it selected seven athletes to represent India at the next Summer Olympics , with Sondhi as manager . By this time , the Indian Hockey Federation ( IHF ) had also been established and it sent a hockey team to the Summer Olympics . The national hockey team and additional sportspersons were similarly sent to the 1932 Games ( four athletes and one swimmer ) and 1936 ( four athletes , three wrestlers , one Burmese weight - lifter ) , along with three officials headed by team manager Sondhi . From 1948 onward , because of the IOA 's wider outreach , India began sending delegations of over 50 sportspersons representing several sport , each selected by its sports federation , to the Summer Olympics . The delegation was headed by a chef - de-mission . Thus , India 's Summer Olympic delegation in the early Olympic Games was as follows : 1900 : One athlete 1920 : 6 competitors ( four athletes , two wrestlers ) and managers Bhoot and Fyzee 1924 : 14 competitors ( seven athletes , seven tennis players ) and manager Harry Crowe Buck 1928 : 21 competitors ( seven athletes and a hockey team of 14 ) and manager GD Sondhi 1932 : 20 competitors ( four athletes , one swimmer , and a hockey team of 15 ) and three officials headed by manager GD Sondhi 1936 : 27 competitors ( four athletes , three wrestlers , one Burmese weight - lifter , and a hockey team of 19 ) and three officials including manager GD Sondhi 1948 : 79 competitors and a few officials headed by chef - de-mission Moin ul Haq 1952 : 64 competitors and some officials headed by chef - de-mission Moin ul Haq Recent history ( edit ) At the 2008 Beijing Olympics , Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men 's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games . Vijender Singh got the country 's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category . The 2012 Summer Olympics saw an 83 - member Indian contingent participating in the games and setting a new best for the country with a total of six medals . Wrestler Sushil Kumar became the first Indian with multiple individual Olympic medals ( bronze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and silver at the 2012 Summer Olympics ) since Norman Pritchard in 1900 . Saina Nehwal won bronze medal in badminton in Women 's singles getting the country 's first Olympic medal in badminton . Pugilist Mary Kom became the first Indian woman to win a medal in boxing with her bronze medal finish in Women 's flyweight . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , a record number of 118 athletes competed . Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman wrestler to win an Olympic medal with her bronze medal finish in Women 's freestyle 58 kg category . Shuttler P.V. Sindhu became the first Indian woman to win a silver medal in Olympics and also the youngest Indian Olympic medallist . List of competitors ( edit ) This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants / competitors of India in the summer Olympic games . Games Sports Men Women Total Change Gold Silver Bronze Total Change 1900 0 NA 0 0 NA 1920 6 0 6 + 5 0 0 0 0 − 2 1924 13 15 + 8 0 0 0 0 0 1928 21 0 21 + 7 0 0 + 1 1932 30 0 30 + 9 0 0 0 1936 3 -- 4 27 0 27 − 3 0 0 0 1948 10 79 0 79 + 52 0 0 0 1952 11 60 64 − 15 0 + 1 1956 8 58 59 − 5 0 0 − 1 1960 6 45 0 45 − 14 0 0 0 1964 8 52 53 + 8 0 0 0 1968 5 25 0 25 − 28 0 0 0 1972 7 40 41 + 16 0 0 0 1976 20 0 20 − 21 0 0 0 0 − 1 1980 58 18 76 + 56 0 0 + 1 1984 48 − 28 0 0 0 0 − 1 1988 7 46 − 2 0 0 0 0 0 1992 5 53 + 7 0 0 0 0 0 13 44 49 − 4 0 0 + 1 2000 7 65 + 16 0 0 0 14 48 25 73 + 8 0 0 0 2008 12 31 25 56 − 17 0 + 2 2012 13 60 23 83 + 27 0 6 + 3 2016 15 66 54 118 + 35 0 − 4 This list provides a comparative compendium of all the participants / competitors of India in the winter Olympic games . Games Sports Men Women Total Change Gold Silver Bronze Total Change 1964 0 NA 0 0 0 0 NA 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1988 + 2 0 0 0 0 0 1992 0 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 1998 0 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2006 + 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2018 0 − 1 0 0 0 0 0 Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Red colour indicates the best performance . Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1896 Athens did not participate 1900 Paris 0 0 17 1904 St. Louis did not participate 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1920 Antwerp 0 0 0 0 - 1924 Paris 0 0 0 0 - 1928 Amsterdam 0 0 23 1932 Los Angeles 0 0 19 1936 Berlin 0 0 20 1948 London 0 0 22 1952 Helsinki 0 26 1956 Melbourne 0 0 24 1960 Rome 0 0 32 1964 Tokyo 0 0 24 1968 Mexico City 0 0 42 1972 Munich 0 0 43 1976 Montreal 0 0 0 0 - 1980 Moscow 0 0 23 1984 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 - 1988 Seoul 0 0 0 0 - 1992 Barcelona 0 0 0 0 - 1996 Atlanta 0 0 71 2000 Sydney 0 0 71 2004 Athens 0 0 65 2008 Beijing 0 50 2012 London 0 6 55 2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 67 Total 9 7 12 28 Medals by sport ( edit ) Leading in that Sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Field hockey 8 11 Shooting 34 Athletics 0 0 71 Wrestling 0 5 43 Badminton 0 9 Boxing 0 0 64 Tennis 0 0 30 Weightlifting 0 0 56 Total 9 7 12 28 12 List of medalists ( edit ) Medal Name / Team Games Sport Event Silver Norman Pritchard 1900 Paris Athletics Men 's 200 metres Silver Norman Pritchard 1900 Paris Athletics Men 's 200 metre hurdles Gold National team 1928 Amsterdam Field hockey Men 's competition Gold National team 1932 Los Angeles Field hockey Men 's competition Gold National team 1936 Berlin Field hockey Men 's competition Gold National team 1948 London Field hockey Men 's competition Gold National team 1952 Helsinki Field hockey Men 's competition Bronze Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav 1952 Helsinki Wrestling Men 's freestyle bantamweight Gold National team 1956 Melbourne Field hockey Men 's competition Silver National team 1960 Rome Field hockey Men 's competition Gold National team 1964 Tokyo Field hockey Men 's competition Bronze National team 1968 Mexico City Field hockey Men 's competition Bronze National team 1972 Munich Field hockey Men 's competition Gold National team 1980 Moscow Field hockey Men 's competition Bronze Leander Paes 1996 Atlanta Tennis Men 's singles Bronze Karnam Malleswari 2000 Sydney Weightlifting Women 's 69 kg Silver Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore 2004 Athens Shooting Men 's double trap Gold Abhinav Bindra 2008 Beijing Shooting Men 's 10 m Air Rifle Bronze Vijender Singh 2008 Beijing Boxing Middleweight Bronze Sushil Kumar 2008 Beijing Wrestling Men 's freestyle 66 kg Silver Vijay Kumar 2012 London Shooting Men 's 25 Rapid Fire Pistol Silver Sushil Kumar 2012 London Wrestling Men 's freestyle 66 kg Bronze Saina Nehwal 2012 London Badminton Women 's singles Bronze Mary Kom 2012 London Boxing Women 's flyweight Bronze Gagan Narang 2012 London Shooting Men 's 10m Air Rifle Bronze Yogeshwar Dutt 2012 London Wrestling Men 's freestyle 60 kg Silver P.V. Sindhu 2016 Rio de Janeiro Badminton Women 's singles Bronze Sakshi Malik 2016 Rio de Janeiro Wrestling Women 's freestyle 58 kg See also ( edit ) List of flag bearers for India at the Olympics Category : Olympic competitors for India India at the Paralympics India at the Asian Games India at the Commonwealth Games Olympic Gold Quest References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : N. Kesavan ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Indian medal winners at Olympics '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1928 Olympics : India 's first step towards ascending hockey throne '' . The Hindu . 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1932 Olympics games : India 's dominance continues '' . The Hindu . 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1936 Olympics : Hat - trick for India under Dhyan Chand '' . The Hindu . 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rohan Puri ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Olympics : Down the memory lane 1940 -- 1956 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1960 Olympics : Pakistan ends India 's dominance '' . The Hindu . 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold winning hockey team of 1964 Tokyo Olympics felicitated '' . The Times of India . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Indian hockey first went ` bronze ' '' . The Hindu . 16 September 2000 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1972 Olympics : India 's golden glory fades '' . The Hindu . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Olympics : India sinks Spain for gold '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rohit Brijnath ( 31 August 1996 ) . `` Olympics 1996 : How Leander Paes won India 's first individual Olympic medal in 44 years '' . India Today . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sydney Olympics hero Karnam Malleswari lauds Sakshi Malik , urges her to start preparing for Tokyo Games '' . India Today . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rohan Puri ( 30 July 2016 ) . `` Olympics : Down the memory lane 2004 -- 2012 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manoj Bhagavatula ( 19 August 2016 ) . `` Rio 2016 Live : Silver for India 's golden girl , Sindhu puts up tough fight '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rohtak Zen in Rio zone , Sakshi Malik brings wrestling bronze from Olympics '' . The Indian Express . 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : PV Sindhu assures India of a second medal , enters women 's badminton finals '' . The Economic Times . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` India at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` India '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists -- India '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` India '' . Sports-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia Germany East Germany West Germany United Team of Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team Yugoslavia National teams of India Major teams ( World level ) Badminton Cricket Ind A M U19 Blind Field hockey Kabaddi Motorsport ( A1 Team ) Rollball Softball Squash Tennis Continental level Basketball M U19 M U17 M 3x3 W U19 W U17 W 3x3 Football M U23 M U19 M U17 M U14 W U19 Volleyball Minor teams Baseball Beach soccer Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 Korfball Netball Racquetball Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union Rugby 7 's Water polo Multi-sport event Asian Games Commonwealth Games Lusophony Games Olympics Youth Paralympics Universiade World Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_Olympics&oldid=863824959 '' Categories : India at the Olympics History of sport in India National sports teams of India Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 09 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who got gold medal in olympics from india	[ "\n\n\nMedal\n\nName/Team\n\nGames\n\nSport\n\nEvent\n\n\n Silver\nNorman Pritchard[1][17]\n 1900 Paris\nAthletics\nMen's 200 metres\n\n\n Silver\nNorman Pritchard[1][17]\n 1900 Paris\nAthletics\nMen's 200 metre hurdles\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[2]\n 1928 Amsterdam\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[3]\n 1932 Los Angeles\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[4]\n 1936 Berlin\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[5]\n 1948 London\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[5]\n 1952 Helsinki\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nKhashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav[5]\n 1952 Helsinki\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle bantamweight\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[5]\n 1956 Melbourne\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Silver\nNational team[6]\n 1960 Rome\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[7]\n 1964 Tokyo\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nNational team[8]\n 1968 Mexico City\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nNational team[9]\n 1972 Munich\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[10]\n 1980 Moscow\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nLeander Paes[11]\n 1996 Atlanta\nTennis\nMen's singles\n\n\n Bronze\nKarnam Malleswari[12]\n 2000 Sydney\nWeightlifting\nWomen's 69 kg\n\n\n Silver\nRajyavardhan Singh Rathore[13]\n 2004 Athens\nShooting\nMen's double trap\n\n\n Gold\nAbhinav Bindra[13]\n 2008 Beijing\nShooting\nMen's 10 m Air Rifle\n\n\n Bronze\nVijender Singh[13]\n 2008 Beijing\nBoxing\nMiddleweight\n\n\n Bronze\nSushil Kumar[13]\n 2008 Beijing\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 66 kg\n\n\n Silver\nVijay Kumar[13]\n 2012 London\nShooting\nMen's 25 Rapid Fire Pistol\n\n\n Silver\nSushil Kumar[13]\n 2012 London\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 66 kg\n\n\n Bronze\nSaina Nehwal[13]\n 2012 London\nBadminton\nWomen's singles\n\n\n Bronze\nMary Kom[13]\n 2012 London\n Boxing\nWomen's flyweight\n\n\n Bronze\nGagan Narang[13]\n 2012 London\nShooting\nMen's 10m Air Rifle\n\n\n Bronze\nYogeshwar Dutt[13]\n 2012 London\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 60 kg\n\n\n Silver\n\nP. V. Sindhu[14]\n\n 2016 Rio de Janeiro\n\nBadminton\n\nWomen's singles\n\n\n Bronze\nSakshi Malik[15]\n 2016 Rio de Janeiro\nWrestling\nWomen's freestyle 58 kg\n", "\n\n\nMedal\n\nName/Team\n\nGames\n\nSport\n\nEvent\n\n\n Silver\nNorman Pritchard[1][17]\n 1900 Paris\nAthletics\nMen's 200 metres\n\n\n Silver\nNorman Pritchard[1][17]\n 1900 Paris\nAthletics\nMen's 200 metre hurdles\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[2]\n 1928 Amsterdam\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[3]\n 1932 Los Angeles\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[4]\n 1936 Berlin\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[5]\n 1948 London\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[5]\n 1952 Helsinki\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nKhashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav[5]\n 1952 Helsinki\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle bantamweight\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[5]\n 1956 Melbourne\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Silver\nNational team[6]\n 1960 Rome\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[7]\n 1964 Tokyo\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nNational team[8]\n 1968 Mexico City\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nNational team[9]\n 1972 Munich\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Gold\nNational team[10]\n 1980 Moscow\nField hockey\nMen's competition\n\n\n Bronze\nLeander Paes[11]\n 1996 Atlanta\nTennis\nMen's singles\n\n\n Bronze\nKarnam Malleswari[12]\n 2000 Sydney\nWeightlifting\nWomen's 69 kg\n\n\n Silver\nRajyavardhan Singh Rathore[13]\n 2004 Athens\nShooting\nMen's double trap\n\n\n Gold\nAbhinav Bindra[13]\n 2008 Beijing\nShooting\nMen's 10 m Air Rifle\n\n\n Bronze\nVijender Singh[13]\n 2008 Beijing\nBoxing\nMiddleweight\n\n\n Bronze\nSushil Kumar[13]\n 2008 Beijing\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 66 kg\n\n\n Silver\nVijay Kumar[13]\n 2012 London\nShooting\nMen's 25 Rapid Fire Pistol\n\n\n Silver\nSushil Kumar[13]\n 2012 London\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 66 kg\n\n\n Bronze\nSaina Nehwal[13]\n 2012 London\nBadminton\nWomen's singles\n\n\n Bronze\nMary Kom[13]\n 2012 London\n Boxing\nWomen's flyweight\n\n\n Bronze\nGagan Narang[13]\n 2012 London\nShooting\nMen's 10m Air Rifle\n\n\n Bronze\nYogeshwar Dutt[13]\n 2012 London\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 60 kg\n\n\n Silver\n\nP. V. Sindhu[14]\n\n 2016 Rio de Janeiro\n\nBadminton\n\nWomen's singles\n\n\n Bronze\nSakshi Malik[15]\n 2016 Rio de Janeiro\nWrestling\nWomen's freestyle 58 kg\n" ]	[ "National team", "Abhinav Bindra" ]
-232475454487097801	American Idol (season 6)	American Idol ( season 6 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search American Idol Season 6 Broadcast from January 16 -- May 23 , 2007 Judges Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Randy Jackson Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company Finals venue Kodak Theatre Winner Jordin Sparks Sparks in the American Idol Experience motorcade at Walt Disney World Origin Glendale , Arizona , U.S. Song `` This Is My Now '' Genre ( s ) Pop , R&B Runner - up Blake Lewis Chronology ◀ 2007 ▶ The sixth season of American Idol premiered on the Fox Broadcasting Company as a two - night , four - hour premiere special on January 16 and January 17 , and ran until May 23 , 2007 . Simon Cowell , Paula Abdul , and Randy Jackson returned to judge once again , and Ryan Seacrest returned as host . A new record of 74 million votes were cast in the finale round , and a new record of 609 million votes were cast in the entire season ( the seasonal total record was surpassed by the tenth season and the finale vote record was broken by the eleventh season ) . Jordin Sparks won the competition with Blake Lewis as the first runner - up and Melinda Doolittle finishing third . Jordin Sparks is also the youngest winner of the competition , winning at age 17 , as well as the first winner from outside the Southern United States . Sparks remained the last female winner until the twelfth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional auditions 2 Hollywood week 2.1 Cut down to 24 3 Semi-finalists 3.1 Females 3.2 Males 3.3 Top 24 3.4 Top 20 3.5 Top 16 4 Top 12 finalists 5 Finals 5.1 Top 12 -- Diana Ross 5.2 Top 11 -- British Invasion 5.3 Top 10 -- No Doubt / Songs That Inspired Gwen Stefani 5.4 Top 9 -- American Classics 5.5 Top 8 -- Latin 5.6 Top 7 -- Country 5.7 Top 6 ( first week ) -- Inspirational Songs ( Idol Gives Back ) 5.8 Top 6 ( second week ) -- Bon Jovi 5.9 Top 4 -- Barry Gibb 5.10 Top 3 -- Judges ' Choice , Producers choice , Contestants Choice 5.11 Top 2 -- Contestant Choice , Previous Song , Winning Song 6 Grand Finale 6.1 Performances 7 Elimination chart 8 `` The Crying Girl '' 9 Idol Gives Back 10 American Idol songwriter contest 11 Controversies 12 Other Idol contestants 13 US Nielsen ratings 14 UK edition 15 Releases 15.1 Major releases 15.1. 1 Singles 15.1. 2 iTunes / AmericanIdol.com EPs 15.1. 3 Individual albums 15.2 Minor or independent releases 16 Related shows 17 See also 18 References 19 External links Regional auditions ( edit ) The Auditions were held in the following cities : Episode Air Date Audition City Date First Audition Venue Callback Date Callback Venue Golden Tickets January 16 , 2007 Minneapolis , Minnesota September 8 , 2006 Target Center September 12 , 2006 Minneapolis Convention Center 17 January 17 , 2007 Seattle , Washington September 19 , 2006 KeyArena October 2 -- 3 , 2006 W Hotel 14 January 23 , 2007 Memphis , Tennessee September 3 , 2006 FedEx Forum October 5 -- 6 , 2006 Memphis Cook Convention Center 22 January 24 , 2007 New York City , New York August 14 , 2006 Continental Airlines Arena , East Rutherford August 30 , 2006 Chelsea Piers , New York 35 January 30 , 2007 Birmingham , Alabama August 21 , 2006 Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex September 29 -- 30 , 2006 Sheraton Hotel 20 January 31 , 2007 Los Angeles , California August 6 , 2006 Rose Bowl , Pasadena September 26 , 2006 Millennium Biltmore Hotel 40 February 6 , 2007 San Antonio , Texas August 11 , 2006 Alamodome August 26 , 2006 Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center 24 Total Tickets to Hollywood 172 Auditioning contestants were required to be between the ages 16 and 28 on August 6 , 2006 ( born between August 7 , 1977 and August 6 , 1990 ) . Guest judges were used for audition this season . Guest judges -- Jewel -- Minneapolis audition Carole Bayer Sager -- New York audition Olivia Newton - John -- Los Angeles audition Many of the people who auditioned had trouble with the double doors , with many often going towards the wrong door on their way out ; this was spoofed by Idol later in the season with `` audition footage '' featuring Tony Bennett . This did not seem to be a problem for the seventh season as both doors were accessible . An elderly man named Sherman Pore auditioned in Los Angeles this year after a successful petition drive to convince the producers to waive the age - limit rule so he can audition . He explained that he did it to ease the pain and suffering of his female companion who was dying of cancer , but had died shortly before he can audition before the judges . He later released an album for the benefit of cancer research . Another contestant that year was Melissa Sgambelluri , also known as `` Fountain girl '' for her appearance in the promo and opening sequence celebrating in a fountain after winning her golden ticket . Jordin Sparks , the eventual winner this season , failed to pass through her audition in Los Angeles , but later won an audition in Seattle as a reward for winning a local Fox - affiliate - sponsored contest called Arizona Idol . Hollywood week ( edit ) The Hollywood rounds of the audition process were held over four days in November 2006 at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles . The first round consisted of each contestant singing one song a capella of their own choosing in front of the judges and all the other contestants of the same gender . Contestants were then told whether they were moving on or going home , in groups of six . This extended over the first two days , first females , then males . The second round took place on the second and third day , and consisted of groups of three or four contestants choosing , rehearsing , and then performing one of nine pre-selected songs . Groups were reviewed and contestants were then judged individually as to whether they were moving on or going home . The third round took place on the fourth day , and consisted of individual contestants performing a song from a pre-selected list , accompanied by a piano and backup singers . Contestants were again informed of whether they had made the cut or not . Cut down to 24 ( edit ) The final pre-audience voting cut down took place at the Pasadena Civic Center on January 14 or 15 , 2007 , just before the regional audition shows began airing . Without any further auditioning , but possibly with some audience research having taken place , the 40 remaining contestants were reduced to 24 . In a process taking a whole day , contestants wait in a sitting room until one by one , they go up an elevator and take a long walk to the other end of the Center 's Gold Room . Then the three judges told them whether they have made it onto the stage show or are cut . Those cut at this phase included the `` fountain girl '' in the opening credits , Melissa Sgambelluri . The 24 semi-finalists were announced February 14 , 2007 . Semi-finalists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The semi-finals began on February 20 . There were three shows each week for the three weeks of the semi-finals . The February 20 through May 16 shows originated from CBS Television City in Hollywood . The semi-finals featured the contestants ( 24 total ) divided by gender with the 12 male singers singing on Tuesdays and the 12 female singers on Wednesdays . Each person had the chance to select a song to sing live in front of the judges . Following the show 's airing , each U.S. timezone would have two hours to vote by phone or by text - messaging . On Thursday , the two of each group with the lowest amount of votes were eliminated each week until the finals . Females ( edit ) Sabrina Sloan ( born October 31 , 1979 ) is originally from Mission Viejo , California but now calls Studio City , California her home . Sloan toured the United States as part of the Broadway musical Hairspray under her maiden name , Sabrina Scherff . She earned her bachelor 's degree from Northwestern University in Musical Theatre and Communication Studies . She was later signed to a recording contract with Universal Music Group , as part of a duet with Sundance Head . She was also part of the First National Tour cast with another Broadway musical , In The Heights . Antonella Barba ( born November 26 , 1986 ) auditioned with her best friend Amanda Coluccio and made it to Hollywood . An undergraduate at The Catholic University of America , she is originally from Point Pleasant , New Jersey . She made it to Round 3 with Coluccio and both passed the group round ( although their third member , Baylie Brown , did not ) . Coluccio was eliminated in the cut for the top 40 . While Barba appeared on the show , racy photographs of her emerged , including photographs of Barba topless along with other women on a beach . A full segment concerning the controversy on multiple episodes of MSNBC 's Countdown with Keith Olbermann ( as recent as March 2007 ) . Photos of Barba posing in a wet T - shirt in the fountain of the National World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C. also surfaced ; however , Barba 's friend Coluccio has stated that the sexually explicit photos were fake . Barba is currently a non-partisan spokesperson for ElectionMall 's Voter Space . Leslie Hunt ( born March 23 , 1982 ) is from Chicago , who was featured in an American Idol commercial before Season 6 started . She is a self - described indie rocker . She suffers from the autoimmune disease lupus . She is currently the lead singer for progressive rock band District 97 . Alaina Alexander ( born July 21 , 1982 ) auditioned in Los Angeles . She is from West Hollywood , California . Before her American Idol 6 audition , Alexander revealed that after struggling for six years to make it in the music business in Los Angeles she had decided she was not going to sing anymore and had decided to go to college instead . She considered American Idol to be her last chance to pursue a singing career . For her Los Angeles audition , Alexander sang `` Feeling Good '' by Michael Bublé . Nicole Tranquillo ( born August 13 , 1985 ) is from Wernersville , Pennsylvania . She gained a vocal major at the University of the Arts . She auditioned in Memphis . Amy Krebs ( born May 2 , 1984 ) is from Federal Way , Washington . She is fluent in German . She auditioned in Seattle . Males ( edit ) Jason `` Sundance '' Head ( born January 22 , 1979 ) auditioned in Memphis and lives in Porter , Texas . He is the son of Roy Head , who had a number - two single with `` Treat Her Right '' in 1965 ; the song was second on the charts to The Beatles , which Jason said made his dad dislike them . He sang the classic hit `` Stormy Monday . '' He later became a contestant on NBC 's eleventh season of The Voice and won the competition as a member of Team Blake . Jared Cotter ( born June 17 , 1981 ) is from Kew Gardens , New York ( listed as Long Island on the show ) and attended Newfield High School . He auditioned in New York City . Cotter played basketball in college , but quit to start his music career . His rendition of `` Let 's Get It On '' dedicated to his parents was named one of VH1 's most memorable reality moments . Cotter also worked with singer - songwriter Jay Sean , featuring in the album My Own Way and co-writing the Billboard number one song `` Down '' . Adrian Joseph `` A.J. '' Tabaldo ( born January 3 , 1986 ) auditioned in Los Angeles and is from Santa Maria , California . Tabaldo is half - Filipino and half - Portuguese , and auditioned for American Idol five times . Nicholas `` Nick '' Pedro ( born July 9 , 1981 ) auditioned in New York and is from Taunton , Massachusetts . Pedro dropped out of the competition the previous season after forgetting the lyrics of `` Buttercup '' in Hollywood . This audition , he gave a soulful rendition of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' which earned him a second chance to fulfill his Idol aspirations . Nick 's feat seemed especially noteworthy as , unlike all other contestants making it this far , Nick received no experience ever onstage prior to Idol . Rudy Cardenas ( born April 3 , 1978 ) auditioned in Seattle and is from North Hollywood , California . Originally from Venezuela , he is part of a Los Angeles - based band called M - Pact . In his audition , he sang Journey rock classic `` Open Arms '' . Although Simon was unimpressed with his singing , Rudy made it to Hollywood with the support of the other two judges . In Hollywood , he sang `` How Deep Is Your Love '' together with Chris Sligh , Blake Lewis , and Tom Lowe in group round . The judges were impressed by their vocals . Paul Kim ( born March 26 , 1981 ) auditioned in Los Angeles . He is from Saratoga , California , and attended Monta Vista High School . Kim , being Korean - American , his motivation for auditioning was to alter the stereotypical Asian image that William Hung gave during the previous seasons . His performance received unanimous praise from the judges as Randy mentioned that Kim has one of the best male vocals he has heard this season . In contrast to their early praise , the judges mentioned when they put him through that Paul made it to the top 24 by `` a split decision '' . He sang barefoot during all of his performances . He is also known as P. Keys . Top 24 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Stephanie Edwards `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? '' ( Alicia Keys ) Safe Amy Krebs `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' ( Bonnie Raitt ) Eliminated Leslie Hunt `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe Sabrina Sloan `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe 5 Antonella Barba `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Aerosmith ) Safe 6 Jordin Sparks `` Give Me One Reason '' ( Tracy Chapman ) Safe 7 Nicole Tranquillo `` Stay '' ( Chaka Khan ) Eliminated 8 Haley Scarnato `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Pandora 's Box ) Safe 9 Melinda Doolittle `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe 10 Alaina Alexander `` Brass in Pocket '' ( The Pretenders ) Safe 11 Gina Glocksen `` All by Myself '' ( Eric Carmen ) Safe 12 Lakisha Jones `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( Jennifer Holiday ) Safe Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Rudy Cardenas `` Free Ride '' ( Edgar Winter Group ) Eliminated Brandon Rogers `` Rock with You '' ( Michael Jackson ) Safe Sundance Head `` Nights in White Satin '' ( The Moody Blues ) Safe Paul Kim `` Careless Whisper '' ( Wham ! ) Eliminated 5 Chris Richardson `` I Do n't Want to Be '' ( Gavin DeGraw ) Safe 6 Nick Pedro `` Now and Forever '' ( Richard Marx ) Safe 7 Blake Lewis `` Somewhere Only We Know '' ( Keane ) Safe 8 Sanjaya Malakar `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe 9 Chris Sligh `` Typical '' ( Mutemath ) Safe 10 Jared Cotter `` Back at One '' ( Brian McKnight ) Safe 11 Aj Tabaldo `` Never Too Much '' ( Luther Vandross ) Safe 12 Phil Stacey `` I Could Not Ask for More '' ( Edwin McCain ) Safe Group Performance : Sowing the Seeds of Love '' ( Tears for Fears ) Guest Performance : Fantasia : `` I 'm Here '' from The Color Purple . Top 20 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Gina Glocksen `` Alone '' ( i - TEN ) Safe Alaina Alexander `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' ( Dixie Chicks ) Eliminated LaKisha Jones `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ( Gladys Knight & the Pips ) Safe Melinda Doolittle `` My Funny Valentine '' ( Chaka Khan ) Safe 5 Antonella Barba `` Because You Loved Me '' ( Celine Dion ) Safe 6 Jordin Sparks `` Reflection '' ( Christina Aguilera ) Safe 7 Stephanie Edwards `` Dangerously in Love '' ( Beyoncé ) Safe 8 Leslie Hunt `` Feeling Good '' ( Cy Grant ) Eliminated 9 Haley Scarnato `` Queen of the Night '' ( Whitney Houston ) Safe 10 Sabrina Sloan `` All the Man That I Need '' ( Whitney Houston ) Safe Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Phil Stacey `` Missing You '' ( John Waite ) Safe Jared Cotter `` Let 's Get It On '' ( Marvin Gaye ) Safe AJ Tabaldo `` Feeling Good '' ( Cy Grant ) Eliminated Sanjaya Malakar `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' ( Tony Bennett ) Safe 5 Chris Sligh `` Trouble '' ( Ray LaMontagne ) Safe 6 Nick Pedro `` Fever '' ( Little Willie John ) Eliminated 7 Blake Lewis `` Virtual Insanity '' ( Jamiroquai ) Safe 8 Brandon Rogers `` Time After Time '' ( Cyndi Lauper ) Safe 9 Chris Richardson `` Geek in the Pink '' ( Jason Mraz ) Safe 10 Sundance Head `` Mustang Sally '' ( Mack Rice ) Safe Group Performances : `` Joy to the World '' ( Three Dog Night ) Guest Performance : Kellie Pickler : `` I Wonder '' Top 16 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Jordin Sparks `` Heartbreaker '' ( Pat Benatar ) Safe Sabrina Sloan `` Do n't Let Go ( Love ) '' ( En Vogue ) Eliminated Antonella Barba `` Put Your Records On '' ( Corinne Bailey Rae ) Eliminated Haley Scarnato `` If My Heart Had Wings '' ( Faith Hill ) Safe 5 Stephanie Edwards `` Sweet Thing '' ( Chaka Khan ) Safe 6 Lakisha Jones `` I Have Nothing '' ( Whitney Houston ) Safe 7 Gina Glocksen `` Call Me When You 're Sober '' ( Evanescence ) Safe 8 Melinda Doolittle `` I 'm a Woman '' ( Peggy Lee ) Safe Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Blake Lewis `` All Mixed Up '' ( 311 ) Safe Sanjaya Malakar `` Waiting on the World to Change '' ( John Mayer ) Safe Sundance Head `` Jeremy '' ( Pearl Jam ) Eliminated Jared Cotter `` If You Really Love Me '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Eliminated 5 Chris Richardson `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' ( Keith Urban ) Safe 6 Brandon Rogers `` I Just Want to Celebrate '' ( Rare Earth ) Safe 7 Phil Stacey `` I Need You '' ( LeAnn Rimes ) Safe 8 Chris Sligh `` Wanna Be Loved '' ( dc Talk ) Safe Group Performance : Stealers Wheel '' ( Stuck in the Middle with You ) '' Guest Performance : Carrie Underwood : `` Wasted '' Top 12 finalists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 12 finalists were announced on March 8 , 2007 . As in past years , the top 12 will appear on the annual compilation album while the top 10 will be the participants in the American Idol summer concert tour . Also as in past years , one finalist was eliminated every week , with the exception of the April 25 show , when all contestants were declared safe . As a result , two of the participants were eliminated on the May 2 , 2007 results program . The following is first in reverse chronological order by elimination date , then in alphabetical order by family name , where applicable . Jordin Sparks Jordin Sparks ( born December 22 , 1989 ) is a 27 - year - old ( 17 at the time of the show ) from Glendale , Arizona who auditioned in Seattle . She was a contestant on America 's Most Talented Kid in 2003 and also appeared on the program 's Tournament of Champions , on which she sang the Celine Dion ballad `` Because You Loved Me '' in her auditions . She is the daughter of former NFL defensive back Philippi Sparks . With her win , Jordin became the youngest Idol yet and joins the ranks of Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood and Taylor Hicks by winning without ever appearing in the bottom two or three . Blake Lewis Blake Lewis ( born July 21 , 1981 ) is a 36 - year - old ( 25 at the time of the show ) and auditioned in Seattle , and is from Bothell , Washington . He is a former member of the a cappella group KickShaw . Claiming to be the city 's beatboxing champion , Lewis sampled a hip hop tune to the judges before rendering Seal 's `` Crazy '' . He passed the auditions but Simon commented to him that `` you are not as good as you think you are '' , reminding him not to be cocky and overconfident in the future . Melinda Doolittle Melinda Doolittle ( October 6 , 1977 ) age 39 ( 29 at the time of show ) , auditioned in Memphis , and is from Brentwood , Tennessee . Despite being a professional back - up singer , she admitted she was still tense and nervous about competing in the show . She auditioned with `` For Once in My Life '' popularized by Stevie Wonder , and was met with universal praise from the three judges on her vocal ability . The judges did express concern about her nerves and told her to believe in herself . Her elimination the week before the finale had Simon Cowell looking disappointed , as he felt that she deserved to be in the finale for `` week to week consistency '' . LaKisha Jones LaKisha Ann Jones ( born January 13 , 1980 ) a 37 - year - old ( 27 at the time of show ) bank teller who performed `` Think '' by Aretha Franklin , and is originally from Flint , Michigan . Viewers were first introduced to Jones during the `` Best of the Rest '' episode . After her audition in New York , LaKisha celebrated with her family and cried tears of happiness with her daughter . She is also the runner up of the Houston show , KPRC Local 2 Gimme the Mike , in 2005 . She listed Fort Meade , Maryland as home on her application , and also has a Houston following . Chris Richardson Chris Richardson ( born February 19 , 1984 ) is a 33 - year - old ( 23 at time of show ) . He is from Chesapeake , Virginia , and auditioned in New York with Leon Russell 's A Song for You as interpreted by Donny Hathaway . During Richardson 's audition Randy compared him to Justin Timberlake . Phil Stacey Phil Stacey ( born January 21 , 1978 ) is a 39 - year - old ( 29 at time of show ) and serves in the United States Navy . He auditioned in Memphis and is from Jacksonville , Florida . He missed the birth of his daughter , McKayla , to audition for Idol . He performed two songs before getting through to Hollywood : `` My Girl '' and `` Let 's Get It On '' . Sanjaya Malakar Sanjaya Malakar ( born September 10 , 1989 ) is a 28 - year - old ( 17 at time of show ) . He auditioned in Seattle with his sister Shyamali , singing `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours . '' He is from Federal Way , Washington , the same town as Amy Krebs . After Sanjaya 's audition , Simon commented that he had a better voice than his sister . Both made it to Hollywood , but Sanjaya was shown tearfully embracing his sister when he made it to the top 40 in Hollywood and she was cut . Haley Scarnato ( born June 15 , 1982 ) is a 35 - year - old ( 24 at time of show ) former wedding band singer . She sang `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' by Bonnie Raitt during her audition . She lives in San Antonio , Texas . Gina Glocksen Gina Glocksen ( born July 4 , 1984 ) is a 33 - year - old ( 22 at time of show ) , auditioned in Memphis , and is from Naperville , Illinois . She originally auditioned in Chicago during season five and made it to Hollywood , but she was cut before the Top 40 . Chris Sligh Chris Sligh ( born April 13 , 1978 ) is a 39 - year - old ( 28 at time of show ) , hails from Greenville , South Carolina , and graduated from North Greenville University . He auditioned in Birmingham and sang `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal , after which Paula gave a standing ovation and stated , `` I like you very much '' . Stephanie Edwards ( born November 5 , 1987 ) is a 29 - year - old ( 19 at time of show ) and from Savannah , Georgia . She auditioned in Memphis . Brandon Rogers Brandon Rogers ( born December 11 , 1977 ) is a 39 - year - old ( 29 at time of show ) . He auditioned in Los Angeles and is from North Hollywood , California . Rogers has been a backup singer to established artists , performing on Justin Timberlake and Christina Aguilera 's 2003 Justified and Stripped Tour and Anastacia 's 2005 Encore Tour . After hearing his audition song , the judges ( including guest judge Olivia Newton - John ) were impressed with his vocals . Simon Cowell later mentioned he was the best auditioner coming from that city . Finals ( edit ) Top 12 -- Diana Ross ( edit ) Mentor : Diana Ross Order Contestant Song ( original artist when applicable ) Result Brandon Rogers `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' ( The Supremes ) Eliminated Melinda Doolittle `` Home '' Safe Chris Sligh `` Endless Love '' ( Lionel Richie & Diana Ross ) Safe Gina Glocksen `` Love Child '' Safe 5 Sanjaya Malakar `` Aint No Mountain High Enough '' ( Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell ) Bottom 2 6 Haley Scarnato `` Missing You '' Safe 7 Phil Stacey `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( Dee Dee Warwick ) Bottom 3 8 Lakisha Jones `` God Bless the Child '' ( Billie Holiday ) Safe 9 Blake Lewis `` You Keep Me Hanging On '' Safe 10 Stephanie Edwards `` Love Hangover '' Safe 11 Chris Richardson `` The Boss '' Safe 12 Jordin Sparks `` If We Hold On Together '' Safe Group Performance : `` Where Did Our Love Go '' , `` Baby Love '' and `` Stop ! In The Name of Love '' ( The Supremes ) Guest Performance : Diana Ross : `` More Today Than Yesterday '' Top 11 -- British Invasion ( edit ) Mentors : Peter Noone and Lulu Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Haley Scarnato `` Tell Him '' ( The Exciters ) Safe Chris Richardson `` Do n't Let the Sun Catch You Crying '' ( Gerry And The Pacemakers ) Bottom 2 Stephanie Edwards `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' ( Dusty Springfield ) Eliminated Blake Lewis `` Time of the Season '' ( The Zombies ) Safe 5 Lakisha Jones `` Diamonds Are Forever '' ( Shirley Bassey ) Safe 6 Phil Stacey `` Tobacco Road '' ( The Nashville Teens ) Safe 7 Jordin Sparks `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' ( Ben E. King ) Safe 8 Sanjaya Malakar `` You Really Got Me '' ( The Kinks ) Safe 9 Gina Glocksen `` Paint It Black '' ( The Rolling Stones ) Safe 10 Chris Sligh `` She 's Not There '' ( The Zombies ) Safe 11 Melinda Doolittle `` As Long As He Needs Me '' ( Shirley Bassey ) Safe Guest Performances : Peter Noone : `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' and Lulu : `` To Sir , With Love '' Top 10 -- No Doubt / Songs That Inspired Gwen Stefani ( edit ) Mentor : Gwen Stefani Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Lakisha Jones `` Last Dance '' ( Donna Summer ) Safe Chris Sligh `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' ( The Police ) Eliminated Gina Glocksen `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( The Pretenders ) Safe Sanjaya Malakar `` Bathwater '' Safe 5 Haley Scarnato `` True Colors '' ( Cyndi Lauper ) Bottom 2 6 Phil Stacey `` Every Breath You Take '' ( The Police ) Bottom 3 7 Melinda Doolittle `` Heaven Knows '' ( Donna Summer ) Safe 8 Blake Lewis `` Lovesong '' ( The Cure ) Safe 9 Jordin Sparks `` Hey Baby '' Safe 10 Chris Richardson `` Do n't Speak '' Safe Guest Performance : `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani and Akon ) Top 9 -- American Classics ( edit ) Mentor : Tony Bennett Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Blake Lewis `` Mack The Knife '' ( Louis Armstrong ) Safe Phil Stacey `` Night And Day '' ( Fred Astaire ) Bottom 3 Melinda Doolittle `` I Got Rhythm '' ( Ethel Merman ) Top 3 Chris Richardson `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' ( Duke Ellington ) Safe 5 Jordin Sparks `` On a Clear Day You Can See Forever '' ( John Cullum ) Top 3 6 Gina Glocksen `` Smile '' ( Charlie Chaplin ) Eliminated 7 Sanjaya Malakar `` Cheek to Cheek '' ( Fred Astaire ) Safe 8 Haley Scarnato `` Ai n't Misbehavin '' ( Fats Waller ) Bottom 2 9 Lakisha Jones `` Stormy Weather '' ( Ethel Waters ) Top 3 Guest Performance : Michael Bublé : `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Top 8 -- Latin ( edit ) Mentor : Jennifer Lopez Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Melinda Doolittle `` Sway '' ( Dean Martin ) Safe Lakisha Jones `` Conga '' ( Gloria Estefan ) Safe Chris Richardson `` Smooth '' ( Santana ) Bottom 3 Haley Scarnato `` Turn the Beat Around '' ( Vicki Sue Robinson ) Eliminated 5 Phil Stacey `` Maria Maria '' ( Santana ) Bottom 2 6 Jordin Sparks `` Rhythm Is Gonna Get You '' ( Gloria Estefan ) Safe 7 Blake Lewis `` I Need to Know '' ( Marc Anthony ) Safe 8 Sanjaya Malakar `` Bésame Mucho '' ( Andy Russell ) Safe Group Performance : `` Bailamos '' ( Enrique Iglesias ) Guest Performance : Akon : `` Do n't Matter '' and Jennifer Lopez : `` Qué Hiciste '' Top 7 -- Country ( edit ) Mentor : Martina McBride Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Phil Stacey `` Where the Blacktop Ends '' ( Keith Urban ) Safe Jordin Sparks `` A Broken Wing '' ( Martina McBride ) Safe Sanjaya Malakar `` Something to Talk About '' ( Bonnie Raitt ) Eliminated Lakisha Jones `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' ( Carrie Underwood ) Bottom 2 5 Chris Richardson `` Mayberry '' ( Rascal Flatts ) Safe 6 Melinda Doolittle `` Trouble Is a Woman '' ( Julie Reeves ) Safe 7 Blake Lewis `` When the Stars Go Blue '' ( Ryan Adams ) Bottom 3 Group Performance : `` I 'm Alright '' ( Jo Dee Messina ) Guest Performance : Fergie : `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' and Martina McBride : `` Anyway '' Top 6 ( first week ) -- Inspirational Songs ( Idol Gives Back ) ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Chris Richardson `` Change the World '' ( Eric Clapton ) Safe Melinda Doolittle `` There Will Come a Day '' ( Faith Hill ) Safe Blake Lewis `` Imagine '' ( John Lennon ) Safe Lakisha Jones `` I Believe '' ( Fantasia ) Safe 5 Phil Stacey `` The Change '' ( Garth Brooks ) Safe 6 Jordin Sparks `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ( Carousel ) Safe Top 6 ( second week ) -- Bon Jovi ( edit ) Mentors : Jon Bon Jovi and David Bryan Order Contestant Song Result Phil Stacey `` Blaze of Glory '' Eliminated Jordin Sparks `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' Safe Lakisha Jones `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' Safe Blake Lewis `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' Safe 5 Chris Richardson `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' Eliminated 6 Melinda Doolittle `` Have a Nice Day '' Safe Guest Performance : Robin Thicke : `` Lost Without U '' and Bon Jovi : `` ( You Want to ) Make a Memory '' Top 4 -- Barry Gibb ( edit ) Mentor : Barry Gibb Order Contestant Song ( original artist when applicable ) Result Melinda Doolittle `` Love You Inside Out '' Safe Blake Lewis `` You Should Be Dancing '' Safe Lakisha Jones `` Stayin ' Alive '' Eliminated Jordin Sparks `` To Love Somebody '' Safe 5 Melinda Doolittle `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart ? '' Safe 6 Blake Lewis `` This Is Where I Came In '' Safe 7 Lakisha Jones `` Run to Me '' Eliminated 8 Jordin Sparks `` Woman in Love '' ( Barbra Streisand ) Safe Group Performance : medley of Barry Gibb songs Guest Performance : Pink : `` Who Knew '' and Barry Gibb : `` To Love Somebody '' Top 3 -- Judges ' Choice , Producers choice , Contestants Choice ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Jordin Sparks `` Wishing on a Star '' ( Rose Royce ) Simon Cowell 's song choice Safe Blake Lewis `` Roxanne '' ( The Police ) Paula Abdul 's song choice Safe Melinda Doolittle `` I Believe in You and Me '' ( Whitney Houston ) Randy Jackson 's song choice Eliminated Jordin Sparks `` She Works Hard for the Money '' ( Donna Summer ) Safe 5 Blake Lewis `` This Love '' ( Maroon 5 ) Safe 6 Melinda Doolittle `` Nutbush City Limits '' ( Ike & Tina Turner ) Eliminated 7 Jordin Sparks `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' ( Ben E. King ) Safe 8 Blake Lewis `` When I Get You Alone '' ( Robin Thicke ) Safe 9 Melinda Doolittle `` I 'm a Woman '' ( Peggy Lee ) Eliminated Guest Performances : Elliott Yamin : `` Wait for You '' and Maroon 5 : `` Makes Me Wonder '' Top 2 -- Contestant Choice , Previous Song , Winning Song ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Blake Lewis `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( Bon Jovi ) Runner - Up Jordin Sparks `` Fighter '' ( Christina Aguilera ) Winner Blake Lewis `` She Will Be Loved '' ( Maroon 5 ) Runner - Up Jordin Sparks `` A Broken Wing '' ( Martina McBride ) Winner 5 Blake Lewis `` This Is My Now '' ( Jordin Sparks ) Runner - Up 6 Jordin Sparks `` This Is My Now '' ( Jordin Sparks ) Winner Guest Performance : Daughtry : `` Home '' Grand finale ( edit ) The Grand Finale of season 6 aired on May 23 , 2007 , live from the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles . Jordin Sparks was announced as the winner at 10 : 05pm EDT ( the show ran over its allotted time ) , with Blake Lewis as the runner - up . Guest performers included Smokey Robinson , BeBe & CeCe Winans , Gladys Knight and Tony Bennett . Every past winner of Idol also performed , except for Fantasia Barrino who was appearing in The Color Purple in New York City . After Carrie Underwood performed `` I 'll Stand by You '' , Clive Davis gave a speech extolling the state of `` the American Idol album franchise '' , then presented Underwood with a special award for achieving 6 million U.S. album sales for her album Some Hearts . Performances ( edit ) Blake Lewis and Jordin Sparks sang `` I Saw Her Standing There '' . Gwen Stefani sang `` 4 in the Morning '' via satellite . Kelly Clarkson sang `` Never Again '' . Top 6 male finalists sing `` Ooo Baby Baby '' , then are joined by Smokey Robinson for a medley of `` Being with You '' and `` The Tears of a Clown '' . Blake Lewis beatboxed with Doug E. Fresh , performing variations upon `` The Show '' . Top 6 female finalists sing `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' , then are joined by Gladys Knight to sing a medley of `` I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) '' and `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' . Tony Bennett sang `` For Once in My Life '' . Melinda Doolittle sang `` Hold Up the Light '' with BeBe and CeCe Winans , with whom she used to sing backup . The 12 finalists sang `` Time After Time '' in a Ford music video which featured outtakes of the previous music videos . Carrie Underwood sang her charity single `` I 'll Stand by You '' . The African Children 's Choir performed . Sanjaya Malakar performed `` You Really Got Me '' with Joe Perry of Aerosmith as well as an appearance by `` The Crying Girl '' , Ashley Ferl . Green Day performed their charity single `` Working Class Hero '' . Taylor Hicks sang `` Heaven Knows '' . Ruben Studdard , with Jordin Sparks , sang `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' . Bette Midler sang `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' . An ensemble tribute to Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band with the past Idol winners as well as the top 12 . Included were portions of `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' featuring Kelly Clarkson and Joe Perry , `` A Day in the Life '' featuring Taylor Hicks , `` She 's Leaving Home '' featuring Carrie Underwood , `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' featuring Ruben Studdard , and `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' from the top 12 . Jordin Sparks performed the songwriter contest winning single `` This Is My Now '' after the announcement of her victory . Elimination chart ( edit ) Note : Bottom 2 indicates that the contestant was ' saved ' last . This may or may not indicate his or her actual vote rank . Sometimes , Seacrest will announce that the contestant is in the bottom 2 , sometimes he will not . On the March 22 show , only the bottom 2 were announced . Legend Female Male Top 24 Top 12 Winner Safe Top 3 Safe First Safe Last Eliminated Stage : Semi-Finals Finals Week : 2 / 22 3 / 1 3 / 8 3 / 14 3 / 21 3 / 28 4 / 4 4 / 11 4 / 18 4 / 25 5 / 2 5 / 9 5 / 16 5 / 23 Place Contestant Result Jordin Sparks Top 3 Winner Blake Lewis Bottom 3 Runner - Up Melinda Doolittle Top 3 Elim LaKisha Jones Top 3 Bottom 2 Elim 5 - 6 Chris Richardson Bottom 2 Bottom 3 Elim Phil Stacey Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 2 7 Sanjaya Malakar Bottom 2 Elim 8 Haley Scarnato Bottom 2 Bottom 2 Elim 9 Gina Glocksen Elim 10 Chris Sligh Elim 11 Stephanie Edwards Elim 12 Brandon Rogers Elim 13 - 16 Sundance Head Elim Sabrina Sloan Antonella Barba Jared Cotter 17 - 20 Leslie Hunt Elim A.J. Tabaldo Alaina Alexander Nicholas Pedro 21 - 24 Rudy Cardenas Elim Nicole Tranquillo Amy Krebs Paul Kim ^ Note 1 During the week of April 25 , there was no eliminated contestant . This was due to Idol Gives Back telethon performance so that Top 6 remained intact for another week . That week 's votes were added to the votes for the week of May 2 , and the bottom two were then eliminated on the May 2 results show . It was never noted who received the lowest number of votes , although Stacey was announced as the first to leave , and Richardson second . `` The crying girl '' ( edit ) Ashley Ferl , shown crying during Sanjaya Malakar 's performance Ashley Ferl , the then 13 - year - old girl , became known for crying during Sanjaya Malakar 's and other contestants ' performances on the Top 11 episode of American Idol 6 . Ferl 's family , who are from Riverside , California , obtained tickets on a website to attend the dress rehearsal of the program . Since Ferl cried a great deal at the rehearsal , producers offered her family seats for the final taping of the episode . Ferl started to cry not long after Malakar began his performance of `` You Really Got Me '' , and because of this , Sanjaya came down to give her a hug after his performance . She was also shown crying for several more contestants . She admitted that she not only liked Sanjaya but also many other contestants . She has been asked who her favorite contestant is but replies that she has several favorites . At the end of the show , she went on stage a second time , and got a chance to hug and get autographs from all of the contestants and was introduced to the judges ; she received a pair of earrings from Paula Abdul before the show began . Television vans from E ! , Access Hollywood and Fox were waiting outside of her house the next day , and , that evening , NBC paid for Ferl 's entire family to fly to the taping of the Today Show . She subsequently gave several other radio and news interviews to sources such as MSNBC , Fox News Channel , and Entertainment Tonight . Saturday Night Live spoofed both Malakar and Ferl following the former 's elimination . Kristen Wiig portrayed Ferl in the sketches . Ferl has also been spoofed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Live with Regis and Kelly and Family Guy , as well as mentioned on Best Week Ever and The Soup and shown on Late Show with David Letterman and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Ashley Ferl returned during Malakar 's performance in the finale and was again crying . She was briefly spoofed on Meet the Spartans . Ferl appeared on the show yet again during season seven , crying over contestant Jason Castro . At 16 years old , Ferl auditioned for season 9 of the show , but did not make it to Hollywood . Two years later Ashley Ferl auditioned for Season 11 , and once again did not make it to Hollywood . Idol Gives back ( edit ) Main article : Idol Gives Back On the March 8 , 2007 results show , Ryan Seacrest announced an initiative to give back to people in poverty in both Africa and the United States ( including those affected by Hurricane Katrina ) . The event took place over two episodes of the series . For every vote cast immediately following the April 24 , 2007 broadcast , many sponsors donated funds to the Charity Projects Entertainment Fund . The fund will distribute the money raised to many charities in the US as well as in Africa . News Corporation pledged to donate 10 cents for every vote made to the show for the first 50 million calls , that is , up to $5 million . MySpace created a special profile page for the event in order to spread the word . Donations from viewers were accepted by phone and website during the April 25 , 2007 results show , in a manner similar to a telethon . Near the end of the broadcast , Seacrest announced the show raised 30 million US dollars , with the final tally coming on May 1 , 2007 . As of May 1 , 2007 , over $70 million has been raised as a result of Idol Gives Back . Between contestant performances , video vignettes showing the judges and Seacrest visiting and observing squalid conditions in Africa and the United States were aired . Similar vignettes were aired during the results show . For this special , the voting period was doubled to four hours following the show , rather than the usual two . In response to the anticipated call volume , each contestant was assigned two toll free numbers . Over 70 million votes were cast . The results show was broadcast from two locations -- the regular American Idol stage and Walt Disney Concert Hall -- and included many celebrity actors and personalities . The show also included numerous performers ; for a full list of performances , see the main article . Ellen DeGeneres co-hosted the event from the Disney Hall stage . Proceeds from ticket sales benefited the fund . Videos of the results show 's performances are available for purchase on iTunes , with proceeds going to charity . Due to the `` charity '' theme of the show , no contestant was eliminated on the April 25 results show . This was a surprise both to viewers , to whom Seacrest promised the `` most shocking elimination ever '' , and to the contestants . When Ryan Seacrest was about to eliminate Jordin Sparks he said since it was a charity night none of the contestants were voted off , and the votes from that week were added to the votes from the following week to eliminate two singers . Both weeks saw a two - hour extension of the regular two - hour voting window , and in the end , the two - week combined voting totaled 135 million votes . American Idol Songwriter contest ( edit ) On the April 3 , 2007 show , Ryan Seacrest announced the first American Idol Songwriter : a songwriting contest . Following an open online submission process where over 25,000 submissions were received , twenty songs were selected for competition by Simon Fuller and A&R representatives of his 19 Entertainment . Beginning May 2 , 2007 and ending May 8 , 2007 , with `` one online vote per fan '' , the American public were able to listen to snippets from each song and rated them on a scale from 1 ( lowest ) to 10 ( highest ) on the American Idol Songwriter website . On the May 22 , 2007 show , the two finalists performed the winning song , `` This Is My Now . '' The song was released as a single by Jordin Sparks , the winner of American Idol Season 6 . The titles of the twenty songs are : `` Close to Me '' -- Michael Doane and AnneMarie Milazzo `` Forever Starts Today '' -- Erin Boheme and CJ Vanston `` If You Ask Me To '' -- Jennifer Hamady and Shedrick Mitchell `` I 'm Going to Be Me '' -- Lane Lenhart `` In Your Eyes '' -- Colin Armstrong `` I Saw Stars '' -- Reed Waddle `` Lost ( Without You ) '' -- Cal Harris , Jr . `` Love Me till the Lonely 's Gone '' -- Michael Patzig and Tracey Naples `` The Next Big Thing '' -- Ray Grant and Sam Sims `` One Night '' -- Kelley Hill `` Right Here with Me '' -- Kelli Trontell and Don Gatlin `` Secrets and Lies '' -- Drew Yowell and Byron Zanos `` Send Me on My Way '' -- Matthew Rogers and Scott Young `` Someday '' -- Nelson Kole `` This Is My Now '' -- Jeff Peabody and Scott Krippayne -- Contest Winner `` Tonight '' -- Kelly Corsino `` Waking in a Dream '' -- R.J. Martinez and Stacy Hogan `` When You Need a Moment '' -- Christie Leigh `` With All the Love Your Heart Can Hold '' -- Robin Randall and Diana De Witt `` You Never Gave Up on Me '' -- Billy Aerts and Burton Collins Controversies ( edit ) There was controversy surrounding the judges ' comments over the audition of a Special Olympics participant named Jonathan Jayne . American Idol producer Ken Warwick responded saying that `` It 's not a conscious decision , It 's just that the further we go in the series , there are less and less good singers , so the numbers are made up by more bad ones . '' Warwick said that he thinks everyone has the right to audition , and added that in some instances when there are singers with certain disabilities who just want to meet the judges , the producers will `` turn the cameras off and bring them in . We give them a good experience . '' A series of provocative photos surfaced on the Internet of Season 6 Top 24 Contestant Antonella Barba . Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was seen as the season 's most polarizing and talked about American Idol contestant , as he continued to survive elimination for several weeks . The weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern both encouraged fans to vote for Sanjaya . However , on April 18 , after over 38 million votes , Sanjaya was voted off . On Tuesday , April 17 , 2007 , the day after the Virginia Tech massacre , in which a student named Seung - Hui Cho used guns to kill 32 students and professors before committing suicide , while contestant Chris Richardson and Ryan Seacrest were discussing the shooting after Chris 's critique , Simon Cowell apparently appeared to be rolling his eyes at the incident , when he was actually speaking to Paula Abdul and did not hear what Chris had said . On the results show the next day , Cowell stated : `` I may not be the nicest person in the world , but I would never , ever , ever , disrespect those families or those victims , and I felt it was important to set the record straight . '' To clear Cowell 's name , a video was shown on the result show which showed Cowell and Abdul talking with an inset of Chris and Seacrest discussing the shooting . Also , Seacrest began the performance show by acknowledging what had happened the day before . Fans and critics alike were stunned at Melinda Doolittle 's departure . Simon Cowell admitted that the sixth season 's crown should have rightfully gone to Melinda . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe responded , noting that `` ( Idol producers ) were so engrossed with the mentors and did n't really focus on the Melinda Doolittles of the show . '' Lythgoe also produces So You Think You Can Dance , and has noted that the dance program gives background information about its contestants , while American Idol focused more on its big name celebrity mentors , such as Tony Bennett , Gwen Stefani , and Jennifer Lopez . During the finale , the show went over its scheduled 2 - hour time limit and ended at 10 : 09 PM EST . Many TiVo users claimed the recording show cut off before the new American Idol was announced shortly after 10 PM . Fox executives apologized ; but this is not the only time the finale exceeded its time limit . Other Idol contestants ( edit ) Six of the contestants from different seasons auditioned for the subsequent season and made into the Top 24 . Chikezie ( season 7 ) -- auditioned in Los Angeles , cut on the last day of Hollywood Week . Chikezie finished in tenth place . Luke Menard ( season 7 ) -- auditioned in Memphis , did not make it to Hollywood Round Danny Noriega ( season 7 ) -- auditioned in Los Angeles , cut on the first day of Hollywood Round Pia Toscano ( season 10 ) -- auditioned in New York , cut on the first day of Hollywood Round . Toscano finished in ninth place . Rachel Zevita ( season 10 ) -- auditioned in New York , cut on the first day of Hollywood Round Baylie Brown ( season 11 ) -- auditioned in San Antonio , cut on the group day of Hollywood Round US Nielsen ratings ( edit ) American Idol ended the season as the top show of the 2006 -- 2007 TV season . Its Wednesday episodes ranked first with an average of 30.02 million viewers , followed by the Tuesday episodes which averaged 29.54 million . The premiere episode became the series ' highest rated debut episode , viewed by 37.44 million viewers and receiving a 15.8 / 36 Nielsen rating in the Adult 18 - 49 demographic . ( hide ) Episode list Show Episode Air date Week rank Rating / Share 18 - 49 rating / Share Viewers ( in millions ) `` Minneapolis Auditions '' January 16 , 2007 20.3 / 29 15.8 / 36 37.44 `` Seattle Auditions '' January 17 , 2007 20.1 / 30 15.5 / 36 36.94 `` Memphis Auditions '' January 23 , 2007 18.0 / 26 13.3 / 33 32.60 `` New York Auditions '' January 24 , 2007 18.9 / 28 14.1 / 35 33.87 5 `` Birmingham Auditions '' January 30 , 2007 18.6 / 28 13.5 / 33 33.65 6 `` Los Angeles Auditions '' January 31 , 2007 5 18.0 / 27 13.7 / 32 31.85 7 `` San Antonio Auditions '' February 6 , 2007 18.4 / 27 13.5 / 33 33.36 8 `` Best of the Rest '' February 7 , 2007 15.9 / 23 12.0 / 27 27.91 9 `` Hollywood Round , Part 1 '' February 13 , 2007 17.4 / 25 13.0 / 31 31.20 10 `` Hollywood Round , Part 2 '' February 14 , 2007 16.2 / 24 12.2 / 29 28.89 11 `` Top 12 Men Perform '' February 20 , 2007 16.5 / 25 11.8 / 30 29.53 12 `` Top 12 Women Perform '' February 21 , 2007 17.2 / 26 12.3 / 31 30.46 13 `` Top 24 Results '' February 22 , 2007 6 14.1 / 21 9.1 / 23 24.44 14 `` Top 10 Men Perform '' February 27 , 2007 17.1 / 26 12.2 / 30 30.65 15 `` Top 10 Women Perform '' February 28 , 2007 17.5 / 27 11.9 / 30 29.78 16 `` Top 20 Results '' March 1 , 2007 15.5 / 23 10.5 / 26 27.39 17 `` Top 8 Men Perform '' March 6 , 2007 15.9 / 24 10.9 / 29 27.95 18 `` Top 8 Women Perform '' March 7 , 2007 16.7 / 26 11.2 / 30 28.55 19 `` Top 12 Revealed '' March 8 , 2007 16.0 / 25 10.4 / 28 27.52 20 `` Top 12 Perform '' March 13 , 2007 17.1 / 27 11.7 / 31 29.83 21 `` Top 12 Results '' March 14 , 2007 16.2 / 26 10.1 / 26 26.18 22 `` Top 11 Perform '' March 20 , 2007 17.9 / 27 11.8 / 30 29.96 23 `` Top 11 Results '' March 21 , 2007 18.0 / 27 10.4 / 27 27.08 24 `` Top 10 Perform '' March 27 , 2007 16.2 / 26 11.0 / 30 28.18 25 `` Top 10 Results '' March 28 , 2007 16.2 / 25 10.9 / 28 26.89 26 `` Top 9 Perform '' April 3 , 2007 15.7 / 25 10.4 / 29 26.67 27 `` Top 9 Results '' April 4 , 2007 15.5 / 24 9.9 / 26 26.10 28 `` Top 8 Perform '' April 10 , 2007 15.6 / 24 10.3 / 29 26.78 29 `` Top 8 Results '' April 11 , 2007 16.5 / 25 11.1 / 27 28.56 30 `` Top 7 Perform '' April 17 , 2007 15.4 / 24 10.2 / 28 26.55 31 Top 7 Results '' April 18 , 2007 17.2 / 26 11.2 / 28 28.93 32 `` Top 6 Perform '' April 24 , 2007 15.7 / 25 10.0 / 28 26.55 33 `` '' Idol Gives Back '' April 25 , 2007 15.6 / 25 10.2 / 27 26.93 34 `` Top 6 Performs again '' May 1 , 2007 15.7 / 25 10.2 / 29 26.73 35 `` Top 6 Results '' May 2 , 2007 17.0 / 26 11.0 / 28 28.75 36 `` Top 4 Perform '' May 8 , 2007 15.1 / 25 9.3 / 28 25.47 37 `` Top 4 Results '' May 9 , 2007 16.9 / 26 10.8 / 28 28.20 38 `` Top 3 Perform '' May 15 , 2007 14.1 / 23 9.4 / 26 24.23 39 `` Top 3 Results '' May 16 , 2007 16.5 / 25 10.8 / 28 28.05 40 `` Top 2 Perform '' May 22 , 2007 14.9 / 24 9.7 / 27 25.33 41 Season 6 Finale '' May 23 , 2007 17.8 / 29 11.5 / 29 30.74 UK Edition ( edit ) For the UK back - to - back repeat of the performance and results shows on the following Friday night on ITV2 , Cat Deeley presents additional sections preceding and following each commercial break , and follows the end of the show with a short interview with that week 's eliminated contestant . Releases ( edit ) Major releases ( edit ) Unlike previous seasons the top 12 compilation album did not come out while the show was airing . The top 12 recorded studio versions of each of the songs they sang on the show . The songs were available for purchase on AmericanIdol.com as digital downloads through the night of the finale . Sparks ' and Lewis ' songs ( except Sparks ' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ) remained available on the Idol website and iTunes Store through June 20 , 2007 , . Originally , a collage of the finalists ' head shots from the top 24 photo shoot was used as album art on AmericanIdol.com , with the title American Idol 6 : Greatest Moments ; at present , the covers of Sparks ' and Lewis ' EPs are used instead . The American Idol : Season 6 -- `` Greatest Hits '' & `` The Collector 's Edition '' were eventually released on June 12 , 2007 on iTunes / Americanidol.com . This is the only season that the season 's collection is not distributed by Sony BMG / RCA Records . Sparks ' first non-American Idol single was the top hit ( peaking at number eight ) `` Tattoo '' , which received platinum certification . Her second single was the Billboard Hot 100 number three hit `` No Air '' with Chris Brown . The song went to number one in several countries , and also topped Billboard 's Pop Airplay chart . `` No Air '' had been certified platinum in April but recently passed the 3 million copies mark . It stands as the best - selling single by any Idol contestant . Sparks released a third single off her album , `` One Step at a Time '' , which peaked at number 17 . `` One Step at a Time '' has so far sold over a million copies and is certified platinum . Sparks released her second album Battlefield in July 2009 . The album 's title track became Jordin 's fifth top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 10 . This makes Jordin Sparks the only American Idol contestant to have their first five singles become Top 20 Hits . Blake Lewis 's first single was `` Break Anotha ! '' , which failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . His second single , `` How Many Words '' , also failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 25 in the Bubbling Under chart ( Hot 100 equivalent = 125 ) . Shortly afterward , Lewis confirmed that he had been dropped by Arista records . His album sales are just over 300,000 . The drop also canceled his apparent plans for a third single release . Singles ( edit ) `` This Is My Now '' as performed by Jordin Sparks was released as a radio single . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 15 . ITunes / AmericanIdol.com EPs ( edit ) On May 24 , 2007 , the winner Jordin Sparks and runner - up Blake Lewis released five - song EPs on iTunes Store ; though only iTunes calls them `` EPs '' , they are also available as `` bundles '' for the same price on AmericanIdol.com through June 20 , 2007 . Sparks ' EP contained the winner 's single , `` This Is My Now '' , as well as four songs she performed on Idol : `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' , `` A Broken Wing '' , `` To Love Somebody '' , and `` Wishing on a Star '' . Lewis ' EP did not contain `` This Is My Now '' ; all of the tracks were songs he performed on the show : `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' , `` Time of the Season '' , `` I Need to Know '' , `` Love Song '' , and `` When the Stars Go Blue '' . On June 12 , 2007 , Apple released five song EPs for the rest of the top 12 finalists ( Melinda Doolittle , LaKisha Jones , Chris Richardson , Phil Stacey , Sanjaya Malakar , Haley Scarnato , Gina Glocksen , Chris Sligh , Stephanie Edwards and Brandon Rogers ) along with the compilation album as a collector 's edition of the season 's songs . Each of the songs are also available for individual purchase . Individual albums ( edit ) Jordin Sparks ( Jordin Sparks ) A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( Blake Lewis ) Phil Stacey ( Phil Stacey ) Running Back To You ( Chris Sligh ) Coming Back to You ( Melinda Doolittle ) So Glad I 'm Me ( LaKisha Jones ) Battlefield ( Jordin Sparks ) Into the Light ( Phil Stacey ) Heartbreak on Vinyl ( Blake Lewis ) Minor or independent releases ( edit ) Phil Stacey , tied for fifth place with Chris Richardson , is now signed to Lyric Street and has released his first single `` If You Did n't Love Me '' . Richardson recently produced his first single , `` All Alone . '' Tenth place finalist Chris Sligh recently released a Christian album after signing with Brash Music . Note : this does not include pre-Idol releases All Alone ( Chris Richardson ) My Funny Valentine ( Melinda Doolittle ) For My Lady Love ( Sherman Pore ) Did n't Matter That ( Sarah Burgess , single ) On Our Way ( Stephanie Edwards , single ) The Thrill of Hope ( Sean Michel ) Fly Away ( Amanda Coluccio , single ) Here I Am ( Stephanie Edwards , single ) Dancing to the Music in my Head ( Sanjaya Malakar , EP ) Now That I Found You ( Amanda Coluccio , single ) One ( Sarah Burgess ) `` From the Strange to a Stranger '' ( Leslie Hunt ) `` Your Hair Is on Fire '' ( Leslie Hunt ) `` Wait for It '' ( Leslie Hunt ) Source -- IdolsMusic.com Related shows ( edit ) TV Guide Channel brought back a second season of Idol Tonight , the live pre-show to American Idol , which aired on Wednesdays starting in March . The show features former Idol runner - up Justin Guarini as a correspondent along with Kimberly Caldwell and Rosanna Tavarez . Additionally American Idol Extra , a behind - the - scenes show , also returned for a second season , corresponding with the start of the finals in March . It aired Thursdays on Fox Reality . See also ( edit ) American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simon and Co. like a little of what they hear ; The `` American Idol '' judges , who were in the Twin Cities on Tuesday , found Minnesotans a little loony Jump up ^ Cowell to Seattle : ' Absolutely atrocious ' Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' judges are in town to do a little whittling '' . Commercialappeal.com . October 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2006 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cowell & co . seek Pier-less singers Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Birmingham auditions on ' Idol ' agenda for Jan. 30 ^ Jump up to : Sherman Pore Jump up ^ ' American Idol ' hopefuls line up for shot at superstardom Jump up ^ `` Randy Jackson confirms guest judges . '' . Archived from the original ( audio ) on 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ 64 Year Old Sherman Pore to Release Album Jump up ^ Jordin Sparks interview Jump up ^ Is Jordin Sparks American Idol 's Next Controversy Jump up ^ ' Sloan Rangers ' Jump up ^ Countdown with Keith Olbermann -- February 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Former American Idol Contestant Antonella Barba Becomes Spokesperson for ElectionMall 's Voter Space '' . Send2Press. 2008 - 03 - 04 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Morand , J.T. `` District 97 has mysterious ring to it . '' Oak Leaves ( Oak Park , Illinois ) . Sun - Times News Group . 23 Sep Accessed 29 May 2013 ( 1 ) ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ ' Phil Stacey Gets Navy 's OK for Idol Tour ' Jump up ^ LA Times -- requires sign - up Archived May 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MSNBC Jump up ^ Topix.net Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ashley Ferl , Crazy Crying Girl , Now Loves Jason Castro -- The Hollywood Gossip Jump up ^ Ashley Ferl tried out for Idol -- > Archived July 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ' Crying Girl ' Ashley Ferl Auditions for American Idol , Access Hollywood Jump up ^ American Idol News Blog , `` $60 Million and Counting ! '' Jump up ^ American Idol Songwriter Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ American Idol : Songwriter Jump up ^ Mocked ' American Idol 6 ' hopeful a Special Olympics participant Jump up ^ ' American Idol ' and Special Olympics respond to cruelty allegations Jump up ^ Racy Web Photos Linked To ' Idol ' Singer CBSNews.com Archived December 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Usmagazine.com Buh - Bye - Ya , Sanjaya ! Archived May 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gunther , Erik ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Yahoo ! Buzz '' . Buzz.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ABC News Jump up ^ ' ' Idol ' ' producer : ' ' We made mistakes ' Jump up ^ Ratings Wrapup : CBS and FOX Win , Again ^ Jump up to : TV week Jan 21 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week Jan 28 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week Feb 4 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week Feb 11 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week Feb 18 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week Feb 25 , 2007 Archived 2009 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : TV week Mar 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week Mar 11 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 03 - 18 - 2007 Archived February 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : TV week 03 - 25 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 04 - 01 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 04 - 08 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 04 - 15 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 04 - 22 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 04 - 29 - 2007 Archived 2010 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : TV week 05 - 06 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 05 - 13 - 2007 ^ Jump up to : TV week 05 - 20 - 2007 Archived 2010 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : TV week 05 - 27 - 2007 Jump up ^ Digital Spy : `` Cat Deeley to front UK Edition of American Idol '' Jump up ^ American Idol Download Store Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Macworld iTunes offers American Idol Collector 's Edition Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Idolsmusic.com Archived 2007 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's '' Sarah Burgess Inks Record Deal , Records First Single : Financial News -- Yahoo ! Finance External links ( edit ) Official American Idol Contestants Website American Idol ( Season 6 ) on IMDb American Idol ( Season 6 ) at TV.com American Idol season 6 Finalists Jordin Sparks Blake Lewis Melinda Doolittle LaKisha Jones Chris Richardson Phil Stacey Sanjaya Malakar Haley Scarnato Gina Glocksen Chris Sligh Stephanie Edwards Brandon Rogers Other sources Tour `` This Is My Now '' Greatest Hits Notable contestants Sundance Head Jared Cotter Antonella Barba American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_6)&oldid=801326285 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2007 in American television 2007 American television seasons 2007 in American music Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who lost to jordin sparks on american idol	[ "The sixth season of American Idol premiered on the Fox Broadcasting Company as a two-night, four-hour premiere special on January 16 and January 17, and ran until May 23, 2007. Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, and Randy Jackson returned to judge once again, and Ryan Seacrest returned as host. A new record of 74 million votes were cast in the finale round, and a new record of 609 million votes were cast in the entire season (the seasonal total record was surpassed by the tenth season and the finale vote record was broken by the eleventh season). Jordin Sparks won the competition with Blake Lewis as the first runner-up and Melinda Doolittle finishing third. Jordin Sparks is also the youngest winner of the competition, winning at age 17, as well as the first winner from outside the Southern United States. Sparks remained the last female winner until the twelfth season." ]	[ "Blake Lewis" ]
-8323544148422561883	Right bundle branch block	Right bundle branch block - wikipedia Right bundle branch block Jump to : navigation , search Right bundle branch block ECG characteristics of a typical RBBB showing wide QRS complexes with a terminal R wave in lead V1 and slurred S wave in lead V6 . Classification and external resources Specialty Cardiology ICD - 10 I45. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 426.4 DiseasesDB 11620 eMedicine ped / 2500 ( edit on Wikidata ) A right bundle branch block ( RBBB ) is a heart block in the electrical conduction system . During a right bundle branch block , the right ventricle is not directly activated by impulses travelling through the right bundle branch . The left ventricle however , is still normally activated by the left bundle branch . These impulses are then able to travel through the myocardium of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and depolarize the right ventricle this way . As conduction through the myocardium is slower than conduction through the Bundle of His - Purkinje fibres , the QRS complex is seen to be widened . The QRS complex often shows an extra deflection that reflects the rapid depolarisation of the left ventricle followed by the slower depolarisation of the right ventricle . In most cases , right bundle branch block has a pathological cause , though it is also seen in healthy individuals in about 1.5 - 3 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diagnosis 2 Causes 3 Epidemiology 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References Diagnosis ( edit ) Normal electrical conduction system of the heart ( Schematic ) . All myocardial segments are excited almost simultaneously ( purple staining ) . Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Conduction in RBBB ( Schematic ) : With a blockage in the right bundle branch ( red ) , the left ventricle is excited in time ( purple ) , while the excitation of the right ventricle takes a detour via the left bundle branch ( blue arrows ) . The criteria to diagnose a right bundle branch block on the electrocardiogram : The heart rhythm must originate above the ventricles ( i.e. , sinoatrial node , atria or atrioventricular node ) to activate the conduction system at the correct point . The QRS duration must be more than 100 ms ( incomplete block ) or more than 120 ms ( complete block ) . There should be a terminal R wave in lead V ( e.g. , R , rR ' , rsR ' , rSR ' , or qR ) . There should be a slurred S wave in leads I and V . The T wave should be deflected opposite the terminal deflection of the QRS complex . This is known as appropriate T wave discordance with bundle branch block . A concordant T wave may suggest ischemia or myocardial infarction . A mnemonic to distinguish between ECG signatures of left bundle branch block ( LBBB ) and right is WiLLiaM MaRRoW ( i.e. , with LBBB , there is a W in lead V and an M in lead V , whereas , with RBBB , there is an M in V and a W in V ) . RBBB with associated first degree AV block RBBB with associated tachycardia RBBB Causes ( edit ) An atrial septal defect is one possible cause of a right bundle branch block . In addition , a right bundle branch block may also result from Brugada syndrome , right ventricular hypertrophy , pulmonary embolism , ischaemic heart disease , rheumatic heart disease , myocarditis , cardiomyopathy , or hypertension . Epidemiology ( edit ) Prevalence of RBBB increases with age . Treatment ( edit ) The underlying condition may be treated by medications to control hypertension or diabetes , if they are the primary underlying cause . If coronary arteries are blocked , an invasive coronary angioplasty may relieve the impending RBBB . See also ( edit ) Bundle branch block Left bundle branch block References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Conduction Blocks 2006 KCUMB '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Da Costa D , Brady WJ , Edhouse J ( March 2002 ) . `` Bradycardias and atrioventricular conduction block '' . BMJ. 324 ( 7336 ) : 535 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7336. 535 . PMC 1122450 . PMID 11872557 . Jump up ^ `` Lesson VI - ECG Conduction Abnormalities '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Lee ( 2011 ) . Goldman 's Cecil Medicine ( 24th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . pp. 400 -- 401 . ISBN 1437727883 . Jump up ^ `` Right Bundle Branch Block '' . www.symptoma.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Cardiovascular disease ( heart ) ( I00 -- I52 , 390 -- 429 ) Ischaemic Coronary disease Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) Coronary artery aneurysm Spontaneous coronary artery dissection ( SCAD ) Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Myocardial bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris Prinzmetal 's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina Sequelae hours Hibernating myocardium Myocardial stunning days Myocardial rupture weeks Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm Dressler syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute Chronic / Constrictive Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium / valves Endocarditis infective endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis non-infective endocarditis Libman -- Sacks endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Valves mitral regurgitation prolapse stenosis aortic stenosis insufficiency tricuspid stenosis insufficiency pulmonary stenosis insufficiency Conduction / arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome Heart block : Sinoatrial AV 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° Intraventricular Bundle branch block Right Left Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Bifascicular Trifascicular Adams -- Stokes syndrome Tachycardia ( paroxysmal and sinus ) Supraventricular Atrial Multifocal Junctional AV nodal reentrant Junctional ectopic Ventricular Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Catecholaminergic polymorphic Torsades de pointes Premature contraction Atrial Junctional Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Lown -- Ganong -- Levine Wolff -- Parkinson -- White Flutter / fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation Familial Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Parasystole Wandering pacemaker Long QT syndrome Andersen -- Tawil Jervell and Lange - Nielsen Romano -- Ward Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoatrial arrest Other / ungrouped hexaxial reference system Right axis deviation Left axis deviation QT Short QT syndrome T wave alternans ST Osborn wave ST elevation ST depression Strain pattern Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy Left Right / Cor pulmonale Atrial enlargement Left Right Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure Diastolic heart failure Cardiac asthma Rheumatic fever Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_bundle_branch_block&oldid=834259603 '' Categories : Cardiac arrhythmia Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does a right bundle branch block look like on an ecg	[ "\nECG characteristics of a typical RBBB showing wide QRS complexes with a terminal R wave in lead V1 and slurred S wave in lead V6.\n" ]	[ "wide QRS complexes with a terminal R wave in lead V1 and slurred S wave in lead V6" ]
-942176090970476307	To be, or not to be	To be , or not to be - wikipedia To be , or not to be Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see To Be or Not to Be ( disambiguation ) . `` Perchance to Dream '' redirects here . For other uses , see Perchance to Dream ( disambiguation ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hamlet , Act 3 To be , or not to be is the opening phrase of a soliloquy spoken by Prince Hamlet in the so - called `` nunnery scene '' of William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . Act III , Scene I . Though it is called a soliloquy Hamlet is not alone when he makes this speech because Ophelia is on stage pretending to read while waiting for Hamlet to notice her , and Claudius and Polonius , who have placed Ophelia in Hamlet 's way in order to overhear their conversation and find out if Hamlet is really mad or only pretending , have concealed themselves . Even so , Hamlet seems to consider himself alone and there is no indication that the others on stage hear him before he addresses Ophelia . In the speech , Hamlet contemplates death and suicide , bemoaning the pain and unfairness of life but acknowledging that the alternative might be worse . The meaning of the speech is heavily debated but seems clearly concerned with Hamlet 's hesitation to avenge his father 's murder ( discovered in Act I ) on his uncle Claudius . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 First Quarto ( 1603 ) 1.2 Second Quarto ( 1604 ) 1.3 First Folio ( 1623 ) 2 Cultural impact 3 References 4 External links Text ( edit ) This version preserves most of the First Folio text with updated spelling and five common emendations introduced from the Second ( `` Good '' ) Quarto ( italicized ) . To be , or not to be , that is the question : Whether ' tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune , Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles , And by opposing end them : to die , to sleep No more ; and by a sleep , to say we end the heart - ache , and the thousand natural shocks that Flesh is heir to ? ' Tis a consummation devoutly to be wished . To die , to sleep , To sleep , perchance to Dream ; aye , there 's the rub , for in that sleep of death , what dreams may come , when we have shuffled off this mortal coil , must give us pause . There 's the respect that makes Calamity of so long life : For who would bear the Whips and Scorns of time , the Oppressor 's wrong , the proud man 's Contumely , ( F : poor ) the pangs of despised Love , the Law 's delay , ( F : disprized ) the insolence of Office , and the spurns that patient merit of the unworthy takes , when he himself might his Quietus make with a bare Bodkin ? Who would Fardels bear , ( F : these Fardels ) to grunt and sweat under a weary life , but that the dread of something after death , the undiscovered country , from whose bourn no traveller returns , puzzles the will , and makes us rather bear those ills we have , than fly to others that we know not of . Thus conscience does make cowards of us all , and thus the native hue of Resolution Is sicklied o'er , with the pale cast of Thought , And enterprises of great pitch and moment , ( F : pith ) with this regard their Currents turn awry , ( F : away ) And lose the name of Action . Soft you now , The fair Ophelia ? Nymph , in thy Orisons Be all my sins remember 'd . First Quarto ( 1603 ) ( edit ) The `` First Quarto '' ( Q1 ) is the earliest edition of Hamlet but is considered a bad quarto ( essentially a theatrical knock - off ) rather than a first or earlier draft , and although some parts of Q1 reflect the received text of Hamlet well , its version of ' To be ' does not . ' Hope ' in place of ' dread ' , for example , considerably changes the meaning . For ease of comparison the spelling here is updated as above . To be , or not to be , Ay there 's the point , To Die , to sleep , is that all ? Aye all : No , to sleep , to dream , aye marry there it goes , For in that dream of death , when we awake , And borne before an everlasting Judge , From whence no passenger ever returned , The undiscovered country , at whose sight The happy smile , and the accursed damn 'd . But for this , the joyful hope of this , Who 'd bear the scorns and flattery of the world , Scorned by the right rich , the rich cursed of the poor ? The widow being oppressed , the orphan wrong 'd , The taste of hunger , or a tyrants reign , And thousand more calamities besides , To grunt and sweat under this weary life , When that he may his full Quietus make , With a bare bodkin , who would this endure , But for a hope of something after death ? Which puzzles the brain , and doth confound the sense , Which makes us rather bear those evils we have , Than fly to others that we know not of . Aye that , O this conscience makes cowards of us all , Lady in thy orizons , be all my sins remembered . Second Quarto ( 1604 ) ( edit ) The text of the Second Quarto ( Q2 ) is considered the earliest version of the play . In Q2 the whole nunnery scene including ' To be ' takes place later in the play than in Q1 where it occurs directly after Claudius and Polonius have planned it and the addition of `` Soft you now '' , suggesting that Hamlet has not ( or is feigning having not ) seen Ophelia thus far during his speech . To be , or not to be , that is the question , Whether tis nobler in the minde to suffer The slings and arrowes of outragious fortune , Or to take Armes again in a sea of troubles , And by opposing , end them , to die to sleepe No more , and by a sleepe , to say we end The hart - ache , and the thousand naturall shocks That flesh is heire to ; tis a consumation Deuoutly to be wisht to die to sleepe , To sleepe , perchance to dreame , I there 's the rub , For in that sleepe of death what dreames may come When we haue shuffled off this mortall coyle Must giue vs pause , there 's the respect That makes calamitie of so long life : For who would beare the whips and scorns of time , Th'oppressors wrong , the proude mans contumly , The pangs of despiz 'd loue , the lawes delay , The insolence of office , and the spurnes That patient merrit of the'vnworthy takes , When he himselfe might his quietas make With a bare bodkin ; who would fardels beare , To grunt and sweat vnder a wearie life , But that the dread of something after death , The vndiscouer 'd country , from whose borne No trauiler returnes , puzzels the will , And makes vs rather beare those ills we haue , Then flie to others we know not of . Thus conscience dooes make cowards , And thus the natiue hiew of resolution Is sickled ore with the pale cast of thought , And enterprises of great pitch and moment , With this regard theyr currents turne awry , And loose the name of action . Soft you now , The faire Ophelia , Nimph in thy orizons Be all my sinnes remembred . First Folio ( 1623 ) ( edit ) Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies , Histories , & Tragedies , published by Isaac Jaggard and Ed Blount in 1623 and better known as the `` First Folio '' , includes an edition of Hamlet largely similar to the Second Quarto . The differences in ' To be ' are mostly typographic , with increased punctuation and capitalization . To be , or not to be , that is the Question : Whether ' tis Nobler in the mind to suffer The Slings and Arrows of outragious Fortune , Or to take Armes against a Sea of troubles , And by opposing end them : to dye , to sleepe No more ; and by a sleep , to say we end The Heart - ake , and the thousand Naturall shockes That Flesh is heyre too ? ' Tis a consummation Deuoutly to be wish 'd . To dye to sleepe , To sleep , perchance to Dream ; I , there 's the rub , For in that sleep of death , what dreams may come , When we haue shufflel 'd off this mortall coile , Must giue us pause . There 's the respect That makes Calamity of long life : For who would beare the Whips and Scornes of time , The Oppressors wrong , the poore mans Contumely , The pangs of dispriz 'd Loue , the Lawes delay , The insolence of Office , and the Spurnes That patient merit of the unworthy takes , When he himselfe might his Quietus make With a bare Bodkin ? Who would these Fardles beare To grunt and sweat vnder a weary life , But that the dread of something after death , The vndiscouered Countrey , from whose Borne No Traueller returnes , Puzels the will , And makes vs rather beare those illes we haue , Then flye to others that we know not of . Thus Conscience does make Cowards of vs all , And thus the Natiue hew of Resolution Is sicklied o 're , with the pale cast of Thought , And enterprizes of great pith and moment , With this regard their Currants turne away , And loose the name of Action . Soft you now , The faire Ophelia ? Nimph , in thy Orizons Be all my sinnes remembred . Cultural impact ( edit ) `` To be , or not to be '' is one of the most widely known and quoted lines in modern English , and the soliloquy has been referenced in innumerable works of theatre , literature and music . Hamlet is commonly depicted as reciting the first line while holding a skull , although both occur at separate times -- the soliloquy is done in Act III , Scene I ; while the contemplation of the skull is done in Act V , Scene I . Much of the plot of 1942 sophisticated comedy To Be or Not to Be , by Ernst Lubitsch , is focused on the monologue of Hamlet ; in 1957 comedy film A King in New York , Charlie Chaplin recites the famous monologue in the shoes of the ambiguous king Shahdov . Hamlet 's famous line inspired the title of Kurt Vonnegut 's 1962 short story `` 2 BR 0 2 B '' ( The zero is pronounced `` naught '' ) . The narrative takes place in a dystopian future where the United States government , through scientific advancement , has achieved a `` cure '' for both aging and overpopulation . The alphabetical / numerical reformulation of Shakespeare 's lines serves in the story as the phone number for the Federal Bureau of Termination 's assisted suicide request line . In 1963 at a debate in Oxford , Black liberation leader Malcolm X quoted the first few lines of the soliloquy to make a point about `` extremism in defense of liberty . '' P.D. James ' dystopian novel The Children of Men ( 1992 ) refers to expected or forced mass suicides of the elderly as `` Quietus '' . The film adaptation Children of Men ( 2006 ) portrays a self - administered home suicide kit , labelled `` Quietus '' . Star Trek 's sixth film was named after the `` Undiscovered Country '' line from this soliloquy . References are made to Shakespeare during the film including Klingon translations of his works and the use of the phrase `` taH pagh , taHbe ' `` , roughly meaning `` whether to continue , or not to continue ( existence ) . '' The book ( and later film ) What Dreams May Come also derives its name from a line from this soliloquy . A shorter Hindi version of `` To be , or not to be '' was recited by Shahid Kapoor in the 2014 Bollywood film Haider . Stargate Atlantis , the Season 4 Episode 10 named `` This Mortal Coil '' ( 2008 ) after the soliloquy , as well as Season 4 Episode 11 named `` Be All My Sins Remember 'd '' ( 2008 ) . These episodes involved learning about and fighting the artificial intelligence species Replicator . There are numerous snowclones based the phrase , such as `` To hack or not to hack '' , etc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Act III , Scene i Jump up ^ Perseus Project . `` Perseus : image : 1998.04. 0773 Image : 1998.04. 0773 '' . Tufts University . Accessed 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William . The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke . As it hath beene diuerse times acted by his Highnesse seruants in the Cittie of London : as also in the two Vniuersities of Cambridge and Oxford , and else - where ( The `` First Quarto '' ) , pp. 35 ff. Nicholas Ling & J. Trundell ( London ) , 1603 . Reprinted as The First Edition of the Tragedy of Hamlet : London , 1603 . The Shakespeare Press , 1825 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William . ( The `` First Quarto '' ) . Hosted at The Shakespeare Quartos Archive as Hamlet , 1603 . Copy 1 . Huntington Library , image 17 . Accessed 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tronch Pérez , Jesús . `` Dramaturgy of the Acting Version of the First Quarto of Hamlet '' . SEDERI VII ( 1996 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William . The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet , Prince of Denmarke . Newly imprinted and enlarged to almost as much againe as it was , according to the true and perfect Coppie ( The `` Second Quarto '' ) . Nicholas Ling , 1604 . Hosted at The Shakespeare Quartos Archive as Hamlet , 1604 . Copy 1 . Folger Library , images 27 & 28 . Accessed 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William . The Tragedie of Hamlet , Prince of Denmarke in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies , Histories , & Tragedies Published according to the True Originall Copies ( The `` First Folio '' ) , p. 265 . Isaac Jaggard & Ed Blount ( London ) , 1623 . Hosted at the Internet Shakespeare Editions as First Folio , Page 773 . Brandeis University . Accessed 13 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghose , Indira ( 2010 ) . `` Jesting with Death : Hamlet in the Graveyard '' . Textual Practice . Routledge Publishing . 24 ( 6 ) : 1003 -- 18 . doi : 10.1080 / 0950236X. 2010.521668 . ISSN 0950 - 236X -- via Taylor & Francis . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Kurt . `` '' 2 BR 0 2 B `` '' . gutenberg.org . The Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Colman , Dan ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` Watch Malcolm X Debate at Oxford , Quoting Lines from Shakespeare 's Hamlet ( 1964 ) '' . Open Culture . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hamlet 's To Be Or Not To Be soliloquy translated into modern English The Fishko Files : The Many Faces of Hamlet from WNYC 's Sara Fishko , a radio piece and accompanying blog post about the many interpretations of the soliloquy . William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_be,_or_not_to_be&oldid=818566270 '' Categories : Hamlet Monologues Shakespearean phrases Snowclones Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 08 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where in hamlet is the to be or not to be speech	[ "To be, or not to be is the opening phrase of a soliloquy spoken by Prince Hamlet in the so-called \"nunnery scene\"[1] of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Act III, Scene I." ]	[ "Act III, Scene I" ]
1038130813934206830	Why Does It Always Rain on Me?	Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? - Wikipedia Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' Single by Travis from the album The Man Who Released 2 August 1999 Format CD single , cassette Recorded January 1999 ; Abbey Road Studios ( London , England ) Chateau de la Rouge Motte ( Domfront , France ) Genre Post-Britpop Length 4 : 25 ( album version ) 3 : 14 ( radio edit ) Label Independiente Songwriter ( s ) Fran Healy Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Travis singles chronology `` Driftwood '' ( 1999 ) `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' ( 1999 ) `` Turn '' ( 1999 ) `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' is a song by Scottish band Travis , released as the third single from their second studio album , The Man Who . The song became the group 's international breakthrough single , receiving recognition around the world . It was their first Top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 10 . The song also peaked at number 11 in Australia , and achieved success in Japan and America . Fran Healy wrote the song while on holiday in Israel . He wanted to go somewhere sunny because in his hometown of Glasgow it rained all the time . In an interview at the Live 8 concert , he explained that he was spending a short holiday in the southern vacation city of Eilat , Israel in the middle of the winter . The city is known for its hot weather even during winter time , but surprisingly it began to rain for two days during his stay . When Travis began to perform this song at the 1999 Glastonbury Festival , after being sunny for several hours , it began to rain exactly when the first line was sung . In a poll by listeners of Absolute Radio the song was ranked 39th on a list of the top 100 songs of the 1990s . Contents 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 References Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by John Hardwick and filmed in Cornwall , with scenes filmed on Craddock Moor . The pool of water that the band jump into is part of a disused mining quarry known locally as `` Gold Digger 's Mine '' . The video features the band in a rain - soaked setting , with the band having locked frontman Healy , wearing a kilt , in the boot of a 1970s Vauxhall Viva . Healy escapes , and chases the rest of the band into a disused mining quarry . The video continues with the band being shown in a floating living room , performing the song . The video ends with the living room floating away . It does not actually rain at any point during the video . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' -- 4 : 27 `` Village Man '' -- 3 : 18 `` Driftwood '' ( live at the Link Café , Glasgow ) -- 4 : 07 UK CD2 `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' -- 4 : 27 `` The Urge for Going '' -- 6 : 04 `` Slide Show '' ( live at the Link Café , Glasgow ) -- 3 : 15 7 '' vinyl / Cassette / European single `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' -- 4 : 27 `` Village Man '' -- 3 : 18 American EP `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' -- 4 : 27 `` Village Man '' - 3 : 18 `` The Urge for Going '' -- 6 : 04 `` Driftwood '' ( live at the Link Café , Glasgow ) -- 4 : 07 `` Slide Show '' ( live at the Link Café , Glasgow ) -- 3 : 15 Australian single `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' -- 4 : 27 `` Village Man '' -- 3 : 18 `` Driftwood '' ( live at the Link Café , Glasgow ) -- 4 : 07 `` Baby One More Time '' ( live at the Bay Tavern , Robin Hood 's Bay ) -- 3 : 30 `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' ( video ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 15 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 57 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 73 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 87 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 36 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 35 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why Does It Always Rain On Me ? by Travis Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Festival fun survives crime rise - BBC News Glastonbury 1999 Special Report '' . bbc.co.uk. 1999 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Travis -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Travis -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7288 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Travis : Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Travis -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Travis -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Travis -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Travis -- Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Travis Fran Healy Dougie Payne Andy Dunlop Neil Primrose Studio albums Good Feeling The Man Who The Invisible Band 12 Memories The Boy with No Name Ode to J. Smith Where You Stand Everything at Once Compilation albums Singles Other albums Wreckorder ( Fran Healy solo ) Singles `` All I Want to Do Is Rock '' `` U16 Girls '' `` Tied to the 90s '' `` Happy '' `` More Than Us '' `` Writing to Reach You '' `` Driftwood '' `` Why Does It Always Rain on Me ? '' `` Turn '' `` Coming Around '' `` Sing '' `` Side '' `` Flowers in the Window '' `` Re-Offender '' `` The Beautiful Occupation '' `` Love Will Come Through '' `` Walking in the Sun '' `` Closer '' `` Selfish Jean '' `` My Eyes '' `` J. Smith '' `` Something Anything '' `` Song to Self '' `` Where You Stand '' `` Moving '' Other songs `` Another Guy '' Producers Tchad Blake Nigel Godrich Steve Lillywhite Concert Tours Good Feeling tour The Man Who Tour The Invisible Band Tour 12 - Memories Tour Related articles Discography List of recorded songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Does_It_Always_Rain_on_Me%3F&oldid=865447250 '' Categories : 1999 singles Travis ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Nigel Godrich 1999 songs Independiente ( record label ) singles Songs about suicide Songs written by Fran Healy ( musician ) Rock ballads Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2012 Use British English from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 01 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang why does it always rain on me	[ "\"Why Does It Always Rain on Me?\" is a song by Scottish band Travis, released as the third single from their second studio album, The Man Who. The song became the group's international breakthrough single, receiving recognition around the world. It was their first Top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 10. The song also peaked at number 11 in Australia, and achieved success in Japan and America. \n" ]	[ "Travis" ]
-7476752972561277046	Supreme Leader Snoke	Supreme Leader Snoke - wikipedia Supreme Leader Snoke Supreme Leader Snoke Star Wars character Supreme Leader Snoke in The Force Awakens First appearance The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Last appearance The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Created by Lawrence Kasdan J.J. Abrams Michael Arndt Portrayed by Andy Serkis Information Gender Male Affiliation First Order Title Supreme Leader Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order , a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire , which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy . Powerful with the Force , he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader , and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren . In Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Ren assassinates Snoke , replacing him as Supreme Leader . Contents 1 Character 1.1 Development 1.2 Portrayal 1.3 Description 2 Appearances 2.1 The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) 2.1. 1 Related works 2.2 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Snoke 's appearance changed throughout principal photography and post-production of The Force Awakens . Serkis said , `` It 's the first time I 've been on set not yet knowing what the character 's gon na look like . I mean , talk about secrecy ! '' According to the actor , the character 's appearance , voice , and movements evolved as he and the film 's writer / director J.J. Abrams challenged the visual effects team . The Force Awakens senior sculptor Ivan Manzella wrote in The Art of Star Wars : The Force Awakens that `` Snoke almost became a female at one point . J.J. picked out a maquette he liked and then we took it to a full - size version , sculpted in plasteline . J.J. and ( creature creative supervisor Neal Scanlan ) did n't want him to be old and decrepit , like the Emperor . '' Portrayal ( edit ) Andy Serkis portrays Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy . While Serkis secretly joined the project in February 2014 , his casting in The Force Awakens was first announced on April 29 , 2014 . When asked about his role in July 2014 , he joked , `` I 'm not Yoda . '' In May 2015 , a StarWars.com interview with photographer Annie Leibovitz about her The Force Awakens shoot for Vanity Fair revealed that Serkis would be playing a CGI character named Supreme Leader Snoke , and featured an image of the actor in motion capture gear . Serkis had previously played several CGI characters , including Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film series ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , the titular ape in 2005 's King Kong , and Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . In November 2015 , Serkis said of the process of creating Snoke : When we first started working on it , ( Abrams ) had some rough notions of how Snoke was gon na look , but it really had n't been fully - formed and it almost came out of discussion and performance ... We shot on set of course , and I was in the scenes I have with other actors , but the beauty of this process is you can go back and reiterate , keep informing and honing beats and moments . So J.J. , after we shot last year , we 've had a series of sessions where I 'd be in London at The Imaginarium , my studio , while he 's been directing from L.A. , and we 've literally been creating further additions and iterations to the character . That 's been fascinating . And in the meantime I 've been able to see the look and design of the character grow and change as the performances change . So it 's been really exciting in that respect . According to Serkis 's costar Lupita Nyong'o , who played the CGI character Maz Kanata in The Force Awakens , the actor coached her on performance - capture work , telling Nyong'o that `` a motion - capture character you develop the same way as any other . You have to understand who the character is and what makes them who they are . '' Serkis said of filming : It was quite an unusual situation . I worked specifically with Domhnall Gleeson and with Adam Driver . My first day was basically standing on a 25 - foot podium doing Lord Snoke without the faintest idea what he looked like ... or in fact who he was ! I was very high up , totally on my own , away from everybody else , but acting with them ... we used sort of a `` Kongolizer '' method of having sound come out of speakers to give a sense of scale and distance for the character . So it was very challenging and scary , in fact probably one of my most scary film experiences I 've ever had . Description ( edit ) Snoke , whom Abrams called `` a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force '' , is the leader of the evil First Order . He is master to the film 's primary villain , Kylo Ren . Serkis described Snoke as `` quite an enigmatic character , and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful . Obviously he has a huge agenda . He has suffered a lot of damage . '' Serkis called Snoke `` a new character in this universe '' , adding `` I think it 'd be fair to say that he is aware of the past to a great degree . '' Explaining why CGI was the only way to create Snoke 's unique appearance , Serkis said before the film 's premiere , `` The scale of him , for instance , is one reason . He is large . He appears tall . And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics ... he has a very distinctive , idiosyncratic bone and facial structure . '' Chief of creature and droid effects Neal Scanlan said , `` This character is much better executed as a CGI character . That 's just a practical reality when he 's 7 - foot - something tall ; he 's very , very thin . '' Snoke 's `` scarred , cavernous face '' was not revealed before the release of the film , in which he appears as a `` massive , ominous hologram '' . The character 's deep voice was first heard in the teaser trailer released on November 28 , 2014 . Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described the disfigured and skeletal Snoke as a `` sepulchral horror '' , Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called him `` hissing and grotesque '' , and Andrew O'Hehir of Salon dubbed the character `` a spectral demonic figure '' . Variety 's Justin Chang wrote that Snoke resembled `` a plus - sized , more articulate Gollum '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly described him as `` essentially Emperor Palpatine crossed with one of the aliens from Close Encounters '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time called the character `` a giant , scary , noseless dude who sits placidly in an oversized chair like a dark - lord version of the Lincoln Monument . '' There are multiple fan theories regarding the origins and identity of Snoke , including that he may be Darth Plagueis , a Sith Lord anecdotally mentioned in Revenge of the Sith and the master of Palpatine , possessing the power to prevent death ; `` the Operator '' Gallius Rax , a mysterious First Order manipulator from Chuck Wendig 's Aftermath novel trilogy ; or Ezra Bridger , a main character from the animated series Star Wars Rebels . Pablo Hidalgo of the Lucasfilm Story Group dismissed the Darth Plagueis theory in May 2016 , and Rax 's death in the 2017 novel Aftermath : Empire 's End disproved that theory as well . Appearances ( edit ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) In his first appearance in the film , Snoke is introduced as Supreme Leader of the First Order , and master to Kylo Ren . Seduced to the dark side by Snoke , the masked Kylo is really Ben Solo , the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa . Snoke senses an `` awakening '' in the Force , and warns Ren that the limits of his power will be tested when he faces his father in pursuit of the wayward droid BB - 8 . Leia reveals to her estranged husband Han that it was Snoke 's influence which corrupted their son . After Ren is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Rey , Snoke orders General Hux to collect Ren and ready him to complete his training . Related works ( edit ) Snoke appears in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster . In the novel , Leia tells Han in more detail how Snoke , aware that their son would be `` strong with the Force '' and possess `` equal potential for good or evil '' , had long watched Ben and manipulated events to draw him to the dark side . An unplayable Lego minifigure version of Snoke appears in cutscenes in the 2016 video game Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In the spring of 2018 , Snoke was added to the mobile MOBA Star Wars : Force Arena as a playable Dark Side squad leader . The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Following the events of The Force Awakens , Snoke reprimands Hux for his failings as a military leader , and Ren for his failure to find and kill Luke Skywalker . Ren brings Rey to Snoke , who tortures her for information on Luke 's location . He reveals to Ren and Rey that he created the psychic bond between them as part of a plan to destroy Luke . Snoke then orders Ren to kill Rey , and gloats over his total control over his apprentice , only for Ren to use the Force to activate Luke 's lightsaber , which Rey had been using , from a distance and slice Snoke in half with it , killing him . Snoke 's Praetorian Guards attack both Ren and Rey in an attempt to avenge Snoke , but Rey and Ren briefly join forces to defeat the guards in a lightsaber duel . After Rey escapes , Ren declares himself the new Supreme Leader of the First Order , pinning Snoke 's death on Rey to cover his actions . Reception ( edit ) Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Supreme Leader Snoke is a larger - than - life , vaguely Harry Potter - ish hologram voiced with deep gravity by Andy Serkis ; the full weight of this character 's malignancy and dramatic power will presumably be better assessed in subsequent episodes . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called Serkis `` the undisputed champion of the performance - capture roles '' . Though praising the `` unobtrusive sophistication '' of the visual effects used to portray the character , Variety 's Justin Chang said that Serkis is `` fine but not galvanizing '' in the role . Lindsay Bahr of the Associated Press deemed Snoke one of the `` less memorable '' characters in The Force Awakens . Serkis was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance for the role . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis on the ' damaged ' villain of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : 12 things they cut from the film '' . The Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serkis , Andy ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Supreme Leader Snoke Alternate Voices '' . TeamCoco ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Conan O'Brien . TBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` How Star Wars Director J.J. Abrams Kept the Cast Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Finalized : John Boyega , Daisy Ridley , Adam Driver , Oscar Isaac , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson & Max Von Sydow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles , California : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karlin , Lily ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Andy Serkis , AKA Caesar From Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . The Huffington Post . new York City : Huffington Post Media Group . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrasio , Jason ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Serkis reveals how he came up with the voice of Snoke for the Star Wars movies '' . Business Insider . New York City : Axel Springer III . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Capturing a Galaxy : An Interview with Annie Leibovitz '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` The evolution of Andy Serkis '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : J.J. Abrams reveals backstory of alien Maz Kanata '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thrower , Emma ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis talks Star Wars ' latest villain '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : The Force Awakens Is Everything You Could Hope for in a Star Wars Movie -- and Less '' . Time . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Chris ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's the Real Bad Guy in Star Wars : The Force Awakens ? '' . People . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` See exclusive new images of Maz Kanata and Supreme Leader Snoke from Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuth , Louie ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens character revealed '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : Star Wars Teaser Beats Age of Ultron In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The thrills are strong with this one '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois : Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : You know all the spoilers in J.J. Abrams ' obsessive reboot -- because you 've seen this movie before '' . Salon . San Francisco , California : Salon Media Group . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams ' hugely anticipated blockbuster brings welcome jolts of energy , warmth and excitement back to the biggest franchise in movie history '' . Variety . New York City : Penske Media Group . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : A ' rollicking adventure wrapped in epic mythology ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Theories on Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Collider . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke 's Role In Star Wars Episode 8 Revealed By John Williams ? ! '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maharana , Kabita ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Fan theories about Rey 's origin and Supreme Leader Snoke 's identity '' . International Business Times . New York City : Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke Origins Revealed In Star Wars 7 Book Aftermath ? '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myrick , Robert ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why It Makes Sense For Star Wars Rebels ' Ezra Bridger To Be Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even More Evidence That Ezra From Star Wars : Rebels Is Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Moviepilot . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Claire . `` TheoryLoop : Is Ezra Bridger really Supreme Leader Snoke ? '' . Looper . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Story Group Definitively Says Supreme Leader Snoke is Not Darth Plagueis '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Kate ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` What the Aftermath Trilogy Tells About Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis on the ' damaged ' villain of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter X '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . New York City : Del Ray Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 96550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter XIV '' . Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . New York City : Del Ray Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 96550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tylwallk , Nick ( 16 March 2018 ) . `` Old Luke , All - Out War Mode Invade ' Star Wars : Force Arena ' in New Update '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi director explains Snoke 's big scene '' . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2 Global . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrison , George ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Supreme Leader Snoke , does he die in Star Wars The Last Jedi , is Kylo Ren his apprentice and is he Darth Plagueis ? '' . The Sun . London , England : News UK . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is Fun Fan Service '' . Tribune - Star . Terre Haute , Indiana : Community Newspaper Holdings . Associated Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Supreme Leader Snoke in the StarWars.com Databank Snoke on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O Mandalorian P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Leader_Snoke&oldid=856961554 '' Categories : Extraterrestrial supervillains Fictional characters introduced in 2015 Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional dictators Fictional mass murderers Fictional telekinetics Male characters in film Star Wars CGI characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the supreme leader come from in the force awakens	[ "Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order, a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire, which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy. Powerful with the Force, he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader, and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren. In Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Ren assassinates Snoke, replacing him as Supreme Leader.\n" ]	[ "the fallen Galactic Empire" ]
-6307911730126424901	2022 FIFA World Cup	2022 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2022 FIFA World Cup This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 August 2018 . 2022 FIFA World Cup كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2022 Kaʾs al - ʿālam li - kurrat al - qadam 2022 Qatar 2022 Bid logo Tournament details Host country Qatar Dates 21 November -- 18 December Teams 32 ( from 5 or 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 8 or 12 ( in 5 or 8 host cities ) ← 2018 2026 → The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022 . This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim - majority country . This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan ( the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue , Yekaterinburg ) . In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams , with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament . This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May , June , or July ; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December . It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days , with the final being held on 18 December 2022 , which is also Qatar National Day . Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event . A FIFA internal investigation and report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing , but the chief investigator Michael J. Garcia has since described FIFA 's report on his inquiry as `` materially incomplete and erroneous '' . On 27 May 2015 , Swiss federal prosecutors opened an investigation into corruption and money laundering related to the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . On 6 August 2018 , former FIFA president Sepp Blatter claimed that Qatar had used `` black ops '' , suggesting that the bid committee had cheated to win the hosting rights . Qatar has faced strong criticism due to the treatment of foreign workers involved in preparation for the World Cup , with Amnesty International referring to `` forced labour '' and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses , despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014 . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Possible expansion 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 4 Venues 5 Schedule 6 Controversies 6.1 Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths 6.2 Move to November and December 6.3 Bidding corruption allegations 7 Sponsorship 8 Broadcasting rights 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids and Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid . Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , until Qatar took the 2022 cup . During the bidding process , all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew their 2018 bids , thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the 2022 bid . In the end , there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup : Australia , Japan , Qatar , South Korea and the United States . The twenty - two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes . The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar , which was graded as having `` high operational risk '' , generated criticism from media commentators . It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals . The voting patterns were as follows : 2022 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Australia Eliminated There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA 's executive committee . These allegations are being investigated by FIFA . ( See § Bidding corruption allegations , below . ) Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup -- the next smallest by area is Switzerland , host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup , which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32 . Possible expansion ( edit ) On 12 April 2018 , CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams , four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned . FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request . However , the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48 - team World Cup , and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country . Qualification ( edit ) The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced . All FIFA member associations , of which there are currently 211 , are eligible to enter qualification . Qatar , as hosts , qualified automatically for the tournament . However , Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup . If they reach the final stage , their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval . If the hosts choose not to compete , the next - ranked team will advance instead . For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934 , the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before . The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . The committee decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments : CAF ( Africa ) : 5 AFC ( Asia ) : 4.5 ( not including host nation ) UEFA ( Europe ) : 13 CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) : 3.5 OFC ( Oceania ) : 0.5 CONMEBOL ( South America ) : 4.5 The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019 . Qualified teams ( edit ) Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Previous best performance Qatar Host nation 2 December 2010 None ( debut ) -- Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Venues ( edit ) The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010 . The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) , and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure . Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards . The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country . The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials , harmless equipment , and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions . Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System ( GSAS ) for all the world cup stadiums . All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners . Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging , due to concerns about the heat . A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup . However , no specific countries were named in the report . Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA 's executive committee . Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament . According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch , the investment banking division of Bank of America , the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs . Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the twelve originally planned . Although as of April 2017 , FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years ' time , Qatar 's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight . Lusail Al Khor Al Rayyan Al Wakrah Lusail Iconic Stadium Al - Bayt Stadium Ahmed bin Ali Stadium Al Wakrah Stadium Capacity : 86,250 ( under construction ) Capacity : 60,000 ( under construction ) Capacity : 44,740 ( Expanded for World Cup ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Lusail Doha Al - Khor Al - Wakrah Al - Rayyan Cities in Qatar being used Foundation Ras Abu Aboud Khalifa Al Thumama Stadiums in Doha Doha Khalifa International Stadium Qatar Foundation Stadium Ras Abu Aboud Stadium Al Thumama Stadium Capacity : 40,000 ( upgraded ) Capacity : 45,350 ( under construction ) Capacity : 40,000 ( planned ) Capacity : 40,000 ( under construction ) Schedule ( edit ) The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022 . Controversies ( edit ) Main article : List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event , with regard to interpretations of human rights , particularly worker conditions , the rights of fans in the LGBT community because the status of homosexuality is illegal in Qatar , climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially . Hassan Abdulla al Thawadi , chief executive of the Qatar 2022 World Cup bid , said the Muslim state would also permit alcohol consumption during the event , drinking in public is not permitted as Qatar 's legal system is based on Sharia . The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial ; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to `` buy '' the World Cup , the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups , and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised . The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible , with initial plans for air - conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter . Sepp Blatter , who was FIFA President when Qatar was selected , later remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a `` mistake '' because of the extreme heat . Migrant workers , slavery allegations and deaths ( edit ) The issue of migrant workers ' rights has also attracted attention , with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water , have their identity papers taken away from them , and that they are not paid on time or at all , making some of them in effect slaves . The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held . These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese workers and over 700 Indian workers have died since 2010 , when Qatar 's bid as World Cup 's host was won , about 250 Indian workers dying each year . Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar , the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths . In the United Kingdom , in any group of half a million 25 - to 30 - year - old men , an average of 300 die each year , a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar . In 2015 , a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country . The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Government of Qatar . The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation 's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real - estate projects related to the World Cup , and the Qatar Government 's counter-claim that none had . The BBC later reported that this often - cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct , and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar , not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup , and not just of construction workers . Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low - skilled jobs ; additionally , they are given preference at the workplace . Michael van Praag , president of Royal Dutch Football Association , requested the FIFA Executive Committee to pressure Qatar over those allegations to ensure better workers ' conditions . He also stated that a new vote on the attribution of the World Cup to Qatar would have to take place if the corruption allegations were to be proved . In March 2016 , Amnesty International accused Qatar of using forced labour and forcing the employees to live in poor conditions and withholding their wages and passports . It accused FIFA of failing to stop the stadium being built on `` human right abuses '' . Migrant workers told Amnesty about verbal abuse and threats they received after complaining about not being paid for up to several months . Nepali workers were even denied leave to visit their family after the 2015 Nepal earthquake . In October 2017 , the International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country . According to the ITUC , the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system , including ending the Al - Kafala system . The ITUC also stated that the agreement would positively affect the general situation of workers , especially of those who work on the 2022 FIFA World Cup infrastructure projects . The workers will no longer need their employer 's permission to leave the country or change their jobs . Move to November and December ( edit ) Owing to the climate in Qatar , concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional timeframe of June and July . In October 2013 , a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . On 24 February 2015 , the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022 , to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April . The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world . Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption , whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be . FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar 's desert state was a `` blatant mistake '' . Frank Lowy , chairman of Football Federation Australia , said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League , they would seek compensation from FIFA . Richard Scudamore , chief executive of the Premier League , stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League 's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme . On 19 March 2015 , FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December . Bidding corruption allegations ( edit ) See also : Garcia Report Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid . A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She retracted her claims , but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials . More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . Five of FIFA 's six primary sponsors , Sony , Adidas , Visa , Hyundai and Coca - Cola , have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims . The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents . Jim Boyce , Vice President of FIFA , has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven . FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing . Despite the claims , the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media . In the 2015 FIFA corruption case , Swiss officials , operating under information from the United States Department of Justice , arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich , Switzerland . They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA 's main headquarters . The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided . The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million ( USD ) corruption and bribery scandal . On 7 June 2015 , Phaedra Almajid , the former media officer for the Qatar bid team , claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup . In an interview published on the same day , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit and Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled . '' Sponsorship ( edit ) FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors Adidas Coca - Cola Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Anheuser - Busch InBev Vivo Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Albania -- RTSH Armenia -- ARMTV Australia -- SBS Austria -- ORF Azerbaijan -- İTV Belarus -- BTRC Belgium -- VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina -- BHRT Brazil -- Rede Globo , SporTV Bulgaria -- BNT Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS Caribbean -- International Media Content , SportsMax China -- CCTV Croatia -- HRT Cyprus -- CyBC Czech Republic -- ČT Estonia -- ERR Europe -- European Broadcasting Union ( 37 countries ) France - TF1 , beIN Sports Germany -- ARD , ZDF Georgia -- GPB Hungary -- MTVA Iceland -- RÚV Ireland -- RTÉ Israel -- IPBC Kosovo -- RTK Latvia -- LTV Lithuania -- LRT Luxembourg -- RTL Group Macedonia -- MRT Malta -- PBS Mexico -- Televisa , TV Azteca Middle East and North Africa - beIN Sports Moldova -- TRM Montenegro -- RTCG Netherlands -- NOS New Zealand -- Sky Sport Poland -- TVP Portugal -- RTP Romania -- TVR Serbia -- RTS Slovakia -- RTVS Sweden -- SVT , TV4 Switzerland - SRF Turkey -- TRT Ukraine -- UA : PBC United Kingdom -- BBC , ITV United States -- Fox Sports , Telemundo Deportes See also ( edit ) 2020s portal Middle East portal 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup 2026 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fifa , Qatar 2022 : Mondiali dal 21 novembre al 18 dicembre '' ( Fifa , Qatar 2022 : World Cup from 21 November to 18 December ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . 25 September 2015 . 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Jump up ^ KNVB leader Michael van Praag to run for FIFA president against Sepp Blatter , ESPN , 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 : ' Forced labour ' at World Cup stadium '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup workers ' rights to improve with end of kafala system , claims union '' . The Guardian . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2022 : Fifa task force to seek new dates for tournament '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Late - November / late - December proposed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 World Cup : Qatar event set for November and December '' . BBC Sport. 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Grant ( 18 February 2015 ) , `` Insider notes : Qatar set for winter World Cup , MLS CBA update , more '' , Planet Football , retrieved 19 February 2015 , Multiple sources say it 's a done deal that World Cup 2022 will take place in November and December of 2022 in Qatar . A FIFA task force will ... make that recommendation , and the FIFA Executive Committee is set to make the decision final ... next month . Jump up ^ `` Whether in June or November , Qatar 's World Cup is about death and money '' . The Guardian . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup decision ' a blatant mistake ' -- RTÉ Sport '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Tom ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` World Cup 2022 : Australia wants Fifa compensation for failed bid '' . The Guardian . 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Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 2011 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups TM '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Barros , Carlos . `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' . RTP.pt . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . '' teraz.sk . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . `` RTVS získala vysielacie práva na zápasy EURO 2020 a MS 2022 . '' Jump up ^ Ekeliw , Jonathan . `` SVT och TV4 delar på fotbolls - VM till 2022 '' . Aftonbladet ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC and ITV win rights to 2018 and 2022 Fifa World Cup finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2022 . FIFA.com 2022 website Qatar 2022 official website 2022 FIFA World Cup General information Qualification Bids Controversies 2015 FIFA corruption case Garcia Report 2022 FIFA World Cup stadiums Al Bayt Stadium ( Al Khor ) Al Rayyan Stadium ( Al Rayyan ) Al Thumama Stadium ( Doha ) Al Wakrah Stadium ( Al Wakrah ) Education City Stadium ( Doha ) Khalifa International Stadium ( Doha ) Iconic Stadium ( Lusail ) Ras Abu Aboud Stadium ( Doha ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the next world cup being held 2022	[ "The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim-majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament.\n" ]	[ "Qatar" ]
1844676605010989851	The Prince and the Pauper	The Prince and the Pauper - wikipedia The Prince and the Pauper For other uses , see The Prince and the Pauper ( disambiguation ) . The Prince and the Pauper First US edition Author Mark Twain Country United States Language English Subject Edward VI of England Genre Realistic fiction Children 's literature Publisher James R. Osgood & Co . Publication date 1881 The pauper and Prince Edward as imagined in 1899 The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain . It was first published in 1881 in Canada , before its 1882 publication in the United States . The novel represents Twain 's first attempt at historical fiction . Set in 1547 , it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance : Tom Canty , a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London , and Prince Edward , son of King Henry VIII . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Themes 3 History 4 Adaptations 4.1 Theater 4.2 Comics 4.3 Film 4.4 Television 4.5 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Tom Canty , youngest son of a poor family living in Offal Court located in London , has always aspired to a better life , encouraged by the local priest , who has taught him to read and write . Loitering around the palace gates one day , he meets Edward Tudor , the Prince of Wales . Coming too close in his intense excitement , Tom is nearly caught and beaten by the Royal Guards . However , Edward stops them and invites Tom into his palace chamber . There , the two boys get to know one another . Fascinated by each other 's life and their uncanny resemblance to each other and learning they were even born on the same day , they decide to switch places `` temporarily . '' The Prince momentarily goes outside , quickly hiding an article of national importance , which the reader later learns is the Great Seal of England , but dressed as Tom , he is not recognized by the guards , who drive him from the palace , and he eventually finds his way through the streets to the Canty home . There , he is subjected to the brutality of Tom 's alcoholic and abusive father , from whom he manages to escape , and meets one Miles Hendon , a soldier and nobleman returning from war . Although Miles does not believe Edward 's claims to royalty , he humors him and becomes his protector . Meanwhile , news reaches them that King Henry VIII has died and Edward is now the King . Tom , dressed as Edward , tries to cope with court customs and manners . His fellow nobles and palace staff think the prince has an illness , which has caused memory loss and fear he will go mad . They repeatedly ask him about the missing Great Seal of England , but he knows nothing about it . However , when Tom is asked to sit in on judgments , his common - sense observations reassure them his mind is sound . As Edward experiences the brutal life of a London pauper firsthand , he becomes aware of the stark class inequality in England . In particular , he sees the harsh , punitive nature of the English judicial system where people are burned at the stake , pilloried , and flogged . He realizes that the accused are convicted on flimsy evidence and human branding -- or hanged -- for petty offenses , and vows to reign with mercy when he regains his rightful place . When Edward unwisely declares to a gang of thieves that he is the King and will put an end to unjust laws , they assume he is insane and hold a mock coronation . After a series of adventures - including a stint in prison , Edward interrupts the coronation as Tom is about to be crowned as King . The nobles are shocked at their resemblance , and refuse to believe that Edward is the rightful King wearing Tom 's clothes until he produces the Great Seal of England that he hid before leaving the palace . Edward and Tom switch back to their original places and Edward is crowned King Edward VI of England . Miles is rewarded with the rank of Earl and the family right to sit in the presence of the King . In gratitude for supporting the new King 's claim to the throne , Edward names Tom the `` King 's Ward , '' a privileged position he holds for the rest of his life . The ending explains that though Edward died at the age of 15 , he reigned mercifully due to his experiences . Themes ( edit ) The introductory quote -- `` The quality of mercy is ... twice blest ; / It blesseth him that gives and him that takes : / ' Tis mightiest in the mightiest : it becomes / The throned monarch better than his crown '' -- is part of `` The Quality of Mercy '' speech from Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . While written for children , The Prince and the Pauper is both a critique of social inequality and a criticism of judging others by their appearance . Twain wrote of the book , `` My idea is to afford a realizing sense of the exceeding severity of the laws of that day by inflicting some of their penalties upon the King himself and allowing him a chance to see the rest of them applied to others ... '' History ( edit ) Having returned from a second European tour -- which formed the basis of A Tramp Abroad ( 1880 ) -- Twain read extensively about English and French history . Initially intended as a play , the book was originally set in Victorian England before Twain decided to set it further back in time . He wrote The Prince and the Pauper having already started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . The `` whipping - boy story , '' originally meant as a chapter to be part of The Prince and the Pauper was published in the Hartford Bazar Budget of July 4 , 1880 , before Twain deleted it from the novel at the suggestion of William Dean Howells . Ultimately , The Prince and the Pauper was published by subscription by James R. Osgoode of Boston , with illustrations by F.T. Merrill . The book bears a dedication to Twain 's daughters , Susie and Clara Clemens and is subtitled `` A Tale For Young People of All Ages '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : List of adaptations of The Prince and the Pauper This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Theater ( edit ) William Faversham and Ruth Findlay in the Broadway production of Amélie Rives ' adaptation of The Prince and the Pauper ( 1920 ) The Prince and the Pauper was adapted for the stage during Twain 's lifetime , an adaptation which involved Twain in litigation with the playwright . In November 1920 , a stage adaption by Amélie Rives opened on Broadway under the direction of William Faversham , with Faversham as Miles Hendon and Ruth Findlay playing both Tom Canty and Prince Edward . An Off - Broadway musical with music by Neil Berg opened at Lamb 's Theatre on June 16 , 2002 . The original cast included Dennis Michael Hall as Prince Edward , Gerard Canonico as Tom Canty , Rob Evan as Miles Hendon , Stephen Zinnato as Hugh Hendon , Rita Harvey as Lady Edith , Michael McCormick as John Canty , Robert Anthony Jones as the Hermit / Dresser , Sally Wilfert as Mary Canty , Allison Fischer as Lady Jane and Aloysius Gigl as Father Andrew . The musical closed August 31 , 2003 . English playwright Jemma Kennedy adapted the story into a musical drama which was performed at the Unicorn Theatre in London 2012 -- 2013 , directed by Selina Cartmell and starring twins Danielle Bird and Nichole Bird as the Prince and Pauper and Jake Harders as Miles Hendon . Comics ( edit ) 1946 Classic Comics cover In 1946 , the story was adapted into comics form by Arnold L. Hicks in Classics Illustrated ( `` Classic Comics '' ) # 29 , published by Gilberton . In 1962 , Dell Comics punished Walt Disney 's the Prince and the Pauper , illustrated by Dan Spiegle , based on the three - part television adaptation produced by Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color . In 1990 , Disney Comics published Disney 's The Prince and the Pauper , by Scott Saavedra and Sergio Asteriti , based on the animated featurette starring Mickey Mouse . Film ( edit ) The novel has also been the basis of several films . In some versions , Prince Edward carries identification when he assumes Tom 's role . While animations such as the Mickey Mouse version retell the story , other cartoons employ parody ( including an episode of the animated television show Johnny Bravo in which Twain appears , begging cartoonists to `` let this tired story die '' ) . Film critic Roger Ebert suggested that the 1983 comedy film Trading Places ( starring Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy ) has similarities to Twain 's tale due to the two characters ' switching lives ( although not by choice ) . A much - abridged 1920 silent version was produced ( as one of his first films ) by Alexander Korda in Austria entitled Der Prinz und der Bettelknabe . The 1937 version starred Errol Flynn ( as Hendon ) and twins Billy and Bobby Mauch as Tom Canty and Edward Tudor , respectively . A Hindi film version , Raja Aur Runk , was released in 1968 and directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma . The film `` Indianized '' many of the episodes in the original story . A 1977 film version of the story , starring Oliver Reed as Miles Hendon , co-starring Rex Harrison ( as the Duke of Norfolk ) , Mark Lester and Raquel Welch and directed by Richard Fleischer , was released in the UK as The Prince and the Pauper and in the US as Crossed Swords . Walt Disney Feature Animation made a 1990 animated 24 - minute short film , inspired by the novel and starring Mickey Mouse . In this version , Mickey trades places with himself and is supported by other Disney characters . It Takes Two , starring twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , is a loose translation of this story in which two girls ( one wealthy and the other an orphan , who resemble each other ) switch places in order to experience each other 's lives . The 1996 Bollywood film Tere Mere Sapne is loosely based upon this story , in which two boys born on exactly the same date switch places to experience the other 's life , whilst learning valuable lessons along the way . A 2000 film directed by Giles Foster starred Aidan Quinn ( as Miles Hendon ) , Alan Bates , Jonathan Hyde , and identical twins Jonathan and Robert Timmins . In 2004 , it was adapted into an 85 - minute CGI - animated musical , Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper , with Barbie playing the blond Princess Anneliese and the brunette pauper Erika . In 2012 , a second CGI musical adaptation was released , entitled Barbie : The Princess and the Popstar . In it , Barbie plays a princess blonde named Victoria ( Tori ) and a brunette popstar named Keira . Both crave the life of another , one day they meet and magically change places . In 2006 , Garfield 's second live - action film entitled Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties , was another adaptation of the classic story . A 2007 film , A Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper starred identical twins Dylan and Cole Sprouse . Television ( edit ) Raju Peda , produced for Indian television in 1954 , is a Telugu - version adaptation of the novel starring N.T. Rama Rao and directed by B.A. Subba Rao . In 1957 , CBS ' DuPont Show of the Month offered an adaptation of The Prince and the Pauper , with Johnny Washbrook of My Friend Flicka as Tom Canty and Rex Thompson as Prince Edward . A 1962 three - part Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color television adaptation featured Guy Williams as Miles Hendon . Both Prince Edward and Tom Canty were played by Sean Scully , using the split - screen technique which the Disney studios had used in The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) with Hayley Mills . The 21st episode of The Monkees , aired on February 6 , 1967 , was entitled `` The Prince and the Paupers '' . A 1975 BBC television adaptation starred Nicholas Lyndhurst . In a 1976 ABC Afterschool Special , Lance Kerwin played the dual role in a modern American - based adaptation of the story entitled P.J. and the President 's Son . The BBC produced a television adaptation by writer Richard Harris , consisting of six thirty - minute episodes , in 1976 . Nicholas Lyndhurst played both Prince Edward and Tom Canty . Ringo , a 1978 TV special starring Ringo Starr , involves the former Beatles drummer trading places with a talentless look - alike . The BBC TV comedy series Blackadder the Third has an episode , `` Duel and Duality , '' where the Prince Regent believes that the Duke of Wellington is after him . The prince swaps clothes with Blackadder ( who is his butler ) and says , `` This reminds of that story ' The Prince and the Porpoise ' . '' Blackadder corrects him : `` Pauper . The Prince and the Pauper . '' Since Blackadder the Third is set during the early 1800s , this is an anachronism . In 1996 , PBS aired a Wishbone adaptation titled `` The Pooch and the Pauper '' with Wishbone playing both Tom Canty and Edward VI . The BBC produced a six - part dramatization of the story in 1996 , adapted by Julian Fellowes , starring James Purefoy , with Keith Michell reprising his role of Henry VIII . A 2011 episode of Phineas and Ferb ( `` Make Play '' , season 2 , episode 64 ) follows a similar storyline , with Candace switching places with Princess Baldegunde of Duselstein and discovering that royal life is dull . The 2017 Japanese anime series Princess Principal uses a similar story as the background for the characters Ange and Princess Charlotte ; their history is revealed by Ange under the guise of a fairy tale named `` The Princess and the Pickpocket '' . Ten years prior to the start of the series , Ange , who was actually the real Princess Charlotte , met Princess , who was actually a common pickpocket named Ange and looked identical to her . They befriended one another and eventually decided to trade places for a day . Soon after the switch , however , a Revolution broke out and divided their country , separating the girls and leaving them trapped in each other 's roles . Video games ( edit ) In 1996 , C&E , a Taiwanese software company , released an RPG video game for Sega Genesis entitled Xin Qigai Wangzi ( `` New Beggar Prince '' ) . Its story was inspired by the book , with the addition of fantastic elements such as magic , monsters , and other RPG themes . The game was ported to PC in 1998 . It was eventually licensed in an English translation and released in 2006 as Beggar Prince by independent game publisher Super Fighter Team . This was one of the first new games for the discontinued Sega platform since 1998 and is perhaps the first video game adaptation of the book . See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of Edward VI of England Mark Twain bibliography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cope , Jim ; Cope , Wendy . `` A Teacher 's Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Mark Twain 's The Prince and the Pauper '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Everett ( 2000 ) . Mark Twain , A Literary Life . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 123 . ISBN 9780812235166 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times , March 9 , 1890 MARK TWAIN IS DEFEATED . `` THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER '' CASE DECIDED `` . TwainQuotes.com . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Edward H , . House , the invalid playwright , has won in his suit against Samuel L. Clemens , ( Mark Twain . ) Judge Daly in the Court of Common Please yesterday handed down a decision enjoining Daniel Frohman from producing Mrs. Abby Sage Richardson 's dramatization of the wealthy Hartford humorist 's novel . `` The Prince and the Pauper , '' which recently was seen in this city on the stage of the Broadway Theatre . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2001 -- 2012 ) . `` The Prince and the Pauper '' . IBDB Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Unicorn Theatre - The Prince and the Pauper '' . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney 's the Prince and the Pauper # 01654 - 207 ( Dell , May - July 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Disney 's The Prince and the Pauper ( Disney Comics , Nov. 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Johnny Bravo season 2 , episode 3 ( Hanna - Barbera Productions , 21 August 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 9 June 1983 ) . `` Trading Places Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1983 ) Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Prince and the Pauper Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Prince and the Pauper The Prince and the Pauper -- searchable , indexed e-text The Prince and the Pauper , with illustrations , at Project Gutenberg The Prince and the Pauper public domain audiobook at LibriVox Illustrations for The Prince and the Pauper hide Mark Twain Bibliography Novels The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Prince and the Pauper Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court The American Claimant Tom Sawyer Abroad Pudd'nhead Wilson Tom Sawyer , Detective Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc A Double Barrelled Detective Story A Horse 's Tale The Mysterious Stranger Hellfire Hotchkiss Short stories `` The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County '' `` Cannibalism in the Cars '' `` General Washington 's Negro Body - Servant '' `` My Late Senatorial Secretaryship '' `` Some Learned Fables for Good Old Boys and Girls '' `` A Literary Nightmare '' `` A Murder , a Mystery , and a Marriage '' `` The Invalid 's Story '' `` The Great Revolution in Pitcairn '' `` 1601 '' `` The Stolen White Elephant '' `` Luck '' `` The Million Pound Bank Note '' `` A Double Barrelled Detective Story '' `` Those Extraordinary Twins '' `` The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg '' `` A Dog 's Tale '' `` Extracts from Adam 's Diary '' `` The War Prayer '' `` Eve 's Diary '' `` Captain Stormfield 's Visit to Heaven '' `` My Platonic Sweetheart '' `` The Private Life of Adam and Eve '' `` Advice to Little Girls '' `` The Purloining of Prince Oleomargarine '' Short story collections Mark Twain 's ( Burlesque ) Autobiography and First Romance Sketches New and Old A True Story and the Recent Carnival of Crime Punch , Brothers , Punch ! and Other Sketches Mark Twain 's Library of Humor Merry Tales The £ 1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories The Curious Republic of Gondour and Other Whimsical Sketches The Washoe Giant in San Francisco Plays Is He Dead ? Colonel Sellers Colonel Sellers as a Scientist Essays `` The Awful German Language '' `` Advice to Youth '' `` English As She Is Taught '' How to Tell a Story and Other Essays `` Concerning the Jews '' `` A Salutation Speech From the Nineteenth Century to the Twentieth '' `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' `` To My Missionary Critics '' `` Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany '' `` What Is Man ? '' `` Queen Victoria 's Jubilee '' `` The United States of Lyncherdom '' `` Fenimore Cooper 's Literary Offenses '' Letters from the Earth Non-fiction Territorial Enterprise letters Letters from Hawaii The Innocents Abroad Roughing It Old Times on the Mississippi A Tramp Abroad Life on the Mississippi Following the Equator Is Shakespeare Dead ? Autobiography of Mark Twain Mark Twain 's Notebook King Leopold 's Soliloquy The Private History of a Campaign That Failed Mark Twain 's Weapons of Satire The Bible According to Mark Twain Christian Science Speeches `` Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism '' `` Votes for Women '' Places and events Conception Birthplace Historic Site State Park Boyhood Home and Museum Mark Twain Cave Mark Twain in Nevada Territorial Enterprise Sagebrush School Mark Twain House , Hartford , Connecticut Stormfield Publisher , Ulysses S. Grant 's memoirs Twain -- Ament indemnities controversy In popular culture Mark Twain Prize for American Humor Mark Twain Tonight ! The Adventures of Mark Twain ( 1944 film ) The Adventures of Mark Twain ( 1985 film ) Mark Twain : The Musical Family Olivia Langdon Clemens ( wife ) Susy Clemens ( daughter ) Clara Clemens ( daughter ) Jean Clemens ( daughter ) John M. Clemens ( father ) Orion Clemens ( brother ) Related Jap Herron hide Mark Twain 's The Prince and the Pauper ( 1881 ) Characters Prince Edward Tudor Tom Canty Films The Prince and the Pauper ( 1915 ) The Prince and the Pauper ( 1920 ) The Prince and the Pauper ( 1937 ) Raja Aur Runk ( 1968 ) The Prince and the Pauper ( 1977 ) The Prince and the Surfer ( 1999 ) The Twins ( 2005 ) A Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper ( 2007 ) I Am the King ( 2012 ) Animated The Prince and the Pauper ( 1990 ) Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper ( 2004 ) Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties ( 2006 ) `` Double , Double , Boy in Trouble '' ( 2008 ) `` Princess and the Popstar '' ( 2011 ) Barbie : The Princess and the Popstar ( 2012 ) Related List of adaptations Cultural depictions of Edward VI of England Jake & Blake Trading Places Beggar Prince `` King of Spain '' `` The Principal and the Pauper '' BNE : XX2212338 GND : 4718249 - 0 LCCN : no2006032654 NLA : 35028968 VIAF : 235238105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prince_and_the_Pauper&oldid=844384272 '' Categories : 1881 American novels American novels adapted into films Children 's historical novels Novels set in England Historical novels Novels by Mark Twain Cultural depictions of Edward VI of England Novels about royalty Novels adapted into television programs 1540s in fiction 1880s children 's books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 15 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the prince and the pauper take place	[ "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII." ]	[ "London" ]
6451194468465202465	List of New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks	List of New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Wide Receivers ( show ) keep this Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Drew Brees ( 2006 -- present ) These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Saints . Contents ( hide ) 1 Starting quarterbacks 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Post-season 2 Most games as starting quarterback 3 Team career passing records 4 References Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Luke McCown ( 2015 ) Aaron Brooks ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Archie Manning ( 1971 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 1981 ) The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right : Regular season ( edit ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) Notes 2017 Drew Brees ( 10 ) 2016 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2015 Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Luke McCown ( 1 ) 2014 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2013 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2012 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2011 Drew Brees ( 16 ) Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2009 Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Mark Brunell ( 1 ) 2008 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2007 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2006 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2005 Aaron Brooks ( 13 ) / Todd Bouman ( 3 ) Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2003 Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2002 Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2001 Aaron Brooks ( 16 ) 2000 Jeff Blake ( 11 ) / Aaron Brooks ( 5 ) 1999 Billy Joe Tolliver ( 7 ) / Billy Joe Hobert ( 7 ) / Jake Delhomme ( 2 ) 1998 Kerry Collins ( 7 ) / Danny Wuerffel ( 4 ) / Billy Joe Tolliver ( 4 ) / Billy Joe Hobert ( 1 ) 1997 Heath Shuler ( 9 ) / Billy Joe Hobert ( 4 ) / Danny Wuerffel ( 2 ) / Doug Nussmeier ( 1 ) Jim Everett ( 15 ) / Doug Nussmeier ( 1 ) 1995 Jim Everett ( 16 ) 1994 Jim Everett ( 16 ) 1993 Wade Wilson ( 14 ) / Mike Buck ( 1 ) / Steve Walsh ( 1 ) 1992 Bobby Hebert ( 16 ) 1991 Bobby Hebert ( 9 ) / Steve Walsh ( 7 ) 1990 Steve Walsh ( 11 ) / John Fourcade ( 5 ) 1989 Bobby Hebert ( 13 ) / John Fourcade ( 3 ) 1988 Bobby Hebert ( 16 ) Bobby Hebert ( 12 ) / John Fourcade ( 3 ) 1986 Dave Wilson ( 13 ) / Bobby Hebert ( 3 ) 1985 Dave Wilson ( 10 ) / Bobby Hebert ( 6 ) 1984 Richard Todd ( 14 ) / Dave Wilson ( 2 ) Ken Stabler ( 14 ) / Dave Wilson ( 2 ) 1982 Ken Stabler ( 8 ) / Guido Merkens ( 1 ) 1981 Archie Manning ( 11 ) / Dave Wilson ( 4 ) / Bobby Scott ( 1 ) 1980 Archie Manning ( 16 ) 1979 Archie Manning ( 16 ) 1978 Archie Manning ( 16 ) 1977 Archie Manning ( 9 ) / Bobby Scott ( 3 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 2 ) 1976 Bobby Scott ( 8 ) / Bobby Douglass ( 6 ) Archie Manning ( 13 ) / Larry Cipa ( 1 ) Archie Manning ( 11 ) / Larry Cipa ( 2 ) / Bobby Scott ( 1 ) 1973 Archie Manning ( 13 ) / Bobby Scott ( 1 ) 1972 Archie Manning ( 14 ) 1971 Archie Manning ( 10 ) / Edd Hargett ( 4 ) 1970 Billy Kilmer ( 11 ) / Edd Hargett ( 3 ) 1969 Billy Kilmer ( 14 ) 1968 Billy Kilmer ( 11 ) / Karl Sweetan ( 3 ) 1967 Gary Cuozzo ( 10 ) / Billy Kilmer ( 4 ) Post-season ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) Bobby Hebert ( 0 - 1 ) 1990 Steve Walsh ( 0 - 1 ) 1991 Bobby Hebert ( 0 - 1 ) 1992 Bobby Hebert ( 0 - 1 ) 2000 Aaron Brooks ( 1 - 1 ) 2006 Drew Brees ( 1 - 1 ) 2009 Drew Brees ( 3 - 0 ) Drew Brees ( 0 - 1 ) 2011 Drew Brees ( 1 - 1 ) 2013 Drew Brees ( 1 - 1 ) Most games as starting quarterback ( edit ) These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Saints in regular season games ( as of Week 2 of 2017 season ) . Name GP Games played GS Games started Number of wins as starting quarterback Number of losses as starting quarterback Number of ties as starting quarterback Pct Winning Percentage as starting quarterback Name Period GP GS % Brees , Drew 2006 -- present 176 176 101 75 - . 574 Manning , Archie 1971 - 1982 134 129 35 91 . 283 Brooks , Aaron 2000 - 2005 85 82 38 44 - . 463 Hebert , Bobby 1985 - 1992 78 75 49 26 - . 653 Everett , Jim 1994 - 1996 47 47 17 30 - . 362 Team career passing records ( edit ) ( As of Week 2 of 2017 season ) Name Comp Att % Yds TD Int Brees , Drew 4,765 7,031 67.8 % 54,410 388 167 Manning , Archie 1,849 3,335 55.4 % 21,734 115 156 Brooks , Aaron 1,563 2,771 56.4 % 19,156 120 84 Hebert , Bobby 1,202 2,055 58.5 % 14,630 85 75 Everett , Jim 958 1,571 61.0 % 10,622 60 48 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 New Orleans Saints Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . New Orleans Saints Founded in 1967 Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Headquartered in Metairie , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Seasons History ( playoff history ) Players Coaches Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tulane Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Temporary home venues due to Hurricane Katrina : Alamodome Giants Stadium Tiger Stadium Culture Gumbo Sir Saint Who Dat ? Effect of Hurricane Katrina Buddy D `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lore Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal Dome Patrol Ricky Williams trade River City Relay Bountygate Owners Tom Benson ( majority owner ) Rita Benson LeBlanc ( part - owner ) Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1990 1991 1992 2000 2006 2009 2011 2013 Division championships ( 5 ) 1991 2000 2006 2009 2011 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2009 League championships ( 1 ) 2009 ( XLIV ) Ring of Honor Andersen Manning Jackson Roaf Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 51 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks Gary Cuozzo ( 1967 ) Billy Kilmer ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Karl Sweetan ( 1968 ) Ronnie Lee South ( 1968 ) Edd Hargett ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Archie Manning ( 1971 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 1981 ) Bobby Scott ( 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1981 ) Larry Cipa ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bobby Douglass ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Dave Wilson ( 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 ) Ken Stabler ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Guido Merkens ( 1982 ) Richard Todd ( 1984 ) Bobby Hebert ( 1985 -- 1989 , 1991 -- 1992 ) John Fourcade ( 1987 , 1989 -- 1990 ) Steve Walsh ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) Wade Wilson ( 1993 ) Mike Buck ( 1993 ) Jim Everett ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Doug Nussmeier ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Heath Shuler ( 1997 ) Billy Joe Hobert ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Danny Wuerffel ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kerry Collins ( 1998 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Jake Delhomme ( 1999 ) Jeff Blake ( 2000 ) Aaron Brooks ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Todd Bouman ( 2005 ) Drew Brees ( 2006 -- present ) Mark Brunell ( 2009 ) Luke McCown ( 2015 ) List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 15 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Aaron Rodgers ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Blaine Gabbert ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Orleans_Saints_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=811299055 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks New Orleans Saints players New Orleans Saints lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 19 : 19 . About Wikipedia	who's the starting quarterback for the saints	[ "\n\nSeason(s)\nQuarterback(s)\nNotes\n\n\n2017\nDrew Brees (10)\n\n\n\n2016\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n\n2015\nDrew Brees (15) / Luke McCown (1)\n\n\n\n2014\nDrew Brees (16)\n[1]\n\n\n2013\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2012\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2011\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2010\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2009\nDrew Brees (15) / Mark Brunell (1)\n\n\n2008\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2007\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2006\nDrew Brees (16)\n\n\n2005\nAaron Brooks (13) / Todd Bouman (3)\n\n\n2004\nAaron Brooks (16)\n\n\n2003\nAaron Brooks (16)\n\n\n2002\nAaron Brooks (16)\n\n\n2001\nAaron Brooks (16)\n\n\n2000\nJeff Blake (11) / Aaron Brooks (5)\n\n\n1999\nBilly Joe Tolliver (7) / Billy Joe Hobert (7) / Jake Delhomme (2)\n\n\n1998\nKerry Collins (7) / Danny Wuerffel (4) / Billy Joe Tolliver (4) / Billy Joe Hobert (1)\n\n\n1997\nHeath Shuler (9) / Billy Joe Hobert (4) / Danny Wuerffel (2) / Doug Nussmeier (1)\n\n\n1996\nJim Everett (15) / Doug Nussmeier (1)\n\n\n1995\nJim Everett (16)\n\n\n1994\nJim Everett (16)\n\n\n1993\nWade Wilson (14) / Mike Buck (1) / Steve Walsh (1)\n\n\n1992\nBobby Hebert (16)\n\n\n1991\nBobby Hebert (9) / Steve Walsh (7)\n\n\n1990\nSteve Walsh (11) / John Fourcade (5)\n\n\n1989\nBobby Hebert (13) / John Fourcade (3)\n\n\n1988\nBobby Hebert (16)\n\n\n1987\nBobby Hebert (12) / John Fourcade (3)\n\n\n1986\nDave Wilson (13) / Bobby Hebert (3)\n\n\n1985\nDave Wilson (10) / Bobby Hebert (6)\n\n\n1984\nRichard Todd (14) / Dave Wilson (2)\n\n\n1983\nKen Stabler (14) / Dave Wilson (2)\n\n\n1982\nKen Stabler (8) / Guido Merkens (1)\n\n\n1981\nArchie Manning (11) / Dave Wilson (4) / Bobby Scott (1)\n\n\n1980\nArchie Manning (16)\n\n\n1979\nArchie Manning (16)\n\n\n1978\nArchie Manning (16)\n\n\n1977\nArchie Manning (9) / Bobby Scott (3) / Bobby Douglass (2)\n\n\n1976\nBobby Scott (8) / Bobby Douglass (6)\n\n\n1975\nArchie Manning (13) / Larry Cipa (1)\n\n\n1974\nArchie Manning (11) / Larry Cipa (2) / Bobby Scott (1)\n\n\n1973\nArchie Manning (13) / Bobby Scott (1)\n\n\n1972\nArchie Manning (14)\n\n\n1971\nArchie Manning (10) / Edd Hargett (4)\n\n\n1970\nBilly Kilmer (11) / Edd Hargett (3)\n\n\n1969\nBilly Kilmer (14)\n\n\n1968\nBilly Kilmer (11) / Karl Sweetan (3)\n\n\n1967\nGary Cuozzo (10) / Billy Kilmer (4)\n\n" ]	[ "Drew Brees" ]
1453168526177617138	U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state	U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed in 1971 ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV , wine , and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV , wine , and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABV beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABV , wine , and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . This history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1975 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1980 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . ) Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30 , 1964 or earlier 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington Age of majority since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . PMID 19922564 . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07 . SSRN 304765 . Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot , Petersburg , Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE '' . Petersburg Public Library . October 19 , 1983 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miron , Jeffrey A. ; Tetelbaum , Elina ( 2009 ) . `` Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives ? '' . Economic Inquiry. 47 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.2008. 00179. x . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , December 4 , 1972 , `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1888 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1887 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . 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September 29 , 1966 . p. 10C . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 '' . The Day . New London , CT . January 22 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . September 24 , 1986 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 1 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Some , New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow '' . sun-sentinel.com . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws '' . Alcohollaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 18 , 1972 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers '' . Deseret News . UPI . June 26 , 1972 . p. 8C . Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors '' . Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune . January 18 , 1972 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . June 30 , 1972 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing '' . Spokane Chronicle. April 10 , 1987 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest . ( Portland , Or . ) 1871 - 1887 , March 15 , 1872 , Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law '' . oregonnews.uoregon.edu . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , August 3 , 1961 , `` Girl , 19 , sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 14 , 1973 , `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker . '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '' , Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division , Historical Highlights '' . iowaabd.com . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Grandfathered Teen - agers '' . The Washington Post . 1982 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 2 ) Archived 2008 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 3 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . NYTimes.com . New Jersey . 1982 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( May 28 , 1984 ) . `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . New York Times . June 11 , 1982 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4 . Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1985 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . nd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume LIV , Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . October 17 , 1968 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 4 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . 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Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=862463766 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did maryland change drinking age to 18	[ "\n\n\nState\nPre-Prohibition(prior to 1919)\nPost-Prohibition(after 1933)\n1970s / 26th Amendment(adopted in 1971)\n1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984\n21st century\n\n\nAlabama\n\nPre 1881:None1881:21 (none with consent of parent)[6]\n21\n1975:Lowered to 19[7]\n1986:Raised to 21[8]\n21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)\n\n\nAlaska\n\n?\n21[7]\n1970:Lowered to 19[9]\n1984:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]\n21\n\n\nArizona\n\n?\n21[11]\n1972:Lowered to 19[12]\n1985:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nArkansas\n\nPre 1925:None[7]1925:21[7]\n21\n21[13]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nCalifornia\n\nPre 1891:Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[14][15][16]1891:18 (statewide)[17]\n1933:21[7]\n21\n21[8]\n21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)\n\n\nColorado\n\nNone[11]\n1945:18: for beer21: for wine and liquor[7]\n18[18]\nRaised to 21 in 1987[8]\n21\n\n\nConnecticut\n\n?\n21[11]\n1972:Lowered to 18[19]\n1982:Raised to 191983:Raised to 201985:Raised to 21[20]\n21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[21]\n\n\nDelaware\n\n?\n21[11]\n1972:Lowered to 20\n1984:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nDistrict of Columbia\n\n?\n18: for beer and wine[11]21: for liquor[22][23]\n18: for beer and wine[23]21: for liquor\n1986:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[24][25]\n21\n\n\nFlorida\n\n?\n18[7]\n1980:19[26]\n1985:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[26]\n21[27]\n\n\nGeorgia\n\n?\n21[11]\n1972: Lowered to 18[12]\n1984:Raised to 19[13]1985:Raised to 20[13]1986:Raised to 21[13]\n21\n\n\nHawaii\n\n?\n21[7]\n1972:Lowered to 18\n1986:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nIdaho\n\n?\n20: for beer[28][29]21: for wine and liquor[11][30]\n1972:Lowered to 19 (all)[31]\n1987:Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][32]\n21\n\n\nIllinois\n\n1872:Age of majority (none with written consent of parent)[33]\npre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[34]\n1973:Lowered to 19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[35]\n1980:Raised to 21[36]\n21\n\n\nIndiana\n\n?\nPost-1934:21[7]\n21[13]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nIowa\n\n?\n21[7]\n1972:Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)1973:Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[37]\n1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[13][37]\n21\n\n\nKansas\n\n?\n1949:18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV21: for liquor[7]\n18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[13]21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[13]21: for liquor[13][18]\n1985:Raised to 21[8]\n21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)\n\n\nKentucky\n\n?\n1938:21[7]\n21[13]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nLouisiana\n\n?\nAs of 1948:18\n18[18]\n1987:Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.1995:De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[38]1996:In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[39]Other exceptions still remain.[40]\n21 (Exceptions to state law include:[41]\nFor an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)\n\n\n\nMaine\n\n?\n21[7]1969:Lowered to 20\n1972:Lowered to 18[12]1977:Raised to 20[8][42]\n1985:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nMaryland\n\n?\n21[7]\n1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[43][44]\n1982:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier[45][8][46]\n21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)\n\n\nMassachusetts\n\n?\n21[11]\n1973:Lowered to 181979:Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]\nRaised to 21 in 1985[8]\n21\n\n\nMichigan\n\n?\n21[7]\n1972:Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]\n1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]1978:Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered\n21\n\n\nMinnesota\n\n?\n21[11]\n1973:Lowered to 18 (June 1)1976:Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]First state to raise age after lowering.\n\n1986:Raised to 21[54]\n21\n\n\nMississippi\n\n?\n1966:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7](alcohol not legalized until 1966)\n18[18]\nRaised to 21 in 1986[8]\n21\n\n\nMissouri\n\n?\n1945:21[7]\n21\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nMontana\n\n?\n21[11]\n1971:Lowered to 19[55]1973:Lowered to 18[56][57]1979:Raised to 19\n1987:Raised to 21[8][58]\n21\n\n\nNebraska\n\n?\n21[59]1969:Lowered to 20\n1972:Lowered to 19[59]\n1980:Raised to 20[13]1985:Raised to 21[13]\n21\n\n\nNevada\n\n?\n1933:21[7]\n21\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nNew Hampshire\n\n?\n21[11]\n1973:Lowered to 18[60]1979:Raised to 20\n1985:Raised to 21[8][20]\n21\n\n\nNew Jersey\n\nBefore 1880:NonePost-1880:18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]\n21[citation needed]\n1973:Lowered to 18[12]\n1980:Raised to 191983:Raised to 21[8][64]\n21\n\n\nNew Mexico\n\n?\n1934:21[7]\n21[13]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nNew York\n\n21\n18[65]\n18\n1982:Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)1985:Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[20][66][67]\n21\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n?\n18[11]\n18: for beer and wine[18] 21: for liquor\n1983:19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]\n21\n\n\nNorth Dakota\n\n?\n1936:21[7]\n21[13]\n21[68]\n21\n\n\nOhio\n\n?\n1935:18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]\n18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor\n1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):19: for 3.2% ABW beer[13]21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[13]1982 (From Oct. 1):19: beer21: wine and liquor[70]1988:21[13]\n21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)\n\n\nOklahoma\n\n?\nMen:21Women:18: 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]\n1976:Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]Last state to lower the drinking age.\n1983:Raised to 21[11][73]\n21\n\n\nOregon\n\n?\n1933:21[7]\n21\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nPennsylvania\n\n?\n1935:21[7]\n21\n21[8][52]\n21\n\n\nRhode Island\n\n?\n21[11]\n1970:Lowered to 18[12][74]\n1980:Raised to 191981:Raised to 201984:Raised to 21[20]\n21\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n\n21[75]\n1935:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7]\n18: for beer and wine[18]21: for liquor\n1984:19: for beer and wine[7]21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nSouth Dakota\n\n?\n1934:21 (all)1939:Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beerRaised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]\n1972:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor\n1984:19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[8]1988:Raised to 21[58]\n21\n\n\nTennessee\n\nPre 1881:None1881:21[77]\n21[7]1964:Lowered to 18[7]\n1979:Raised to 19\n1984:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nTexas\n\nPre 1909:21None (with written permission of parent or guardian)Post 1909:21[78][79]\n21[7]\n1973:Lowered to 18[80]\n1981:Raised to 19[81]1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]\n21\n\n\nUtah\n\n?\n1935:21[7]\n21[13]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nVermont\n\n?\n21[7]\n1971:Lowered to 18[82][83]\n1986:Raised to 21[20][83]\n21\n\n\nVirginia\n\n?\n21[84]\n1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine(21: for liquor remained)[84]\n1981:Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption1983:Raised to 19 (all beer)1985:Raised to 21[84]\n21\n\n\nWashington\n\nAge of majoritysince 1877[85]\n21[citation needed]\n21\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nWest Virginia\n\n?\n18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor[11]\n1972:Lowered to 18 (all)[86]\n1983:Raised to 19(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]1986:Raised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nWisconsin\n\n1839–1866:18: for wine and liquorNone: for beerPost-1866:21 (all)[87]\n18: for beer21: for wine and spirits1957:21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]1963:Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]\n1972:Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]1977:Border state restriction lifted.[88]\n1984:Raised to 191986:Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]\n21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]\n\n\nWyoming\n\n?\n21[7]\n1973:Lowered to 19\n1988:Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21\n21\n\n\nAmerican Samoa\n\n?\n?\n?\n21?\n21[91]\n\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\n\n–\n–\n?\n21?\n21[92]\n\n\nPuerto Rico\n\n?\n18\n18\nKept at 18despite highway fundingpenalty under Drinking Age Act.\n18[93]\n\n\nVirgin Islands\n\n?\n?\n?\n18\n18[94]\n\n\nGuam\n\n?\n21?\n18\n18\nRaised to 21 in 2010[5]\n" ]	[ "1974" ]
-1764479607136921604	Chicago Bulls	Chicago Bulls - wikipedia Chicago Bulls This article is about the basketball team . For the American football team , see Chicago Bulls ( AFL ) . Chicago Bulls 2018 -- 19 Chicago Bulls season Conference Eastern Division Central Founded 1966 History Chicago Bulls 1966 -- present Arena United Center Location Chicago , Illinois Team colors Red , black President Michael Reinsdorf General manager Gar Forman Head coach Fred Hoiberg Ownership Jerry Reinsdorf Affiliation ( s ) Windy City Bulls Championships 6 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Conference titles 6 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Division titles 9 ( 1975 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2011 , 2012 ) Retired numbers 4 ( 4 , 10 , 23 , 33 ) Website www.nba.com/bulls Home Away Third Fourth The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 . The team plays its home games at the United Center , an arena shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they were responsible for popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three - peats . All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995 -- 96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015 -- 16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015 -- 16 Warriors . Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Detroit Pistons , New York Knicks , and the Miami Heat . The Bulls ' rivalry with the Pistons was highlighted heavily during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1966 -- 1974 : Early success 1.3 1976 -- 1984 : Gilmore and Theus 1.4 1984 -- 1998 : The Michael Jordan era 1.4. 1 1991 -- 1993 : First championship three - peat 1.4. 2 1993 -- 1995 : Jordan 's first retirement 1.4. 3 1995 -- 1998 : Second championship three - peat 1.5 1998 -- 2004 : Rebuilding 1.5. 1 2004 -- 2007 : Resurgence 1.5. 2 2007 -- 2008 : Missing the playoffs 1.6 2008 -- 2016 : Derrick Rose era 1.6. 1 2008 -- 2010 : Derrick Rose appearance 1.6. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Arrival of Tom Thibodeau 1.6. 3 2011 -- 2014 : Injury - plagued seasons for Derrick Rose 1.6. 4 2014 -- 2015 : Derrick Rose return to health 1.6. 5 2015 -- 2016 : Change in approach 1.6. 6 2016 -- 2017 : Derrick Rose departs 1.7 2017 -- present : Rebuilding 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 2.2 Detroit Pistons 2.3 Miami Heat 2.4 New York Knicks 3 Traditions 3.1 Starting lineup introductions 3.2 Black shoes and socks 3.3 The circus trip 4 Name , logo and uniforms 4.1 Name 4.2 Logo 4.3 Uniforms 4.3. 1 1966 -- 73 uniforms 4.3. 2 1973 -- 85 uniforms 4.3. 3 1985 -- present uniforms 4.3. 4 Alternate black uniforms 4.3. 5 Other uniforms 5 Mascots 6 Season - by - season records 7 Franchise records 8 Training facility 9 Home arenas 10 Players 10.1 Current roster 10.2 Retained draft rights 10.3 Franchise leaders 11 Head coaches 12 Hall of Famers , retired and honored numbers 12.1 Basketball Hall of Famers 12.2 FIBA Hall of Famers 12.3 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame 12.4 Retired numbers and honorees 13 Media 13.1 Radio 13.2 Television 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Team creation ( edit ) On January 16 , 1966 Chicago was granted an NBA franchise to be called the Bulls . The Chicago Bulls became the third NBA franchise in the city , after the Chicago Stags ( 1946 -- 1950 ) and the Chicago Packers / Zephyrs ( now the Washington Wizards ) . The Bulls ' founder , Dick Klein , was the Bulls ' only owner to ever play professional basketball ( for the Chicago American Gears ) . He served as the Bulls ' president and general manager in their initial years . After the 1966 NBA Expansion Draft , the newly founded Chicago Bulls were allowed to acquire players from the previously established teams in the league for the upcoming 1966 -- 67 season . The team started in the 1966 -- 67 NBA season , and posted the best record by an expansion team in NBA history . Coached by Chicagoan and former NBA star Johnny `` Red '' Kerr , and led by former NBA assist leader Guy Rodgers , guard Jerry Sloan and forward Bob Boozer , the Bulls qualified for the playoffs , the only NBA team to do so in their inaugural season . 1966 -- 1974 : early success ( edit ) The 1969 -- 70 Chicago Bulls In their first season , the Bulls played their home games at the International Amphitheatre , before moving to Chicago Stadium . Fan interest was diminishing after four seasons , with one game in the 1968 season having an official attendance of 891 and some games being played in Kansas City . In 1969 , Klein dropped out of the general manager job and hired Pat Williams , who as the Philadelphia 76ers ' business manager created promotions that helped the team become third in attendance the previous season . Williams revamped the team roster , acquiring Chet Walker from his old team in exchange for Jim Washington and drafting Norm Van Lier -- who was traded to the Cincinnati Royals and only joined the Bulls in 1971 -- while also investing in promotion , with actions such as creating mascot Benny the Bull . The Bulls under Williams and head coach Dick Motta qualified for four straight playoffs and had attendances grow to over 10,000 . In 1972 , the Bulls set a franchise win - loss record at 57 wins and 25 losses . During the 1970s , the Bulls relied on Jerry Sloan , forwards Bob Love and Chet Walker , point guard Norm Van Lier , and centers Clifford Ray and Tom Boerwinkle . The team made the conference finals in 1975 but lost to the eventual champions , the Golden State Warriors , 4 games to 3 . After four 50 - win seasons , Williams returned to Philadelphia , and Motta decided to take on the role of GM as well . The Bulls ended up declining , winning only 24 games in the 1975 -- 1976 season . Motta was fired and replaced by Ed Badger . 1976 -- 1984 : Gilmore and Theus ( edit ) Gilmore in 1977 Klein sold the Bulls to the Wirtz Family , longtime owners of the Chicago Blackhawks . Indifferent to NBA basketball , the new ownership group infamously implemented a shoestring budget , putting little time and investment into improving the team . Artis Gilmore , acquired in the ABA dispersal draft in 1976 , led a Bulls squad which included guard Reggie Theus , forward David Greenwood and forward Orlando Woolridge . In 1979 , the Bulls lost a coin flip for the right to select first in the NBA draft ( Rod Thorn , the Bulls ' General Manager , called `` heads '' ) . Had the Bulls won the toss , they would have selected Magic Johnson ; instead , they selected David Greenwood with the second pick . The Los Angeles Lakers selected Johnson with the pick acquired from the New Orleans Jazz , who traded the selection for Gail Goodrich . After Gilmore was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for center Dave Corzine , the Bulls employed a high - powered offense centered around Theus , and which soon included guards Quintin Dailey and Ennis Whatley . However , with continued dismal results , the Bulls decided to change direction , trading Theus to the Kansas City Kings during the 1983 -- 84 season . Attendance began to dwindle , with the Wirtz Family looking to sell to ownership groups interested in moving the team out of Chicago , before selling to local ownership . 1984 -- 1998 : the Michael Jordan era ( edit ) Michael Jordan was drafted third overall by the Bulls in 1984 . He won six championships and six Finals MVPs for Chicago . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the summer of 1984 , the Bulls had the third pick of the 1984 NBA draft , after Houston and Portland . The Rockets selected Hakeem Olajuwon , the Blazers picked Sam Bowie and the Bulls chose shooting guard Michael Jordan . The team , with new management in owner Jerry Reinsdorf and general manager Jerry Krause , decided to rebuild around Jordan . Jordan set franchise records during his rookie campaign for scoring ( third in the league ) and steals ( fourth ) , and led the Bulls back to the playoffs , where they lost in four games to the Milwaukee Bucks . For his efforts , he was rewarded with a selection to the All - NBA Second Team and the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . In the following off - season , the team acquired point guard John Paxson and on draft day traded with the Cavaliers for the rights to power forward Charles Oakley . Along with Jordan and center Dave Corzine , they provided much of the Bulls ' offense for the next two years . After suffering a broken foot early in the 1985 -- 86 season , Jordan finished second on the team to Woolridge in scoring . Jordan returned for the playoffs , and led the eighth - place Bulls against the 67 -- 15 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird . At the time , the Bulls had the fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history . Though the Bulls were swept , Jordan recorded a playoff single - game record 63 points in Game 2 ( which still stands to this day ) , prompting Bird to call him ' God disguised as Michael Jordan . ' In the 1986 -- 87 NBA season , Jordan continued his assault on the record books , leading the league in scoring with 37.1 points per game and becoming the first Bull named to the All - NBA First Team . The Bulls finished 40 -- 42 , which was good enough to qualify them for the playoffs . However , they were again swept by the Celtics in the playoffs . In the 1987 draft , to address their lack of depth , Krause selected center Olden Polynice eighth overall and power forward Horace Grant 10th overall , then sent Polynice to Seattle in a draft - day trade for the fifth selection , small forward Scottie Pippen . With Paxson and Jordan in the backcourt , Brad Sellers and Oakley at the forward spots , Corzine anchoring center , and rookies Pippen and Grant coming off the bench , the Bulls won 50 games and advanced to the Eastern Conference semifinals , where they were beaten by the eventual Eastern Conference Champions Detroit Pistons in five games . For his efforts , Jordan was named NBA Most Valuable Player , an award he would win four more times over his career . The 1987 -- 88 season would also mark the start of the Pistons - Bulls rivalry which was formed from 1988 to 1991 . The 1988 -- 89 season marked a second straight year of major off - season moves . Power forward Charles Oakley , who had led the league in total rebounds in both 1987 and 1988 , was traded on the eve of the 1988 NBA draft to the New York Knicks along with a first - round draft pick used by the Knicks to select Rod Strickland for center Bill Cartwright and a first - round pick , which the Bulls used to obtain center Will Perdue . In addition , the Bulls acquired three - point shooter Craig Hodges from Phoenix . The new starting lineup of Paxson , Jordan , Pippen , Grant , and Cartwright took some time to mesh , winning fewer games than the previous season , but made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they were defeated in six games by the NBA champion Pistons . In 1989 -- 90 , Jordan led the league in scoring for the fourth straight season and was joined on the all - star squad for the first time by Pippen . There was also a major change during the off - season , where head coach Doug Collins was replaced by assistant coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls also picked up rookie center Stacey King and rookie point guard B.J. Armstrong in the 1989 draft . With these additional players and the previous year 's starting five , the Bulls again made it to the Conference Finals and pushed the Pistons to seven games before being eliminated for the third straight year , the Pistons going on to repeat as NBA champions . 1991 -- 1993 : first championship three - peat ( edit ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , the Bulls recorded a then - franchise record 61 wins , and romped through the playoffs , where they swept the Knicks in the first round , defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in the semifinals , then eliminated defending champion Pistons in the Conference Finals and won the NBA Finals in five games over the Magic Johnson - led Los Angeles Lakers . The Bulls won their second straight title in 1992 after racking up another franchise record for wins with 67 . They defeated the Miami Heat in four games in the first round , the Knicks in seven hard - fought games in the second round , then the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games in the Eastern Conference to the Finals for the second year in a row where they defeated the Clyde Drexler - led Portland Trail Blazers in six games . In 1993 , the Bulls won their third consecutive championship by defeating the Atlanta Hawks , Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks in the first three rounds and then defeating regular season MVP Charles Barkley and the Phoenix Suns , with John Paxson 's three - pointer with 3.9 seconds left giving them a 99 -- 98 victory in Game 6 in Phoenix , Arizona . 1993 -- 1995 : Jordan 's first retirement ( edit ) United Center This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On October 6 , 1993 , Michael Jordan shocked the basketball community by announcing his retirement , three months after his father 's murder . The Bulls were then led by Scottie Pippen , who established himself as one of the top players in the league by winning the 1994 All - Star MVP . He received help from Horace Grant and B.J. Armstrong , who were named to their first all - star games . The three were assisted by Cartwright , Perdue , shooting guard Pete Myers , and Croatian rookie forward Toni Kukoč . Despite the Bulls winning 55 games during the 1993 -- 94 season , they were beaten in seven games by the Knicks in the second round of the playoffs , after a controversial foul call by referee Hue Hollins in game 5 of that series . The Knicks eventually reached the finals that year , but lost to the Houston Rockets . The Bulls opened the 1994 -- 95 season by leaving their home of 27 years , Chicago Stadium , and moving into their current home , the United Center . In 1994 , the Bulls lost Grant , Cartwright and Scott Williams to free agency , and John Paxson to retirement , but picked up shooting guard Ron Harper , the seeming heir apparent to Jordan in assistant coach Tex Winter 's triple - post offense , and small - forward Jud Buechler . The Bulls started Armstrong and Harper in the backcourt , Pippen and Kukoc at the forward spots , and Perdue at center . They also had sharpshooter Steve Kerr , whom they acquired via free agency before the 1993 -- 94 season , Myers , and centers Luc Longley ( acquired via trade in 1994 from the Minnesota Timberwolves ) and Bill Wennington . However , they were struggling during the season , on March 18 , 1995 , they received the news that Michael Jordan was coming out of retirement . He scored 55 points against the Knicks in only his fifth game back , and led the Bulls to the fifth seed in the playoffs , where they defeated the Charlotte Hornets . However , Jordan and the Bulls were unable to overcome the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic , which included Horace Grant , Anfernee Hardaway , and Shaquille O'Neal . When Jordan returned to the Bulls , he initially wore No. 45 ( which was his number while playing for the Birmingham Barons , a minor - league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox ) . He chose the No. 45 because his older brother Larry wore that number in high school . Michael wanted to be half as good as his brother so he chose 23 which is half of 45 ( 22.5 ) rounded up . However , Jordan switched back to the familiar 23 before game 2 of the Orlando Magic series . In the off - season , the Bulls lost Armstrong in the expansion draft , and Krause traded Perdue to the San Antonio Spurs for rebounding specialist Dennis Rodman , who had won the past four rebounding titles , and who had also been a member of the Detroit Pistons ' `` Bad Boys '' squad that served as the Bulls ' chief nemesis in the late 1980s . 1995 -- 1998 : second championship three - peat ( edit ) Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen With a lineup of Harper , Jordan , Pippen , Rodman and Longley , and perhaps the league 's best bench in Steve Kerr , Kukoc , Wennington , Buechler , and guard Randy Brown , the Bulls posted one of the best single - season improvements in league history and the best single - season record at that time , moving from 47 -- 35 to 72 -- 10 , becoming the first NBA team to win 70 or more games . Jordan won his eighth scoring title , and Rodman his fifth straight rebounding title , while Kerr finished second in the league in three - point shooting percentage . Jordan garnered the elusive triple crown with the NBA MVP , NBA All - Star Game MVP , and NBA Finals MVP . Krause was named NBA Executive of the Year , Jackson Coach of the Year , and Kukoc the Sixth Man of the Year . Both Pippen and Jordan made the All - NBA First Team , and Jordan , Pippen , and Rodman made the All - Defensive First Team , making the Bulls the only team in NBA history with three players on the All - Defensive First Team . In addition , the 1995 -- 96 team holds several other records , including the best road record in a standard 41 - road - game season ( 33 -- 8 ) , the all - time best start by a team ( 41 -- 3 ) , and the best start at home ( 37 -- 0 ) . The Bulls also posted the second - best home record in history ( 39 -- 2 ) , behind only the 1985 -- 86 Celtics 40 -- 1 home mark . The team triumphed over the Miami Heat in the first round , the New York Knicks in the second round , the Orlando Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals and finally Gary Payton , Shawn Kemp and the Seattle SuperSonics for their fourth title . The 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls are widely regarded as one of the greatest teams in the history of basketball . Bulls head coach Phil Jackson consulting Michael Jordan in 1997 In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . They repeated their home dominance , going 39 -- 2 at the United Center . The Bulls capped the season by defeating the Bullets , Hawks and Heat in the first three rounds of the playoffs en route to winning their fifth NBA championship over John Stockton , Karl Malone and the Utah Jazz . Jordan earned his second straight and ninth career scoring title , while Rodman earned his sixth straight rebounding title . Jordan and Pippen , along with Robert Parish , who was a member of the Bulls at the time , were also honored as members of the 50 greatest players of all - time with the NBA celebrating its 50th season . Parish , whose single season with the Bulls would be his last year in the league , was nominated for his stellar career with the Boston Celtics . The 1997 -- 98 season was one of turmoil for the NBA champion Bulls . Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan 's final season with the team . Phil Jackson 's future with the team was also questionable , as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension . Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved , but was not getting from the organization . In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls , they still had a remarkable season , with a final regular - season record of 62 -- 20 . Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time , and the Bulls went into the playoffs as the number one seed in the Eastern Conference . The first round of the playoffs for the Bulls was against the New Jersey Nets , a team led by Keith Van Horn , Kendall Gill and Sam Cassell . The Bulls swept the Nets three to nothing in a best of five series . The conference semi-finals were more challenging with the Charlotte Hornets stealing game two from the Bulls at the United Center , and tying the series 1 -- 1 . But the Bulls easily defeated the Hornets in the next three games of the series . The Conference Finals was a challenge for the Bulls as they went up against the Reggie Miller - led Indiana Pacers . Experts were of the opinion that the Pacers had the best chance to defeat the Bulls . The Pacers gave the Bulls no road wins , winning games 3 , 4 , and 6 , sending the series to a deciding game seven at the United Center . The Bulls prevailed and beat the Pacers 88 -- 83 , winning their 6th Eastern Conference Championship . In a much anticipated Finals , The Bulls faced the team they beat the previous year , the Utah Jazz . Led by Karl Malone and John Stockton , the Jazz felt confident that they could defeat the Bulls , winning game one at Utah 's Delta Center . Facing a potential two to nothing deficit , the Bulls won Game 2 at the Delta Center and tied the series . The Bulls returned to the United Center and , by winning the next two games , took a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Jazz won Game 5 by two points , 83 -- 81 . Game 6 was a tough battle for both teams , as the Jazz had a lead late in the game . Down by three points to the Jazz , Michael Jordan led the Bulls to one final win . Jordan hit a shot to bring the Bulls within 1 , then stole the ball from Karl Malone and hit the game winning shot with 5.2 seconds remaining on the clock . With a score of 87 -- 86 , John Stockton put up a three - pointer , but missed , giving the Bulls their sixth championship in eight years . Jordan would be named the Finals MVP for the sixth time in his career . He retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . 1998 -- 2004 : rebuilding ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The summer of 1998 brought an abrupt end to the championship era . Krause felt that the Bulls were on the verge of being too old and unable to compete . He decided that the team 's only choices were to rebuild or endure a slow decline . His plan was to trade away the aging talent and acquire high draft picks while clearing salary cap space to make a run at several promising free agents in two years ' time . After having been vetoed in a previous attempt by owner Jerry Reinsdorf , Krause traded Scottie Pippen for Roy Rogers ( who was released in February 1999 ) and a conditional second - round draft pick from the Houston Rockets . He also decided not to re-sign Dennis Rodman , and traded Luc Longley and Steve Kerr for other draft picks . He hired a new coach , Tim Floyd , who had run a successful program at Iowa State University . Upon Phil Jackson 's departure , Michael Jordan made his second retirement official . With a new starting lineup of point guard Randy Brown , shooting guard Ron Harper , newcomer Brent Barry at small forward , power forward Toni Kukoč , and center Bill Wennington , the team began the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season . Kukoc led the team in scoring , rebounding , and assists , but the team won only 13 of 50 games . The lowest point of the season came on April 10 in a game against the Miami Heat . In that game , the Bulls scored 49 points to set an NBA record for the fewest points in a game in the shot clock era . The previous year 's dismal finish came with one highlight : the team won the draft lottery and the rights to power forward Elton Brand . Since the team lost Harper , Wennington and Barry in the offseason , Brand and fellow rookie Ron Artest led the team throughout the year , especially after Kukoc missed most of the season due to injury and was then dealt for a draft pick at the trading deadline . Brand recorded the first 20 -- 10 average for the Bulls since the days of Artis Gilmore . He led all rookies in scoring , rebounds , blocks , field goal percentage and minutes , while Artest led all rookies in steals and finished second on the team in scoring . For his efforts Brand was named 1999 -- 2000 co-Rookie of the Year with Houston 's Steve Francis , and to the all - rookie first team , while Artest was named to the all - rookie second team . However , the team established a franchise low at 17 -- 65 , second worst in the league . After a summer in which the Bulls witnessed most major and minor free agents Tim Duncan , Grant Hill , Tracy McGrady , Eddie Jones and even Tim Thomas choose to stay with their teams ( or go elsewhere ) rather than sign with them , Krause signed free agent center Brad Miller and shooting guard Ron Mercer , and drafted power forward Marcus Fizer and traded draft pick Chris Mihm to Cleveland for the rights of guard Jamal Crawford . Brand again led the team in scoring and rebounds with another 20 -- 10 season , but the new acquisitions failed to make a major impact , and they finished with the worst record in team history and the league 's worst for the season at 15 -- 67 . Krause shocked Bulls fans on draft day in 2001 when he traded franchise player Brand to the Los Angeles Clippers for the second pick in the draft , Tyson Chandler . He also selected Eddy Curry with the fourth pick . Since both Chandler and Curry came straight out of high school , neither was expected to make much of a contribution for several years , but they were seen as potential franchise players . The team floundered without veteran leadership . At mid-season , the Bulls traded their top three scorers -- Mercer , Artest , and Miller along with Kevin Ollie -- to the Indiana Pacers for veteran guard Jalen Rose , Travis Best and Norman Richardson . There was also a change in coaching , with Floyd being dismissed in favor of assistant coach and former Bulls co-captain Bill Cartwright , following a series of arguments with players and management . The Bulls improved from 15 to 21 wins , although they were still tied for last in the league . For the 2002 -- 03 season , the Bulls came to play with much optimism . They picked up college phenom Jay Williams with the second pick in the draft . Williams teamed with Jalen Rose , Crawford , Fizer , newcomer Donyell Marshall , Curry , Chandler , and guard Trenton Hassell to form a young and exciting nucleus which improved to 30 -- 52 in Bill Cartwright 's first full season as head coach . Curry led the league in field goal percentage , becoming the first Bull since Jordan to lead the league in a major statistical category . During the summer of 2003 , long - time GM Jerry Krause retired , and former player and color commentator John Paxson was tapped as his successor . Jay Williams , coming off a promising rookie campaign , was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident . His contract was bought out by the Bulls in February 2004 and he has yet to return to the game . Paxson selected point guard Kirk Hinrich with the seventh pick in the draft , and signed veteran free agent and former franchise player Scottie Pippen . With Pippen playing , Cartwright at the sidelines , and Paxson in the front office , the Bulls hoped that some of the championship magic from before would return . However , the 2003 -- 04 season was a resounding disappointment . Eddy Curry regressed , leading to questions about his conditioning and commitment . Tyson Chandler was plagued by a chronic back injury , missing more than thirty games . Pippen 's ability to influence games was impaired by knee problems , and he openly contemplated retirement . Jamal Crawford remained inconsistent . Bill Cartwright was fired as head coach in December and replaced with former Phoenix coach Scott Skiles . A trade with the Toronto Raptors brought Antonio Davis and Jerome Williams in exchange for Rose and Marshall in what was seen as a major shift in team strategy from winning with athleticism to winning with hard work and defense . After struggling throughout the season , the Bulls finished with 23 wins and 59 losses , the second - worst record in the league . Fizer was not re-signed , and Crawford was re-signed and traded to the Knicks for expiring contracts . Hinrich provided the lone bright spot , becoming a fan favorite for his gritty determination and tenacious defense . He won a place on the All - Rookie first team . 2004 -- 2007 : resurgence ( edit ) Luol Deng made his first All - Star appearance with the team in 2012 and his second in 2013 . During the 2004 off - season , Paxson traded a 2005 draft pick to the Phoenix Suns in return for an additional pick in the 2004 NBA draft . He used the picks to select Connecticut guard Ben Gordon and Duke small forward Luol Deng in the first round , and Duke point guard Chris Duhon in the second . Paxson also signed free agent small forward Andrés Nocioni , who had recently won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the Argentine national team . After losing the first nine games of the season , the Bulls began to show signs of improvement behind their improved team defense and clutch fourth - quarter play from Gordon . The Bulls , who were 0 -- 9 to start the season , finished the regular season 47 -- 35 , with the third - best record in the Eastern Conference and advanced to the NBA playoffs for the first time since Jordan 's departure . In the first round , the 4th - seeded Bulls played the Washington Wizards . Despite an injury to Deng and a heart issue with Curry , the Bulls opened the series with two wins at home , but lost the next four games and the series . After the season , Ben Gordon became the first rookie to win the NBA Sixth Man Award and the first Bull to win the award since 1996 with Toni Kukoč . During the 2005 off - season , the Bulls re-signed free agent Tyson Chandler . However , Curry showed possible symptoms of a heart disease resulting of a heart murmur during checkups , and Paxson would not clear him to play without extensive DNA testing . Ultimately , Curry refused to participate in the tests , and he was traded along with Antonio Davis to the New York Knicks for Michael Sweetney , Tim Thomas , and what became the second pick of the 2006 NBA draft -- as well as the right to swap picks with New York in the 2007 NBA draft . Without a significant post presence , the Bulls struggled for most of the 2005 -- 06 season . However , a late - season 12 -- 2 surge allowed them to finish 41 -- 41 and qualify for the 2006 playoffs as the seventh seed . There , the Bulls faced the Miami Heat . After two close losses in Miami , the Bulls broke through with a blowout win in Game 3 , and another win in Game 4 . However , the Heat took the next two games to win the series and went on to win that year 's championship . The Bulls ' several young players nevertheless earned additional postseason experience , and Nocioni turned in a remarkable series of performances that far exceeded his season averages . In the 2006 NBA Draft , the Bulls were awarded forward - center LaMarcus Aldridge and immediately traded him to the Portland Trail Blazers for forward Tyrus Thomas and forward Viktor Khryapa . In a second draft - day trade , the Bulls selected Rodney Carney and traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for guard Thabo Sefolosha . Later that summer , four - time Defensive Player of the Year Ben Wallace signed with the Bulls for a reported four - year , $60 million contract . Following the signing of Wallace , the Bulls traded Tyson Chandler , the last remaining player of the Krause era , to the ( then ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets for veteran power forward P.J. Brown and J.R. Smith and salary cap space that was used to sign former Chicago co-captain Adrian Griffin . In 2006 -- 07 , the Bulls overcame a 3 -- 9 season start to finish 49 -- 33 , the third - best record in the Eastern Conference . In the first round , the Bulls again faced Miami , the defending NBA champions . The Bulls narrowly won Game 1 at home , then followed it with a blowout victory in Game 2 . In Miami , the Bulls rallied from a 12 - point second - half deficit to win Game 3 and then posted another comeback win in Game 4 . The Bulls ' four - game sweep of the defending champions stunned many NBA observers . It was Chicago 's first playoff series victory since 1998 , Jordan 's last season with the team . The Bulls then advanced to face the Detroit Pistons , marking the first time the Central Division rivals had met in the playoffs since 1991 . The Pistons won the first three games including a big comeback in Game 3 . No NBA team had ever come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win the series , but the Bulls avoided a sweep by winning Game 4 by 10 points . The Bulls then easily won Game 5 in Detroit , and had a chance to make NBA history . But they lost at home in game 6 by 10 , and the Pistons won the series 4 -- 2 on May 17 . 2007 -- 2008 : missing the playoffs ( edit ) Joakim Noah was drafted by the Bulls in 2007 . He was named an All Star for the first time in 2013 and for the second time in 2014 . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the off season , the Bulls signed forward Joe Smith and guard Adrian Griffin , and drafted center Joakim Noah . However , distractions began when Luol Deng and Ben Gordon turned down contract extensions , never citing reasons . Then rumors surfaced that the Bulls were pursuing stars like Kevin Garnett , Pau Gasol , and most notably , Kobe Bryant . None of these deals happened , and general manager John Paxson denied a deal was ever imminent . The Bulls started the 2007 -- 08 NBA season by losing 10 of their first 12 games and on December 24 , 2007 , after a 9 -- 16 start , the Bulls fired head coach Scott Skiles . Jim Boylan was named the interim head coach on December 27 , 2007 . On February 21 , 2008 , Ben Wallace , Joe Smith , Adrian Griffin and the Bulls ' 2009 2nd round draft pick were exchanged for Drew Gooden , Cedric Simmons , Larry Hughes and Shannon Brown in a three - team trade deal involving the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Seattle SuperSonics . Boylan was not retained on April 17 at the conclusion of the 2007 -- 08 season after compiling a 24 -- 32 record with the Bulls . The Bulls ended the 2007 -- 08 campaign with a 33 -- 49 record , a complete reversal of last year 's record . After Jim Boylan 's interim tenure expired , the Bulls began the process of selecting a new head coach . They were in talks with former Phoenix head coach Mike D'Antoni , but on May 10 , 2008 , he signed with the New York Knicks . Other possible options included former Dallas head coach Avery Johnson and former Bulls head coach Doug Collins . Collins resigned from the coaching list on June 4 , 2008 , reporting that he did not want to ruin his friendship with Jerry Reinsdorf . On June 10 , 2008 , the Chicago Bulls G.M. John Paxson hired Vinny Del Negro , with no coaching experience , to coach the young Bulls . On July 3 , 2008 , the Chicago Tribune reported that Del Harris agreed to become an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls along with former Charlotte Bobcats head coach Bernie Bickerstaff and longtime NBA assistant Bob Ociepka . Along with Bickerstaff and Ociepka , Harris helped establish a veteran presence on the coaching staff and helped rookie head coach Del Negro . 2008 -- 2016 : Derrick Rose era ( edit ) 2008 -- 2010 : Derrick Rose appearance ( edit ) With a slim 1.7 % chance of winning the rights to draft number 1 , the Bulls won the 2008 NBA Draft Lottery and selected first overall . With this , the Bulls became the team with the lowest chance of winning to ever win the lottery since it was modified for the 1994 NBA draft , and second lowest ever . On June 26 , 2008 , the Bulls drafted Chicago native Derrick Rose from the University of Memphis as the number 1 draft pick . At pick number 39 they selected Sonny Weems . The Bulls later traded Weems to the Denver Nuggets for Denver 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick . The Bulls then acquired Ömer Aşık from the Portland Trail Blazers ( selected with the 36th pick ) for Denver 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick , New York 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick , and the Bulls ' 2010 regular second - round draft pick . The Bulls re-signed Luol Deng to a six - year $71 million contract on July 30 , 2008 . He was later plagued with an injury keeping him from action for most of the 2008 -- 09 season . Ben Gordon signed a one - year contract on October 2 , 2008 . Derrick Rose was drafted first overall by the Bulls in 2008 . He was the 2010 -- 2011 regular season MVP . On February 18 , 2009 , the Bulls made their first of several trades , sending Andrés Nocioni , Drew Gooden , Cedric Simmons , and Michael Ruffin to the Sacramento Kings for Brad Miller and John Salmons . Then on February 19 , 2009 , the NBA trade deadline , the Bulls traded Larry Hughes to the New York Knicks for Tim Thomas , Jerome James , and Anthony Roberson . Later that day the Bulls made the third trade in a span of less than 24 hours by sending swingman Thabo Sefolosha to the Oklahoma City Thunder for a 2009 first - round pick . The trades brought a late - season push for the Bulls , which finally clinched a playoff berth on April 10 , 2009 , their fourth in the last five years . They finished the season with a 41 -- 41 record . Their record was good enough to secure a No. 7 seed in the 2009 NBA Playoffs , playing a tough series against the Boston Celtics . In Game 1 , Derrick Rose scored 36 points , along with 11 assists , tying Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's record for most points scored by a rookie in a playoff debut . After breaking the record for most overtimes played in an NBA Playoffs Series , the Boston Celtics managed to overcome the Bulls after 7 games and 7 overtimes played . The Bulls had two first round picks in the 2009 NBA draft and decided to take Wake Forest stand out forward James Johnson and athletic USC forward Taj Gibson . In the 2009 NBA off - season the Bulls lost their leading scorer , Ben Gordon , when he signed with their divisional rival , the Detroit Pistons . On February 18 , 2010 , John Salmons was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Joe Alexander and Hakim Warrick . Meanwhile , Tyrus Thomas was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Acie Law , Flip Murray and a future protected first round pick . On April 14 , 2010 , the Bulls clinched the playoffs with the number 8 seed . Unlike the previous year , however , the Bulls ' playoff run was shorter and less dramatic as they were eliminated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . On May 4 , 2010 , the Bulls officially fired head coach Vinny Del Negro . 2010 -- 2011 : arrival of Tom Thibodeau ( edit ) Tom Thibodeau coached the Bulls to 62 wins in his first season . In early June 2010 , Boston Celtics assistant Tom Thibodeau accepted a three - year contract to fill the Bulls ' head coaching vacancy . He was officially introduced on June 23 . On July 7 , it was revealed that Carlos Boozer of the Utah Jazz had verbally agreed to an $80 million , five - year contract . Afterwards , the Bulls traded veteran point guard Kirk Hinrich to the Washington Wizards to create more cap space . The Bulls also signed former 76er and Jazz sharpshooter Kyle Korver to a three - year , $15 million contract . The same day that the Bulls signed Kyle Korver , they signed Turkish All - Star Ömer Aşık . After being matched by the Orlando Magic for J.J. Redick , they signed their third free agent from the Jazz in the off - season in shooting guard Ronnie Brewer , traded for former Warrior point guard C.J. Watson , and signed former Bucks power forward Kurt Thomas as well as former Spurs player Keith Bogans and former Celtic Brian Scalabrine . Rose earned the 2011 NBA MVP Award , thereby becoming the youngest player in NBA history to win it . He became the first Bulls player since Michael Jordan to win the award . As a team , Chicago finished the regular season with a league - best 62 -- 20 record and clinched the first seed in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 1998 . The Bulls defeated the Indiana Pacers and the Atlanta Hawks in five and six games , respectively , thereby reaching the Eastern Conference finals for the first time since 1998 , and faced the Miami Heat . After winning the first game of the series , they lost the next four games , ending their season . 2011 -- 2014 : injury - plagued seasons for Derrick Rose ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the off - season , the Bulls drafted Jimmy Butler 30th overall in the 2011 NBA draft . After the NBA lockout ended , the Bulls lost Kurt Thomas to free agency , and released Keith Bogans . The Bulls signed veteran shooting guard Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton to a three - year deal , after he was waived by the Detroit Pistons . The Bulls also gave MVP Derrick Rose a 5 - year contract extension worth $94.8 million . Derrick Rose was voted as an NBA All - Star starter for the second consecutive year , and was the third leading voted player overall behind Dwight Howard and Kobe Bryant . Luol Deng was also selected as a reserve for the Eastern Conference . This was the first time that the Bulls had two all stars since 1997 , when Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen were the duo . Derrick Rose was injured for most of the 2011 -- 12 NBA season ; however , the team was still able to finish with a 50 -- 16 record and clinched the first seed in the Eastern Conference for the second straight year and the best overall record in the NBA ( tied with the San Antonio Spurs ) . Rose suffered a new injury when he tore his ACL during the 4th quarter of the first playoff game on April 28 , 2012 , against the Philadelphia 76ers and missed the rest of the series . Head coach Tom Thibodeau was criticized for keeping Rose in the game even though the Bulls were essentially minutes away from their victory over the 76ers . The Bulls lost the next three games , and also lost Noah to a foot injury after he severely rolled his ankle stepping on Andre Iguodala 's foot in Game 3 ; he briefly returned for part of the fourth quarter of that game , but missed the following games in the series . After winning Game 5 at home , Bulls were eliminated by the 76ers in Game 6 in Philadelphia , becoming the fifth team in NBA history to be eliminated as a first seed by an eighth seed . In Game 6 , Andre Iguodala sank two free throws with 2.2 seconds left to put the 76ers up 79 -- 78 after getting fouled by Ömer Aşık , who had missed two free throws five seconds earlier . At the end of the season , Boozer and Aşık were the only members on the Bulls ' roster to have played in every game , with Korver and Brewer missing one game apiece . In the offseason , the Bulls gave up Lucas to the Toronto Raptors , Brewer to the New York Knicks , Korver to the Atlanta Hawks , Watson to the Brooklyn Nets and Aşık to the Houston Rockets , but brought back Kirk Hinrich . In addition , they added Marco Belinelli , Vladimir Radmanovic , Nazr Mohammed and Nate Robinson to the roster via free agency . Rose missed the entire 2012 -- 13 season , but despite his absence , the Bulls finished 45 -- 37 , second in the Central Division ( behind the Indiana Pacers ) and 5th in their conference . They defeated the Brooklyn Nets 4 -- 3 ( after leading 3 -- 1 ) in the first round of the playoffs and lost to the Miami Heat 4 -- 1 in the next round . During the season , the Bulls snapped both Miami 's 27 - game winning streak and the New York Knicks ' 13 - game winning streak , becoming the second team in NBA history to snap two winning streaks of 13 games or more in a season . Just 10 games into the 2013 -- 14 season , Derrick Rose would tear his medial meniscus on a non-contact play . He declared he would miss the remainder of the season . On January 7 , 2014 , veteran forward Luol Deng was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for center Andrew Bynum and a set of picks . Bynum was immediately waived after the trade went through . The Bulls would finish second in the Central Division with 48 wins , and earned home - court advantage in the first round . However , due to lack of a strong offensive weapon , they failed to win a single home game en route to losing to the Washington Wizards in five games . In the 2014 NBA draft , the Bulls traded their 16th and 19th picks for Doug McDermott , the former Creighton star and 5th leading scorer in NCAA history , who was selected with the 11th pick , and in the second round , took Cameron Bairstow with the 49th pick . That offseason , they signed Pau Gasol , re-signed Kirk Hinrich and brought over Eurostar Nikola Mirotić , who was acquired via a draft day trade in 2011 , but could not come over sooner , due to salary cap constraints . 2014 -- 2015 : Derrick Rose return to health ( edit ) The second return of Derrick Rose gave the Bulls and their fans optimism for the 2014 -- 15 season . With 2 - time NBA Champion Pau Gasol and a deep bench consisting of Taj Gibson , Nikola Mirotić , Tony Snell , Aaron Brooks , Doug McDermott , Kirk Hinrich , among others , the Bulls were one of the two favorite teams to come out of the Eastern Conference along with the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Bulls started off the season in style with a blowout win of the New York Knicks , and then winning 7 of their first 9 games ( losses coming to the Cleveland Cavaliers and Boston Celtics ) . The emergence of Jimmy Butler as a primary scorer for the Bulls was a major surprise and he surged into the forefront of the `` Most Improved Player of the Year '' award race . Butler 's statistical jump was noted by many as one of the greatest in NBA History , going from scoring just 13 points per game in 2013 -- 14 to scoring 20 points per game in 2014 -- 15 . Pau Gasol was considered a huge asset for the Bulls and averaged a double - double throughout the season . Both Butler and Gasol ended up making the Eastern Conference All - Star team . The Bulls ' second half of the season was marred by inconsistency and frustration set in with Derrick Rose blasting the team for not being on the same page . Tension between management and Tom Thibodeau continued to be a dark cloud hanging over the organization . The Bulls finished with a 50 -- 32 record and the 3rd seed in the Eastern Conference . They faced the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round , and took advantage of the young and inexperienced Bucks by going up a quick 3 -- 0 in the series . However , inconsistency and not being on the same page yet again plagued the Bulls as the Bucks won the next two games , sending a scare to Chicago . The Bulls bounced back with fury in Game 6 however , beating the Bucks by a playoff record 54 points winning the series 4 -- 2 . The next round saw the Bulls facing their arch - rival Cleveland Cavaliers , and their biggest nemesis , LeBron James , who had beaten the Bulls in all three of their previous playoff meetings . The Bulls shocked the Cavs in Game 1 dominating them and never trailing . The Cavs answered back in Game 2 in the same fashion , never trailing the entire game . In a pivotal Game 3 in Chicago , the Bulls and Cavs battled closely all the way through , but the Bulls prevailed on a last - second buzzer beating 3 - pointer by Derrick Rose . In Game 4 , the Cavs would answer once again , with LeBron James hitting the buzzer - beating shot to win the game . The Bulls lack of consistency and poor offensive showing doomed them once again as the Cavs won the next 2 games handily and closed out the series 4 -- 2 . After the series , speculation erupted about Tom Thibodeau 's job security due to escalating feud between Thibodeau and Bulls front office managers Gar Forman and John Paxson . 2015 -- 2016 : change in approach ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fred Hoiberg is the 19th head coach in the franchise 's history . On May 28 , 2015 , the Bulls fired Tom Thibodeau to seek a `` change in approach '' . The Bulls named Fred Hoiberg as their head coach on June 2 , 2015 . The Bulls had only 1 draft pick in the 2015 NBA draft , and selected center Bobby Portis from the University of Arkansas . Bulls forward Mike Dunleavy Jr. was ruled out for at least the first four months of the season after completing back surgery . With Dunleavy out indefinitely , the Bulls promoted Doug McDermott to the starting lineup in his place at small forward . Before the season started , coach Fred Hoiberg made an incredibly controversial move by putting Nikola Mirotić as his starting power forward to pair with center Pau Gasol , meaning Joakim Noah , a long - time Bulls veteran and a fan - favorite was to come off the bench . Hoiberg told the media that the move was suggested by Noah himself but Noah denied having made any suggestions to Hoiberg , which sparked a distrust between the two before the season even began . The Bulls started the 2015 -- 16 season off well with an impressive season - opening 97 -- 95 victory against archrivals and defending Eastern Conference Champion Cleveland Cavaliers and jumped to an 8 -- 3 record in the first month . The Bulls went 10 -- 9 and through late November and December . The Bulls came back and won six straight games . However soon afterwards , they lost 12 of their next 17 games and Butler missed four weeks after injuring his knee . The Bulls were eliminated from playoff contention after a loss to the Miami Heat on April 7 , 2016 although finishing with season with a winning record of 42 -- 40 . It was the first time in 8 years that the Bulls had missed the playoffs . 2016 -- 2017 : Derrick Rose departs ( edit ) On June 22 , 2016 , Derrick Rose and Justin Holiday , along with a 2017 second - round draft pick , were traded to the New York Knicks for center Robin Lopez , and point guards Jerian Grant and José Calderón , who was soon traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . On July 7 , the Bulls announced the signing of Rose 's replacement , guard Rajon Rondo . On July 15 , the Bulls signed Chicago native Dwyane Wade . On October 17 , 2016 , the Bulls acquired 2014 Rookie of the Year Michael Carter - Williams in exchange for Tony Snell . On February 23 , 2017 , Taj Gibson and Doug McDermott , along with a 2018 second - round draft pick , were traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder for point guard Cameron Payne , shooting guard Anthony Morrow , and power forward / center Joffrey Lauvergne . The Bulls clinched the eighth seed in 2017 NBA Playoffs after winning seven of their final ten games and finishing the season with a 41 -- 41 record . The team struck an early 2 -- 0 lead against the top - seeded Boston Celtics in the first round of the playoffs , but ultimately lost the series after losing the next four games . 2017 -- present : rebuilding ( edit ) On June 22 , 2017 , Jimmy Butler , along with Chicago 's 2017 first - round pick , was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves for Zach LaVine , Kris Dunn , and Minnesota 's 2017 first - round pick , which the Bulls used to select Lauri Markkanen . Additionally , on June 27 , the Bulls did not give a qualifying offer to Michael Carter - Williams , allowing him to enter unrestricted free agency . On June 30 , Rajon Rondo and Isaiah Canaan were waived by the Bulls . On September 24 , 2017 , Dwyane Wade and the Bulls reportedly agreed to a buyout of the remaining year on his contract . Adrian Wojnarowski reported that Wade gave back $8 million of his $23.2 million contract as part of the agreement . On October 17 , 2017 , a fight broke out in practice between Bobby Portis and Nikola Mirotić , who suffered a concussion and two broken bones in his face . Portis was suspended eight games for his role in the altercation , and Mirotić missed 23 games to start the regular season . On February 1 , 2018 , the Bulls traded Mirotić and a second - round draft pick to the New Orleans Pelicans for a first - round draft pick and Ömer Aşık , Tony Allen , and Jameer Nelson . Bulls ended up finishing the season with 27 -- 55 record . On June 21 , 2018 , Bulls selected Wendell Carter with the seventh overall pick , and with 22nd overall pick via trade with New Orleans Pelicans selected Chandler Hutchison . On July 8 , the Bulls matched an offer Zach LaVine received from the Sacramento Kings for a four - year , $78 million deal . On July 14 , the team signed Jabari Parker to a two - year , $40 million contract after the Milwaukee Bucks ' general manager Jon Horst removed the qualifying offer on the restricted free agent and allowed him to become unrestricted . Part of Parker 's agreement gave the Bulls a team option for the second year . Rivalries ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Cavaliers rivalry Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Pistons rivalry The Bulls ' main division rivals have been the Detroit Pistons ever since the Jordan - led Bulls met the `` Bad Boy '' Pistons in the 1988 Eastern Conference semifinals . The two teams met in the playoffs four consecutive years , with the Pistons winning each time until 1991 . The Eastern Conference Finals in 1991 ended with a four - game sweep of the Pistons , who walked off the floor with time still on the game clock . The rivalry was renewed in the 2007 Eastern Conference Semifinals , in which former Detroit cornerstone Ben Wallace met his former team ( the Pistons won in 6 games ) . The geographic proximity and membership in the Central Division further intensify the rivalry , which has been characterized by intense , physical play ever since the teams met in the late 1980s . Chicago fans have been known to have a disliking for Detroit professional teams , as it was in the same division as Chicago in all four major North American sports until recently when the Red Wings moved to the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference for the 2013 -- 14 season . Miami Heat ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Heat rivalry The Bulls and the Miami Heat rivalry began once the Heat became contenders during the 1990s , a decade dominated by the Bulls . They were eliminated 3 times by Chicago , who went on to win the title each time . The rivalry has come back due to the return of the Bulls to the playoffs in the post-Michael Jordan era and the emergence of Dwyane Wade and Derrick Rose . The revived rivalry has been very physical , involving rough plays and hard fouls between players , most notably the actions of former Heat player James Posey . The Bulls and Heat met in the 2011 Eastern Conference Finals , with the Heat winning in 5 games . On March 27 , 2013 , Chicago snapped Miami 's 27 - game winning streak . The Bulls and Heat met later that year in the 2013 Eastern Conference Semifinals . Miami won the series 4 -- 1 . Since LeBron James 's departure from Miami , the Bulls - Heat rivalry has experienced a tough in comparison to the better part of the century as the Bulls chop the Heat 's playoff hopes in the 2017 regular season . New York Knicks ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Knicks rivalry Another franchise that the Bulls have competed fiercely with is the New York Knicks . The two teams met in the playoffs in four consecutive years ( 1991 -- 94 ) and again in 1996 , with the teams ' series twice ( 1992 and 1994 ) going the full seven games . Their first playoff confrontation , however , came in 1989 when both teams were called `` teams on the rise '' under Michael Jordan and Patrick Ewing , respectively ( rivalry that started their freshman year in the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game with Jordan hitting the deciding jumper of the final ) . That first confrontation would belong to Chicago with six games of the Eastern Semifinals . The Bulls won in the first three years ( 1991 -- 93 ) before losing in 1994 but got revenge in 1996 . As with Detroit , the historic rivalry between the cities has led to animosity between the teams and occasionally their fans . Traditions ( edit ) Starting lineup introductions ( edit ) During the Bulls ' run of dominance , the player introductions became world - famous . Longtime announcer Tommy Edwards was the first to use `` Sirius '' , `` On The Run '' and other songs in game presentation in the NBA . When Edwards moved to Boston for employment with CBS Radio , he was replaced by Ray Clay in 1990 , and Clay continued many of the traditional aspects of the Bulls introductions , including the music , The Alan Parsons Project 's `` Sirius '' , for all six championship runs . The lights are first dimmed during the visiting team introduction , accompanied by `` The Imperial March '' from Star Wars composed by John Williams or `` On the Run '' by Pink Floyd , or `` Tick of the Clock '' by Chromatics . Virtually all lights in the stadium are then shut off for the Bulls introduction , and a spotlight illuminates each player as he is introduced and runs onto the court ; the spotlight is also focused on the Bulls logo prior to the introductions . Since the move to the United Center , lasers and fireworks have been added , and with improvements to the arena 's White Way video screen , computer graphics on the stadium monitors have been added . These graphics feature the 3D - animated ' Running of the Bulls ' en route to the United Center , along the way smashing a bus featuring the opposing team 's logo . Coincidentally , Alan Parsons wrote `` Sirius '' for his own band and was the sound engineer for `` On the Run '' from Pink Floyd 's album The Dark Side of the Moon . Traditionally , the players have been introduced in the following order : small forward , power forward , center , point guard , shooting guard . During the championship era , Scottie Pippen was usually the first ( or second after Horace Grant ) Bulls player introduced , and Michael Jordan the last . ( Pippen and Jordan are the only players to play on all six Bulls championship teams . ) More recently with Derrick Rose 's arrival , the guards have been reversed in order , making the Chicago - bred point guard the last player introduced . Although internal disputes eventually led to the dismissal of Clay , the Bulls in 2006 announced the return of Tommy Edwards as the announcer . As part of Edwards ' return , the introductions changed as a new introduction was developed by Lily and Lana Wachowski , Ethan Stoller and Jamie Poindexter , all from Chicago . The introduction also included a newly composed remix of the traditional Sirius theme . Black shoes and socks ( edit ) The Bulls have an unofficial tradition of wearing black shoes ( regardless of being home or away ) during the playoffs , which dates all the way back to 1989 when they debuted the tradition . Then - Bulls backup center Brad Sellers suggested to wear black shoes as a way to show unity within the team . For the 1996 playoffs , they became the first team to wear black socks with the black shoes , similar to the University of Michigan and the Fab Five which started the trend in college earlier in the decade . Since , many teams have this look in both the regular season and playoffs . It was noted when the Bulls made their first playoff appearance during the 2004 -- 05 season after a six - year hiatus , they continued the tradition and wore black shoes . Even though the Bulls generally wear black footwear in the playoffs since 1989 , there have been some notable exceptions . In the 1995 playoffs against the Magic , when Michael Jordan debuted his Air Jordan XI shoe , he wore the white colorway during the Bulls ' playoff games in Orlando . He was fined by the Bulls for not complying with their colorway policy . During the 2009 playoffs , the Bulls again broke the tradition when all of their players wore white shoes and socks in Game 3 of the first round against the Boston Celtics . More recently , since the NBA 's relaxation of sneaker color rules , some Bulls players wore either red or white sneakers in defiance of the tradition . The circus trip ( edit ) The Bulls and their arena mates , the Chicago Blackhawks , shared an odd tradition dating to the opening of Chicago Stadium . Every fall , Feld Entertainment 's Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to Chicago on its nationwide tour . Since it used large indoor venues rather than tents , it took over the United Center for its entire run and the Bulls were forced , along with the Blackhawks , to take an extended road trip that lasted around two weeks . The start of the `` circus trip '' , as many sportscasters dubbed it , was noted in local newspapers , television and radio sports reports as `` the circus trip '' , along with national programs like SportsCenter . Blackhawks chairman Rocky Wirtz , who co-owns the United Center with Bulls chairman Jerry Reinsdorf , let the contract lapse after the circus ' 2016 run , and condensed the formerly two - week local run of Feld 's Disney on Ice to a week - long period effective February 2018 . Name , logo and uniforms ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Dick Klein wanted a name that evoked Chicago 's traditional meat packing industry and the Chicago Stadium 's proximity to the Union Stock Yards . Klein considered names like Matadors or Toreadors , but dismissed them , saying , `` If you think about it , no team with as many as three syllables in its nickname has ever had much success except for the ( Montreal Canadiens ) . '' After discussing possible names with his family , Klein settled on Bulls when his son Mark said , `` Dad , that 's a bunch of bull ! '' Chicago Bulls wordmark ( 1966 -- present ) Logo ( edit ) The iconic Bulls ' logo is a charging red bull 's face ( seen at left ) . The logo was designed by noted American graphic designer Dean P. Wessel and was adopted in 1966 . At one point , the Bulls also had an alternate logo during the early 1970s , featuring the same Bulls logo , but with a cloud that says `` Windy City '' below the bull 's nose . Uniforms ( edit ) 1966 -- 73 uniforms ( edit ) The Bulls currently wear three different uniforms : a white uniform , a red uniform , and a black alternate uniform . The original uniforms were aesthetically close to what the Bulls wear today , featuring the iconic diamond surrounding the Bulls logo on the shorts and block lettering . What distinguished the original uniforms were the black drop shadows , red or white side stripes with black borders , and white lettering on the red uniforms . For the 1969 -- 70 season , the red uniforms were tweaked to include the city name . 1973 -- 85 uniforms ( edit ) For the 1973 -- 74 season , the Bulls drastically changed their look , removing the side stripes and drop shadows while moving the front numbers to the left chest . While the white uniforms saw the `` Bulls '' wordmark go from a vertically arched to radially arched arrangement , the red uniforms saw a more significant makeover , featuring black lettering and a script `` Chicago '' wordmark . With a few tweaks in the lettering , these uniforms were used until 1985 . This uniform set was later revived as a throwback uniform during the 2003 -- 04 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . 1985 -- present uniforms ( edit ) Starting with the 1985 -- 86 season , the Bulls updated their uniform . Among the more notable changes in the look were centered uniform numbers and a vertically arched `` Bulls '' wordmark in both the red and white uniforms . Like the previous set , this uniform saw a few tweaks particularly in the treatment of the player 's name . When Nike became the NBA 's uniform provider in 2017 , the Bulls kept much of the same look save for the truncated shoulder striping and the addition of the Chicago four stars on the waistline . With Nike and the NBA eliminating any designations on home and away uniforms , the Bulls also announced that their red `` Icon '' uniforms would become their primary home uniforms while the white `` Association '' uniforms would become their primary away uniforms . Alternate black uniforms ( edit ) In the 1995 -- 96 season , the Bulls added a black uniform to their set . The initial look featured red pinstripes and lacked the classic diamond on the shorts . This set was revived as throwback uniforms in the 2007 -- 08 and 2012 -- 13 seasons . From the 1997 -- 98 to the 2005 -- 06 seasons , the Bulls wore slightly modified black uniforms without pinstripes . This set , with a few slight changes in the template , also marked the return of the city name in front of the uniform during the 1999 -- 2000 season . The 2006 -- 07 season saw another change in the Bulls ' black alternate uniform , now resembling the red and white uniform with the addition of a red diamond in the shorts . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the uniforms were tweaked a bit to include sleeves and a modernized diamond treatment in black with red and white borders . Since the 2017 -- 18 season , the Bulls ' black uniforms remained mostly untouched save for the aforementioned switch to the new Nike logo that affected the treatment towards the shoulder piping . Nike also dubbed this uniform as the `` Statement '' uniform in reference to its third jerseys . The Bulls began wearing the Statement uniforms after Thanksgiving and is currently used in away games against teams that wear their white or cream uniforms . Other uniforms ( edit ) During the 2005 -- 06 season , the Bulls honored the defunct Chicago Stags by wearing the team 's red and blue throwback uniforms . The set featured red tops and blue shorts . From 2006 to 2017 , the Bulls wore a green version of their red uniforms during the week of St. Patrick 's Day in March . The only red elements visible were those found on the team logo . For 2015 the Bulls wore sleeved versions of the green uniform that featured white lettering with gold and black trim and the `` Chicago '' wordmark replacing `` Bulls in front . In 2016 and 2017 , they wore the same uniforms minus the sleeves . Between 2009 and 2017 , the Bulls wore a variation of their red uniforms as part of the NBA 's `` Noche Latina '' festivities every March . The only notable change in this uniform was the `` Los Bulls '' wordmark in front . For 2014 , the Bulls briefly retired the look in favor of a black sleeved uniform featuring `` Los Bulls '' in white with red trim . During the NBA 's `` Green Week '' celebrations , the Bulls also wore green uniforms , but with a slightly darker shade from their St. Patrick 's Day counterparts . They used their black alternate uniforms as its template . They donned the uniforms in a game against the Philadelphia 76ers on April 9 , 2009 . The Bulls also wore special edition Christmas uniforms as part of the NBA 's Christmas Day games . The one - off Christmas uniforms were as follows : 2012 : Monochrome red uniforms with lettering in red with black trim . 2013 : Sleeved red uniforms with Bulls logo rendered in silver . 2014 : Modified version of red uniform featuring the Bulls logo in front and a contrasting white nameplate of the player 's first name . 2015 : Red uniforms with ornate script letters in cream . 2016 : Monochrome red uniforms with ornate script letters in black . From 2015 to 2017 , the Bulls wore a grey `` Pride '' sleeved uniform , featuring the team name and other lettering in red with white trim . The shorts featured a more modernized version of the diamond , along with four six - pointed stars on either side . In the 2017 -- 18 season , the Bulls will wear special `` City '' uniforms designed by Nike . The uniforms , designed to pay homage to Chicago 's flag , are in white and feature the classic `` Chicago '' script and numbers in red with light blue trim along with four six - pointed stars on each side . Mascots ( edit ) Benny the Bull in 2018 . See also : Benny the Bull Benny the Bull is the main mascot of the Chicago Bulls . He was first introduced in 1969 . Benny is a red bull who wears number 1 . Benny is one of the oldest and best known mascots in all of professional sports . The Bulls also had another mascot named Da Bull . Introduced in 1995 , he was described on the team website as being the high flying cousin of Benny , known for his dunking skills . The man who portrayed Da Bull was arrested in 2004 for possession and selling marijuana from his car . Da Bull was retired soon after the incident . While Benny has a family - friendly design , Da Bull was designed as a more realistic bull . Unlike Benny , Da Bull was brown . He also had a meaner facial expression and wore number 95 . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Further information : List of Chicago Bulls seasons This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Bulls accomplishments and records This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Training facility ( edit ) In 1992 , the team began training at the Berto Center , located at 550 Lake Cook Rd. , Deerfield , Illinois . However , on June 13 , 2012 , the team announced that it would move its practice facility to a downtown location closer to the United Center to reduce game day commutes . On September 12 , 2014 , the Bulls officially opened their new training facility , the Advocate Center . Home arenas ( edit ) Arena Arena Tenure International Amphitheatre 1966 -- 1967 Chicago Stadium 1967 -- 1994 United Center 1994 -- present Players ( edit ) Further information : Chicago Bulls all - time roster and Chicago Bulls draft history Current roster ( edit ) Chicago Bulls roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Alkins , Rawle ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1997 -- 10 -- 29 Arizona 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arcidiacono , Ryan 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 26 Villanova 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Aşık , Ömer 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 04 Turkey 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Blakeney , Antonio 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 197 lb ( 89 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 04 LSU 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Carter , Wendell 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1999 -- 04 -- 16 Duke 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cleveland , Antonius 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 02 -- 02 Southeast Missouri State 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Dunn , Kris 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 18 Providence F / C 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Felício , Cristiano 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 280 lb ( 127 kg ) 1992 -- 07 -- 07 CCSE Prep ( CA ) G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Holiday , Justin 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1989 -- 04 -- 05 Washington -- Hutchison , Chandler 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 197 lb ( 89 kg ) 1996 -- 04 -- 26 Boise State 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 LaVine , Zach 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 03 -- 10 UCLA 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Lopez , Robin 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 277 lb ( 126 kg ) 1988 -- 04 -- 01 Stanford 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Markkanen , Lauri 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1997 -- 05 -- 22 Arizona 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Parker , Jabari 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1995 -- 05 -- 15 Duke 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Payne , Cameron 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1994 -- 08 -- 08 Murray State 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Portis , Bobby 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1995 -- 02 -- 10 Arkansas 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Valentine , Denzel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 214 lb ( 97 kg ) 1993 -- 11 -- 16 Michigan State 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Walton , Derrick 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 84 lb ( 38 kg ) 1995 -- 04 -- 03 Michigan Head coach Fred Hoiberg Assistant coach ( es ) Randy Brown Nate Loenser Pete Myers Mike Wilhelm Jim Boylen ( Associate HC ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 07 -- 08 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Bulls hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2011 59 Ater Majok F / C Australia Sagesse Club ( Lebanon ) Acquired from the Los Angeles Lakers 2008 53 Tadija Dragićević Serbia Yeşilgiresun Belediye ( Turkey ) Acquired from the Utah Jazz ( via Dallas ) 39 Albert Miralles F / C Spain Free agent Acquired from the Toronto Raptors ( via Miami , Boston , Milwaukee and Cleveland ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 1 . Michael Jordan ( 29,277 ) 2 . Scottie Pippen ( 15,123 ) 3 . Bob Love ( 12,623 ) 4 . Luol Deng ( 10,286 ) 5 . Jerry Sloan ( 10,233 ) 6 . Chet Walker ( 9,788 ) 7 . Artis Gilmore ( 9,288 ) 8 . Kirk Hinrich ( 8,536 ) 9 . Reggie Theus ( 8,279 ) 10 . Derrick Rose ( 8,001 ) 11 . Ben Gordon ( 7,372 ) 12 . Horace Grant ( 6,866 ) 13 . Norm Van Lier ( 6,505 ) 14 . Jimmy Butler ( 6,208 ) 15 . Toni Kukoč ( 6,148 ) 16 . Orlando Woolridge ( 6,146 ) 17 . Dave Greenwood ( 5,824 ) 18 . B.J. Armstrong ( 5,553 ) 19 . Mickey Johnson ( 5,531 ) 20 . Dave Corzine ( 5,457 ) 21 . Joakim Noah ( 5,325 ) 22 . Taj Gibson ( 5,280 ) 23 . John Paxson ( 4,932 ) 24 . Bob Boozer ( 4,807 ) 25 . Tom Boerwinkle ( 4,596 ) 26 . Quintin Dailey ( 4,473 ) 27 . Bob Weiss ( 4,445 ) 28 . Carlos Boozer ( 4,347 ) 29 . Andres Nocioni ( 4,120 ) 30 . Clem Haskins ( 3,703 ) 31 . Bill Cartwright ( 3,638 ) 32 . Wilbur Holland ( 3,568 ) 33 . Eddy Curry ( 3,414 ) 34 . Charles Oakley ( 3,162 ) 35 . Elton Brand ( 3,117 ) 36 . Steve Kerr ( 3,109 ) 37 . Ricky Sobers ( 3,059 ) 38 . Scott May ( 3,048 ) 39 . Nikola Mirotic ( 2,774 ) 40 . Ron Harper ( 2,760 ) 41 . Jalen Rose ( 2,742 ) 42 . Jamal Crawford ( 2,737 ) 43 . Jim Washington ( 2,736 ) 44 . Pau Gasol ( 2,633 ) 45 . Marcus Fizer ( 2,426 ) 46 . Tyson Chandler ( 2,397 ) 47 . John Mengelt ( 2,386 ) 48 . Luc Longley ( 2,326 ) 49 . Stacey King ( 2,278 ) 50 . Will Perdue ( 2,264 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Michael Jordan 35,887 Scottie Pippen 30,269 Jerry Sloan 24,798 Kirk Hinrich 23,545 Luol Deng 22,882 Bob Love 22,073 Norm Van Lier 19,122 Horace Grant 18,204 Joakim Noah 16,858 Artis Gilmore 16,777 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Michael Jordan 5,836 Tom Boerwinkle 5,745 Scottie Pippen 5,726 Joakim Noah 5,387 Jerry Sloan 5,385 Artis Gilmore 5,342 Horace Grant 4,721 Dave Greenwood 4,222 Luol Deng 4,078 Bob Love 3,998 Most assists Player Assists Michael Jordan 5,012 Scottie Pippen 4,494 Kirk Hinrich 3,811 Norm Van Lier 3,676 Derrick Rose 2,516 Reggie Theus 2,472 John Paxson 2,394 Bob Weiss 2,008 Tom Boerwinkle 2,007 Toni Kukoč 1,840 Most steals Player Steals Michael Jordan 2,306 Scottie Pippen 1,792 Kirk Hinrich 857 Norm Van Lier 724 Luol Deng 639 Horace Grant 587 Jimmy Butler 583 Reggie Theus 580 Joakim Noah 481 Toni Kukoč 476 Most blocks Player Blocks Artis Gilmore 1,029 Michael Jordan 828 Joakim Noah 803 Scottie Pippen 774 Taj Gibson 696 Horace Grant 579 Dave Corzine 573 Dave Greenwood 526 Tyson Chandler 487 Luol Deng 360 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Kirk Hinrich 1,049 Ben Gordon 770 Scottie Pippen 664 Michael Jordan 555 Steve Kerr 430 Andrés Nocioni 403 Luol Deng 387 Nikola Mirotić 363 Toni Kukoč 351 Derrick Rose 350 Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bulls head coaches Hall of Famers , retired and honored numbers ( edit ) Basketball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago Bulls Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 42 Nate Thurmond 1974 -- 1976 1985 8 George Gervin G / F 1985 -- 1986 00 Robert Parish 1996 -- 1997 2003 23 45 Michael Jordan 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 2009 33 Scottie Pippen 1987 -- 1998 2003 -- 2004 53 Artis Gilmore 1976 -- 1982 2011 91 Dennis Rodman 1995 -- 1998 2011 25 Chet Walker 1969 -- 1975 2012 5 Guy Rodgers 1966 -- 1967 2014 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Phil Jackson Coach 1989 -- 1998 2007 Jerry Sloan Coach 1979 -- 1982 2009 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Jerry Colangelo -- 1968 -- 1995 Jerry Reinsdorf Owner 1985 -- present 2016 Jerry Krause General Manager 1985 -- 2003 2017 Rod Thorn General Manager 1978 -- 1985 2018 Notes : In total , Jordan was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . In total , Pippen was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . Inducted as coach . He also played for the Bulls ( 1966 -- 1976 ) . Colangelo worked as a marketing director , scout , and assistant to the president of the team . Also served as Head Coach ( 1981 -- 1982 ) . FIBA Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago Bulls Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 23 45 Michael Jordan 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 2015 7 Toni Kukoč 1993 -- 2000 2017 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Retired numbers and honorees ( edit ) Chicago Bulls retired numbers and honorees No . Player Position / charge Tenure Date retired Jerry Sloan G / SF 1966 -- 1976 February 17 , 1978 10 Bob Love 1968 -- 1976 January 14 , 1994 23 Michael Jordan SG 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 November 1 , 2003 33 Scottie Pippen SF 1987 -- 1998 2003 -- 2004 December 9 , 2005 -- Phil Jackson Coach 1987 -- 1989 ( assistant ) 1989 -- 1998 ( head ) May 5 , 1999 -- Johnny Kerr Coach Business manager Broadcaster 1966 -- 1968 ( head coach ) 1973 -- 1975 ( business manager ) 1977 -- 2009 ( broadcaster ) February 10 , 2009 -- Jerry Krause General manager March 26 , 1985 -- April 7 , 2003 October 31 , 2003 Media ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bulls broadcasters Radio ( edit ) The team 's games are broadcast on Entercom 's WSCR ( 670 ) as of February 3 , 2018 . From October 2015 - January 2018 , games were carried on Cumulus Media 's WLS ( 890 ) in a deal that was expected to last until the 2020 - 21 season , but was nullified in the middle of the 2017 - 18 season after Cumulus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and nullified several large play - by - play and talent contracts . Chuck Swirsky does play - by - play , with Bill Wennington providing color commentary . Univision Radio 's WRTO ( 1200 ) has carried Spanish language game coverage since 2009 - 10 , with Omar Ramos as play - by - play announcer and Matt Moreno as color analyst . Television ( edit ) The Bulls ' television broadcasts are split among NBC Sports Chicago , which broadcasts most of the games , WGN - TV , and WCIU - TV . The announcers are Neil Funk and Stacey King . Also worth noting is that WGN - TV does not air all of its Chicago Bulls games nationwide : only a select few , usually Saturday games , were nationally televised on WGN America from 1999 -- 2014 . 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NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Sam Smith : The Tribune 's pro basketball reporter answers reader questions '' . ChicagoSports.com. April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Take Game 1 '' . ComcastSportsNet.com. April 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition broken '' . ESPN . April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ K.C. Johnson . `` No clowning around : A win '' . Chicago Tribune . November 25 , 2004 . 1 . Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Blackhawks ' circus trip starts with thud '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Kuc . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . November 14 , 2016 . 1 . Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Chicago Bulls '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon , Hilkevitch ( June 23 , 1993 ) . `` Logo Designer Has Reason To Horn In On Bulls ' Glory '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 eye - catching Bulls jerseys over the years '' . Chicago Bulls . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Chicago Bulls unveil revamped Nike jerseys , opt to wear red for home games '' . CBSSports.com . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mascots ' stigmata '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Bulls coming home to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Bulls open West Side practice facility '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE JOSE CALDERON TO LOS ANGELES LAKERS '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Smith to Dallas '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE MIKE DUNLEAVY TO CLEVELAND '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bulls : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Charles , Mike . `` Jerry 's story '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CSN Staff ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` White Sox , Bulls Announce Long - Term Deals with WLS AM 890 '' . CSNChicago.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Done deal : Bulls pivot to The Score '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls Schedule '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Bulls . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times have the bulls won the finals	[ "The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they were responsible for popularizing the NBA worldwide. They are known for having one of the NBA's greatest dynasties, winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats. All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson. The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history.\n" ]	[ "six" ]
8893175625261757482	Game of Thrones (season 1)	Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) -- June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17 , 2011 , at 9.00 pm in the U.S. , and concluded on June 19 , 2011 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 55 minutes . The series is based on A Game of Thrones , the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R.R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008 ; filming began the following year . However , it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast . In March 2010 , HBO ordered the first season , which began filming in July 2010 , primarily in Belfast , Northern Ireland , with additional filming in Malta . The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark , who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend , Robert Baratheon . Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters . He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose . Meanwhile , in Essos , the exiled Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Sean Bean , Mark Addy , Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Iain Glen . Newer actors were cast as the younger generation of characters , such as Kit Harington , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . It also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . Bean and Emilia Clarke also received individual accolades , as did Ramin Djawadi for music . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33 % over the course of the season , from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.1. 1 Starring 3.1. 2 Also starring 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 At and beyond the Wall 3.2. 2 In King 's Landing 3.2. 3 In the North 3.2. 4 In the Riverlands 3.2. 5 In the Vale 3.2. 6 In Essos 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire The series begins as Ned Stark is asked to become the chief advisor ( known as the Hand of the King ) to lecherous King Robert Baratheon . Ned and his wife Catelyn receive a letter from Catelyn 's sister Lysa that gives them reason to believe that rival House Lannister -- to which the King 's wife Cersei belongs -- was the cause of the previous Hand 's death . Ned must travel south to help the king and find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from the Lannisters . As he tries to uncover the reasons behind Jon Arryn 's death he uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that Arryn himself died trying to expose . Meanwhile , across the Narrow Sea in the continent of Essos , the exiled , arrogant Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king whose throne was usurped , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . He marries off his younger sister , Daenerys Targaryen , whom he has psychologically and physically abused for years , to the leader of the Dothraki warrior tribe , Khal Drogo , in an exchange for an army to return to Westeros and take the throne . However , Daenerys ' growing love for Drogo and newfound mental strength as the Khaleesi of the tribe mean Viserys ' plans go unexpectedly and powerfully awry . At the Wall , Ned 's bastard son Jon Snow joins the Night 's Watch , an ancient brotherhood sworn to watch over the massive wall that separates the Seven Kingdoms from the dangerous unknown beyond . But an ancient force , long believed dead , threatens the land . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 In the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , a soldier of the ancient Night 's Watch order survives an attack by supernatural creatures known as the White Walkers , thought until now to be myth . He rushes to Castle Winterfell , which is ruled by Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Warden of the North , who decapitates the soldier for deserting his post . In King 's Landing , the capital , Jon Arryn , the `` Hand of the King '' , dies under mysterious circumstances . King Robert Baratheon , Ned 's longtime friend , travels to Winterfell , offering the position to him and also proposing marriage between his firstborn son Joffrey and Ned 's older daughter Sansa . Ned 's wife Catelyn receives a letter from her sister Lysa , Jon Arryn 's widow , saying that she has escaped King 's Landing and that Jon was murdered by the Lannisters , Queen Cersei 's family . Catelyn burns the letter and tells Ned about it , believing that the Lannisters are plotting against Robert . Ned 's 10 - year - old son , Brandon , climbs a tower , where he witnesses Cersei having sex with her twin brother , Jaime , who then pushes him out the window from a presumably fatal height . Meanwhile across the narrow sea in Essos , the exiled Prince Viserys Targaryen makes a deal with the Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , who marries Viserys ' younger sister , Daenerys , in exchange for an army to conquer Westeros and reclaim the Iron Throne . `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 Having accepted his new role as the Hand of the King , Ned leaves Winterfell with his daughters Sansa and Arya , while Catelyn stays behind to tend to Bran . The unconscious Bran is attacked by an assassin , but his direwolf saves him . Catelyn decides to go to King 's Landing to tell Ned about the attempt and suspected Lannister involvement . Jon Snow , Ned 's illegitimate son , heads north to join the brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , protectors of the Wall that keeps the White Walkers and the wildlings from entering civilized Westeros . Tyrion , Cersei 's brother , decides to forgo the trip south with his family and instead accompanies Snow 's entourage to the Wall . When Joffrey threatens Arya and her friend , Arya 's direwolf defends her and escapes , provoking a conflict between the Starks and the Lannisters . To resolve the insult , Robert orders Ned to execute Sansa 's direwolf . In Winterfell , Brandon awakens from unconsciousness . Meanwhile , Daenerys focuses her attention on learning how to please Drogo . `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 Ned joins the King 's Small Council at King 's Landing , capital of the Seven Kingdoms , and learns just how poorly Westeros is being managed . Catelyn tries to covertly warn her husband , but is intercepted by an old friend , Councillor Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish . Bran learns he will never walk again . He does not remember the events leading to his fall . Jon struggles to adapt to life on the Wall , as he trains with a number of low - born recruits who are not impressed by his bloodline . Lord Commander Mormont asks Tyrion to plead with the King to send more men to the Night 's Watch . Daenerys learns that she is pregnant , and begins to stand up to Viserys . `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 Tyrion shares saddle modifications for Bran that will allow the paraplegic boy to ride before heading south . Ned searches for clues to the unexplained death of his mentor and predecessor Jon Arryn and in the process uncovers King Robert 's illegitimate son . Robert and his guests witness a tournament honoring Ned . Jon takes measures to protect Samwell Tarly , an awkward and friendless boy , from the abuse of the Night 's Watchmen . A frustrated Viserys clashes with his newly empowered sister . Sansa dreams of life as a queen , while Arya envisions a far different future . At a chance encounter in a roadside tavern , Catelyn rallies her father 's allies and has Tyrion arrested for conspiring to murder her son . 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 Ned refuses to participate in Robert 's plan to assassinate the pregnant Daenerys Targaryen , and resigns as Robert 's Hand , angering him . Catelyn and Tyrion ( who she has taken as her prisoner ) arrive at her sister Lysa 's home in the Eyrie . News of Tyrion 's capture reaches King 's Landing where Jaime Lannister , the Queen 's twin brother , demands answers from Ned . A vengeful Jaime fights Ned until his man stabs Ned in the leg from behind , leaving him wounded as his forces leave the capital . 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 Robert reappoints Ned as Hand and tasks him with running affairs until he returns from hunting . Villagers from Riverrun arrive in the throne room with news of atrocities committed by raiders , who Ned deduces were led by Gregor Clegane , a Lannister retainer . Ned sentences Gregor to death and sends a message to Tywin Lannister , summoning him to a trial . Ned decides to send Sansa , ( now reconciled with Joffrey ) , and Arya back to Winterfell . Ned finds out that Joffrey is not Robert 's biological son . While out testing his new saddle , Bran is attacked by outlaws . Robb , Ned 's oldest son , and Theon , the fostered son of a fallen rebel king , save him . In the Vale , Tyrion demands a trial by combat , which Lysa accepts . She chooses Ser Vardis and Tyrion asks for a champion . The mercenary Bronn volunteers , killing Vardis and thereby obtaining Tyrion 's release . Meanwhile , Viserys becomes enraged with Drogo for not honoring his promise and threatens to kill Daenerys ' unborn child . Drogo kills Viserys by pouring molten gold on his head . 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 In King 's Landing , Ned tells Cersei he knows she is involved with Jaime and none of her children are Robert 's . They soon learn that Robert has been critically wounded by a boar while hunting . A dying Robert names Ned as the `` Protector of the realm '' to rule until Joffrey reaches the legal age . Ned sends a message to Stannis , Robert 's brother , intending to enthrone him since Robert has no true heirs . Ned tells Petyr Baelish about his plan and asks him to gain the loyalty of the City Watch , the only force capable of overpowering Lannister forces loyal to Cersei . After Robert 's death , Ned , Baelish and the City Watch confront Cersei and Joffrey in the throne room , where Baelish and the City Watch betray Ned and attack his men . At the Wall , Ned 's younger brother Benjen goes missing during a foray beyond the Wall . Snow and Tarly are picked as stewards , with Jon assigned to Lord Commander Mormont . The duo swear their loyalties to the Night 's Watch . In Essos , Robert 's assassin is captured before he can poison Daenerys . Drogo vows to conquer the Seven Kingdoms and give it to his son . He starts marching towards Westeros . 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 Arya manages to escape the Red Keep after her Braavosian sword master delays the guards sent to arrest her ; Sansa is captured however . Robb hears the news and prepares the Northern armies to fight the Lannisters , leaving Bran behind to rule Winterfell . Lysa refuses to fight the Lannisters ; and Catelyn leaves , joining Robb 's camp . Tyrion and Bronn are surrounded by Shagga and his men . Tyrion convinces them to escort him to Tywin to repay them . They arrive at Tywin 's camp , where the latter asks Shagga to help them in their confrontation with the Starks in exchange for payment . Joffrey appoints Tywin as the Hand . Sansa begs the former to show mercy upon Ned . Joffrey agrees if the latter recognizes his reign . At the Wall , some bodies affected by the White Walkers are found . In Essos , Drogo 's soldiers begin attacking nearby settlements , enslaving locals in order to sell them and gain the money to buy the ships necessary to pass the Narrow Sea . 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 The Stark army arrives at the Twins castle ; and Catelyn convinces Lord Frey to let them pass and assist them by agreeing for marriage of Robb and Arya to Frey 's children in the future . Robb sacrifices 2000 soldiers in a confrontation with the Lannister army to capture Jaime . In a public hearing , Ned confesses to treason and publicly affirms Joffrey as rightful heir . However , rather than sentencing him to the Wall as had been negotiated , a vengeful Joffrey has him decapitated , while Cersei and other counselors object futilely . Sansa and Arya watch their father die : Sansa from the royal party and Arya from the crowd . At the Wall , Jeor Mormont gives his family sword to Jon in gratitude ; Maester Aemon also reveals to Jon that Aemon is a Targaryen . In Essos , Drogo 's wound becomes septic and his death imminent . Daenerys convinces a slave woman to use blood magic to save him . The woman tells everyone to leave the tent and stay outside until the spell is over . Daenerys begins labor , and Jorah brings her into the forbidden tent seeking aid . 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 The North secedes from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaims Robb as their king . With Jaime captured by the Starks and Robert 's brothers challenging Joffrey 's claim to the throne , Tywin appoints Tyrion as King 's Hand . Jon plans to desert his post at the Wall to avenge Ned , but his friends convince him to stay and he instead joins a Night 's Watch expedition to find Benjen beyond the Wall . Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , helps Arya escape King 's Landing disguised as a boy while Joffrey plans to make Sansa his queen despite her father 's execution . Daenerys learns that her unborn son is dead and Drogo has been left in a vegetative state due to the witch 's treacherous magic . Daenerys ends Drogo 's life and lights a funeral pyre . She burns the witch alive alongside Drogo 's body and her three dragon eggs , and walks into the flames herself . When the embers die the following morning , Daenerys rises , unharmed , flanked by three newborn dragons . Jorah and other witnesses kneel before her . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Sean Bean ( Eddard Stark ) Mark Addy ( Robert Baratheon ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Michelle Fairley ( Catelyn Stark ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Iain Glen ( Jorah Mormont ) Aidan Gillen ( Petyr Baelish ) Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Main cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Sean Bean as Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Michelle Fairley as Catelyn Stark Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Richard Madden as Robb Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Also starring ( edit ) Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 1 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : At and beyond the Wall ( edit ) James Cosmo as Jeor Mormont Peter Vaughan as Maester Aemon Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Francis Magee as Yoren John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Josef Altin as Pyp Mark Stanley as Grenn Luke McEwan as Rast Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Bronson Webb as Will Dermot Keaney as Gared In King 's Landing ( edit ) Callum Wharry as Tommen Baratheon Aimee Richardson as Myrcella Baratheon Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Conleth Hill as Varys Ian McElhinney as Barristan Selmy Ian Beattie as Meryn Trant David Michael Scott as Beric Dondarrion Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Conan Stevens as Gregor Clegane Dominic Carter as Janos Slynt Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Joe Dempsie as Gendry Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In the North ( edit ) Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Steven Blount as Rickard Karstark Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin Ron Donachie as Rodrik Cassel Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Margaret John as Old Nan Kristian Nairn as Hodor Esmé Bianco as Ros Natalia Tena as Osha In the Riverlands ( edit ) Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister David Bradley as Walder Frey Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Jerome Flynn as Bronn Emun Elliott as Marillion Sibel Kekilli as Shae Rhodri Hosking as Mycah In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga In Essos ( edit ) Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Dar Salim as Qotho Elyes Gabel as Rakharo Amrita Acharia as Irri Roxanne McKee as Doreah Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Production ( edit ) HBO originally optioned the rights to A Song of Ice and Fire in 2007 , at which time David Benioff and D.B. Weiss were identified as the project 's writers and executive producers . The first and second drafts of the pilot script , written by Benioff and Weiss , were submitted in August 2007 , and June 2008 , respectively . While HBO found both drafts to their liking , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 , with the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike possibly delaying the process . Benioff and Weiss served as main writers and showrunners for the first season . They contributed eight out of ten episodes , including one co-written with Jane Espenson . The two remaining episodes were written by Bryan Cogman and A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin . Tom McCarthy directed the original pilot , but much of this was later re-shot by Tim Van Patten as the pilot was reworked into the first episode of the complete season . Van Patten also directed the second episode . McCarthy is still credited as a consulting producer for the series ' first episode . Brian Kirk and Daniel Minahan directed three episodes each , and Alan Taylor directed the final two . Before Game of Thrones both Benioff and Weiss worked in film , and were unfamiliar with working on a television show . This resulted in several first - season episodes being about 10 minutes too short for HBO , forcing them to write another 100 pages of scripts in two weeks . Due to lack of budget the new scenes were designed to be inexpensive to film , such as two actors conversing in one room . Benioff and Weiss noted that some of their favorite scenes from the first season were the results of the dilemma , including one between Robert and Cersei Baratheon discussing their marriage . Casting ( edit ) On May 5 , 2009 , it was announced that Peter Dinklage had been signed on to star as Tyrion Lannister in the pilot , and that Tom McCarthy was set to direct . On July 19 , 2009 , a number of further casting decisions were announced , including Sean Bean being given the role of Ned Stark . Other actors signed on for the pilot were Kit Harington in the role of Jon Snow , Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon , Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen , and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon . At the beginning of August 2009 , it was revealed that Catelyn Stark would be portrayed by Jennifer Ehle . On August 20 , more casting announcements were made , including Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister and Tamzin Merchant as Daenerys Targaryen , as well as Richard Madden in the role of Robb Stark , Iain Glen as Ser Jorah Mormont , Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy , Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark and Maisie Williams as Arya Stark . On September 1 Lena Headey was announced as Cersei Lannister . On September 23 , Martin confirmed that Rory McCann had been cast as Sandor Clegane . Isaac Hempstead - Wright was confirmed as Bran Stark on October 14 , followed by an announcement of Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo three days later . After the pilot was shot and the series picked up , it was announced that the role of Catelyn had been recast , with Michelle Fairley replacing Ehle . Later , it was also confirmed that Emilia Clarke would replace Tamzin Merchant as Daenerys . The rest of the cast was filled out in the second half of the year , and included Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister , Aidan Gillen as Petyr ' Littlefinger ' Baelish , and Conleth Hill as Varys . Filming ( edit ) Doune Castle was used as the set for Winterfell in the pilot . The pilot episode was initially filmed on location in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Morocco by Tom McCarthy between October 24 and November 19 , 2009 . However , the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and much of it had to be reshot together with the other episodes of the season in Northern Ireland and Malta . Most scenes were shot in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland border counties . Principal photography was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , with the primary studio location being the Paint Hall Studio in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast , Northern Ireland . Among various locations for the initial shooting of the pilot in 2009 , Doune Castle in central Scotland was used as the location for Winterfell , including scenes at its great hall ( the great hall was later recreated in a soundstage in Northern Ireland ) . Additional filming locations included Cairncastle at Larne , Shane 's Castle , and Tollymore Forest Park , all in Northern Ireland . In the 2010 shooting of the series , Castle Ward was used as Winterfell instead of Doune Castle , with Cairncastle for some exterior Winterfell scenes . The set for Castle Black was built at Magheramorne quarry . The show 's presence in Northern Ireland and use of Paint Hall created hundreds of jobs for residents , and made the area `` a hub for film and television production '' . The `` King 's Landing '' exterior scenes were shot at various locations in Malta , including the city of Mdina and the island of Gozo . The filming in Malta resulted in controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 1 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack to Game of Thrones was originally to be composed by Stephen Warbeck . On February 2 , 2011 , only ten weeks prior to the show 's premiere , it was reported that Warbeck had left the project and Ramin Djawadi had been commissioned to write the music instead . The music supervisor of Game of Thrones Evyen Klean first suggested Djawadi to Benioff and Weiss as the replacement for Warbeck , and although Djawadi was reluctant as he had other commitments at that time , they managed to persuade Djawadi to accept the project . To give the series its own distinctive musical identity , according to Djawadi , the producers asked him not to use musical elements such as flutes or solo vocals that had already been successfully used by other major fantasy productions . He mentioned that a challenge in scoring the series was its reliance on dialogue and its sprawling cast : on several occasions already - scored music had to be omitted so as not to get in the way of dialogue . Djawadi said that he was inspired to write the main title music by an early version of the series 's computer - animated title sequence . The title music is reprised as a global theme in the rest of the soundtrack , initially infrequently and as part of the theme of individual characters , then in full towards the end of season 1 during particularly important scenes . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Anticipation for the series was described by various media outlets as very high , with a dedicated fan base closely following the show 's development . By April 2011 , multiple entertainment news outlets had put it at the top of their lists of television events to look forward to in 2011 . The majority of reviews for the first season were very positive , with critics noting the high production values , the well - realized world , compelling characters , and giving particular note to the strength of the child actors . Tim Goodman 's review for The Hollywood Reporter stated , `` a few minutes into HBO 's epic Game of Thrones series , it 's clear that the hype was right and the wait was worth it '' . Mary McNamara from the Los Angeles Times called it `` ... a great and thundering series of political and psychological intrigue bristling with vivid characters , cross-hatched with tantalizing plotlines and seasoned with a splash of fantasy '' . New York Post 's Linda Stasi gave Thrones 3.5 / 4 stars stating , `` The art direction , acting and incredible sets are as breathtaking as the massive scope of the series '' . Many critics praised Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister , with Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly stating , `` ... if Dinklage does n't get an Emmy for his clever , rude Tyrion Lannister , I 'll be gobsmacked '' and Mary McNamara from the Los Angeles Times stating , `` If the man does n't win an Emmy , heads should certainly roll '' . The first season of Game of Thrones has a Metacritic average of 80 out of 100 based on 28 critic reviews , categorized as `` generally favorable '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an 89 % approval rating from 33 critics with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 . The season also received a 97 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes , which is tied with Season 4 for the highest season episode average of the show . Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2011 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The first episode attracted 2.2 million viewers its initial airing on April 17 in the U.S. , and totaled 5.4 million viewers across multiple Sunday and Monday night airings . It averaged 743,000 and reached a peak 823,000 in UK and Ireland on its April 18 premiere . HBO announced that they would be commissioning a second season on the strength of the reception of the premiere episode . By the final episode of the season , which aired June 20 , the ratings had climbed to over 3 million . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones The first season of Game of Thrones was nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ( Tim Van Patten for `` Winter Is Coming '' ) , and Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ( David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Baelor '' ) . It won two , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Peter Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . Dinklage , who plays Tyrion , was also named best supporting actor by the Golden Globes , the Scream Awards and the Satellite Awards . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2011 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Pilot Drama Nina Gold Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nominated Portal Award Best Actor Sean Bean Won Best Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Episode Winter Is Coming Won Best Series Game of Thrones Won Best Young Actor Isaac Hempstead - Wright Nominated Maisie Williams Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Emilia Clarke Won Best Actor , Drama Sean Bean Nominated 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Tim Van Patten for `` Winter Is Coming '' Nominated Outstanding Drama Series Vince Gerardis , Frank Doelger , Ralph Vicinanza , Mark Huffam , David Benioff , Carolyn Strauss , George R.R. Martin , Guymon Casady and D.B. Weiss Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Baelor '' Nominated 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton and Rachael Webb - Crozier for `` The Pointy End '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander and Candice Banks for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Angus Wall , Hameed Shaukat , Kirk Shintani and Robert Feng Won Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen for `` Winter Is Coming '' Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special Paul Engelen and Conor O'Sullivan for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Robin Quinn , Steve Fanagan , Eoghan McDonnell , Jon Stevenson , Tim Hands , Stefan Henrix , Caoimhe Doyle , Michelle McCormack and Andy Kennedy for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Rafael Morant , Adam McInnes , Graham Hills , Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Stuart Brisdon , Damien Macé , Henry Badgett and Angela Barson for `` Fire and Blood '' Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination Paul Jennings for `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Nominated Women 's Image Network Awards Actress Drama Series Lena Headey Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Nominated 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Peter Dinklage Won Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Peabody Award Game of Thrones Won 16th Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Peter Dinklage Won Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Scream Awards Best Ensemble Game of Thrones Nominated Best Fantasy Actor Sean Bean Nominated Best Fantasy Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Won Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won Breakout Performance -- Female Emilia Clarke Won Most Memorable Mutilation `` Head covered in molten gold '' from `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated The Ultimate Scream Game of Thrones Nominated 27th TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding New Program Game of Thrones Won Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards 2011 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Hero Sean Bean as Ned Stark Won Best TV Twist Off with his head ! Won Best TV Episode Baelor Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Best TV Hero Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Hero Sean Bean as Ned Stark Won Best TV Twist Off with his head ! Won Best TV Episode Baelor Nominated Best TV Hero Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Best TV Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards New Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Jane Espenson , George R.R. Martin , D.B. Weiss Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Jane Espenson , George R.R. Martin , D.B. Weiss Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Game of Thrones Nominated ADG Excellence in Production Design Award One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Gemma Jackson for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series or Special Emilia Clarke Won SFX Awards Best New TV Show David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Won Best TV Show David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Nominated Best Actress Maisie Williams Nominated Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated NewNowNext Awards TV You Betta Watch Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones for `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones for `` Winter Is Coming '' Won Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated 64th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Tim Van Patten for `` Winter Is Coming '' Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Frances Parker for `` Baelor '' Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Mark Taylor for `` Baelor '' Nominated 9th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Mark Huffam Nominated Best Director Television Drama Brian Kirk Nominated Best Actress -- Television Michelle Fairley Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound ( Film / TV Drama ) Ronan Hill Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill Nominated Astra Awards Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bryan Cogman , Jane Espenson , George R.R. Martin , Tim Van Patten , Brian Kirk , Daniel Minahan and Alan Taylor for Game of Thrones -- Season 1 Won Kerrang ! Awards Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won Producers Guild Awards `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , Frank Doelger , Mark Huffam , Carolyn Strauss , D.B. Weiss Nominated Saturn Award Best Television Presentation Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor on Television Sean Bean Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Amrita Acharia , Mark Addy , Alfie Allen , Josef Altin , Sean Bean , Susan Brown , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Peter Dinklage , Ron Donachie , Michelle Fairley , Jerome Flynn , Elyes Gabel , Aidan Gillen , Jack Gleeson , Iain Glen , Julian Glover , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Isaac Hempstead Wright , Conleth Hill , Richard Madden , Jason Momoa , Rory McCann , Ian McElhinney , Luke McEwan , Roxanne McKee , Dar Salim , Mark Stanley , Donald Sumpter , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete first season on Blu - ray Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Character in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Henry Badgett , Mark Brown , Rafael Morant , James Sutton for `` Fire and Blood '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Markus Kuha , Damien Macé , Dante Harbridge Robinson , Fani Vassiadi for `` The Icewall '' Won Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Angela Barson , Ed Bruce , Adam McInnes for `` Winter Is Coming '' Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Game of Thrones premiered on HBO in the United States and Canada on April 17 , 2011 , and on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 18 , 2011 , with a same - day release on HBO Central Europe . The series premiered in Australia on Showcase on July 17 , 2011 . Home media ( edit ) The first season of Game of Thrones was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on March 6 , 2012 . The set includes extra background and behind - the - scenes material , but no deleted scenes , because almost all footage shot for the first season was used in the show . HBO released a Collector 's Edition DVD / Blu - ray combo pack of the first season , which includes a resin - carved Dragon Egg Paperweight . The set was released in the United States and Canada on November 20 , 2012 . Game of Thrones : The Complete First Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Spanish Subtitles : English , French , Spanish , Castilian , Portuguese , Polish , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Norwegian , Swedish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` Making Game of Thrones '' : A 30 - minute feature including new footage from the set and interviews . `` Creating the Show Open '' : Portrays the creation of the opening title sequence . `` From the Book to the Screen '' : Interviews with Benioff , Weiss , and Martin about the adaptation process . `` Character Profiles '' : Fifteen principal characters described by their actors . `` The Night 's Watch '' : An examination of the warrior order that Jon Snow joins . `` Creating the Dothraki Language '' : Covers the creation of the Dothraki language . Seven audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Martin , Clarke , Dinklage and Harington . Blu - ray exclusive : `` Complete Guide to Westeros '' , an interactive compendium of the noble houses and lands featured in Season One , and 24 histories of the Seven Kingdoms as told by the series 's characters . `` Anatomy of an Episode '' : A detailed feature about the production of episode six , A Golden Crown . `` In - Episode Guide '' : Provides background information about characters , locations , and histories while each episode plays . `` Hidden Dragon Eggs '' , easter eggs . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Citadel : So Spake Martin '' . Westeros.org . July 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New HBO Series `` Game of Thrones , '' Based on the Bestselling Books by George R.R. Martin , Debuts April 17 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , Emma ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington and Game of Thrones cast film birthday messages for Brian Fortune 's son '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Phil ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trivia : 23 Facts About the Show You Probably Do n't Know ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casting news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Potts , Gillian ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Melanoma charity is helped by TV star '' . Oldham Evening Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Nathan ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rewind : HBO2 goes back to the beginning , airing series marathon starting Dec. 26 '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooten , Christopher ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones actress Aimee Richardson begs for ' other princess work ' after Myrcella Baratheon part is recast '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Ian Beattie ' Burst Into Tears ' Over Meryn Trant 's ' Nasty Side ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarner , Lauren ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Loras Says That Olyvar Died Offscreen in ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Inverse.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earls , John ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wilko Johnson : ' I 'd love to return to Game Of Thrones ' '' . NME . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The Mountain is 20 years younger than his ' little brother ' The Hound '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Learning Water Dancing From ' Game of Thrones ' Syrio Forel '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reese , Olivia ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Spoilers : Joe Dempsie 's Gendry Back To Help Sam Create Valyrian Steel & Kill White Walkers ? '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harkness , Ryan ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` All The Times Maisie Williams Has Won The Internet '' . Uproxx . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 6 casts key figures for House Umber and Karstark and seemingly confirms a return to the Iron Islands '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Read , Max ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` What Is Going on With the Accents in Game of Thrones ? '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation with Hodor '' . HBO . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Susanna ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones fans are convinced they 're being trolled by a new Netflix series '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Andrew ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Kevan Lannister appears as Peggy Mitchell 's doctor on EastEnders '' . Daily Express . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , Alex ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Spoilers : 8 Shocking Deaths We Are Still Getting Over Before The Season 5 Premiere '' . International Business Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rees , Mark ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Why are the meanest Game of Thrones villains from the Swansea Bay region ? '' . South Wales Evening Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Danish Drama ' A Hijacking ' Sells to U.K. , France '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey . `` Game Of Thrones Star Elyes Gabel Added To Christopher Nolan 's Massive Interstellar Cast '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 1 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)&oldid=826892116 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form winning works Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is game of thrones season 1 filmed	[ "The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011, at 9.00 pm in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on A Game of Thrones, the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta." ]	[ "primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta" ]
-1968543266374087941	The Sound of Music	The Sound of Music - wikipedia The Sound of Music This article is about the stage musical . For the film , see The Sound of Music ( film ) . For other uses , see The Sound of Music ( disambiguation ) . The Sound of Music Original Broadway poster ( 1959 ) Music Richard Rodgers Lyrics Oscar Hammerstein II Book Howard Lindsay Russel Crouse Basis 1956 German film Die Trapp - Familie and Maria von Trapp 's autobiography The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Productions 1959 Broadway 1961 West End 1965 Film International productions 1981 West End revival 1998 Broadway revival 2006 West End revival 2009 -- 11 UK Tour 2013 Television 2015 -- 16 US Tour 2015 -- 16 UK Tour The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers , lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . It is based on the memoir of Maria von Trapp , The Story of the Trapp Family Singers . Set in Austria on the eve of the Anschluss in 1938 , the musical tells the story of Maria , who takes a job as governess to a large family while she decides whether to become a nun . She falls in love with the children , and eventually their widowed father , Captain von Trapp . He is ordered to accept a commission in the German navy , but he opposes the Nazis . He and Maria decide on a plan to flee Austria with the children . Many songs from the musical have become standards , such as `` Edelweiss '' , `` My Favorite Things '' , `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' , `` Do - Re-Mi '' , and the title song `` The Sound of Music '' . The original Broadway production , starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel , opened in 1959 and won five Tony Awards , including Best Musical , out of nine nominations . The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961 . The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then . It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer , which won five Academy Awards . The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein ; Oscar Hammerstein died of cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Story 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Musical numbers 4 Characters 5 Productions 5.1 Original productions 5.2 1981 London revival 5.3 1998 Broadway revival 5.4 2006 London revival 5.5 Other notable productions 6 Film adaptation 7 Television adaptations 8 Reception 9 Cast recordings 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original Broadway production 10.2 1998 Broadway Revival 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) After viewing The Trapp Family , a 1956 West German film about the von Trapp family , and its 1958 sequel ( Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika ) , stage director Vincent J. Donehue thought that the project would be perfect for his friend Mary Martin ; Broadway producers Leland Hayward and Richard Halliday ( Martin 's husband ) agreed . The producers originally envisioned a non-musical play that would be written by Lindsay and Crouse and that would feature songs from the repertoire of the Trapp Family Singers . Then they decided to add an original song or two , perhaps by Rodgers and Hammerstein . But it was soon agreed that the project should feature all new songs and be a musical rather than a play . Details of the history of the von Trapp family were altered for the musical . The real Georg von Trapp did live with his family in a villa in Aigen , a suburb of Salzburg . He wrote to the Nonnberg Abbey in 1926 asking for a nun to help tutor his sick daughter , and the Mother Abbess sent Maria . His wife had died in 1922 . The real Maria and Georg married at the Nonnberg Abbey in 1927 . Lindsay and Crouse altered the story so that Maria was governess to all of the children , whose names and ages were changed , as was Maria 's original surname ( the show used `` Rainer '' instead of `` Kutschera '' ) . The von Trapps spent some years in Austria after Maria and the Captain married and was offered a commission in Germany 's navy . Since von Trapp opposed the Nazis by that time , the family left Austria after the Anschluss , going by train to Italy and then traveling on to London and the United States . To make the story more dramatic , Lindsay and Crouse had the family , soon after Maria 's and the Captain 's wedding , escape over the mountains to Switzerland on foot . Story ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) In Salzburg , Austria , just before World War II , nuns from Nonnberg Abbey sing the Dixit Dominus . One of the postulants , Maria Rainer , is on the nearby mountainside , regretting leaving the beautiful hills ( `` The Sound of Music '' ) where she was brought up . She returns late . The Mother Abbess and the other nuns consider what to do about her ( `` Maria '' ) . Maria explains her lateness , saying she was raised on that mountain , and apologizes for singing in the garden without permission . The Mother Abbess joins her in song ( `` My Favorite Things '' ) . The Mother Abbess tells her that she should spend some time outside the abbey to decide whether she is ready for the monastic life . She will act as the governess to the seven children of a widower , Austro - Hungarian Navy submarine Captain Georg von Trapp . Maria arrives at the villa of Captain von Trapp . He explains her duties and summons the children with a boatswain 's call . They march in , clad in uniforms . He teaches her their individual signals on the call , but she openly disapproves of this militaristic approach . Alone with them , she breaks through their wariness and teaches them the basics of music ( `` Do - Re-Mi '' ) . Rolf , a young messenger , delivers a telegram and then meets with the oldest child , Liesl , outside the villa . He claims he knows what is right for her because he is a year older than she ( `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' ) . They kiss , and he runs off , leaving her squealing with joy . Meanwhile , the housekeeper , Frau Schmidt , gives Maria material to make new clothes , as Maria had given all her possessions to the poor . Maria sees Liesl slipping in through the window , wet from a sudden thunderstorm , but agrees to keep her secret . The other children are frightened by the storm . Maria sings `` The Lonely Goatherd '' to distract them . Captain von Trapp arrives a month later from Vienna with Baroness Elsa Schräder and Max Detweiler . Elsa tells Max that something is preventing the Captain from marrying her . He opines that only poor people have the time for great romances ( `` How Can Love Survive '' ) . Rolf enters , looking for Liesl , and greets them with `` Heil '' . The Captain orders him away , saying that he is Austrian , not German . Maria and the children leapfrog in , wearing play - clothes that she made from the old drapes in her room . Infuriated , the Captain sends them off to change . She tells him that they need him to love them , and he angrily orders her back to the abbey . As she apologizes , they hear the children singing `` The Sound of Music '' , which she had taught them , to welcome Elsa Schräder . He joins in and embraces them . Alone with Maria , he asks her to stay , thanking her for bringing music back into his house . Elsa is suspicious of her until she explains that she will be returning to the abbey in September . The Captain gives a party to introduce Elsa , and guests argue over the Nazi German Anschluss ( annexation ) of Austria . Kurt asks Maria to teach him to dance the Ländler . When he fails to negotiate a complicated figure , the Captain steps in to demonstrate . He and Maria dance until they come face - to - face ; and she breaks away , embarrassed and confused . Discussing the expected marriage between Elsa and the Captain , Brigitta tells Maria that she thinks Maria and the Captain are really in love with each other . Elsa asks the Captain to allow the children to say goodnight to the guests with a song , `` So Long , Farewell '' . Max is amazed at their talent and wants them for the Kaltzberg Festival , which he is organizing . The guests leave for the dining room , and Maria slips out the front door with her luggage . At the abbey , Maria says that she is ready to take her monastic vows ; but the Mother Abbess realizes that she is running away from her feelings . She tells her to face the Captain and discover if they love each other , and tells her to search for and find the life she was meant to live ( `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' ) . Act II ( edit ) Max teaches the children how to sing on stage . When the Captain tries to lead them , they complain that he is not doing it as Maria did . He tells them that he has asked Elsa to marry him . They try to cheer themselves up by singing `` My Favorite Things '' but are unsuccessful until they hear Maria singing on her way to rejoin them . Learning of the wedding plans , she decides to stay only until the Captain can arrange for another governess . Max and Elsa argue with the Captain about the imminent Anschluss , trying to convince him that it is inevitable ( `` No Way to Stop It '' ) . When he refuses to compromise on his opposition to it , Elsa breaks off the engagement . Alone , the Captain and Maria finally admit their love , desiring only to be `` An Ordinary Couple '' . As they marry , the nuns reprise `` Maria '' against the wedding processional . While Maria and the Captain are on their honeymoon , Max prepares the children to perform at the Kaltzberg Festival . Herr Zeller , the Gauleiter of the region , demands to know why they are not flying the flag of the Third Reich now that the Anschluss has occurred . The Captain and Maria return early from their honeymoon before the Festival . In view of the Nazi German occupation , the Captain decides the children should not sing at the event . Max argues that they would sing for Austria , but the Captain points out that it no longer exists . Maria and Liesl discuss romantic love ; Maria predicts that in a few years Liesl will be married ( `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen ( Reprise ) '' ) . Rolf enters with a telegram that offers the Captain a commission in the German Navy , and Liesl is upset to discover that Rolf is now a committed Nazi . The Captain consults Maria and decides that they must secretly flee Austria . German Admiral von Schreiber arrives to find out why Captain von Trapp has not answered the telegram . He explains that the German Navy holds him in high regard , offers him the commission , and tells him to report immediately to Bremerhaven to assume command . Maria says that he can not leave immediately , as they are all singing in the Festival concert ; and the Admiral agrees to wait . At the concert , after the von Trapps sing an elaborate reprise of `` Do - Re-Mi '' , Max brings out the Captain 's guitar . Captain von Trapp sings `` Edelweiss '' , as a goodbye to his homeland , while using Austria 's national flower as a symbol to declare his loyalty to the country . Max asks for an encore and announces that this is the von Trapp family 's last chance to sing together , as the honor guard waits to escort the Captain to his new command . While the judges decide on the prizes , the von Trapps sing `` So Long , Farewell '' , leaving the stage in small groups . Max then announces the runners - up , stalling as much as possible . When he announces that the first prize goes to the von Trapps and they do not appear , the Nazis start a search . The family hides at the Abbey , and Sister Margaretta tells them that the borders have been closed . Rolf comes upon them and calls his lieutenant , but after seeing Liesl he changes his mind and tells him they are n't there . The Nazis leave , and the von Trapps flee over the Alps as the nuns reprise `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Preludium '' -- Mother Abbess with Nuns `` The Sound of Music '' -- Maria `` Maria '' -- Sister Berthe , Sister Sophia , Sister Margaretta , and the Mother Abbess `` My Favorite Things '' -- Maria and the Mother Abbess `` My Favorite Things '' ( reprise 1 ) -- Maria `` Do - Re-Mi '' -- Maria and the children `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' -- Rolf and Liesl `` The Lonely Goatherd '' -- Maria and the children `` The Lonely Goatherd '' ( reprise ) -- Gretl `` How Can Love Survive '' -- Max and Elsa `` The Sound of Music '' ( reprise ) -- Maria , the Captain and the children `` Ländler '' ( instrumental ) `` So Long , Farewell '' -- The children `` Morning Hymn '' -- Nuns `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' -- Mother Abbess Act II `` My Favorite Things '' ( reprise 2 ) -- Maria and the children `` No Way to Stop It '' -- Elsa , Max and the Captain `` An Ordinary Couple '' -- Maria and the Captain † `` Gaudeamus Domino '' -- Nuns `` Maria '' ( reprise ) -- Nuns `` Confitemini Domino '' -- Nuns `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' ( reprise ) -- Maria and Liesl `` Do - Re-Mi '' ( reprise ) -- Maria , the Captain , and the children ‡ `` Edelweiss '' -- The Captain `` So Long , Farewell '' ( reprise ) -- Maria , the Captain , and the children `` Finale Ultimo '' ( reprise of `` Climb Every Mountain '' ) -- Nuns Notes The musical numbers listed appeared in the original production unless otherwise noted . † Sometimes replaced by `` Something Good '' , which was written for the film version . ‡ Replaced by `` The Lonely Goatherd '' in the 1998 revival . In some productions , `` My Favorite Things '' follows `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' in the thunderstorm scene , while `` The Lonely Goatherd '' is shifted to the concert scene . Many stage revivals have also included `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' , which were written by Richard Rodgers for the film version ( since the film was made after original lyricist Oscar Hammerstein 's death ) . Although many people believe that `` Edelweiss '' is a traditional Austrian song , it was written for the musical and did not become known in Austria until after the film 's success . The Ländler dance performed by Maria and the Captain during the party is only loosely based on the traditional Austrian dance of the same name . Characters ( edit ) Sources : IBDB and Guidetomusicaltheatre.com Maria Rainer , a postulant at Nonnberg Abbey Captain Georg von Trapp Max Detweiler , Captain von Trapp 's friend , a music agent and producer The Mother Abbess , the head of Nonnberg Abbey Baroness Elsa Schräder `` wealthy and sophisticated '' and Captain von Trapp 's would - be fiancée Rolf Gruber , the 17 - year - old Nazi delivery boy who is in love with Liesl Sister Bertha , the Mistress of Novices Sister Margareta , the Mistress of Postulants Sister Sophia , a sister at the Abbey Herr Zeller , the Gauleiter Franz , Captain von Trapp 's butler Frau Schmidt , Captain von Trapp 's housekeeper The Children : Liesl von Trapp , age 16 Friedrich von Trapp , age 14 Louisa von Trapp , age 13 Kurt von Trapp , age 11 Brigitta von Trapp , age 10 Marta von Trapp , age 7 Gretl von Trapp , age 5 Ensemble includes nuns , high - society neighbors of Captain von Trapp who attend the ball thrown in Elsa 's honor , Nazi soldiers and contestants in the festival concert Productions ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Mary Martin and children in a publicity photo , 1959 The Sound of Music premiered at New Haven 's Schubert Theatre where it played an eight - performance tryout in October and November 1959 before another short tryout in Boston . The musical then opened on Broadway at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 16 , 1959 , moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6 , 1962 , and closed on June 15 , 1963 , after 1,443 performances . The director was Vincent J. Donehue , and the choreographer was Joe Layton . The original cast included Mary Martin ( at age 46 ) as Maria , Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp , Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess , Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler , Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder , Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl . Sopranos Patricia Brooks and June Card were ensemble members in the original production . The show tied for the Tony Award for Best Musical with Fiorello ! . Other awards included Martin for Best Actress in a Musical , Neway for Best Featured Actress , Best Scenic Design ( Oliver Smith ) and Best Conductor And Musical Director ( Frederick Dvonch ) . Bikel and Kasznar were nominated for acting awards , and Donehue was nominated for his direction . The entire children 's cast was nominated for Best Featured Actress category as a single nominee , even though two of the children were boys . Martha Wright replaced Martin in the role of Maria on Broadway in October 1961 , followed by Karen Gantz in July 1962 , Jeannie Carson in August 1962 and Nancy Dussault in September 1962 . Jon Voight , who eventually married co-star Lauri Peters , was a replacement for Rolf . The national tour starred Florence Henderson as Maria and Beatrice Krebs as Mother Abbess . It opened at the Grand Riviera Theater , Detroit , on February 27 , 1961 , and closed November 23 , 1963 , at the O'Keefe Centre , Toronto . Henderson was succeeded by Barbara Meister in June 1962 . Theodore Bikel was not satisfied playing the role of the Captain , because of the role 's limited singing , and Bikel did not like to play the same role over and over again . In his autobiography , he writes : `` I promised myself then that if I could afford it , I would never do a run as long as that again . '' The original Broadway cast album sold three million copies . The musical premiered in London 's West End at the Palace Theatre on May 18 , 1961 , and ran for 2,385 performances . It was directed by Jerome Whyte and used the original New York choreography , supervised by Joe Layton , and the original sets designed by Oliver Smith . The cast included Jean Bayless as Maria , followed by Sonia Rees , Roger Dann as Captain von Trapp , Constance Shacklock as Mother Abbess , Eunice Gayson as Elsa Schrader , Harold Kasket as Max Detweiler , Barbara Brown as Liesl , Nicholas Bennett as Rolf and Olive Gilbert as Sister Margaretta . 1981 London revival ( edit ) In 1981 , at producer Ross Taylor 's urging , Petula Clark agreed to star in a revival of the show at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London 's West End . Michael Jayston played Captain von Trapp , Honor Blackman was the Baroness and June Bronhill the Mother Abbess . Other notable cast members included Helen Anker , John Bennett and Martina Grant . Despite her misgivings that , at age 49 , she was too old to play the role convincingly , Clark opened to unanimous rave reviews and the largest advance sale in the history of British theatre at that time . Maria von Trapp , who attended the opening night performance , described Clark as `` the best '' Maria ever . Clark extended her initial six - month contract to thirteen months . Playing to 101 percent of seating capacity , the show set the highest attendance figure for a single week ( October 26 -- 31 , 1981 ) of any British musical production in history ( as recorded in The Guinness Book of Theatre ) . It was the first stage production to incorporate the two additional songs ( `` Something Good '' and `` I Have Confidence '' ) that Richard Rodgers composed for the film version . `` My Favorite Things '' had a similar context to the film version , while the short verse `` A Bell is No Bell '' was extended into a full - length song for Maria and the Mother Abbess . `` The Lonely Goatherd '' was set in a new scene at a village fair . The cast recording of this production was the first to be recorded digitally . It was released on CD for the first time in 2010 by the UK label Pet Sounds and included two bonus tracks from the original single issued by Epic to promote the production . 1998 Broadway revival ( edit ) Director Susan H. Schulman staged the first Broadway revival of The Sound of Music , with Rebecca Luker as Maria and Michael Siberry as Captain von Trapp . It also featured Patti Cohenour as Mother Abbess , Jan Maxwell as Elsa Schrader , Fred Applegate as Max Detweiler , Dashiell Eaves as Rolf , Patricia Conolly as Frau Schmidt and Laura Benanti , in her Broadway debut , as Luker 's understudy . Later , Luker and Siberry were replaced by Richard Chamberlain as the Captain and Benanti as Maria . Lou Taylor Pucci made his Broadway debut as the understudy for Kurt von Trapp . The production opened on March 12 , 1998 , at the Martin Beck Theatre , and closed on June 20 , 1999 , after 533 performances . This production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical . It then toured in North America . 2006 London revival ( edit ) An Andrew Lloyd Webber production opened on November 15 , 2006 , at the London Palladium and ran until February 2009 , produced by Live Nation 's David Ian and Jeremy Sams . Following failed negotiations with Hollywood star Scarlett Johansson , the role of Maria was cast through a UK talent search reality TV show called How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? The talent show was produced by ( and starred ) Andrew Lloyd Webber and featured presenter / comedian Graham Norton and a judging panel of David Ian , John Barrowman and Zoe Tyler . Connie Fisher was selected by public voting as the winner of the show . In early 2007 , Fisher suffered from a heavy cold that prevented her from performing for two weeks . To prevent further disruptions , an alternate Maria , Aoife Mulholland , a fellow contestant on How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? , played Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinee performances . Simon Shepherd was originally cast as Captain von Trapp , but after two preview performances he was withdrawn from the production , and Alexander Hanson moved into the role in time for the official opening date along with Lesley Garrett as the Mother Abbess . After Garrett left , Margaret Preece took the role . The cast also featured Lauren Ward as the Baroness , Ian Gelder as Max , Sophie Bould as Liesl , and Neil McDermott as Rolf . Other notable replacements have included Simon Burke and Simon MacCorkindale as the Captain and newcomer Amy Lennox as Liesl . Summer Strallen replaced Fisher in February 2008 , with Mulholland portraying Maria on Monday evenings and Wednesday matinees . The revival received enthusiastic reviews , especially for Fisher , Preece , Bould and Garrett . A cast recording of the London Palladium cast was released . The production closed on February 21 , 2009 , after a run of over two years and was followed by a UK national tour , described below . Other notable productions ( edit ) 1960s to 2000 The first Australian production opened at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre in 1961 and ran for three years . The production was directed by Charles Hickman , with musical numbers staged by Ernest Parham . The cast included June Bronhill as Maria , Peter Graves as Captain von Trapp and Rosina Raisbeck as Mother Abbess . A touring company then played for years , with Vanessa Lee ( Graves ' wife ) in the role of Maria . The cast recording made in 1961 was the first time a major overseas production featuring Australian artists was transferred to disc . A Puerto Rican production , performed in English , opened at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan under the direction of Pablo Cabrera in 1966 . It starred Camille Carrión as María and Raúl Dávila as Captain Von Trapp , and it featured a young Johanna Rosaly as Liesl . In 1968 , the production transferred to the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid , Spain , where it was performed in Spanish with Carrión reprising the role of María , Alfredo Mayo as Captain Von Trapp and Roberto Rey as Max . In 1988 , the Moon Troupe of Takarazuka Revue performed the musical at the Bow Hall ( Takarazuka , Hyōgo ) . Harukaze Hitomi and Gou Mayuka starred . A 1990 New York City Opera production , directed by Oscar Hammerstein II 's son , James , featured Debby Boone as Maria , Laurence Guittard as Captain von Trapp , and Werner Klemperer as Max . In the 1993 Stockholm production , Carola Häggkvist played Maria and Tommy Körberg played Captain von Trapp . An Australian revival played in the Lyric Theatre , Sydney , New South Wales , from November 1999 to February 2000 . Lisa McCune played Maria , John Waters was Captain von Trapp , Bert Newton was Max , Eilene Hannan was Mother Abbess , and Rachel Marley was Marta . This production was based on the 1998 Broadway revival staging . The production then toured until February 2001 , in Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth and Adelaide . Rachael Beck took over as Maria in Perth and Adelaide , and Rob Guest took over as Captain von Trapp in Perth . 21st century An Austrian production premiered in 2005 at the Volksoper Wien in German . It was directed and choreographed by Renaud Doucet . The cast included Sandra Pires as Maria , Kurt Schreibmayer and Michael Kraus as von Trapp , with Heidi Brunner as Mother Abbess . As of 2012 , the production was still in the repertoire of the Volksoper with 12 -- 20 performances per season . The Salzburg Marionette Theatre has toured extensively with their version that features the recorded voices of Broadway singers such as Christiane Noll as Maria . The tour began in Dallas , Texas , in 2007 and continued in Salzburg in 2008 . The director is Richard Hamburger . In 2010 , the production was given in Paris , France , with dialogue in French and the songs in English . In 2008 , a Brazilian production with Kiara Sasso as Maria and Herson Capri as the Captain played in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , and a Dutch production was mounted with Wieneke Remmers as Maria , directed by John Yost . Andrew Lloyd Webber , David Ian and David Mirvish presented The Sound of Music at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto from 2008 to 2010 . The role of Maria was chosen by the public through a television show , How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? , which was produced by Lloyd Webber and Ian and aired in mid-2008 . Elicia MacKenzie won and played the role six times a week , while the runner - up in the TV show , Janna Polzin , played Maria twice a week . Captain von Trapp was played by Burke Moses . The show ran for more than 500 performances . It was Toronto 's longest running revival ever . A UK tour began in 2009 and visited more than two dozen cities before ending in 2011 . The original cast included Connie Fisher as Maria , Michael Praed as Captain von Trapp and Margaret Preece as the Mother Abbess . Kirsty Malpass was the alternate Maria . Jason Donovan assumed the role of Captain Von Trapp , and Verity Rushworth took over as Maria , in early 2011 . Lesley Garrett reprised her role as Mother Abbess for the tour 's final engagement in Wimbledon in October 2011 . A production ran at the Ópera - Citi theater in Buenos Aires , Argentina in 2011 . The cast included Laura Conforte as Maria and Diego Ramos as Captain Von Trapp . A Spanish national tour began in November 2011 at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands . The tour visited 29 Spanish cities , spending one year in Madrid 's Gran Vía at the Teatro Coliseum , and one season at the Tívoli Theatre in Barcelona . It was directed by Jaime Azpilicueta and starred Silvia Luchetti as Maria and Carlos J. Benito as Captain Von Trapp . A production was mounted at the Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park from July to September 2013 . It starred Charlotte Wakefield as Maria , with Michael Xavier as Captain von Trapp and Caroline Keiff as Elsa . It received enthusiastic reviews and became the highest - grossing production ever at the theatre . In 2014 , the show was nominated for Best Musical Revival at the Laurence Olivier Awards and Wakefield was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical . A brief South Korean production played in 2014 , as did a South African production at the Artscape in Cape Town and at the Teatro at Montecasino based on Lloyd Webber and Ian 's London Palladium production . The same year , a Spanish language translation opened at Teatro de la Universidad in San Juan , under the direction of Edgar García . It starred Lourdes Robles as Maria and Braulio Castillo as Captain Von Trapp , with Dagmar as Elsa . A production ( in Thai : มนต์ รัก เพลง สวรรค์ ) ran at Muangthai ratchadalai Theatre , Bangkok , Thailand , in April 2015 in the Thai language . The production replaced the song `` Ordinary couple '' with `` Something Good '' . A North American tour , directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Danny Mefford , began at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in September 2015 . The tour is scheduled to run until at least July 2017 . Kerstin Anderson plays Maria , with Ben Davis as Capt . von Trapp and Ashley Brown as Mother Abess . The production has received warm reviews . A UK tour produced by Bill Kenwright began in 2015 and toured into 2016 . It was directed by Martin Connor and starred Lucy O'Byrne as Maria . A 2016 Australian tour of the Lloyd Webber production , directed by Sams , included stops in Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne and Adelaide . The cast included Cameron Daddo as Captain Von Trapp , Marina Prior as Baroness Schraeder and Lorraine Bayly as Frau Schmidt . The choreographer was Arlene Phillips . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music ( film ) On March 2 , 1965 , 20th Century Fox released a film adaption of the musical starring Julie Andrews as Maria Rainer and Christopher Plummer as Captain Georg von Trapp . It was produced and directed by Robert Wise with the screenplay adaption written by Ernest Lehman . Two songs were written by Rodgers specifically for the film , `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' . The film won five Oscars at the 38th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Television adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music Live ! A live televised production of the musical aired twice in December 2013 on NBC . It was directed by Beth McCarthy - Miller and Rob Ashford . Carrie Underwood starred as Maria Rainer , with Stephen Moyer as Captain von Trapp , Christian Borle as Max , Laura Benanti as Elsa , and Audra McDonald as the Mother Abbess . The production was released on DVD the same month . British network ITV presented a live version of its own on December 20 , 2015 . It starred Kara Tointon as Maria , Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp , Katherine Kelly as Baroness Schraeder and Alexander Armstrong as Max . Reception ( edit ) Most reviews of the original Broadway production were favorable . Richard Watts , Jr. of the New York Post stated that the show had `` strangely gentle charm that is wonderfully endearing . The Sound of Music strives for nothing in the way of smash effects , substituting instead a kind of gracious and unpretentious simplicity . '' The New York World - Telegram and Sun pronounced The Sound of Music `` the loveliest musical imaginable . It places Rodgers and Hammerstein back in top form as melodist and lyricist . The Lindsay - Crouse dialogue is vibrant and amusing in a plot that rises to genuine excitement . '' The New York Journal American 's review opined that The Sound of Music is `` the most mature product of the team ... it seemed to me to be the full ripening of these two extraordinary talents '' . Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times gave a mixed assessment . He praised Mary Martin 's performance , saying `` she still has the same common touch ... same sharp features , goodwill , and glowing personality that makes music sound intimate and familiar '' and stated that `` the best of the Sound of Music is Rodgers and Hammerstein in good form '' . However , he said , the libretto `` has the hackneyed look of the musical theatre replaced with Oklahoma ! in 1943 . It is disappointing to see the American musical stage succumbing to the clichés of operetta . '' Walter Kerr 's review in the New York Herald Tribune was unfavorable : `` Before The Sound of Music is halfway through its promising chores it becomes not only too sweet for words but almost too sweet for music '' , stating that the `` evening suffer ( s ) from little children '' . Cast recordings ( edit ) Columbia Masterworks recorded the original Broadway cast album a week after the show 's 1959 opening . The album was the label 's first deluxe package in a gatefold jacket , priced $1 higher than previous cast albums . It was # 1 on Billboard 's best - selling albums chart for 16 weeks in 1960 . It was released on CD from Sony in the Columbia Broadway Masterworks series . In 1959 , singer Patti Page recorded the title song from the show for Mercury Records on the day that the musical opened on Broadway . Since it was recorded a week before the original Broadway cast album , Page was the first artist to record any song from the musical . She featured the song on her TV show , The Patti Page Olds Show , helping to popularize the musical . The 1960 London production was recorded by EMI and was issued on CD on the Broadway Angel Label . The 1965 film soundtrack was released by RCA Victor and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history , having sold over 20 million copies worldwide . Recent CD editions incorporate musical material from the film that would not fit on the original LP . The label has also issued the soundtrack in German , Italian , Spanish and French editions . RCA Victor also released an album of the 1998 Broadway revival produced by Hallmark Entertainment and featuring the full revival cast , including Rebecca Luker , Michael Siberry , Jan Maxwell and Fred Applegate . The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music , with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel ( 1987 ) . The lead roles went to opera stars : Frederica von Stade as Maria , Håkan Hagegård as Captain von Trapp , and Eileen Farrell as the Mother Abbess . The recording `` includes both the two new songs written for the film version and the three Broadway songs they replace , as well as a previously unrecorded verse of `` An Ordinary Couple '' `` . The 2006 London revival was recorded and has been released on the Decca Broadway label . There have been numerous studio cast albums and foreign cast albums issued , though many have only received regional distribution . According to the cast album database , there are 62 recordings of the score that have been issued over the years . The soundtrack from the 2013 NBC television production starring Carrie Underwood and Stephen Moyer was released on CD and digital download in December 2013 on the Sony Masterworks label . Also featured on the album are Audra McDonald , Laura Benanti and Christian Borle . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1960 Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Mary Martin Won Best Featured Actor in a Musical Theodore Bikel Nominated Kurt Kasznar Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Patricia Neway Won Kathy Dunn , Lauri Peters , Mary Susan Locke , Marilyn Rogers , Evanna Lien , William Snowden , and Joseph Stewart Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Vincent J. Donehue Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Frederick Dvonch Won Best Scenic Design of a Musical Oliver Smith Won Theatre World Award Lauri Peters Won 1967 Outer Critics Circle Special Award Constance Towers Won 1998 Broadway Revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1998 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Orchestrations Bruce Coughlin Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Rebecca Luker Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Jan Maxwell Nominated Outstanding Set Design Heidi Ettinger Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sound of Music : The Forgotten Maria '' . LIFE.com . Jump up ^ Nolan , 244 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music : : Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization : : Show Details '' . The Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ( Show History section ) Jump up ^ Gearin , Joan . Movie vs. Reality : The Real Story of the von Trapp Family , Prologue magazine , Winter 2005 , Vol. 37 , No. 4 , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Official Sound of Music London Web Site '' . Soundofmusiclondon.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Information from the BBC website '' . Bbc.co.uk . November 16 , 1959 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Information from Earthlydelights.com Archived February 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Guidetomusicaltheatre.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Richard ; Hammerstein , Oscar ( 1960 ) . The Sound of Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88188 - 050 - 2 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minor , E. Kyle . `` Sound of Music returns to its origins at New Haven 's Shubert Theatre '' , New Haven Register , November 3 , 2017 , accessed June 24 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Awards '' , Playbill ( vault ) , retrieved November 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ August 1962 PLAYBILL from the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre Jump up ^ Bikel , Theodore . Theo : The Autobiography of Theodore Bikel , Univ of Wisconsin Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 299 - 18284 - 3 , p. Z - 17 Jump up ^ Green , Encyclopedia , p. 396 Jump up ^ `` Cast list at Broadway World '' . Broadwayworld.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslon , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 259 Jump up ^ `` ' The sound of Msic ' Boadway 1998 '' Archived October 5 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . playbillvault.com , accessed October 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Scarlett Johansson -- Johansson Snubs Sound Of Music contactmusic.com , July 27 , 2006 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Summer Strallen is Maria in London 's The Sound of Music Feb. 26 '' , Broadwayworld.com , February 4 , 2008 , accessed November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Aoife Mulholland '' , Thisistheatre.com , 29 April 2015 Jump up ^ Information from Theatre.com Archived July 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` So `` Long , Farewell '' : London 's Sound of Music Closes Feb. 21 `` . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . takawiki.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rockwell , John . `` Review / Music ; ' Sound of Music ' Takes On The Icons of a Heroic Past '' The New York Times , March 9 , 1990 Jump up ^ Rose , Colin . `` Head for the hills ; Stage '' , The Sun Herald ( Sydney , Australia ) , November 14 , 1999 , Time Out , p. 15 Jump up ^ Critics ' Choice , The Australian , April 14 , 2000 , Features , p. 11 Jump up ^ Barclay , Alison . `` Von Trapps ' house is full '' , Herald Sun ( Melbourne , Australia ) , July 7 , 2000 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Aldred , Debra . `` Lisa can sing for her supper of marshmallows '' , Courier Mail ( Queensland , Australia ) , August 4 , 2000 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Archdall , Susan . `` Rachael 's happy to go her own way '' , The Advertiser , January 1 , 2001 , p. 77 Jump up ^ `` Website of the Volksoper Wien '' . Volksoper.at . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Official season programmes of the Volksoper Wien , 2005 / 06 , 2006 / 07 , 2007 / 08 Jump up ^ Lash , Larry L. `` The Sound of Music '' , Variety , March 7 , 2005 -- March 13 , 2005 , Legit Reviews ; Abroad , p. 57 Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil . `` The Hills Are Still Alive , Just Look Past the Strings '' Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , December 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ Review of Dallas opening , November 3 , 2007 Archived December 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2008 schedule of performances Archived July 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official website of the Salzburg Marionette Theatre 's production Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Brazilian Production '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Official website of the 2008 Dutch production Archived November 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lipton , Brian Scott. `` The Sound of Music to Bow in Toronto in September 2008 '' Archived December 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Theatermania.com , September 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Turns out Janna 's a ' Maria ' after all '' . The Star . Toronto . August 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` The Sound of Music Ends Run at The Princess of Wales Theatre January 10 '' Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Broadwayworld.com , January 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ The Sound of Music UK Tour Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Thesoundofmusictour.com , Retrieved May 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` lanoviciarebelde.com '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La Novicia Rebelde , Argentina . `` La Novicia Rebelde '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nuria Frutos . `` BWW TV : ' Sonrisas y lágrimas ' se prepara para su gira española '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Sound of Music Extends Run at London 's Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park Archived September 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , Retrieved November 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird & Sound of Music lead 2013 Open Air season '' . whatsonstage.com . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nominations Announced for 2014 Olivier Awards ! '' Archived March 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Broadwayworld , retrieved 10 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` 2014.1. 1 Ticket '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . January 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` En cartelera The Sound of Music '' . Jump up ^ Ltd. Thailand , VOICE TV . `` ละคร เวที'มนตร์ รัก เพลง สวรรค์ The sound of music ' '' . VoiceTV . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's Hills Are Alive '' Archived April 11 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , NationMultimedia.com Jump up ^ `` Bangkok Is Alive with the Sound of Music '' , Bangkok Post Jump up ^ `` New National Tour of The Sound of Music , Directed by Jack O'Brien , to Launch This Fall '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Broadwayworld , retrieved 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ Verini , Bob . `` L.A. Theater Review : The Sound of Music , Directed by Jack O'Brien '' Archived February 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Variety , October 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Tour Tickets 2016 '' Archived July 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , BritishTheatre.com , May 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Is Alive with White Light '' Archived August 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , etnow.com , December 3 , 2015 , accessed July 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cotter , Richard . The Sound of Music '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Stage , December 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The London Palladium Production of The Sound of Music '' Archived July 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Really Useful Group Ltd. , accessed November 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` NBC to Re-Air ' The Sound of Music Live ! ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NBC & Craig Zadan / Neil Meron to Present Live Broadcast of THE SOUND OF MUSIC ! Archived December 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bernardin , Marc ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Sound of Music Live ! : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` NBC to Release The Sound of Music Live ! on DVD , Dec 17 '' . Broadway World . Wisdom Digital Media . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martinson , Jane . `` As ITV prepares for the Sound of Music Live , are we watching TV 's future ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ITV To Mount ' The Sound Of Music Live ! ' UK Christmas Special '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Suskin , pp. 460 -- 64 Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred. `` Chart Beat '' , Billboard , September 14 , 1996 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- Original Broadway Cast '' , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Patti Page -- ' The Sound Of Music ' / ' Little Donkey ' '' Archived March 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Discogs.com , accessed December 8 , 2015 . The disc debuted at No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Hot 100 Ads 16 '' Archived May 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Billboard , December 28 , 1959 , p. 5 , accessed December 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- Original London Cast '' , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott . `` The Hills Are Alive With the Sound of Money '' , The Wall Street Journal , February 27 , 2015 , accessed December 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hischak , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- Broadway Cast '' , 1998 , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Dyer , Richard , `` Record Review ; Cincinnati Pops Orchestra Rodgers And Hammersrein : The Sound of Music Telarc ( CD ) '' , The Boston Globe , September 15 , 1988 , Calendar ; p. 12 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music -- London Cast '' ( 2006 ) , Castalbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' , CastAlbums.org , accessed March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Carrie Underwood : The Sound of Music '' Archived November 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , AllMusic , December 3 , 2013 , accessed February 11 , 2016 References ( edit ) Green , Stanley . Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre ( 1980 ) . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 Hischak , Thomas . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia ( 2007 ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 Maslon , Laurence , with a foreword by Andrew Lloyd Webber . The Sound of Music Companion ( 2007 ) Simon and Schuster ISBN 1 - 4165 - 4954 - 4 Nolan , Frederick . The Sound of Their Music : The Story of Rodgers & Hammerstein , New York : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 473 - 3 Suskin , Steven . Opening Night on Broadway : A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre ( 1990 ) , Schirmer Books ISBN 0 - 02 - 872625 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Bell , Bethany , `` Austria discovers The Sound of Music '' , BBC , Saturday , March 19 , 2005 . Block , Geoffrey . The Richard Rodgers Reader . New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 . Ewen , David . With a Song in His Heart ( Richard Rodgers ) . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1963 . Fordin , Hugh . Getting To Know Him : The Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . New York : Random House , 1977 ; Decapo Press , 1995 . Green , Stanley . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Fact Book . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard , 1980 . Hirsch , Julia Antopol . The Sound Of Music -- The Making Of America 's Favorite Movie . McGraw - Hill Publishing , 1993 Mordden , Ethan . Rodgers & Hammerstein . New York : Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , 1992 . Papamichael , Stella . The Sound of Music : 40th Anniversary Collector 's Edition DVD ( 1965 ) , BBC , review and history , November 23 , 2005 Wilk , Max . The Making of The Sound of Music ( 2007 ) , Routledge ISBN 0 - 415 - 97934 - X External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sound of Music The Sound of Music at the Internet Broadway Database The Sound of Music at RNH Theatricals Synopsis on theatrehistory Sound of Music character descriptions and plot summary from StageAgent.com The Sound of Music : 50th Anniversary Edition Podcast Series Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Music&oldid=849734591 '' Categories : The Sound of Music 1959 musicals Broadway musicals Love stories Biographical musicals Musicals inspired by real - life events Nuns in fiction Plays set in Austria Musicals about World War II Salzburg Tony Award for Best Musical Trapp family West End musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Use mdy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the original sound of music come out	[ "The original Broadway production, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, opened in 1959[1] and won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, out of nine nominations. The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961. The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then. It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, which won five Academy Awards. The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere.\n" ]	[ "1959" ]
-5290940513238838767	Constructor (object-oriented programming)	Constructor ( object - oriented programming ) - wikipedia Constructor ( object - oriented programming ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Programming language comparisons General comparison Assignment Basic syntax Basic instructions Comments Control flow Foreach loops While loops For loops Do - while Exception handling Enumerated types Anonymous functions Conditional expressions Functional instructions Arrays Associative arrays String operations String functions Higher - order functions Type systems List comprehension Object - oriented programming Object - oriented constructors Operators Evaluation strategy List of `` Hello World '' programs Languages with dependent types Comparison of type systems Comparison of individual languages ( show ) ALGOL 58 's influence on ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 : Comparisons with other languages Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++ ALGOL 68 : Comparisons with other languages Compatibility of C and C++ Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi Comparison of Object Pascal and C Comparison of Pascal and C Comparison of Java and C++ Comparison of C# and Java Comparison of C# and Visual Basic . NET Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic . NET In class - based object - oriented programming , a constructor ( abbreviation : ctor ) is a special type of subroutine called to create an object . It prepares the new object for use , often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables . A constructor resembles an instance method , but it differs from a method in that it has no explicit return type , it is not implicitly inherited and it usually has different rules for scope modifiers . Constructors often have the same name as the declaring class . They have the task of initializing the object 's data members and of establishing the invariant of the class , failing if the invariant is invalid . A properly written constructor leaves the resulting object in a valid state . Immutable objects must be initialized in a constructor . Most languages allow overloading the constructor in that there can be more than one constructor for a class , with differing parameters . Some languages take consideration of some special types of constructors . Constructors , which concretely use a single class to create objects and return a new instance of the class , are abstracted by factories , which also create objects but can do so in various ways , using multiple classes or different allocation schemes such as an object pool . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Defined constructors 1.2 Default constructors 1.3 Copy constructors 1.4 Conversion constructors 1.5 Move constructors 2 Syntax 3 Memory organization 4 Language details 4.1 Java 4.2 JavaScript 4.3 Visual Basic . NET 4.4 C# 4.4. 1 C# static constructor 4.5 C++ 4.6 F# 4.7 Eiffel 4.8 CFML 4.9 Object Pascal 4.10 Perl 4.11 Perl with Moose 4.12 PHP 4.13 Python 4.14 Ruby 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Types ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Defined constructors ( edit ) Constructors that can take at least one argument are termed as parameterized constructors . For example : class Example ( int x , y ; public : Example ( ) ; Example ( int a , int b ) ; / / Parameterized constructor ) ; Example : : Example ( ) ( ) Example : : Example ( int a , int b ) ( x = a ; y = b ; ) When an object is declared in a parameterized constructor , the initial values have to be passed as arguments to the constructor function . The normal way of object declaration may not work . The constructors can be called explicitly or implicitly . The method of calling the constructor implicitly is also called the shorthand method . Example e = Example ( 0 , 50 ) ; / / Explicit call Example e ( 0 , 50 ) ; / / Implicit call Default constructors ( edit ) If the programmer does not supply a constructor for an instantiable class , most languages will provide a default constructor . The behavior of the default constructor is language dependent . It may initialize data members to zero or other same values , or it may do nothing at all . Some languages ( Java , C# , VB . NET ) will default construct arrays of class types to contain null references . Languages without null references may not allow default construction of arrays of non default constructible objects , or require explicit initialization at the time of the creation ( C++ ) : # include < iostream > class student ( public : int a , b ; student ( a = 0 , b = 0 ) / / default constructor ) ; int main ( ) ( ) Copy constructors ( edit ) See also : Copy constructor ( C++ ) Copy constructors define the actions performed by the compiler when copying class objects . A copy constructor has one formal parameter that is the type of the class ( the parameter may be a reference to an object ) . It is used to create a copy of an existing object of the same class . Even though both classes are the same , it counts as a conversion constructor . While copy constructors are usually abbreviated copy ctor or cctor , they have nothing to do with class constructors used in . NET using the same abbreviation . Conversion constructors ( edit ) Conversion constructors provide a means for a compiler to implicitly create an object belonging to one class based on an object of a different type . These constructors are usually invoked implicitly to convert arguments or operands to an appropriate type , but they may also be called explicitly . Move constructors ( edit ) In C++ , move constructors take a value reference to an object of the class , and are used to implement ownership transfer of the parameter object 's resources . Syntax ( edit ) Java , C++ , C# , ActionScript , and PHP 4 have a naming convention in which constructors have the same name as the class with which they are associated . In PHP 5 , a recommended name for a constructor is __construct . For backwards compatibility , a method with the same name as the class will be called if __construct method can not be found . Since PHP 5.3. 3 , this works only for non-namespaced classes . In Perl , constructors are , by convention , named `` new '' and have to do a fair amount of object creation . In Moose object system for Perl , constructors ( named new ) are automatically created and are extended by specifying a BUILD method . In Visual Basic . NET , the constructor is called `` New `` . In Python , the constructor is split over two methods , `` __new__ '' and `` __init__ `` . The __new__ method is responsible for allocating memory for the instance , and receives the class as an argument ( conventionally called '' cls `` ) . The __init__ method ( often called `` the initialiser '' ) is passed the newly created instance as an argument ( conventionally called `` self `` ) . Object Pascal constructors are signified by the keyword `` constructor '' and can have user - defined names ( but are mostly called `` Create `` ) . In Objective - C , the constructor method is split across two methods , `` alloc '' and `` init '' with the alloc method setting aside ( allocating ) memory for an instance of the class , and the init method handling the bulk of initializing the instance . A call to the method `` new '' invokes both the alloc and the init methods , for the class instance . Memory organization ( edit ) In Java , C# and VB . NET the constructor creates objects in a special memory structure called heap for reference types . Value types ( such as int , double etc . ) , are created in a sequential structure called stack . VB . NET and C# allow use of new to create objects of value types . However , in those languages even use of new for value types creates objects only on stack . In C++ , when constructor is invoked without new the objects are created on stack . When objects are created using new they are created on heap . They must be deleted implicitly by a destructor or explicitly by a call to operator delete . Language details ( edit ) It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Comparison of programming languages ( OOP , constructors ) . ( Discuss ) ( May 2016 ) Java ( edit ) In Java , constructors differ from other methods in that : Constructors never have an explicit return type . Constructors can not be directly invoked ( the keyword `` new '' invokes them ) . Constructors can not be synchronized , final , abstract , native , or static . it should not contain modifiers Java constructors perform the following tasks in the following order : Call the default constructor of the superclass if no constructor is defined . Initialize member variables to the specified values . Executes the body of the constructor . Java permit users to call one constructor in another constructor using this ( ) keyword . But this ( ) must be first statement . class Example ( Example ( ) / / non-parameterized constructor ( this ( 1 ) ; / / calling of constructor System. out. println ( `` 0 - arg - cons '' ) ; ) Example ( int a ) / / parameterized constructor ( System. out. println ( `` 1 - arg - cons '' ) ; ) public static void main ( String ( ) args ) ( Example e = new Example ( ) ; ) Java provides access to the superclass 's constructor through the super keyword . public class Example ( / / Definition of the constructor . public Example ( ) ( this ( 1 ) ; ) / / Overloading a constructor public Example ( int input ) ( data = input ; / / This is an assignment ) / / Declaration of instance variable ( s ) . private int data ; ) / / Code somewhere else / / Instantiating an object with the above constructor Example e = new Example ( 42 ) ; A constructor taking zero number of arguments is called a `` no - arguments '' or `` no - arg '' constructor . Javascript ( edit ) As of ES6 , JavaScript has direct constructors like many other programming languages . They are written as such class FooBar ( constructor ( baz ) ( this. baz = baz ) ) This can be instantiated as such const foo = new FooBar ( ' 7 ' ) The equivalent of this before ES6 , was creating a function that instantiates an object as such var FooBar = function ( baz ) ( this. baz = baz ; ) This is instantiated the same way as above . Visual Basic . NET ( edit ) In Visual Basic . NET , constructors use a method declaration with the name `` New `` . Class Foobar Private strData As String ' Constructor Public Sub New ( ByVal someParam As String ) strData = someParam End Sub End Class ' code somewhere else ' instantiating an object with the above constructor Dim foo As New Foobar ( ``. NET '' ) C# ( edit ) Example C# constructor : public class MyClass ( private int a ; private string b ; / / Constructor public MyClass ( ) : this ( 42 , `` string '' ) ( ) / / Overloading a constructor public MyClass ( int a , string b ) ( this. a = a ; this. b = b ; ) ) / / Code somewhere / / Instantiating an object with the constructor above MyClass c = new MyClass ( 42 , `` string '' ) ; C# static constructor ( edit ) In C# , a static constructor is a static data initializer . Static constructors are also called class constructors . Since the actual method generated has the name . cctor they are often also called `` cctors '' . Static constructors allow complex static variable initialization . Static constructors are called implicitly when the class is first accessed . Any call to a class ( static or constructor call ) , triggers the static constructor execution . Static constructors are thread safe and implement a singleton pattern . When used in a generic programming class , static constructors are called at every new generic instantiation one per type . Static variables are instantiated as well . public class MyClass ( private static int _A ; / / Normal constructor static MyClass ( ) ( _A = 32 ; ) / / Standard default constructor public MyClass ( ) ( ) ) / / Code somewhere / / Instantiating an object with the constructor above / / right before the instantiation / / The variable static constructor is executed and _A is 32 MyClass c = new MyClass ( ) ; C++ ( edit ) In C++ , the name of the constructor is the name of the class . It returns nothing . It can have parameters like any member function . Constructor functions are usually declared in the public section , but can also be declared in the protected and private sections , if the user wants to restrict access to them . The constructor has two parts . First is the initializer list which follows the parameter list and before the method body . It starts with a colon and entries are comma - separated . The initializer list is not required , but offers the opportunity to provide values for data members and avoid separate assignment statements . The initializer list is required if you have const or reference type data members , or members that do not have parameterless constructor logic . Assignments occur according to the order in which data members are declared ( even if the order in the initializer list is different ) . The second part is the body , which is a normal method body enclosed in curly brackets . C++ allows more than one constructor . The other constructors must have different parameters . Additionally constructors which contain parameters which are given default values , must adhere to the restriction that not all parameters are given a default value . This is a situation which only matters if there is a default constructor . The constructor of a base class ( or base classes ) can also be called by a derived class . Constructor functions are not inherited and their addresses can not be referenced . When memory allocation is required , the new and delete operators are called implicitly . A copy constructor has a parameter of the same type passed as const reference , for example Vector ( const Vector& rhs ) . If it is not provided explicitly , the compiler uses the copy constructor for each member variable or simply copies values in case of primitive types . The default implementation is not efficient if the class has dynamically allocated members ( or handles to other resources ) , because it can lead to double calls to delete ( or double release of resources ) upon destruction . class Foobar ( public : Foobar ( double r = 1.0 , double alpha = 0.0 ) / / Constructor , parameters with default values . : x ( r * cos ( alpha ) ) / / < - Initializer list ( y = r * sin ( alpha ) ; / / < - Normal assignment ) private : double x ; double y ; ) ; Example invocations : Foobar a , b ( 3 ) , c ( 5 , M_PI / 4 ) ; On returning objects from functions or passing objects by value , the objects copy constructor will be called implicitly , unless return value optimization applies . C++ implicitly generates a default copy constructor which will call the copy constructors for all base classes and all member variables unless the programmer provides one , explicitly deletes the copy constructor ( to prevent cloning ) or one of the base classes or member variables copy constructor is deleted or not accessible ( private ) . Most cases calling for a customized copy constructor ( e.g. reference counting , deep copy of pointers ) also require customizing the destructor and the copy assignment operator . This is commonly referred to as the Rule of three . F# ( edit ) In F# , a constructor can include any let or do statements defined in a class . let statements define private fields and do statements execute code . Additional constructors can be defined using the new keyword . type MyClass ( _a : int , _b : string ) = class / / Primary constructor let a = _a let b = _b do printfn `` a = % i , b = % s '' a b / / Additional constructors new ( _a : int ) = MyClass ( _a , `` '' ) then printfn `` Integer parameter given '' new ( _b : string ) = MyClass ( 0 , _b ) then printfn `` String parameter given '' new ( ) = MyClass ( 0 , `` '' ) then printfn `` No parameter given '' end / / Code somewhere / / instantiating an object with the primary constructor let c1 = new MyClass ( 42 , `` string '' ) / / instantiating an object with additional constructors let c2 = new MyClass ( 42 ) let c3 = new MyClass ( `` string '' ) let c4 = MyClass ( ) / / `` new '' keyword is optional Eiffel ( edit ) In Eiffel , the routines which initialize new objects are called creation procedures . Creation procedures have the following traits : Creation procedures have no explicit return type ( by definition of procedure ) . Creation procedures are named . Creation procedures are designated by name as creation procedures in the text of the class . Creation procedures can be explicitly invoked to re-initialize existing objects . Every effective ( i.e. , concrete or non-abstract ) class must designate at least one creation procedure . Creation procedures must leave the newly initialized object in a state that satisfies the class invariant . Although object creation involves some subtleties , the creation of an attribute with a typical declaration x : T as expressed in a creation instruction create x. make consists of the following sequence of steps : Create a new direct instance of type T . Execute the creation procedure make to the newly created instance . Attach the newly initialized object to the entity x . In the first snippet below , class POINT is defined . The procedure make is coded after the keyword feature . The keyword create introduces a list of procedures which can be used to initialize instances . In this case the list includes default_create , a procedure with an empty implementation inherited from class ANY , and the make procedure coded within the class . class POINT create default_create , make feature make ( a_x_value : REAL ; a_y_value : REAL ) do x : = a_x_value y : = a_y_value end x : REAL -- X coordinate y : REAL -- Y coordinate ... In the second snippet , a class which is a client to POINT has a declarations my_point_1 and my_point_2 of type POINT . In procedural code , my_point_1 is created as the origin ( 0.0 , 0.0 ) . Because no creation procedure is specified , the procedure default_create inherited from class ANY is used . This line could have been coded create my_point_1. default_create . Only procedures named as creation procedures can be used in an instruction with the create keyword . Next is a creation instruction for my_point_2 , providing initial values for the my_point_2 ' s coordinates . The third instruction makes an ordinary instance call to the make procedure to reinitialize the instance attached to my_point_2 with different values . my_point_1 : POINT my_point_2 : POINT ... create my_point_1 create my_point_2. make ( 3.0 , 4.0 ) my_point_2. make ( 5.0 , 8.0 ) ... Cfml ( edit ) CFML uses a method named ' init ' as a constructor method . Cheese. cfc component ( / / properties property name = `` cheeseName '' ; / / constructor function Cheese init ( required string cheeseName ) ( variables. cheeseName = arguments. cheeseName ; return this ; ) ) Create instance of a cheese . myCheese = new Cheese ( ' Cheddar ' ) ; Since ColdFusion 10 , CFML has also supported specifying the name of the constructor method : component initmethod = `` Cheese '' ( / / properties property name = `` cheeseName '' ; / / constructor function Cheese Cheese ( required string cheeseName ) ( variables. cheeseName = arguments. cheeseName ; return this ; ) ) Object Pascal ( edit ) In Object Pascal , the constructor is similar to a factory method . The only syntactic difference to regular methods is the keyword constructor in front of the name ( instead of procedure or function ) . It can have any name , though the convention is to have Create as prefix , such as in CreateWithFormatting . Creating an instance of a class works like calling a static method of a class : TPerson. Create ( ' Peter ' ) . program OopProgram ; type TPerson = class private FName : string ; public property Name : string read FName ; constructor Create ( AName : string ) ; end ; constructor TPerson. Create ( AName : string ) ; begin FName : = AName ; end ; var Person : TPerson ; begin Person : = TPerson. Create ( ' Peter ' ) ; / / allocates an instance of TPerson and then calls TPerson. Create with the parameter AName = ' Peter ' end . Perl ( edit ) In Perl programming language version 5 , by default , constructors are factory methods , that is , methods that create and return the object , concretely meaning create and return a blessed reference . A typical object is a reference to a hash , though rarely references to other types are used too . By convention the only constructor is named new , though it is allowed to name it otherwise , or to have multiple constructors . For example , a Person class may have a constructor named new as well as a constructor new_from_file which reads a file for Person attributes , and new_from_person which uses another Person object as a template . package Person ; # In Perl constructors are named ' new ' by convention . sub new ( # Class name is implicitly passed in as 0th argument . my $ class = shift ; # Default attribute values , if you have any . my % defaults = ( foo = > `` bar '' ) ; # Initialize attributes as a combination of default values and arguments passed . my $ self = ( % defaults , @ _ ) ; # Check for required arguments , class invariant , etc. if ( not defined $ self - > ( first_name ) ) ( die `` Mandatory attribute missing in Person - > new ( ) : first_name '' ; ) if ( not defined $ self - > ( last_name ) ) ( die `` Mandatory attribute missing in Person - > new ( ) : last_name '' ; ) if ( defined $ self - > ( age ) and $ self - > ( age ) < 18 ) ( die `` Invalid attribute value in Person - > new ( ) : age < 18 '' ; ) # Perl makes an object belong to a class by ' bless '. bless $ self , $ class ; return $ self ; ) 1 ; Perl with Moose ( edit ) With the Moose object system for Perl , most of this boilerplate can be left out , a default new is created , attributes can be specified , as well as whether they can be set , reset , or are required . In addition , any extra constructor functionality can be included in a BUILD method which the Moose generated constructor will call , after it has checked the arguments . A BUILDARGS method can be specified to handle constructor arguments not in hashref / key = > value form . package Person ; # enable Moose - style object construction use Moose ; # first name ( a string ) can only be set at construction time ( ' ro ' ) has first_name = > ( is = > ' ro ' , isa = > ' Str ' , required = > 1 ) ; # last name ( a string ) can only be set at construction time ( ' ro ' ) has last_name = > ( is = > ' ro ' , isa = > ' Str ' , required = > 1 ) ; # age ( Integer ) can be modified after construction ( ' rw ' ) , and is not required # to be passed to be constructor . Also creates a ' has_age ' method which returns # true if age has been set has age = > ( is = > ' rw ' , isa = > ' Int ' , predicate = > ' has_age ' ) ; # Check custom requirements sub BUILD ( my $ self = shift ; if ( $ self - > has_age && $ self - > age < 18 ) ( # no under 18s die `` No under - 18 Persons '' ; ) ) 1 ; In both cases the Person class is instiated like this : use Person ; my $ p = Person - > new ( first_name = > ' Sam ' , last_name = > ' Ashe ' , age = > 42 ) ; PHP ( edit ) In PHP version 5 and above , the constructor is a method named __construct ( ) ( notice that it 's a double underscore ) , which the keyword new automatically calls after creating the object . It is usually used to automatically perform initializations such as property initializations . Constructors can also accept arguments , in which case , when the new statement is written , you also need to send the constructor arguments for the parameters . class Person ( private $ name ; public function __construct ( $ name ) ( $ this - > name = $ name ; ) public function getName ( ) ( return $ this - > name ; ) ) Python ( edit ) In Python , constructors are defined by one or both of __new__ and __init__ methods . A new instance is created by calling the class as if it were a function , which calls the __new__ and __init__ methods . If a constructor method is not defined in the class , the next one found in the class 's Method Resolution Order will be called . In the typical case , only the __init__ method need be defined . ( The most common exception is for immutable objects . ) > > > class ExampleClass ( object ) : ... def __new__ ( cls , value ) : ... print ( `` Creating new instance ... '' ) ... # Call the superclass constructor to create the instance ... instance = super ( ExampleClass , cls ). __new__ ( cls ) ... return instance ... def __init__ ( self , value ) : ... print ( `` Initialising instance ... '' ) ... self. payload = value > > > exampleInstance = ExampleClass ( 42 ) Creating new instance ... Initialising instance ... > > > print ( exampleInstance. payload ) 42 Classes normally act as factories for new instances of themselves , that is , a class is a callable object ( like a function ) , with the call being the constructor , and calling the class returns an instance of that class . However the __new__ method is permitted to return something other than an instance of the class for specialised purposes . In that case , the __init__ is not invoked . Ruby ( edit ) In Ruby , constructors are created by defining a method called initialize . This method is executed to initialize each new instance . irb ( main ) : 001 : 0 > class ExampleClass irb ( main ) : 002 : 1 > def initialize irb ( main ) : 003 : 2 > puts `` Hello there '' irb ( main ) : 004 : 2 > end irb ( main ) : 005 : 1 > end = > nil irb ( main ) : 006 : 0 > ExampleClass. new Hello there = > # < ExampleClass : 0x007fb3f4299118 > See also ( edit ) Allocation site Creational pattern Destructor Global constructor in C++ , and its C counterpart , ( ( constructor ) ) function attribute Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eiffel routines are either procedures or functions . Procedures never have a return type . Functions always have a return type . Jump up ^ Because the inherited class invariant must be satisfied , there is no mandatory call to the parents ' constructors . Jump up ^ The Eiffel standard requires fields to be initialized on first access , so it is not necessary to perform default field initialization during object creation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Constructors and Destructors , from PHP online documentation Jump up ^ Data model , from Python online documentation Jump up ^ Details on Constructor in java Jump up ^ `` Providing Constructors for Your Classes '' . Oracle Corporation . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fabulous Adventures in Coding '' . Eric Lippert. 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Expert . NET 2.0 IL Assembler . APress. 2006 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Static Constructor in C# on MSDN Jump up ^ https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1242830/constructor-initialization-list-evaluation-order Constructor Jump up ^ Eiffel ISO / ECMA specification document Jump up ^ CFComponent Jump up ^ Data model Jump up ^ Data model Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructor_(object-oriented_programming)&oldid=844329111 '' Categories : Method ( computer programming ) Programming language comparisons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2013 Articles to be split from May 2016 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 06 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of a class constructor	[ "In class-based object-oriented programming, a constructor (abbreviation: ctor) is a special type of subroutine called to create an object. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables.", "In class-based object-oriented programming, a constructor (abbreviation: ctor) is a special type of subroutine called to create an object. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables." ]	[ "prepares the new object for use", "accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables" ]
3311616495257984451	Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball	Kansas State Wildcats Men 's basketball - wikipedia Kansas State Wildcats Men 's basketball Jump to : navigation , search Kansas State Wildcats 2017 -- 18 Kansas State Wildcats men 's basketball team University Kansas State University First season 1902 All - time record 1,612 -- 1,121 (. 590 ) Athletic director Gene Taylor Head coach Bruce Weber ( 6th season ) Conference Big 12 Location Manhattan , Kansas Arena Bramlage Coliseum ( Capacity : 12,528 ) Nickname Wildcats Colors Royal Purple and White Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament runner - up 1951 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1948 , 1951 , 1958 , 1964 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1948 , 1951 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1981 , 1988 , 2010 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1951 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1988 , 2010 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1948 , 1951 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1977 , 1980 Conference regular season champions 1917 , 1919 , 1948 , 1950 , 1951 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 2013 The Kansas State Wildcats men 's basketball team represents Kansas State University in college basketball competition . The program is classified in the NCAA Division I , and is a member of the Big 12 Conference . The current head coach is Bruce Weber . The program began competition in 1902 , and has a long history of success . The first two major - conference titles captured by the school were won in the sport , in 1917 and 1919 ( in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ) . Kansas State has gone on to capture 18 regular season conference crowns in the sport . Street & Smith ranked K - State 22nd in its 2005 list of the greatest college basketball programs of all time , while Jeff Sagarin listed the program 27th in his all - time rankings in the ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia . Following the 2015 -- 2016 season , the Wildcats had a record of 1612 -- 1121 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Top 25 rankings 2 Rivalries 2.1 Kansas : Sunflower Showdown 2.2 Missouri 2.3 Wichita State 3 Postseason 3.1 NCAA Tournament results 3.2 NCAA Tournament seeding history 3.3 NIT results 3.4 NCIT results 4 Individual awards and accomplishments 4.1 Retired jerseys 4.2 National honors 4.3 Conference honors 4.4 Wildcats to pros 4.4. 1 Draft history 4.5 Former players as coaches 5 Coaches 6 Conference membership history 7 Series records 7.1 Record vs. Big 12 opponents 7.2 Record vs. former Big 12 opponents 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Through the years Kansas State University has appeared in 30 NCAA basketball tournaments , most recently in 2018 . The team 's all - time record in the NCAA tournament is 37 -- 34 (. 521 ) . Kansas State 's best finish at the tournament came in 1951 , when it lost to Kentucky in the national championship game . The school has reached the Final Four 4 times , the Elite Eight 13 times , and the Sweet Sixteen 17 times . Included among K - State 's tournament wins are some all - time classics , including an 83 -- 80 win over Oscar Robertson 's Cincinnati team in 1958 , which Sports Illustrated called `` the most exciting game of the 1958 season , '' and a 50 -- 48 win over second - ranked Oregon State in 1981 , which USA Today listed as one of the greatest games in NCAA tournament history . The team also had some notably successful seasons before the creation of the NIT ( 1938 ) and the NCAA tournament ( 1939 ) , including conference titles in 1917 and 1919 under coach Zora G. Clevenger . The Helms Athletic Foundation named Frank Reynolds the program 's first All - American player in 1917 , and the Premo - Porretta Power Poll retroactively ranked Kansas State # 12 in 1910 , # 18 in 1916 , # 8 in 1917 and # 7 in 1919 . The best season in the school 's history may have been 1959 , when the team finished the season ranked # 1 in the final Associated Press Poll and Coaches Poll . K - State has finished ranked in the Top 10 of one of the two polls on ten occasions ( most recently in 2010 ) , and in the final top 25 polls twenty total times . The team has also posted a winning record at home every year since 1946 . Bramlage Coliseum , home of KSU basketball After a lengthy period with little success during the 1990s and 2000s , the team returned to prominence under head coach Frank Martin . Following a twelve - year absence , the team returned to the NCAA tournament after the 2007 -- 08 season . Following that season , Kansas State freshman Michael Beasley was named an All - American and Big 12 Conference Player of the Year . In the 2009 -- 10 season , the team spent much of the year ranked in the Top 10 of the AP Poll and finished second in the Big 12 with an 11 -- 5 record . The team received a # 2 seed in the 2010 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , and beat North Texas and BYU to advance to the Sweet Sixteen , where the Wildcats faced Xavier . The game was a double - overtime thriller won by Kansas State 101 -- 96 , which CBSSports.com called `` one of the best games in the history of the Sweet 16 . '' Kansas State lost in the next round to Butler , the eventual national runner - up . On March 31 , 2012 , Bruce Weber was announced as head coach after Frank Martin left for South Carolina . During the 2012 -- 2013 season , Weber 's first in Manhattan , Kansas State won its first regular season conference title since 1977 and advanced to the NCAA tournament . K - State has appeared in the NCAA tournament four times in Weber 's six seasons . Kansas State has a total of 36 All - Americans , 18 regular - season conference championships and nine conference tournament championships . Top 25 rankings ( edit ) Kansas State University has finished in the final rankings of the AP Poll or Coaches Poll on twenty occasions throughout its history , including one season at # 1 in the final polls ( pre-NCAA Tournament ) . The AP Poll first appeared in 1948 , and has been published continuously since 1950 -- 51 . The Coaches Poll began in the 1950 -- 51 season . Currently , the final AP Poll is released before the tournament and the final Coaches Poll is released after the tournament . Season Final Record AP Poll Coaches Poll 1949 -- 50 17 -- 7 14 n / a 1950 -- 51 25 -- 4 1951 -- 52 19 -- 5 6 1952 -- 53 17 -- 4 12 9 1956 -- 57 15 -- 8 -- 20 1957 -- 58 22 -- 5 1958 -- 59 25 -- 2 1959 -- 60 16 -- 10 -- 16 1960 -- 61 22 -- 5 1961 -- 62 22 -- 3 6 5 1962 -- 63 16 -- 9 -- 19 1972 -- 73 23 -- 5 9 7 1974 -- 75 20 -- 9 15 -- 1976 -- 77 24 -- 7 16 11 1979 -- 80 22 -- 9 -- 20 1987 -- 88 25 -- 9 20 8 2009 -- 10 29 -- 8 7 7 2010 -- 11 23 -- 11 21 24 2012 -- 13 27 -- 8 12 20 2017 -- 18 25 -- 12 -- 19 Rivalries ( edit ) Kansas : sunflower showdown ( edit ) Main article : Sunflower Showdown Kansas State 's main rivalry is with the Kansas Jayhawks . The rivalry peaked in the 1950s when both teams were annually national title contenders . The 1987 -- 88 season also proved to be momentous in the rivalry . In the first matchup of the season , on January 30 , 1988 , Mitch Richmond scored 35 points to lead Kansas State to a 72 -- 61 win to halt KU 's then - record 55 - game home winning streak . On February 18 , KU turned the tables , prevailing 64 -- 63 at Ahearn Field House in Manhattan to deny K - State a victory over KU in the old field house 's last year . In what was supposed to be the rubber game , in the 1988 Big Eight Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , Kansas State won a decisive victory by a 69 -- 54 score . However , the biggest was yet to come . Both teams qualified for the NCAA tournament , and after three wins each in the tournament they faced each other on March 27 in Pontiac , Michigan , for the right to advance to the Final Four . Led by Danny Manning 's 20 points , KU turned a tight game into a runaway and prevailed 71 -- 58 . Kansas would go on to win the national championship . The rivalry slipped in significance after the 1988 season , and from 1994 to 2005 KU won 31 straight games against K - State , the longest streak for either school in the series . KU also posted a 24 - game win streak against the Wildcats in Manhattan , which ended on January 30 , 2008 , when # 22 Kansas State upset # 2 Kansas 84 -- 75 . Jeff Sagarin 's rankings of the nation 's top programs by decade in the ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia nicely track the history of the rivalry . In the 1950s , when the rivalry was at its peak , Kansas State finished the decade ranked as the # 3 program in the nation and KU was ranked as # 4 . In the 1960s KU was ranked # 9 for the decade and KSU was ranked # 11 . In the 1970s , the programs were again nearly even , with Kansas State ranked at # 24 and KU at # 25 . In the 1980s some separation appeared , as KU finished the decade ranked at # 19 and Kansas State at # 31 . The big difference appeared in the 1990s and 2000s when KU was ranked at # 4 and # 2 for the decades , while Kansas State does not appear anywhere in the top 40 . The rivalry has become more relevant again in recent years , with both teams ranked in the AP Top 25 for many of their match - ups . Missouri ( edit ) As of the 2014 -- 15 season , Missouri is Kansas State 's second most - played rival , with 235 games dating back to 1907 . Kansas State leads the series 119 -- 116 . The series was last played in the 2011 -- 12 season , before Missouri moved to the Southeastern Conference . For nearly a century beforehand , the two schools shared conferences , beginning in the 1913 -- 14 season in the Missouri Valley Conference , then in the Big Eight Conference and its predecessors from 1928 to 1996 , and finally the Big 12 Conference from 1996 to 2012 . Wichita State ( edit ) Kansas State had an ongoing in - state , out - of - conference rivalry with Wichita State , dating back to 1932 and last played in 2003 . Kansas State leads the series 20 -- 11 . The series had six games from 1932 to 1964 , then six games on a home - and - home rotation from the 1969 -- 70 to 1971 -- 72 seasons , and most recently 19 home - and - home games every season from 1985 -- 86 to 2003 -- 04 . When Wichita State became a Top 25 regular in the early 2010s , there came interest in reviving the series . In February 2013 , Kansas state senator Michael O'Donnell introduced a bill requiring Kansas and Kansas State to schedule Wichita State . Postseason ( edit ) NCAA tournament results ( edit ) The Wildcats have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 30 times . Their overall record in the NCAA Tournament is 37 -- 34 (. 521 ) through the 2018 tournament . Year Seed Round Opponent Result 1948 Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game Wyoming Baylor Holy Cross W 58 -- 48 L 52 -- 60 L 54 -- 60 1951 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Arizona BYU Oklahoma A&M Kentucky W 61 -- 59 W 64 -- 54 W 68 -- 44 L 58 -- 68 1956 Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game Oklahoma City Houston L 93 -- 97 W 89 -- 70 1958 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game Cincinnati Oklahoma State Seattle Temple W 83 -- 80 W 69 -- 57 L 51 -- 73 L 57 -- 67 1959 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight DePaul Cincinnati W 102 -- 70 L 75 -- 85 1961 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Houston Cincinnati W 75 -- 64 L 64 -- 69 1964 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game Texas Western Wichita State UCLA Michigan W 64 -- 60 W 94 -- 93 L 84 -- 90 L 90 -- 100 1968 Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game TCU Louisville L 72 -- 77 L 63 -- 93 1970 Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game New Mexico State Houston L 66 -- 70 W 107 -- 98 1972 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Texas Louisville W 66 -- 55 L 65 -- 72 1973 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Southwest Louisiana Memphis State W 66 -- 63 L 72 -- 92 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Penn Boston College Syracuse W 69 -- 62 W 74 -- 65 L 87 -- 95 1977 First Round Sweet Sixteen Providence Marquette W 87 -- 80 L 66 -- 67 1980 # 7 First Round Second Round # 10 Arkansas # 2 Louisville W 71 -- 53 L 69 -- 71 1981 # 8 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 9 San Francisco # 1 Oregon State # 4 Illinois # 2 North Carolina W 64 -- 60 W 50 -- 48 W 57 -- 52 L 68 -- 82 1982 # 5 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 12 Northern Illinois # 4 Arkansas # 8 Boston College W 77 -- 68 W 65 -- 64 L 65 -- 69 # 9 First Round Second Round # 8 Georgia # 1 UNLV W 82 -- 79 L 61 -- 80 1988 # 4 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 13 La Salle # 5 DePaul # 1 Purdue # 6 Kansas W 66 -- 53 W 66 -- 58 W 73 -- 70 L 58 -- 71 # 6 First Round # 11 Minnesota L 75 -- 86 1990 # 11 First Round # 6 Xavier L 79 -- 87 1993 # 6 First Round # 11 Tulane L 53 -- 55 # 10 First Round # 7 New Mexico State L 48 -- 69 2008 # 11 First Round Second Round # 6 USC # 3 Wisconsin W 80 -- 67 L 55 -- 72 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 15 North Texas # 7 BYU # 6 Xavier # 5 Butler W 82 -- 62 W 84 -- 72 W 101 -- 96 L 56 -- 63 2011 # 5 Second Round Third Round # 12 Utah State # 4 Wisconsin W 73 -- 68 L 65 -- 70 2012 # 8 Second Round Third Round # 9 Southern Miss # 1 Syracuse W 70 -- 64 L 59 -- 75 2013 # 4 Second Round # 13 La Salle L 61 -- 63 2014 # 9 Second Round # 8 Kentucky L 49 -- 56 2017 # 11 First Four First Round # 11 Wake Forest # 6 Cincinnati W 95 -- 88 L 61 -- 75 2018 # 9 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 8 Creighton # 16 UMBC # 5 Kentucky # 11 Loyola Chicago W 69 -- 59 W 50 -- 43 W 61 -- 58 L 62 -- 78 From 2011 -- 2015 the round of 64 was known as the Second Round , round of 32 was Third Round NCAA tournament seeding history ( edit ) The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition . Years → ' 80 ' 81 ' 82 ' 87 ' 88 ' 89 ' 90 ' 93 ' 96 ' 08 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 ' 13 ' 14 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds → 7 8 5 9 6 11 6 10 11 5 8 9 11 9 NIT results ( edit ) The Wildcats have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) seven times . Their combined record is 6 -- 8 . Year Round Opponent Result 1976 Quarterfinals Kentucky L 78 -- 81 First Round Second Round WKU Notre Dame W 85 -- 74 L 48 -- 64 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game Mississippi State Gonzaga Fresno State Vanderbilt Siena W 78 -- 69 W 66 -- 64 W 115 -- 77 L 76 -- 82 L 79 -- 92 1998 First Round NC State L 39 -- 59 1999 First Round TCU L 71 -- 72 2007 First Round Second Round Vermont DePaul W 59 -- 57 L 65 -- 70 2009 First Round Second Round Illinois State San Diego State W 83 -- 79 L 52 -- 70 Ncit results ( edit ) The Wildcats appeared in one of the only two ever National Commissioners Invitational Tournaments . Their record is 0 -- 1 . Year Round Opponent Result Quarterfinals Bradley L 64 -- 68 Individual awards and accomplishments ( edit ) Mitch Richmond had his jersey retired by KSU in 2009 Retired jerseys ( edit ) The following players ' jerseys have been retired by Kansas State . They represent the finest basketball players to come through Kansas State . The criteria for determining the honor includes statistical achievement , conference and national records , honors received ( such as all - conference , All - American , Academic All - American ) , character and sportsmanship . Retired basketball jerseys Number Player Year 22 Ernie Barrett 2005 33 Jack Parr 2005 30 Bob Boozer 2005 12 Mike Evans 2006 12 Lon Kruger 2006 10 Chuckie Williams 2006 33 Dick Knostman 2007 25 Rolando Blackman 2007 44 Willie Murrell 2009 23 Mitch Richmond 2009 National honors ( edit ) Michael Beasley was named National Freshman of the Year , an All - American and the Big 12 Player of the Year in 2008 The following Kansas State players and coaches are in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ( with induction year ) : Bob Boozer ( 2010 ) ( as member of 1960 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ) Jack Gardner ( 1984 ) Mitch Richmond ( 2014 ) Tex Winter ( 2011 ) The following Kansas State players and coaches are in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame ( with induction year ) : Bob Boozer ( 2016 ) Rolando Blackman ( 2015 ) Jack Gardner ( 2006 ) Tex Winter ( 2010 ) Kansas State players and coaches have won the following national awards : Player honors USBWA National Freshman of the Year Best freshman Michael Beasley -- 2008 Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award Outstanding undersized senior Jacob Pullen -- 2011 Pete Newell Big Man Award Top low - post player Michael Beasley -- 2008 Coaching honors NABC Coach of the Year Award Coach of the year Jack Hartman -- 1981 UPI College Basketball Coach of the Year Coach of the year Tex Winter -- 1958 Conference honors ( edit ) The Big Eight Conference established the Conference Player of the Year and Coach of the Year awards in 1957 . These awards have continued into the Big 12 Conference era . Player of the Year Bob Boozer -- 1958 Bob Boozer -- 1959 Lon Kruger -- 1973 Lon Kruger -- 1974 Mike Evans -- 1977 Mike Evans -- 1978 Rolando Blackman -- 1980 Michael Beasley -- 2008 Coach of the Year Tex Winter -- 1958 Tex Winter -- 1959 Tex Winter -- 1960 Cotton Fitzsimmons -- 1970 Jack Hartman -- 1975 Jack Hartman -- 1977 Dana Altman -- 1993 Frank Martin -- 2010 Bruce Weber − 2013 Wildcats to pros ( edit ) The following former Wildcats have gone on to play professionally , either in the NBA or elsewhere . Kansas State University has had two overall # 1 draft picks in the NBA since the draft began in 1947 : Howie Shannon ( 1949 ) and Bob Boozer ( 1959 ) . Tyrone Adams Ernie Barrett Danny Beard Michael Beasley Rolando Blackman Bob Boozer Jack Carby Norris Coleman Luis Colon Denis Clemente Larry Comley Les Craft Roy DeWitz Justin Edwards Mike Evans Wally Frank Carl R. Gerlach Thomas Gipson David Hall Rick Harman Ed Head Jordan Henriquez Steve Henson Lew Hitch Steve Honeycutt Stephen Hurt Martavious Irving Jim Iverson Mike Johnson Askia Jones Jerry Jung Curtis Kelly Darren Kent Dick Knostman Lon Kruger Ernie Kusnyer Don Matuszak Cartier Martin Jeremiah Massey Don Matuzsak Rodney McGruder Pat McKenzie Steve Mitchell Willie Murrell Ed Nealy Jack Parr Pervis Pasco Nick Pino Cedrick Price Jessee Priscock Jacob Pullen Randy Reed Mitch Richmond Bob Rousey Jamar Samuels Matt Siebrandt Earl Seyfert Howie Shannon Roy Smith Shane Southwell Jack Stone Roger Suttner Jerry Venable Bill Walker Jeff Webb Chuckie Williams Gene Williams Larry Williams Jari Wills Mike Wroblewski Draft history ( edit ) NBA / ABA Draft Picks Round Pick Overall Player Year 1st 1st 1st Howie Shannon 1949 1st 1st 1st Bob Boozer 1959 1st 2nd 2nd Michael Beasley 2008 1st 5th 5th Mitch Richmond 1988 1st 7th 7th Ernie Barrett 1951 1st 9th 9th Rolando Blackman 1981 1st 15th 15th Chuckie Williams 1976 2nd 10th 19th Lew Hitch 1951 1st 21st 21st Mike Evans 1978 2nd 9th 24th Gene Williams 1969 4th 6th 31st Willie Murrell 1964 2nd 3rd 33th Wes Iwundu 2017 2nd 15th 38th Norris Coleman 2nd 17th 44th Steve Henson 1990 2nd 17th 47th Bill Walker 2008 10th 2nd 70th Jack Parr 1958 10th 8th 91st Larry Comley 1961 8th 5th 166th Ed Nealy 1982 Former players as coaches ( edit ) A number of former Wildcat players have gone to successful careers as head basketball coaches , including : Bob Chipman -- finished career as 21st - winningest coach in college basketball history Mike Evans Bill Guthridge -- National college coach of the year ( 1998 ) Tim Jankovich Gene Keady -- 4x national college coach of the year ; National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame Lon Kruger -- Coached five Division I schools to the NCAA tournament Jim Molinari Brad Underwood Coaches ( edit ) Kansas State has had 23 head coaches . A number of notable and successful coaches have led the Wildcats through the years . Following are all the coaches that have been at Kansas State . Coach Years at KSU Win % Conf . W Conf . L Conf . Win % Awards and Achievements During Tenure Charles W. Melick 1905 -- 1906 7 9 . 438 N / A N / A N / A Mike Ahearn 1906 -- 1911 26 24 . 520 N / A N / A N / A Guy Lowman 1911 -- 1914 30 16 . 652 0 10 . 000 Carl J. Merner 1914 -- 1916 19 15 . 559 13 13 . 500 Zora G. Clevenger 1916 -- 1920 54 17 . 761 38 16 . 704 2 Conference Regular Season Championships ( 1917 , 1919 ) Highest winning percentage in program history E.A. Knoth 1920 -- 1921 14 6 . 700 11 . 733 Highest conference winning percentage in program history E.C. Curtiss 1921 -- 1923 5 28 . 152 5 27 . 156 Charles Corsaut 1923 -- 1933 89 81 . 524 61 63 . 492 Frank Root 1933 -- 1939 38 72 . 345 19 47 . 287 Jack Gardner ^ 1939 -- 1942 ; 1946 -- 1953 147 81 . 645 66 46 . 589 1 NCAA Championship Game ( 1951 ) 2 Final Fours ( 1948 , 1951 ) 1 Sweet Sixteen ( 1951 ) 2 NCAA Tournament Appearances ( 1948 , 1951 ) 3 Conference Regular Season Championships ( 1948 , 1950 , 1951 ) 3 Conference Holiday Tournament Championships ( 1947 , 1950 , 1952 ) 2 times ranked in top 6 of final AP and UPI polls ( 1951 , 1952 ) Chili Cochrane 1942 -- 1943 6 14 . 300 9 . 100 Cliff Rock 1943 -- 1944 7 15 . 318 9 . 100 Fritz Knorr 1944 -- 1946 14 33 . 298 6 14 . 300 Tex Winter ^ 1953 -- 1968 261 118 . 689 154 57 . 730 2 Final Fours ( 1958 , 1964 ) 4 Elite Eights ( 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 ) 6 Sweet Sixteens ( 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 , 1968 ) 6 NCAA Tournament Appearances ( 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 , 1968 ) 8 Conference Regular Season Championships ( 1956 , 1958 -- 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1968 ) 4 Conference Holiday Tournament Championships ( 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 ) Ranked No. 1 in final AP and UPI polls ( 1959 ) 4 times ranked in top 6 of final AP and UPI polls ( 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 ) UPI National Coach of the Year ( 1958 ) Big 7 Coach of the Year ( 1958 ) 2 - time Big 8 Coach of the Year ( 1959 , 1960 ) Undefeated conference season ( 14 -- 0 ) ( 1959 ) Developed the Triangle offense Cotton Fitzsimmons 1968 -- 1970 34 20 . 630 19 9 . 679 1 Sweet Sixteen ( 1970 ) 1 NCAA Tournament Appearance ( 1970 ) 1 Conference Regular Season Championship ( 1970 ) Big 8 Coach of the Year ( 1970 ) NABC District Coach of the Year ( 1970 ) Jack Hartman 1970 -- 1986 295 169 . 636 133 91 . 594 4 Elite Eights ( 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1981 ) 6 Sweet Sixteens ( 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 ) 7 NCAA Tournament Appearances ( 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1982 ) 1 NIT Tournament Appearance ( 1976 ) 3 Conference Regular Season Championships ( 1972 , 1973 , 1977 ) 2 Conference Tournament Championships ( 1977 , 1980 ) NABC Coach of the Year ( 1980 ) 2 - time Big 8 Coach of the Year ( 1975 , 1977 ) NABC District Coach of the Year ( 1977 ) Most wins in program history Lon Kruger 1986 -- 1990 81 46 . 638 34 22 . 607 1 Elite Eight ( 1988 ) 1 Sweet Sixteen ( 1988 ) 4 NCAA Tournament Appearances ( 1987 -- 1990 ) NABC District Coach of the Year ( 1988 ) Only KSU coach to take squads to NCAA Tournament in four consecutive seasons Dana Altman 1990 -- 1994 68 54 . 557 19 37 . 339 1 NCAA Tournament Appearance ( 1993 ) 2 NIT Tournament Appearances ( 1992 , 1994 ) Big 8 Coach of the Year ( 1993 ) Tom Asbury 1994 -- 2000 85 88 . 491 29 63 . 315 1 NCAA Tournament Appearance ( 1996 ) 2 NIT Tournament Appearances ( 1998 , 1999 ) Jim Wooldridge 2000 -- 2006 83 90 . 480 32 64 . 333 Bob Huggins 2006 -- 2007 23 12 . 657 10 6 . 625 1 NIT Tournament Appearance ( 2007 ) Frank Martin 2007 -- 2012 117 54 . 684 50 32 . 610 1 Elite Eight ( 2010 ) 1 Sweet Sixteen ( 2010 ) 4 NCAA Tournament Appearances ( 2008 , 2010 -- 2012 ) 1 NIT Tournament Appearance ( 2009 ) Big 12 Coach of the Year ( AP and coaches ) ( 2010 ) Highest NCAA seed ( 2 ) in program history ( 2010 ) Most wins ( 29 ) in one season in program history ( 2010 ) CollegeInsider.com Big 12 Coach of the Year ( 2008 ) Jim Phelan Award as mid-season National Coach of the Year ( 2009 -- 10 ) USBWA District VI Coach of the Year ( 2010 ) NABC District 8 Coach of the Year ( 2010 ) Only KSU coach to win 20 or more games in first 5 seasons Bruce Weber 2012 -- Present 124 79 . 611 55 53 . 509 1 Elite Eight ( 2018 ) 1 Sweet Sixteen ( 2018 ) 4 NCAA Tournament Appearances ( 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 ) 1 Conference Regular Season Championship ( 2013 ) Big 12 Coach of the Year ( AP and coaches ) ( 2013 ) USBWA District VI Coach of the Year ( 2013 ) Most wins ( 27 ) by a first - year coach in program history ( 2013 ) Most wins ( 47 ) in the first 2 years . Most conference wins ( 14 ) by a first - year coach in program history ( 2013 ) Most conference wins ( 24 ) in the first 2 years . Most conference wins ( 32 ) in the first 3 years . † Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ^ Inducted into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame Conference membership history ( edit ) ? -- 1912 : Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1913 -- 1927 : Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1928 -- 1947 : Big 6 Conference 1948 -- 1957 : Big 7 Conference 1958 -- 1995 : Big 8 Conference 1996 -- Present : Big 12 Conference Series records ( edit ) Record vs. Big 12 opponents ( edit ) Kansas State vs . Overall Record at Manhattan at Opponent 's Venue at Neutral Site Last 5 Meetings Last 10 Meetings Current Streak Big 12 Games Baylor KSU , 21 -- 18 KSU , 11 -- 8 BU , 8 -- 7 KSU , 3 -- 2 KSU , 4 -- 1 tied , 5 -- 5 tied , 16 -- 16 Iowa State KSU , 139 -- 87 KSU , 81 -- 27 KSU , 51 -- 50 ISU , 10 -- 7 ISU , 3 -- 2 ISU , 6 -- 4 ISU , 24 -- 22 Kansas KU , 196 -- 93 KU , 78 -- 47 KU , 89 -- 35 KU , 29 -- 11 KU , 5 -- 0 KU , 8 -- 2 L 8 KU , 47 -- 5 Oklahoma OU , 108 -- 99 KSU , 61 -- 35 OU , 64 -- 27 KSU , 11 -- 9 KSU , 3 -- 2 KSU , 6 -- 4 L 1 OU , 16 -- 14 Oklahoma State KSU , 81 -- 53 KSU , 40 -- 16 OSU , 33 -- 26 KSU , 15 -- 4 KSU , 4 -- 1 KSU , 6 -- 4 OSU , 18 -- 13 Texas KSU , 21 -- 15 KSU , 11 -- 5 UT , 9 -- 8 KSU , 2 -- 1 KSU , 4 -- 1 tied , 5 -- 5 tied , 15 -- 15 TCU KSU , 13 -- 6 KSU , 7 -- 2 KSU , 5 -- 2 TCU , 2 -- 1 KSU , 3 -- 2 KSU , 6 -- 4 KSU , 10 -- 4 Texas Tech KSU , 23 -- 17 KSU , 15 -- 4 TTU , 11 -- 7 TTU , 2 -- 1 TTU , 4 -- 1 tied , 5 -- 5 L 2 KSU , 16 -- 14 West Virginia WVU , 10 -- 5 tied , 3 -- 3 WVU , 5 -- 2 WVU , 2 -- 0 WVU , 4 -- 1 WVU , 9 -- 1 L 4 WVU , 8 -- 4 * As of December 3 , 2018 Record vs. former Big 12 opponents ( edit ) Kansas State vs . Overall Record at Manhattan at Opponent 's Venue at Neutral Site Last 5 Meetings Last 10 Meetings Current Streak Last Meeting Colorado KSU , 96 -- 47 KSU , 54 -- 10 CU , 33 -- 32 KSU , 10 -- 4 CU , 3 -- 2 KSU , 7 -- 3 L 3 October 3 , 2011 Missouri KSU , 120 -- 116 KSU , 62 -- 44 MU , 64 -- 42 KSU , 16 -- 8 KSU , 4 -- 1 KSU , 7 -- 3 Nov 23 , 2015 Nebraska KSU , 126 -- 93 KSU , 69 -- 35 NU , 55 -- 38 KSU , 19 -- 3 KSU , 5 -- 0 KSU , 7 -- 3 W 5 Feb 23 , 2011 Texas A&M KSU , 18 -- 8 KSU , 10 -- 0 TAMU , 7 -- 3 KSU , 5 -- 1 KSU , 3 -- 2 KSU , 6 -- 4 L 1 December 12 , 2015 * As of December 12 , 2015 See also ( edit ) List of teams with the most victories in NCAA Division I men 's college basketball NCAA Division I Men 's Final Four appearances by school References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bramlage Coliseum '' . Kansas State Athletics . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kansas State University Brand Guide ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 100 Greatest College Basketball Programs of All Time ^ Jump up to : ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia ( PDF ) . ESPN . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One Second To Go , One Point Behind ... '' Sports Illustrated . December 8 , 1958 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest 63 games in NCAA Tournament history '' . USA Today . March 25 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas State , Xavier put on a show for the ages '' . CBSSports.com . March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` K - State wins share of first conference title since 1977 '' . Kansas City Star . March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kansas State Athletics , K - State Men 's Basketball Media Guide Jump up ^ `` The Night The Rivalry Was Reborn '' . The Wichita Eagle . Archived from the original ( English ) on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Foster 3 - pointer Lifts K - State Past 16 / 18 Oklahoma in OT '' . Kansas State . January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Non-conference series history : Missouri . '' K - State Men 's Basketball 2014 -- 15 Media Guide . Kansas State Athletics : 2014 . pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ `` Non-conference series history : Wichita State . '' K - State Men 's Basketball 2014 -- 15 Media Guide . Kansas State Athletics : 2014 . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Bob ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Kansas vs. Wichita State '' . kansas.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothschild , Scott ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Statehouse Live : Bill would require KU to play Wichita State University in basketball '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ All - time tournament record Jump up ^ Requirements of jersey retirement Jump up ^ Wildcats In the Pros External links ( edit ) Official website Kansas State Wildcats men 's basketball Venues Manhattan YMCA ( 1902 -- 1911 ) Nichols Hall ( 1911 -- 1950 ) Ahearn Field House ( 1950 -- 1988 ) Bramlage Coliseum ( 1988 -- present ) Rivalries Kansas ( results ) Culture & lore History Willie the Wildcat `` Wabash Cannonball '' Wildcat Victory The Pride of Wildcat Land People Head coaches Honored players Seasons 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Kansas State University Academics College of Agriculture College of Engineering School of Journalism and Mass Communications Branch campuses Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus ( Salina ) K - State Olathe ( Olathe ) Buildings Anderson Hall Hale Library Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art Athletics Big 12 Conference Kansas State Wildcats Football Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Baseball Volleyball KSU Marching Band Sunflower Showdown Governor 's Cup Iowa State -- Kansas State football rivalry Facilities Bill Snyder Family Stadium Bramlage Coliseum Ahearn Field House Tointon Family Stadium Memorial Stadium Colbert Hills Culture Notable people Landon Lecture Series Willie the Wildcat Aggieville Wildcat Victory Wabash Cannonball Alma Mater Kansas Wildcats ( march ) Media The Collegian Royal Purple KKSU ( AM ) KSDB ( FM ) KKSU - LP Student life K - State Student Union Housing Derby Dining Center Ford Hall Goodnow Hall Haymaker Hall Kramer Food Center Marlatt Hall Moore Hall West Hall History Blue Mont Central College Land - grant university Joseph Denison List of oldest buildings on Kansas colleges and universities Established : 1863 -- Endowment : $488.9 million -- Students : 22,795 ( fall 2017 ) Big 12 Conference men 's basketball Current teams Baylor Bears Iowa State Cyclones Kansas Jayhawks Kansas State Wildcats Oklahoma Sooners Oklahoma State Cowboys TCU Horned Frogs Texas Longhorns Texas Tech Red Raiders West Virginia Mountaineers Championships & awards Big 12 Men 's Basketball Tournament Coach of the Year Player of the Year Big 12 / SEC Challenge Seasons 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_State_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball&oldid=834282699 '' Categories : Kansas State Wildcats men 's basketball Basketball teams established in 1902 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time kansas state university was in the elite 8	[ "\n\nKansas State Wildcats\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball team\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUniversity\nKansas State University\n\n\nFirst season\n1902\n\n\nAll-time record\n1,612–1,121 (.590)\n\n\nAthletic director\nGene Taylor\n\n\nHead coach\nBruce Weber (6th season)\n\n\nConference\nBig 12\n\n\nLocation\nManhattan, Kansas\n\n\nArena\nBramlage Coliseum[1]\n(Capacity: 12,528)\n\n\nNickname\nWildcats\n\n\nColors\nRoyal Purple and White[2]\n \n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Tournament runner-up\n\n\n1951\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Final Four\n\n\n1948, 1951, 1958, 1964\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Elite Eight\n\n\n1948, 1951, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1981, 1988, 2010, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen\n\n\n1951, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1988, 2010, 2018\n\n\nNCAA Tournament appearances\n\n\n1948, 1951, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018\n\n\nConference tournament champions\n\n\n1977, 1980\n\n\nConference regular season champions\n\n\n1917, 1919, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1977, 2013\n\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
-5618040069566972942	List of Seinfeld minor characters	List of Seinfeld minor characters - wikipedia List of Seinfeld minor characters Jump to : navigation , search `` Susan Ross '' redirects here . For the Canadian artist , see Susan Ross ( artist ) . The television show Seinfeld featured many minor characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Secondary characters 1.1 Character frequency 1.2 Other characters appearing in 5 or more episodes 1.3 Characters appearing in 2 -- 4 episodes 1.4 Unseen characters 1.5 Imaginary characters and pseudonyms 2 References 3 External links Secondary characters ( edit ) Character frequency ( edit ) Character # of episodes Actor Character description Ruthie Cohen 101 Ruth Cohen A cashier at Monk 's Café whom George once accused of stealing a $20 bill with lipstick drawn on the president . She can be seen in the background as the cashier at Monk 's in almost every episode that features the interior of the cafe as a setting . Newman 48 Wayne Knight Fellow tenant in Jerry and Kramer 's apartment building . A bulky male U.S. postal worker and Jerry 's nemesis . He is a good friend of Kramer and an associate in many of his schemes , and likes Drake 's Coffee Cake and Chunky Candy Bars , and has a strong distaste for broccoli , which he considers to be a `` vile weed '' . A trademark of the show is that Jerry greets him with a contemptuous disdainful `` Hello ... Newman '' each time they meet . In The Raincoats , Helen Seinfeld automatically addresses Newman with the same tone . In `` The Revenge '' , only Newman 's voice is heard , which was originally voiced by Larry David and rerecorded for syndication . Newman often speaks in an avant - garde , Shakespearean way , and generally has a more advanced vocabulary than other characters . Newman is also noted for his poetry . Worked with David Berkowitz . His first name appears to be unknown by any of the characters , even his employer -- in The Package his business card gave his name merely as `` NEWMAN '' . A minor character calls him `` Norman '' in `` The Bottle Deposit '' , but this was a mistake on the part of the actress / character , rather than any revelation of Newman 's first name . Newman himself is petty and vindictive ( and prone to hysteria ) , and often depicted as a stereotypical `` evil genius '' , who is usually undermined in some way . Though he greatly resents Jerry , he is shown to be willing to work with him at times , but will return later to wreak havoc on his social life , though Jerry often gets the last word . Jerry 's exasperation , or epiphany involving Newman will cause him to clench his fist and mutter `` Newman ! '' under his breath . Newman has been shown to harbor unrequited romantic feelings for Elaine . Frank Costanza 29 John Randolph ( first appearance ) , Jerry Stiller ( later appearances ) George 's father . Utterly deranged and very quick to anger . Of Italian descent , he is a former cook in the Army and detests removing his shoes in other people 's homes . Because of his work as a travelling businessman , he speaks Korean . He invents the holiday Festivus , as a reaction to cultural commercialism of Christmas , and of which George has few fond memories . He has a phobia of spending silver dollars and suffers strongly from musophobia ; however , he has a genuine compassion for squirrels . He wears his sneakers in the swimming pool . His lawyer wears a cape . Estelle Costanza 29 Estelle Harris George 's highly obnoxious and melodramatic Jewish mother . She constantly squabbles with Frank and George about their actions , but is the closest thing to reason in the Costanza household . Enjoys playing Mahjong . George claims she has never laughed , ever . Susan Ross 29 Heidi Swedberg George 's on - off girlfriend and later fiancée , and the daughter of wealthy parents . She was bisexual ( `` ... that I like women '' ) , partnered with a woman named Mona , and worked for NBC before getting fired , the latter apparently a result of her relationship with George . Died from licking cheap , toxic wedding invitation envelopes George bought during their engagement . George initially shows little remorse at her demise despite her devotion to him , which backfires when he is tied to a charity foundation dedicated to her and realizes had they been married , he would have inherited her considerable wealth and possessed vast amounts of money and property . Morty Seinfeld 24 Phil Bruns ( first appearance ) , Barney Martin ( later appearances ) Jerry 's father . He has strong , if sometimes outdated convictions about business and the way of the world . Fittingly , he spent some time as a politician in his Florida retirement community . During his working years , he sold raincoats with Harry Fleming and was the inventor of the `` belt-less trench - coat '' . He hates Velcro because of `` that tearing sound '' . He is extremely mindful of money , once calculating the interest and lost value of $50 that was owed several decades ago . However , he engages in frequent disputes with Jerry over money , refusing to let his son pay for anything in his presence , particularly restaurant checks . Helen Seinfeld 24 Liz Sheridan Jerry 's mother . Often needed to provide reason to Jerry 's and Morty 's eccentric lifestyle , though overprotective of Jerry and often refuses point - blank to do anything that would place him at inconvenience . She is the only secondary character to appear in all nine seasons . Jacopo `` J '' Peterman 22 John O'Hurley Elaine 's boss in the last three seasons and the founder of The J. Peterman Company . Eccentric adventurer and world - traveler . Once fired Elaine on suspicion of opium addiction after she failed a drug test because of a poppy seed muffin and again for her dislike for the film The English Patient . According to O'Hurley , Peterman 's distinctive manner of speaking is inspired by `` ' 40s radio drama , combined with a bit of a bad Charles Kuralt . '' George Steinbrenner 16 Larry David ( voice ) , Mitch Mitchell ( in `` The Nap '' and `` The Millennium '' ) , Lee Bear ( other appearances ) George 's boss . Depicted as a rambling , unpredictable and hard - nosed owner of the New York Yankees whose face is never seen . Uncle Leo 15 Len Lesser Jerry 's uncle . Brother of Helen Seinfeld . A bit of an old coot . Has a son , Jeffrey , who works in the NYC Parks Department , whom he mentions at every opportunity . Is very keen on Jerry stopping to say `` hello '' . Often when something does n't go the way he wants it to , he attributes it to anti-Semitism . He was once convicted of a `` crime of passion '' . Matt Wilhelm 12 Richard Herd George 's supervisor at the New York Yankees . Briefly abducted by a carpet - cleaning cult ( by the name of S - men ) , Wilhelm later leaves the Yankees to become head scout for the New York Mets . He appears to suffer from symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease . David Puddy 11 Patrick Warburton Elaine 's on - again - off - again boyfriend . Unflappable and calm , yet can be a surprisingly passionate individual at times ( usually as a result of something Elaine has said ) . There is little ambiguity as to his status as an airhead and likes to stare into space . Used to be an auto mechanic ( considered by Jerry as the only honest mechanic in New York ) , but later became a car salesman . Dislikes the term `` grease monkey '' . A recovering mysophobe , born again Christian , and a face - painting New Jersey Devils fan . Loves Arby 's . Known for frequently initiating `` high - fives '' and his trademark line , delivered in monotone , `` Yeah , that 's right . '' Mr. Lippman 11 Richard Fancy , Harris Shore ( in `` The Library '' ) Elaine 's boss at Pendant Publishing and a temporary boss of George in `` The Red Dot '' . Later , he opens a bakery named `` Top of the muffin to you ! '' that sells only the tops of muffins , stealing the idea from Elaine . Enjoys cigars and botches a big merger with the Japanese due to a nasty cold and no handkerchief to sneeze into . He declines to shake hands with the Japanese representative because of this and ruins the merger . Justin Pitt 8 Ian Abercrombie Elaine 's second boss . Extremely wealthy business owner . He is a very picky individual and nearly impossible to please . Eats his Snickers bars with a knife and fork and prefers to wear white knee socks . Fired Elaine after he became convinced she had tried to murder him using a deadly drug interaction , using Jerry as accomplice . Mickey Abbott 7 Danny Woodburn A quick - tempered little person actor . Typically appears with his friend Kramer . Becomes violent if referred to as a `` midget '' . Often appears in roles as children or elves ( with Kramer at a department store ) . In The Race , it is revealed that he has two college - age children , and in `` The Yada Yada '' that he has been married three times . Russell Dalrymple 7 Bob Balaban The president of NBC who works with Jerry and George on a television pilot . Had teenage daughter played by Denise Richards , who was ogled by George and Jerry . He becomes obsessed with Elaine and quits NBC to join Greenpeace in order to impress her . He falls off a small dinghy while chasing a whaling ship . His crewmates ( one of whom was played by Larry David ) can not find him in the dark waters and he subsequently perishes at sea where one of the crewmates promises to contact Elaine of his actions . Kenny Bania 7 Steve Hytner Stand - up comedian considered a ' hack ' by Jerry and other comedians . Jerry especially dislikes him because he uses Jerry 's act to warm up his audience . Ovaltine is a main topic of his acts ( Jerry : `` He thinks anything that dissolves in milk is funny '' ) . He has curious views on food , and is obsessed with eating dinner at Mendy 's Restaurant . Crazy Joe Davola 6 Peter Crombie Writer for NBC who suffers from mental problems . Attacked Kramer , blames Jerry for misfortunes , dated and stalked Elaine Benes going as far as taking photographs of her around town and even in her apartment with a telescopic lens . Depressed that Elaine rejected him , he dressed up like the clown from the opera Pagliacci and beats up several street toughs who antagonize him . Likes to leave his door open to `` encourage intruders '' . Dugan 6 Joe Urla Co-worker of Elaine at J. Peterman . Thinks that no one should make fun of pigs . Jackie Chiles 6 Phil Morris Kramer 's eccentric but highly efficient lawyer . Although very successful , he has had bad luck when representing Kramer . Favorite sayings are `` Outrageous ! Egregious ! Preposterous ! '' Parody of Johnnie Cochran . After the group is convicted in the finale , Jackie confirms that Sidra , Jerry 's ex-girlfriend , has physical features that are not only real , but also `` spectacular '' . Larry 6 Lawrence Mandley The sour manager or owner of Monk 's Cafe , often antagonized by the foursome 's antics . Occasionally brandishes a gold earring . Jack Klompus 6 Sandy Baron Short tempered resident of Phase Two of the Pines of Mar Gables who seems to consistently have a grudge against Morty Seinfeld . Has a fancy astronaut pen that he gives to Jerry out of duress . Gets a `` sweetheart deal '' from Jerry for Morty 's Cadillac , then subsequently drives it into a swamp and loses the aforementioned pen . He also made false allegations of Morty stealing from the treasury ( despite Jerry buying the Cadillac for Morty ) and convinced the residents of the complex it was true , which led to Morty 's impeachment as the president of the condo association . Other characters appearing in 5 or more episodes ( edit ) Carol ( played by Lisa Mende ) -- Mutual friend of the main characters . Carol and her husband , Michael , lived in the Hamptons , and she kept insisting that the group come out to see their baby . She had two babies , an unnamed daughter that was dropped by Kramer in `` The Boyfriend '' , and a son named Adam ( although unseen ) that was introduced in `` The Hamptons '' . Kramer once likened the cute baby to Lyndon Johnson while Elaine compared the ugly one to a Pekingese . Carol is notable for her nasal voice and her memorable quote : `` You got ta have a baby ! '' or `` You got ta see the baby ! '' in `` The Soul Mate '' . Her final appearance was in `` The English Patient '' , when she and her friends shunned Elaine after she showed her dislike for the film of the same name . Dr. Tim Whatley ( played by Bryan Cranston ) -- A dentist that was once dubbed `` Dentist to the Stars '' by George . In `` The Yada Yada '' , he converts to Judaism , according to Jerry , just for the jokes . Jerry 's anger at Whatley causes Kramer to call him an `` anti-dentite '' . His giving Jerry a label maker he received from Elaine in the episode `` The Label Maker '' , leads to the term `` regifting '' . In `` The Jimmy '' , Whatley irks Jerry by having Penthouse magazines in his waiting room and by possibly `` violating '' him while he was unconscious during a tooth filling . Also appears in the episodes `` The Mom & Pop Store '' and `` The Strike '' for a total of 5 episodes . Mr. and Mrs. Ross ( played by Warren Frost and Grace Zabriskie ) -- Parents of Susan , George 's fiancee . After Kramer burned down the family 's cabin , it was revealed that Mr. Ross had had a homosexual affair with author John Cheever . `` Yes , he was the most wonderful person I 've ever known . And I love him deeply ! In a way you could never understand . '' ( `` The Cheever Letters '' ) Mrs. Ross is a memorable alcoholic who disdains yet tolerates her husband . In the episode `` The Wizard '' , the couple confirms George 's longstanding suspicion that they never liked him , and blamed him for Susan 's death . In the finale , they get angered at George when Dr. Wexler mentioned the look on George 's face upon hearing the news of Susan 's death . Mr. Ross is seen buying a gun after learning George was happy after Susan 's death . Characters appearing in 2 -- 4 episodes ( edit ) Alec Berg ( played by Mark DeCarlo ) -- Friend who gives ice hockey tickets to Jerry in `` The Face Painter '' . Named after Alec Berg , one of the series ' writers . Jerry thinks the name would sound particularly appealing when spoken by John Houseman . Jerry is apparently snubbed by Berg because Berg felt that he was due another `` thank you '' or two for the tickets . Allison ( played by Kari Coleman ) -- George 's ex-girlfriend who he claims is obsessed with him , proven by the fact that she threatened to kill herself if George broke up with her . Furthermore , in the end of the episode , `` The Smelly Car '' , Allison , in an apparently lesbian - like manner , compliments the vest of George 's other ex-girlfriend , Susan , with whom she is seen watching the pilot program in a later episode , `` The Pilot '' . Babu Bhatt ( played by Brian George ) -- An immigrant From Pakistan who owns the nearby `` Dream Café '' . Jerry seems to mess up his life at every turn , by giving bad business advice on his restaurant and by not passing on his immigration notice that is accidentally delivered to Jerry 's mailbox . Babu thinks that Jerry is a `` very , very bad man '' ( wagging his finger ) . Barbara `` Babs '' Kramer ( played by Sheree North ) -- Cosmo Kramer 's mother . She used to be a matron in the women 's restroom at a restaurant , but was persuaded by Kramer to resign from that job and pursue an undefined venture with him . Although first mentioned in `` The Nose Job '' , her first on - screen appearance is in `` The Switch '' where she also unintentionally reveals Kramer 's first name to be Cosmo and has a sexual encounter with Newman . Babs was once addicted to alcohol and drugs claiming to have been `` clean '' for two years . Beth Luchner ( played by Debra Messing ) -- A physician who appears in `` The Wait Out '' . Married first to David Luchner . Later appears in `` The Yada Yada '' with her new husband , Arnie . Bob and Ray / Cedric ( played by Yul Vazquez and John Paragon ) -- A hostile homosexual couple that accost Cosmo Kramer in `` The Soup Nazi '' , `` The Sponge '' , and `` The Puerto Rican Day '' . They are widely known as `` street toughs '' . They steal Elaine 's armoire that Kramer is guarding in `` The Soup Nazi '' , verbally and physically attack him for not wearing an AIDS walk ribbon in `` The Sponge '' , and attack him when he accidentally sets fire to a Puerto Rican flag . John Paragon 's character is credited as `` Ray '' in `` The Soup Nazi '' , but is addressed and credited as `` Cedric '' in `` The Sponge '' . Bob Cobb ( played by Mark Metcalf ) -- A conductor who prefers to be called `` Maestro '' and has a villa in Tuscany . Cobb introduced Kramer and Frank Costanza to the trick of taking their pants off before sitting so the pants will `` keep the crease '' . The character is named after the inventor of the Cobb Salad . Counter Woman : ( played by Kathryn Kates ) -- In the episodes `` The Dinner Party ( Seinfeld ) '' from season 5 and `` The Rye '' from season 7 , the Counter Woman works at Schnitzer 's Bakery . In season 5 , the Counter Woman ignores the fact that Jerry and Elaine came in ahead of David and Barbara Benedict , a couple on their way to the same dinner party who purchase the last chocolate babka . The Counter Woman makes another appearance and is seemingly happy to give her last marble rye bread to Mabel Choate ( a woman who was ahead of Jerry ) . Dana Foley : ( played by Gina Hecht ) -- A friend of Elaine 's who works as a therapist , and gives George several therapy sessions . She appears in `` The Pick '' , `` The Shoes '' , and `` The Pilot '' . George walks out on her after she modestly criticizes the script of `` Jerry '' . Deena : ( played by Mary Jo Keenen ) -- A childhood friend of George who thinks that he is mentally unstable after she repeatedly catches him in bizarre situations . First , in `` The Gum '' , she notices striking similarities between George 's behavior and that of her mentally unstable father ( affectionately known by all as ' Pop ' ) , that being `` nervousness , irritability , and paranoia '' . Her suspicions are heightened when she sees him walking down the street in a King Henry VIII costume telling people he just left the `` institution '' . Then in `` The Doll '' she catches him in the coffee shop , alone and screaming at a doll that looks like his mother . Finally in `` The Bottle Deposit '' , she is visiting her father at the mental asylum when she runs into a hysterical George ( who was mistakenly sent there by Mr. Steinbrenner ) . She ignores his pleas to help him escape believing that he is finally getting the help he needs . Dolores ( played by Susan Walters ) -- Jerry 's girlfriend ; he does not know her name , only that it rhymes with a female body part ( his best guess : `` Mulva '' ) . ( The Junior Mint ) . Jerry reunites with her in `` The Foundation '' . Donald Sanger , aka The Bubble Boy ( voiced by Jon Hayman ) -- Jerry agrees to visit a bubble boy , who lives in a hermetically sealed bubble due to a compromised immune system . Jerry gets lost on the way and George and Susan end up meeting the bubble boy but finds he is a bratty spoiled kid . George and Donald get in a fight over a typographical error on a Trivial Pursuit card , when it says the Moops ( rather than the Moors ) invaded Spain . The fight results in the boy 's bubble being popped . Earl Haffler ( portrayed by O'Neal Compton ) -- Appeared in `` The Diplomat 's Club '' . He made bets with Kramer on which planes coming to the airport would arrive later than scheduled . Earl appears again in `` The English Patient '' , where his deal with Kramer to buy `` Cubans '' falls through and he orders Cosmo out of his office . Father Curtis : ( played by Henry Woronicz ) -- A priest who consults with Elaine and Puddy on their relationship in `` The Burning '' , and with Jerry on his encounter with Tim Whatly in `` The Yada Yada '' . Franklin Delano Romanowski ( played by Mike McShane ) -- Also known as `` FDR '' , Franklin is another of Kramer 's eccentric friends . In `` The Betrayal '' , he uses his birthday wish against Kramer as the result of a grudge held after Kramer struck him in the back of the head with a snowball . The same actor also appears briefly in `` The Wizard '' as the hot dog vendor talking with George . Although his character 's name is not revealed , he is presumably the same character because he was seen selling hot dogs in `` The Betrayal '' also . He is mentioned by Kramer in several episodes , usually in some outrageous anecdote . Fred : ( played by Fred Stoller ) -- Elaine had met him at a party some time before , but his lack of recall for the meeting mesmerizes her . He appears in `` The Secret Code '' in Season 7 . Gary Fogel ( played by Jon Lovitz ) he made his only appearance in `` The Scofflaw '' , although he is mentioned again in `` The Face Painter '' . Izzy Mandelbaum ( played by Lloyd Bridges ) -- Fellow resident of Jerry 's parents in Del Boca Vista in Florida ; head of family - owned Magic Pan crepe restaurants . His favorite saying is `` It 's go time ! '' He is obsessed with his physical fitness . In `` The English Patient '' , he throws his back out twice after being `` challenged '' by Jerry . Izzy also appears in `` The Blood '' . Jake Jarmel ( played by Marty Rackham ) -- An author that Elaine dated for a period . Dislikes using exclamation marks in `` The Sniffing Accountant '' . Broke up with Elaine after she bought Jujyfruits immediately after hearing he was in a car accident ( `` The Opposite '' ) . Bought his glasses in Malaysia so no one else would have a pair like them ( `` The Scofflaw '' ) . He started a fight with Mr. Lippman when he noticed that Lippman had the same `` unique '' frames as himself . The actor who plays Jake Jarmel also appears as an LAPD officer in the episode `` The Trip '' . Jenna ( played by Kristin Davis ) -- Jerry 's girlfriend on Season 's 8 `` The Pothole '' . She later dates Kenny Bania , as shown in Season 's 9 `` The Butter Shave '' . Jiffy Park Guy / Jiffy Dump Guy ( played by Chaim Girafi ) -- An attendant at Jiffy Park who may or may not be utilizing George 's car , along with other cars parked on the lot , as a den of iniquity for prostitutes to conduct their business in the episode `` The Wig Master '' . His second appearance was in `` The Muffin Tops '' where he portrayed the late - night operator of sister - company Jiffy Dump who steadfastly refuses to accept trash bags of discarded muffin stumps . Joe Mayo ( played by Pat Finn ) -- Another mutual friend of the main characters , except Kramer . Hosts parties and assigns chores to the guests . Kramer later confesses he 's never heard of him , and that to him , the name ' Joe Mayo ' sounds made up . Joe Mayo is also a reference to a crew member of the series . Joe Temple ( played by Robert Hooks ) -- A family man who George watches Breakfast at Tiffany 's with in the episode `` The Couch '' . Joe dislikes George after he spills grape juice on his couch . Joe also appears in `` The Diplomat 's Club '' where George tries to watch another film with him . Joey Zanfino ( played by Todd Bosley ) -- A 9 - year - old boy who lives in the same apartment building as Jerry , Kramer and Newman . Joey 's mother asks Kramer to babysit him but due to his staggering walk ( caused by his ultra-tight jeans ) , this results in Joey mistaking him for Frankenstein and running away . By his second appearance , they are friends and go to the same karate class , despite Kramer being many years older . Joey and his friends later beat up Kramer because he was able to beat them so easily in Karate . He appears in both Season 7 's The Wait Out and Season 8 's The Foundation . Joey is also mentioned in Season 9 's `` The Serenity Now '' , as he and his friends fight with Kramer , which leads him to a nervous breakdown and to destroy George 's computers . Karen ( played by Lisa Edelstein ) -- George 's girlfriend in `` The Mango '' and `` The Masseuse '' . Karl ( played by Ellis Williams ) -- A professional exterminator that Jerry hires to rid his apartment of fleas in `` The Doodle '' . In `` The Diplomat 's Club '' , George befriends Karl in an attempt to prove to co-worker Mr. Morgan that he is not a racist . Katie ( played by Debra Jo Rupp ) -- Jerry 's annoying agent . First in `` The Diplomat 's Club '' , she invites the pilot of the plane to Jerry 's comedy routine and tells Jerry not to be nervous , which makes Jerry extremely nervous and causes him to `` bomb '' . Next in `` The Abstinence '' , Katie gets Jerry an entire assembly at his former junior high school after Jerry is `` bumped '' at Career Day by a zoo worker . Jerry is unprepared for the assembly , and after he tells his first joke , he is met with boos . Consequently , David Letterman cancels Jerry 's appearance on his talk show after hearing about his poor performance at the assembly . Kevin ( played by Tim DeKay ) -- Elaine 's one - time boyfriend , most notable for being `` The Bizarro Jerry '' . He dates Elaine in Season 's 8 episodes , `` The Soul Mate '' , and `` The Bizarro Jerry '' . Leslie ( played by Wendel Meldrum ) -- Kramer 's `` low - talking '' girlfriend , a clothing designer who designed the new puffy shirt featured in `` The Puffy Shirt '' episode . She also appeared in `` The Finale '' as a witness in the trial , but her testimony was not accepted because no one in the courtroom could hear her . Jackie Chiles even told Judge Arthur Vandelay to either get Leslie a microphone or they should move on with the trial . Lindsay Enright ( played by Jessica Hecht ) -- An ex-girlfriend of George 's who was in a book club in `` The Couch '' . They were supposed to read Breakfast at Tiffany 's , but George watched the film instead and stated incorrect facts about the book . She then appears in `` The Gymnast '' . Lloyd Braun ( played first by Peter Keleghan , then by Matt McCoy ) -- A childhood friend of George 's . Estelle Costanza would badger George with `` Why ca n't you be more like Lloyd Braun ? '' In `` The Non-Fat Yogurt '' , Lloyd worked for David Dinkins until he passed along Elaine 's suggestion that everyone in New York City wear name tags . Dinkins lost the race and Braun had a nervous breakdown . ( The episode , which aired two days after the real mayoral election , was shot in two forms ; had Dinkins been re-elected , Braun would 've instead served in , and by taking Elaine 's advice ruined , Rudy Giuliani 's campaign . ) After spending time in a mental institution , Lloyd helped Kramer gain historical status for a movie theater , in `` The Gum '' . In `` The Serenity Now '' , Braun worked for a short time for George 's father , Frank Costanza , allegedly selling computers ( although the phone line he was `` using '' was n't connected ) . Larry David named the Lloyd Braun character after the real - life Lloyd Braun , who was David 's lawyer and manager . Lt. Joe Bookman ( played by Philip Baker Hall ) -- A library cop whom Jerry has eluded since his 1971 checkout of Tropic of Cancer . His dedication to his job and coincidental surname are cause for Jerry 's dismissive attitude towards him . He accuses Jerry of preventing other youngsters from experiencing the book 's sought after adult - themed content or as Bookman refers , `` pee - pees and wee - wees '' . His character is defined by his deadpan delivery ( a parody of Sgt . Joe Friday in Dragnet ) and tendency to dramatically flip his trench coat during interrogations . Appears in `` The Library '' and `` The Finale , Part 2 '' . Mabel Choate ( played by Frances Bay ) -- The old woman at Schnitzer 's bakery who bought the infamous last marble rye , which Jerry went on to steal from her on the street in order to give to George to carry out one of his numerous idiotic schemes . She reappeared in a later episode at Del Boca Vista to cast the deciding vote in Morty 's impeachment , when she recognized Jerry as the thief of her rye . She also appears in the final episode of the series as a witness testifying against Jerry , again bringing up the marble rye . Marcelino ( played by Miguel Sandoval ) -- The owner of the bodega on Jerry 's block . In Season 8 `` The Little Jerry '' , he runs an illegal cockfighting ring in the back of his store . In `` The Millennium '' , Kramer mentions that Marcelino is 1 / 64th Mayan . Marcelino also appears in `` The Finale '' where he testifies about the cockfighting ring where he only quoted `` cockfighting '' . Marla Penny aka `` The Virgin '' ( played by Jane Leeves ) -- A professional closet organizer whom Jerry dates . She eventually loses her virginity to John F. Kennedy , Jr . She Appears in `` The Virgin '' , `` The Contest '' , both parts of `` The Pilot '' , and `` The Finale '' . Matthew ( played by John Christian Graas ) -- Son of the purveyor of the `` fat - free '' yogurt , Matthew is a 10 - year - old boy who idolizes Jerry . He overhears Jerry swearing , and , following his idol 's lead , refers to Jerry as a `` funny fuck '' ( `` fuck '' is censored ) . He ruins an audiocassette of Jerry 's comedy , at which Jerry lets loose a torrent of obscenity . When the yogurt is revealed to have fat , Matthew cusses out Jerry again . Matthew first appears in `` The Parking Space '' in Season 3 and puts in his two cents over whether George has a parking space . Appears in The Non-Fat Yogurt and The Parking Space . Mel Sanger ( played by Brian Doyle - Murray ) -- A Yoo - Hoo truck driver who is the father of Donald Sanger . Mel appears to be very loving , but is frustrated about several things , including when people believe the bubble is like an igloo and the fact that his son Donald has the TV remote constantly . He appeared in `` The Bubble Boy '' , `` The Pilot '' Pt. 2 , and `` The Finale '' Pt. 2 . Mike Moffit ( played by Lee Arenberg ) -- Calls Jerry a `` phony '' behind his back and gets into an argument with George over a parking space in front of Jerry 's apartment ( `` The Parking Space '' ) . He also appears as Kramer 's bookie in `` The Susie '' where Jerry accidentally breaks his thumbs and traps him in the trunk of Jerry 's car . Mr. Kruger ( played by Daniel von Bargen ) -- President of Kruger Industrial Smoothing , for which George Costanza works during most of the ninth and final season . Kruger is noted for his total apathy towards his job and the success of his company . George 's description of the company is `` Kruger Industrial Smoothing : ' We do n't care , and it shows ' '' ( `` The Strike '' ) . George is often forced to push Kruger to do his work , to which Kruger usually responds , `` I 'm not too worried about it . '' He also attends the Festivus dinner . Kruger 's company `` botched the Statue of Liberty '' job as they `` could n't get the green stuff off '' and is infamous for losing money ( when viewing the company financial reports Kruger nonchalantly exclaimed , `` wow , we really took it on the chin last year '' ) . Kruger appears in four episodes : `` The Slicer '' , `` The Strike '' , `` The Burning '' , and `` The Maid '' . Mr. Morgan ( played by Tom Wright ) -- A co-worker of George 's at Yankee Stadium . He appears in four episodes , `` The Pledge Drive '' , where George convinces Mr. Morgan that the Yankees should send a player to a PBS fundraiser after he sees George eating a candy bar with a knife and fork ; `` The Diplomat 's Club '' , where he hints that George had a racial bias after George said that he looked like Sugar Ray Leonard ; `` The Mom and Pop Store '' , where George calls a meeting to convince the Yankees to have a `` Jon Voight Day '' , and Mr. Morgan proposes they have no more meetings called by George ; and `` The Wink '' , where George causes a dispute with Mr. Morgan , his wife , and Mr. Steinbrenner by winking involuntarily , ultimately leading to Mr. Morgan 's termination , and George being promoted to his position . Mr. Tomasulo ( played by Gordon Jump ) -- George 's boss at `` Play Now '' in episodes 1 and 2 of Season 9 , `` The Butter Shave '' and `` The Voice '' . Mrs. Zanfino ( played by Diana Castle ) -- A women who lives with her son Joey in the same apartment building as Jerry , Kramer and Newman . She asks Kramer to babysit Joey in Season 7 's `` The Wait Out '' , and appears again in Season 8 's `` The Foundation '' , when she drives Kramer , Joey and a few other kids from the Karate class . Mrs. Zanfino is also mentioned in Season 8 's `` The Fatigues '' , when Kramer is cooking food for a Jewish singles night , and uses her kitchen to make Kugel . Nana ( played by Billye Ree Wallace ) -- Nana is Jerry 's grandmother and the mother of Helen Seinfeld and Uncle Leo . When her mind starts to mix up the present and the past , she reveals that Uncle Leo owes his sister , Jerry 's mom , $50 from a racetrack bet their father won when they were kids . Noreen ( played by Kelly Coffield ) -- A former US Army soldier and friend of Elaine 's who dated Dan , the high talker . Elaine continuously destroyed Noreen 's life until Kramer intervened and urged her to return to the military . She attempted to commit suicide , but Frank Costanza 's cape - wearing lawyer ( played by Larry David ) stopped her . Peggy ( played by Megan Cole ) -- She appeared in season 8 `` The Susie '' as Elaine 's coworker at J. Peterman Catalog who mistakes Elaine for someone named Susie . She also appears in a season 9 episode `` The Apology '' and revealed to be a germophobe . Ping ( played by Ping Wu ) -- A Chinese food delivery boy , who sues Elaine after hitting a car while trying to avoid colliding with her as she is jaywalking as mentioned in `` The Visa '' . When asked how he felt after the accident Ping replied , `` Head huwt , head weally huwt ! '' In `` The Tape '' , when George calls a Chinese company to order hair growth cream , Ping acts as the interpreter . Poppie ( played by Reni Santoni ) -- The owner of an Italian restaurant who disapproves of abortion , tells traumatizing stories of his mother 's death , is very strict on his idea of what pizza is , and developed stress - activated incontinence because of Elaine , which further causes him to stain Jerry 's couch ( `` The Couch '' ) . The `` Poppie couch '' turns up in `` The Doorman '' . First appeared in `` The Pie '' , in which Jerry is disgusted by Poppie 's neglecting to wash his hands in the bathroom . Also appears in `` The Finale '' . Rabbi Glickman ( played by Bruce Mahler ) -- A rabbi who befriends Elaine ( and actually makes a clumsy play for her at one point ) and is a terrible secret keeper . He appears in `` The Postponement '' , `` The Serenity Now '' , and `` The Finale '' . Rachel Goldstein ( played by Melanie Smith ) -- Jerry 's most dated girlfriend in the series , having appeared in four episodes ( including a two - part episode ) . In `` The Raincoats '' , she and Jerry make out while watching Schindler 's List and are seen by Newman , who informs Jerry 's and Rachel 's parents of the incident . As a result , her father tells Jerry she wo n't be seeing him again but they are still together later in the series . In `` The Hamptons '' , Rachel accidentally walks in on George naked while he is a victim of `` shrinkage '' , having just gotten out of the pool . She tells George 's girlfriend , who immediately returns home as a result . In `` The Opposite '' , she breaks up with Jerry who quickly says he 'll find somebody else as things always even out for him . Ramon ( played by Carlos Jacott ) -- An annoying pool boy at Jerry 's former health club who tried to become friends with Jerry , but Jerry did not want to be friends with Ramon because he did not need a fourth friend . Of course , Ramon thought it was because he cleaned pools for a living . He later becomes friends with Newman . He was originally fired from the health club for using too much chlorine but has his job back there again for unknown reasons . Some time later at the health club he is nearly killed when Jerry pulls him into the pool and Newman suddenly jumps on him whilst yelling `` Ollie ollie oxen free ! '' . During this incident , Jerry and Newman do n't give him CPR and have their gym memberships terminated for failing to try to save Ramon 's life ( `` The Pool Guy '' ) . He also appears in the courtroom in `` The Finale '' . A deleted scene has him mentioning how Jerry and Newman argued over who would perform CPR on him . Rebecca DeMornay ( played by Sonya Eddy ) -- A thrift store clerk who is in a constant state of agitation and is prone to violence . In another episode she works with the homeless . She once threatened to jump over the counter and punch George `` in the brain '' . Appears in `` The Bookstore '' and `` The Muffin Tops '' . Remy Temple ( played by Diana Theodore ) -- Joe Temple 's daughter . She is a great fan of Audrey Hepburn and watched Breakfast at Tiffany 's with her father and George in `` The Couch '' . She appears again in `` The Diplomat 's Club '' when George brings another Audrey Hepburn film , but her father tells her to get up to the apartment instantly before George came up . Ricky ( played by Sam Lloyd ) -- The man who takes Frank Constanza 's TV Guide from Elaine in the subway and later turns it into a bouquet to declare his affection for her during `` The Cigar Store Indian '' . He reappears in a later episode `` The Pie '' where it is revealed the reason mannequins looking like Elaine are appearing all over New York and Chicago is because he still thinks of her . Robin ( played by Melanie Chartoff ) -- A waitress at the comedy club that was one of George 's ex-girlfriends in `` The Fire '' until she broke up with him for his cowardice over a small kitchen fire at her son 's birthday party and a prop gun at Ronnie 's comedy performance . She later appeared in `` The Finale '' Pt. 2 where she recapped the incident at her son 's birthday party . Rusty ( played by Jon Gries ) -- A homeless man who falsely identifies Kramer in a police lineup and is hired by Kramer and Newman as labor for their short - lived rickshaw venture . During his trial run , Rusty stole the rickshaw . He appears in `` The Beard '' and `` The Bookstore '' . Sal Bass ( played by Tony Amendola ) : Kramer meets him at the health club and thinks he is Salman Rushdie . In `` The Pilot '' , Sal Bass is shown watching Jerry 's pilot program with Sidra . Out of the blue , Bass remarks , `` You know , that Kim Novak had some really large breasts . '' Sally Weaver ( played by Kathy Griffin ) -- Susan Ross 's roommate in college , originally from Memphis , Tennessee , she appears in `` The Cartoon '' and `` The Doll '' as an aspiring actress and comedian . In `` The Doll '' , she was indirectly responsible for ruining Jerry 's bit for The Charles Grodin Show , not once but twice . In `` The Cartoon '' she becomes famous and even gets a cable special for her one - woman show , titled `` Jerry Seinfeld is the Devil '' , which naturally becomes a favorite of Newman 's . In `` The Doll '' , it was revealed that Sally was an executive at Federal Express . Scott Drake ( played by Rick Overton ) : A mutual friend of the main characters , often referred to with the phrases `` Love the Drake '' or `` Hate the Drake '' . Jerry , George , Elaine and Kramer give him and his fiancée a big screen TV as a wedding gift , only to find out soon after that they have broken up and his ex-fiance , the `` Drakette '' , gave it away to charity . In `` The Pilot , Part 2 '' , the Drake and Drakette ( who have gotten back together ) are seen watching Jerry 's pilot program on a small , handheld black and white television . In `` The Label Maker '' , he is engaged to marry The Drakette again , but they break up after he learns that the wedding is on the same day as the Super Bowl and tries to postpone it . Shlomo : ( played by Reuven Bar - Yotam ) : Appears in Season 's 8 `` The Muffin Tops '' as a foreign guy on Kramer 's `` Peterman Reality Tour '' bus , who questions the pizza - pound cake . In Season 's 9 `` The Frogger '' , he appears again as Shlomo the truck driver , who George hires to help him move the Frogger machine . Sid ( played by Jay Brooks ) : Professional car parker . George fills in for him briefly in `` The Alternate Side '' and fails miserably , causing Sid 's nephew to lose his foot to amputation because George 's incompetence caused several of Sid 's regular customers to quit . This created a significant loss of income to Sid , thereby rendering him unable to finance his nephew 's operation . Sid appears again in `` The Parking Space '' . Sid Farkus ( played by Patrick Cronin ) : Middle - manager of a women 's underwear manufacturing company and friend of Frank Costanza . Interviews George for a bra salesman position and ends up hiring him , only to reverse his decision after George hits on Sid 's boss Ellen De Granmont ( Christa Miller ) ( `` The Sniffing Accountant '' ) . Later meets with Frank and Kramer to discuss manufacturing the bro / manssiere in `` The Doorman '' . Wears Ban - Lon . He dates Estelle Costanza briefly while she and Frank are separated . Sidra Holland ( played by Teri Hatcher ) : Jerry 's date in `` The Implant '' . Known for her breasts and catch phrase `` They 're real and they 're spectacular '' . She also appears in `` The Pilot '' , watching Jerry 's pilot program with Sal Bass , and in `` The Finale '' , sleeping with Jackie Chiles . Sue Ellen Mischke ( played by Brenda Strong ) : Known as the `` bra-less wonder '' , heiress to the Oh Henry ! candy bar fortune , and nemesis of Elaine , whom she knew since they attended high school together in Maryland . She bids up the price of a set of golf clubs once owned by John F. Kennedy , which Elaine 's boss J. Peterman had asked Elaine to buy at an auction , exceeding his limit . In `` The Caddy '' , Elaine is so incensed that Sue Ellen does n't wear a bra that she gives her a bra as a gift , which Sue Ellen then promptly wears as a top . This causes Kramer to crash George 's car when he and Jerry see her walking in her bra down the street . The courtroom scene that follows is an allusion to the O.J. Simpson trial , ending with Jackie Chiles exclaiming that a bra has to be worn up against the skin , `` like a glove '' . In `` The Betrayal '' , Sue Ellen invites Elaine ( accompanied by Jerry and George ) to India for her wedding . Elaine and Sue Ellen briefly reconcile their animosity before it is revealed that Elaine once had a relationship with Sue Ellen 's groom . She also appears in `` The Bottle Deposit , Part 1 '' and `` The Abstinence '' . Interestingly , there was a character named Sue Ellen Mischke , mentioned in the pilot episode of the sitcom Happy Days . The Doctor ( Siegel / Wexler ) ( played by Victor Raider - Wexler ) : The doctor who performed the surgery in `` The Junior Mint '' , he was also the doctor who broke the news of Susan 's death in `` The Invitations '' and who diagnosed George 's atrophied condition in `` The Summer of George '' . Also testified in `` The Finale '' about George 's reaction to the news of Susan 's death , which he described as `` restrained jubilation '' which caused Susan 's parents to be angry with him . The Soup Nazi ( played by Larry Thomas ) : Based on a real person ( Al Yeganeh ) , the Soup Nazi is a soup chef who often denied customers his delicious soup for the slightest misbehavior with the admonition , `` NO soup for you ! '' The character 's name , revealed in `` The Finale '' , is Yev Kassem . Tia Van Camp ( played by Jennifer Campbell ) : Blonde supermodel whom Jerry is seated next to on an airplane flight back to New York ( `` The Airport '' ) . Jerry ends up getting a future date with Tia , who also appears in a subsequent episode ( `` The Pick '' ) . Tia eventually dumps Jerry when she notices him in his car , appearing to pick his nose . Tina Robbins : ( played by Siobhan Fallon Hogan ) : A `` waitress / actress '' ( although she considers herself an `` actress / waitress '' ) who is Elaine 's roommate in her original apartment , later moving out and sub-letting it to her . She is introduced in `` The Deal '' and dates Kramer in `` The Truth '' , much to the dismay of Elaine , who complains about the loud tribal music and sexual noises in her apartment . She makes a brief appearance in `` The Opposite '' , kicking Elaine out of her apartment for , among other things , buzzing up a jewel thief and using Canadian quarters in the washing machine . Vanessa ( played by Lynn Clark ) : An attractive woman whom Jerry meets at a birthday party in `` The Stake Out '' ( Season 1 , Episode 2 ) . They date once in `` The Stock Tip '' ( Season 1 , Episode 5 ) . Walter : ( played by Wayne Wilderson ) : Co-worker of Elaine at J. Peterman . He appears in four episodes : `` The Summer of George '' , `` The Merv Griffin Show '' , `` The Apology '' and `` The Frogger '' . Wyck Thayer ( played by Bruce Davison ) : Chairman of the Susan Ross Foundation , who assumes that George actually killed Susan . Appeared in the first two episodes of the eighth season , as well as `` The Van Buren Boys '' later in the same season . George consistently calls Wyck `` Wink '' . Unseen characters ( edit ) Don Ramsey Really good looking guy on the 5th floor of Elaine 's building , from `` The Postponement '' . Doug -- Kramer 's cop buddy featured in `` The Frogger '' . Kramer finds caution tape in the evidence room while the cops are worried about `` The Lopper '' . Cousin Jeffrey -- Jerry 's horse - faced cousin , about whom Uncle Leo always raves . He worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Jeffrey once got Jerry tickets to a Paul Simon concert , and a glasses-less George once claimed to see Jeffrey kissing Jerry 's girlfriend in the street ( it turned out to be a policewoman patting a horse ) . According to Uncle Leo , Jeffrey 's favorite animal is the leopard because he likes the spots , and he keeps in close contact with his college botany professor , a friendship which Leo thinks is rare . Jeffrey received a citation from the city for his edible foliage tour through Central Park . The back of Cousin Jeffrey 's head can be seen in the deleted scenes for `` The Glasses '' episode on the season DVD . Bob Sacamano -- One of Kramer 's best friends , who is often referred to as the source of nutty ideas or inaccurate information . He is from New Jersey . Bob 's father lives in Florida and is the source of faulty electronic organizers known as `` Willards '' ( instead of the more expensive `` Wizards '' ) that foil Kramer 's run for condo board president . In `` The Heart Attack '' , Kramer explains how Bob had a botched hernia operation , so that now he has a high - pitched voice and spends his days in a wheelchair . He also had rabies at some point . Bob worked , for a time , in a condom factory and provided a bag of defective condoms to Kramer in `` The Fix - Up '' , which George then used with Elaine 's friend , briefly thinking he had impregnated her as a result . Bob once stayed at Kramer 's apartment as a guest for a year and a half . Larry Charles created Sacamano , naming him after a real - life friend . Bob also befriended Jerry when Jerry and Kramer trade apartments . Jerry adds that Bob sells Russian hats in Battery Park for $40 . The hats are made from nutria , a type of rat , instead of sable . In the ninth season episode `` The Wizard '' , Kramer states that Bob Sacamano 's father ( Bob Sacamano Sr . ) lives in Florida . Lomez -- An unseen friend of Kramer 's . He is an Orthodox Jew , `` old school '' , according to Kramer in `` The Fatigues '' . In The Betrayal , Kramer bangs on the door of a portable toilet yelling `` Come on Lomez , we 're going to miss the movie ! '' When Kramer starts the Peterman Reality Bus Tour in `` The Muffin Tops '' , he notes Lomez ' place of worship on the tour . Kramer purchases a hot tub from Lomez and speaks on the phone to him while taking a shower in `` The Apology '' . In `` The Package '' , Kramer tells Jerry that he traded his stereo to Lomez for some steaks . In `` The Voice '' , Kramer 's intern Darren tells Jerry and George that `` Mr. Kramer 's in a meeting with Mr. Lomez . '' And in `` The Van Buren Boys '' , one of the Susan Ross Scholarship interviewees is credited , although not mentioned , as Lomez Junior . His relation , if any , to Lomez remains unknown as his only line is `` You like that , do n't you ? '' when George mentions that he has a 4.0 GPA . In `` The Slicer '' , Kramer tells Elaine that Lomez blew his neighbor 's circuit to stop an incessant alarm , prompting her to do the same . Later in the same episode , Kramer tells Elaine that , in blowing his neighbor 's circuit , Lomez caused the automatic cat feeder to stop functioning , resulting in incessant meowing from the neighbor 's cat . When Elaine asks Kramer what Lomez did about it , he replies that `` He moved to a motel and the cat eventually died '' . Jay Riemenschneider -- A friend of Kramer 's . Kramer once mentioned that Jay `` eats horse ( meat ) all the time '' and buys it from his butcher ( `` The Seven '' ) . Corky Ramirez -- A friend of Kramer 's `` up on 94th street '' ( `` The Little Kicks '' ) . Friends with Brody ( Neil Giuntoli ) , a film bootlegger whom he introduced to Kramer ( `` The Little Kicks '' ) . A friend of Kramer 's called `` Ramirez '' appears at a bar in `` The Van Buren Boys '' . Len Nicademo -- A friend of Kramer . Kramer moved in with Len when Len `` had the gout '' ( `` The Stand In '' ) . Specter -- A friend of Kramer 's . Was said to have a fat fetish and that he never dated a woman under 250 lbs . Specter was also said to become a minimalist in `` The Tape '' , which Jerry thought should conflict with his fat fetish . Jerry 's sister -- Referenced in `` The Chinese Restaurant '' . George 's brother -- Referenced in `` The Suicide '' and `` The Parking Space '' . Gail -- Elaine 's sister who was referenced in `` The Airport '' , `` The Stake Out '' and `` The Pick '' . Simons -- One of George 's friends who gave him stock exchange advice in the episode `` The Stock Tip '' . Aunt Sylvia -- Jerry refers to his Aunt Sylvia during a conversation with Elaine on her front stoop in the episode `` The Soup '' . Sharon Besser -- A woman from Jerry 's past who in 1973 played a part in either the `` greatest moment '' or `` worst moment '' of his life . Mentioned in `` The Pony Remark '' . Jerry `` Pachyderm '' Persheck -- Also known as `` The Derm '' , Jerry is referenced by all four major characters in the episode `` The Stand - In '' . One evening Pachyderm exclaimed that he was going to approach a woman ; however , before approaching her he grabbed two pieces of pizza that were much too hot with his bare hands . Pachyderm , determined to approach the woman , held the two burning pieces of pizza in his hands until he resorted to juggling them which ultimately resulted in him throwing the pizza in the air . According to Elaine , the whole place `` went crazy '' when one piece landed on Pachyderm 's face and the other landed on the woman 's face . At the end of the episode George 's girlfriend leaves him for Pachyderm , who has apparently resorted to repeating the pizza event as a way to pick up women . Ed Roidlick -- A Seinfeld family connection in the advertising industry that Morty and Helen Seinfeld want Jerry to contact ( and give up comedy ) when they learn he has bounced a check ( `` The Little Jerry '' ) . Dr. Bison -- Jackie Chiles ' doctor who is mentioned by Chiles in numerous episodes . Suzy -- Jackie Chiles ' receptionist / secretary who usually sets up appointments with Dr. Bison , but seems to appear in the series finale with Jackie Chiles . Harry Fleming -- Morty Seinfeld 's former employer as mentioned while in a meeting with J Peterman , as he refers to 5 : 15 as `` all hours of the night '' . Mr. Wilkinson -- Simons ' friend who invested millions into Sendrax ( `` The Stock Tip '' ) . Paco , a cook at Monk 's Café , known for leaving rubber bands in the soup ( `` The Strike '' ) . Aunt Baby -- George 's aunt who died at age 7 ( `` The Money '' ) . Uncle Mo -- George 's paternal uncle who died a young man of internal problems ( `` The Money '' ) . Hennie -- George 's maternal cousin , once removed ( `` The Money '' ) , who , according to Frank Costanza was `` sickly from the day I met her . '' Marvin Kessler -- An apparent friend of the Seinfelds , whose death at age 96 prompts Morty and Helen to visit New York to attend the funeral ( `` The Blood '' ) . Patty Lawrence -- Jerry 's ex-girlfriend who assures him by phone that she had orgasms while they were dating ( `` The Mango '' ) . Mr. Papanickolas -- A neighborhood local whom Kramer mentions witnessed Newman fake a suicide by jumping from the second floor of his apartment building ( `` The Revenge '' ) . Imaginary characters and pseudonyms ( edit ) Buck Naked -- In `` The Outing '' George revealed that if he were to be a porn star , his name would be `` Buck Naked '' . Eduardo Corrochio -- Elaine Benes 's imaginary matador boyfriend in `` The Good Samaritan '' . Not to be confused with the Spanish - born tap - dancing champion whom she may or may not have met at either Zabar 's or Ray 's Pizza . Whitey Fisk -- George 's imaginary friend . George tells Jerry and Elaine that he saw Last Tango in Paris with him . Jerry claims Whitey is the `` Summer Jerry '' , due to the fact that they were supposedly best friends when Jerry was away at camp . Art Vandelay -- George 's imaginary alter - ego , which is referenced in many episodes . In `` The Finale '' , the name of the judge is coincidentally Arthur Vandelay . Kel Varnsen -- An alias used by Jerry in `` The Boyfriend '' , in order to help George with his Vandelay Industries . He also uses this alias in `` The Puerto Rican Day '' . H.E. Pennypacker -- Kramer appears as H.E. Pennypacker , `` a wealthy industrialist '' . In order to help Elaine get revenge on Putumayo in `` The Millennium '' , Kramer ( as `` Pennypacker '' ) attempts to use his pricing gun to greatly reduce the prices of the store 's clothing . When Kramer inadvertently crushes the pricing gun , he removes the desiccants from some of the clothes ( which will make clothes noticeably musty in five years ) , and tells Gladys Mayo , `` I think I 'm going to build a roller coaster instead . '' He also uses the alias in `` The Puerto Rican Day '' where he poses as a buyer interested in an apartment in order to use its bathroom . Martin van Nostrand or Peter von Nostrand -- As Dr. Martin von Nostrand , Kramer tried to get Elaine 's medical chart in `` The Package '' . He also used the von Nostrand alias in `` The Slicer '' , posing as a Juilliard - trained dermatologist , and is recognized as Dr. von Nostrand in `` The Strike '' . Kramer used the name Martin von Nostrand ( without the `` doctor '' prefix ) while auditioning for the role of himself on the show Jerry in `` The Pilot , Part 1 '' . Kramer posed as Professor Peter von Nostrand in `` The Nose Job '' in order to retrieve a jacket from another man 's apartment . Wanda Pepper -- An alias used by Elaine in `` The Nose Job '' in order to pick up Kramer 's jacket . Dylan Murphy -- An alias used by Jerry in `` The Limo '' . Colin O'Brien -- An alias used by George in `` The Limo '' . Susie -- An alter ego created by Elaine in `` The Susie '' , who Peggy believes is real and with whom J. Peterman claims to have had an affair while he is speaking at her funeral . Susie hates when people refer to her as `` Suze '' , which she considers to be the name of a `` pom - pom - wavin ' , backseat bimbo '' . Paloma -- Elaine 's alias as Uncle Leo 's nurse in `` The Package '' in order to get cream for her rash and eyebrows for Uncle Leo . Steven Snell -- Kramer 's character on Murphy Brown during a short stint as an actor in Los Angeles . Slappy White -- Jerry 's alias he claims to have used in Atlantic City during `` The Money '' , to cover up for the fact that he bought his parents back the Cadillac that they sold . The real Slappy White was a comedian who died a year before the episode . Snoopy and Prickly Pete -- George 's imaginary horses , conjured up in `` The Wizard '' as part of his attempt to convince Susan 's parents that he had a lavish home in The Hamptons that included a stable . Pepe -- George 's made - up chef in the play `` La Cocina '' that he made up during a meeting with NBC . Harry Fong -- An alias George uses in `` The Opera '' for a man he scalped his Pagliacci ticket to when Susan questions him about their encounter , claiming him to be a good friend . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adventurer : Seinfeld 's J. Peterman . Forbes.com Video Network . Retrieved Jun 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seinfeld '' The Stakeout ( TV Episode 1990 ) -- IMDb Jump up ^ Somer , Jared ; Somer , Adam . `` Cousin Jeffrey : He Works for the Parks Department '' . Unofficial Seinfeld Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Seinfeld on IMDb ( hide ) Seinfeld Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Jerry Seinfeld George Costanza Elaine Benes Cosmo Kramer Supporting characters Newman Uncle Leo Jackie Chiles Related Awards and nominations Monk 's Café Festivus Kenny Kramer `` Seinfeld '' ( Curb Your Enthusiasm ) `` SeinfeldVision '' ( 30 Rock ) Castle Rock Entertainment , Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group Inc . The Album About Nothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Seinfeld_minor_characters&oldid=812138012 '' Categories : Seinfeld characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played george costanza's father on seinfeld	[ "\nFrank Costanza \n29\nJohn Randolph (first appearance), Jerry Stiller (later appearances)\nGeorge's father. Utterly deranged and very quick to anger. Of Italian descent, he is a former cook in the Army and detests removing his shoes in other people's homes. Because of his work as a travelling businessman, he speaks Korean. He invents the holiday Festivus, as a reaction to cultural commercialism of Christmas, and of which George has few fond memories. He has a phobia of spending silver dollars and suffers strongly from musophobia; however, he has a genuine compassion for squirrels. He wears his sneakers in the swimming pool. His lawyer wears a cape.\n" ]	[ "John Randolph (first appearance), Jerry Stiller" ]
8588736051552737190	SI base unit	SI base unit - wikipedia SI base unit Jump to : navigation , search The seven SI base units and the interdependency of their definitions : for example , to extract the definition of the metre from the speed of light , the definition of the second must be known while the ampere and candela are both dependent on the definition of energy which in turn is defined in terms of length , mass and time . The International System of Units ( SI ) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived . The SI base units and their physical quantities are the metre for measurement of length , the kilogram for mass , the second for time , the ampere for electric current , the kelvin for temperature , the candela for luminous intensity , and the mole for amount of substance . The SI base units form a set of mutually independent dimensions as required by dimensional analysis commonly employed in science and technology . The names and symbols of SI base units are written in lowercase , except the symbols of those named after a person , which are written with an initial capital letter . For example , the metre ( US English : meter ) has the symbol m , but the kelvin has symbol K , because it is named after Lord Kelvin and the ampere with symbol A is named after André - Marie Ampère . Several other units , such as the litre ( US English : liter ) , are formally not part of the SI , but are accepted for use with SI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seven SI base units 2 Proposed redefinitions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Seven SI base units ( edit ) SI base units Name Symbol Measure Current ( 2005 ) formal definition Historical origin / justification Dimension symbol metre m length `` The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 of a second . '' 17th CGPM ( 1983 , Resolution 1 , CR , 97 ) 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 of the distance from the Earth 's equator to the North Pole measured on the circumference through Paris . kilogram kg mass `` The kilogram is the unit of mass ; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram . '' 3rd CGPM ( 1901 , CR , 70 ) The mass of one litre of water at the temperature of melting ice . A litre is one thousandth of a cubic metre . second s time `` The second is the duration of 7009919263177000000 ♠ 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom . '' 13th CGPM ( 1967 / 68 , Resolution 1 ; CR , 103 ) `` This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K . '' ( Added by CIPM in 1997 ) The day is divided in 24 hours , each hour divided in 60 minutes , each minute divided in 60 seconds . A second is 1 / ( 24 × 60 × 60 ) of the day . ampere electric current `` The ampere is that constant current which , if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length , of negligible circular cross-section , and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum , would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newton per metre of length . '' 9th CGPM ( 1948 ) The original `` International Ampere '' was defined electrochemically as the current required to deposit 1.118 milligrams of silver per second from a solution of silver nitrate . Compared to the SI ampere , the difference is 0.015 % . kelvin thermodynamic temperature `` The kelvin , unit of thermodynamic temperature , is the fraction 1 / 7002273160000000000 ♠ 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water . '' 13th CGPM ( 1967 / 68 , Resolution 4 ; CR , 104 ) `` This definition refers to water having the isotopic composition defined exactly by the following amount of substance ratios : 0.000 155 76 mole of H per mole of H , 0.000 379 9 mole of O per mole of O , and 0.002 005 2 mole of O per mole of O . '' ( Added by CIPM in 2005 ) The Celsius scale : the Kelvin scale uses the degree Celsius for its unit increment , but is a thermodynamic scale ( 0 K is absolute zero ) . Θ mole mol amount of substance `` 1 . The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12 ; its symbol is ' mol ' . 2 . When the mole is used , the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms , molecules , ions , electrons , other particles , or specified groups of such particles . '' 14th CGPM ( 1971 , Resolution 3 ; CR , 78 ) `` In this definition , it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12 , at rest and in their ground state , are referred to . '' ( Added by CIPM in 1980 ) Atomic weight or molecular weight divided by the molar mass constant , 1 g / mol . candela cd luminous intensity `` The candela is the luminous intensity , in a given direction , of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 10 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian . '' 16th CGPM ( 1979 , Resolution 3 ; CR , 100 ) The candlepower , which is based on the light emitted from a burning candle of standard properties . J Name Symbol Measure Current ( 2005 ) formal definition Historical origin / justification Dimension symbol Proposed redefinitions ( edit ) Main article : Proposed redefinition of SI base units Proposed SI System : Dependence of base unit definitions on physical constants with fixed numerical values and on other base units that are derived from the same set of constants . The definitions of the base units have been modified several times since the Metre Convention in 1875 , and new additions of base units have occurred . Since the redefinition of the metre in 1960 , the kilogram is the only unit that is directly defined in terms of a physical artifact , rather than a property of nature . However , the mole , the ampere , and the candela are linked through their definitions to the mass of the platinum -- iridium cylinder stored in a vault near Paris . It has long been an objective in metrology to define the kilogram in terms of a fundamental constant , in the same way that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light . The 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM , 1999 ) placed these efforts on an official footing , and recommended `` that national laboratories continue their efforts to refine experiments that link the unit of mass to fundamental or atomic constants with a view to a future redefinition of the kilogram . '' Two possibilities have attracted particular attention : the Planck constant and the Avogadro constant . In 2005 , the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) approved preparation of new definitions for the kilogram , the ampere , and the kelvin and it noted the possibility of a new definition of the mole based on the Avogadro constant . The 23rd CGPM ( 2007 ) decided to postpone any formal change until the next General Conference in 2011 . In a note to the CIPM in October 2009 , Ian Mills , the President of the CIPM Consultative Committee - Units ( CCU ) catalogued the uncertainties of the fundamental constants of physics according to the current definitions and their values under the proposed new definition . He urged the CIPM to accept the proposed changes in the definition of the kilogram , ampere , kelvin , and mole so that they are referenced to the values of the fundamental constants , namely the Planck constant ( h ) , the electron charge ( e ) , the Boltzmann constant ( k ) , and the Avogadro constant ( N ) . See also ( edit ) International vocabulary of metrology International System of Quantities Non-SI units mentioned in the SI Metric prefix Physical constant Electric constant Magnetic constant References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ 94th Meeting of the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( 2005 ) . Recommendation 1 : Preparative steps towards new definitions of the kilogram , the ampere , the kelvin and the mole in terms of fundamental constants Archived 2011 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 23rd General Conference on Weights and Measures ( 2007 ) . Resolution 12 : On the possible redefinition of certain base units of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Jump up ^ Ian Mills , President of the CCU ( October 2009 ) . `` Thoughts about the timing of the change from the Current SI to the New SI '' ( PDF ) . CIPM . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ian Mills ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure , following redefinitions of the base units '' ( PDF ) . CCU . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . External links ( edit ) International Bureau of Weights and Measures National Physical Laboratory NIST - SI SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Category SI base quantities Base quantity Quantity SI unit Name Symbol Dimension symbol Unit name ( symbol ) Example length l , x , r , ( etc . ) metre ( m ) r = 10 m mass m kilogram ( kg ) m = 10 kg time , duration second ( s ) t = 10 s electric current I , i I ampere ( A ) I = 10 A thermodynamic temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) T = 10 K amount of substance n mole ( mol ) n = 10 mol luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) I = 10 cd Specification The quantity ( not the unit ) can have a specification : T = 300 K Derived quantity Definition A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities : Q = f ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I v ) ( \ displaystyle Q = f \ left ( ( \ mathit ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I ) ) \ mathrm ( _ ( v ) ) \ right ) ) Derived dimension dim Q = L M T I Θ N J ( Superscripts a -- g are algebraic exponents , usually a positive , negative or zero integer . ) Example Quantity acceleration = l t , dim acceleration = L T possible units : m s , km Ms , etc . See also History of the metric system International System of Quantities Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Category Outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SI_base_unit&oldid=838925243 '' Categories : SI units SI base units SI base quantities Dimensional analysis Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو 粵語中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the si unit of measurement for temperature	[ "The International System of Units (SI) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived. The SI base units and their physical quantities are the metre for measurement of length, the kilogram for mass, the second for time, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for temperature, the candela for luminous intensity, and the mole for amount of substance." ]	[ "kelvin" ]
5491596526783187107	FA Cup	FA Cup - wikipedia FA Cup Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see FA Cup ( disambiguation ) . FA Cup Organising body The Football Association Founded 1871 ; 147 years ago ( 1871 ) Region England Wales Number of teams 737 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Qualifier for UEFA Europa League Domestic cup ( s ) FA Community Shield Current champions Chelsea ( 8th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Arsenal ( 13 titles ) Television broadcasters BBC BT Sport Website FA Cup 2017 -- 18 FA Cup The FA Cup , known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup , is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . First played during the 1871 -- 72 season , it is the oldest national football competition in the world . It is organised by and named after The Football Association ( The FA ) . For sponsorship reasons , from 2015 through to 2018 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the FA Women 's Cup . The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system -- all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League ( Level 1 ) and the English Football League ( Levels 2 to 4 ) , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System ( Levels 5 to 10 ) . A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 . The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final . Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds -- the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen . The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two . The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper . In the modern era , only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter - finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final . As a result , as well as who wins , significant focus is given to those `` minnows '' ( smaller teams ) who progress furthest , especially if they achieve an unlikely `` giant - killing '' victory . Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 . Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match . Chelsea are the current holders , having beaten Manchester United 1 -- 0 in the 2018 final . Arsenal are the most successful club with 13 titles . Arsenal 's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Competition format 3.1 Overview 3.2 Schedule 3.3 The draw 3.4 Tiebreaking 4 Qualification for subsequent competitions 4.1 European football 4.2 FA Community Shield 5 Venues 5.1 Competition rounds 5.2 Semi-finals 5.3 Final 5.4 Artificial turf 6 Trophy 6.1 Original design 6.1. 1 1871 original 6.1. 2 1895 replica 6.2 Current design 6.2. 1 1911 original 6.2. 2 1992 replica 6.2. 3 2014 replica 7 Medals 8 Sponsorship 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Final 9.1. 1 Team 9.1. 2 Individual 9.2 All rounds 10 Cup runs and giant killings 10.1 Early years 10.2 Non-league giant killings 10.3 Non-league cup runs 10.4 Giant killings between league clubs 11 Winners and finalists 11.1 Results by team 11.2 Consecutive winners 11.3 Winning managers 11.4 Doubles / Trebles 11.5 Outside England 11.6 Outside the top division 12 Media coverage 12.1 Domestic broadcasters 12.2 Overseas broadcasters 13 References 13.1 Notes 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the FA Cup Harry Hampton scores one of his two goals in the 1905 FA Cup Final where Aston Villa defeated Newcastle United In 1863 , the newly founded Football Association ( the FA ) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football , unifying the various different rules in use before then . On 20 July 1871 , in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper , the FA Secretary C.W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that `` it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete '' . The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871 . After thirteen games in all , Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final , on 16 March 1872 . Wanderers retained the trophy the following year . The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888 -- 89 season , when qualifying rounds were introduced . Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did not resume until 1919 -- 20 . The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium ( known at the time as the Empire Stadium ) . Due to the outbreak of World War II , the competition was not played between the 1938 -- 39 and 1945 -- 46 editions . Due to the wartime breaks , the competition did not celebrate its centenary year until 1980 -- 81 ; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium , but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard . Having previously featured replays , the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day , was introduced from 2000 onwards . Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time , the 2001 -- 2006 finals being played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . The final returned to Wembley in 2007 , followed by the semi-finals from 2008 . Eligibility ( edit ) The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria . All clubs in the top four levels ( the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League ) are automatically eligible . Clubs in the next six levels ( non-league football ) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup , FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season . Newly formed clubs , such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 -- 06 and also 2006 -- 07 , may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season . All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium . It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition , although it can happen in exceptional circumstances . Manchester United did not defend their title in 1999 -- 2000 , as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship . The club stated that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premier League titles . The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side . The move benefited United as they received a two - week break and won the 1999 -- 2000 league title by an 18 - point margin , although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship . The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation . Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City ( the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 ) , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay . In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association . In the 2013 -- 14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time . The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years . In the 2004 -- 05 season , 660 clubs entered the competition , beating the long - standing record of 656 from the 1921 -- 22 season . In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 . The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then , with 759 clubs participating in 2010 -- 11 , a record 763 in 2011 -- 12 , 758 for 2012 -- 13 , 737 for 2013 -- 14 and 736 for 2014 -- 15 . By comparison , the other major English domestic cup , the League Cup , involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League . Competition format ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beginning in August , the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout , consisting of twelve rounds , a semi-final and then a final , in May . A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages . There is no seeding , the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw . Prior to the quarter - finals , fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only . The first six rounds are qualifiers , with the draws organised on a regional basis . The next six rounds are the `` proper '' rounds where all clubs are in one draw . Schedule ( edit ) Entrants from the bottom two levels ( 9 and 10 ) begin the competition in the Extra Preliminary Round . Clubs from higher levels are then added in later rounds , as per the table below . The months in which rounds are played are traditional , with exact dates subject to each year 's calendar . Round New entrants at this round Month No of matches Qualifying Competition Extra-Preliminary Round Level 9 and 10 clubs August 184 Preliminary Round Level 8 clubs 160 First Round Level 7 clubs September 116 Second Round Level 6 clubs 80 Third Round none October 40 Fourth Round Level 5 clubs 32 Competition Proper First Round Level 3 and 4 clubs November 40 Second Round none December 20 Third Round Level 1 and 2 clubs January 32 Fourth Round none 16 Fifth Round February 8 Quarter - finals March Semi-Finals April Final May The qualifying rounds are regionalised to reduce the travel costs for smaller non-league sides . The first and second proper rounds were also previously split into Northern and Southern sections , but this practice was ended after the 1997 -- 98 competition . The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May . The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships . The draw ( edit ) The draws for the Extra-Preliminary , Preliminary , and First Qualifying Rounds used to all occur at the same time . Thereafter , the draw for each subsequent round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round , meaning that in the case of replays , clubs will often know their future opponents in advance . This season 2016 / 17 the draw for the 1st qualifying round was drawn at a later date as per previous season 's later rounds . The draw for each of the proper rounds is broadcast live on television , usually taking place at the conclusion of live coverage of one of the games of the previous round . Public interest is particularly high during the draw for the third round , which is where the top - ranked teams are added to the draw . Tiebreaking ( edit ) In rounds up to and including the fifth round proper , fixtures resulting in a draw ( after normal time ) go to a replay , played at the venue of the away team , at a later date ; if that replay is still tied , the winner is settled by a period of extra time , and if still necessary , a penalty shootout . Since 2016 -- 17 , ties are settled on the day from the quarter - finals onwards , using extra time and penalties . Until 1990 -- 91 , further replays would be played until one team was victorious . Some ties took as many as six matches to settle ; in their 1975 campaign , Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds , which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game , but from 1991 -- 92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice for the rounds proper . This led to penalty shoot - outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United . From 1980 -- 81 to 1998 -- 99 , the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw . If the score was still level after extra time , the match would go to a replay . Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999 -- 2000 , the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998 -- 99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 after extra time . The first game had ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first FA Cup Final to go to extra time and a replay was the 1875 final , between the Royal Engineers and the Old Etonians . The initial tie finished 1 -- 1 but the Royal Engineers won the replay 2 -- 0 in normal time . The last replayed final was the 1993 FA Cup Final , when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday fought a 1 -- 1 draw . The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup , 2 -- 1 after extra time . The last quarter - final to go to a replay was Manchester United vs West Ham United in the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup . The original game at Old Trafford ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , while Manchester United won the replay at the Boleyn Ground , 2 -- 1 . It was also the last FA Cup game ever played at the Boleyn Ground . Qualification for subsequent competitions ( edit ) European Football ( edit ) The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( formerly named the UEFA Cup ; from its launch in 1960 until 1998 , they entered the now - defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup instead ) . This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight . In the past , if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season 's Champions League or Europa League through their league position , then the losing FA Cup finalist were given this European berth instead . FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage . Losing finalists , if they have n't qualified for Europe via the league , began earlier , at the play - off or third qualifying round stage . From the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League season , however , UEFA does not allow the runners - up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition . If the winner -- and until 2015 , the runner - up -- has already qualified for Europe through their league position ( with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998 ) , the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest - place team in the league who has not yet qualified . FA Community Shield ( edit ) The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season 's single - match FA Community Shield , the traditional season opener played against the previous season 's Premier League champions ( or the Premier League runners - up if the FA Cup winners also won the league -- the double ) . Venues ( edit ) Since 2007 the FA Cup Final has been held at Wembley Stadium , on the site of the previous stadium which hosted it from 1923 to 2000 . Fixtures in the 12 rounds of the competition are usually played at the home ground of one of the two teams . The semi-finals and final are played at a neutral venue -- the rebuilt Wembley Stadium ( since 2008 and 2007 respectively ) . Competition rounds ( edit ) In the matches for the twelve competition rounds , the team who plays at home is decided when the fixtures are drawn -- simply the first team drawn out for each fixture . Occasionally games may have to be moved to other grounds due to other events taking place , security reasons or a ground not being suitable to host popular teams . In the event of a draw , the replay is played at the ground of the team who originally played away from home . In the days when multiple replays were possible , the second replay ( and any further replays ) were played at neutral grounds . The clubs involved could alternatively agree to toss for home advantage in the second replay . Semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008 , one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final ( in 2007 ) . For the first decade of the competition , the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue . In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley , semi-finals were played at high - capacity neutral venues around England ; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel . The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham ( 55 times ) , Hillsborough in Sheffield ( 34 times ) and Old Trafford in Manchester ( 23 times ) . The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final , between 1991 and 2000 ( the last held there ) , but not always for fixtures featuring London teams . In 2005 , both were held at the Millennium Stadium . In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium . This was controversial , with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London , as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final . In defending the move , the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers , although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out . A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86 % opposition to Wembley semi-finals . Final ( edit ) The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 . The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales . Prior to rebuilding , the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 ( being originally named the Empire Stadium ) . One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals ( including five replays ) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea , held at Old Trafford in Manchester . In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final ( including 8 replays ) was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace . It was played 22 times at The Oval ( the inaugural competition in 1872 , and then all but two times until 1892 ) . After The Oval , Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914 , broken up by four replays elsewhere . The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 ( the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium ) ; and the University of Oxford 's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final , in 1873 . The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London , as follows : Racecourse Ground , Derby ( 1886 ) Fallowfield Stadium , Manchester ( 1893 ) Goodison Park , Liverpool ( 1894 ) Burnden Park , Bolton ( 1901 replay ) Old Trafford , Manchester ( 1911 replay ) Goodison Park ( 1910 replay ) Bramall Lane , Sheffield ( 1912 replay ) Old Trafford ( 1915 ) Artificial turf ( edit ) The FA permitted artificial turf ( 3G ) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014 -- 15 edition and beyond . Under the 2015 -- 16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs . This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only -- if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper , they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch . Having been strong proponents of the surface , the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United 's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2014 . Trophy ( edit ) The eventual winners of the competition receive the FA Cup ; it is only loaned to the club by the FA , under the current ( 2015 -- 16 ) rules it must be returned by 1 March , or earlier if given seven days ' notice . Traditionally , the holders had the Cup until the following year 's presentation , although more recently the trophy has been taken on publicity tours by the FA in between finals . King George V presents the FA Cup trophy to Tommy Boyle of Burnley F.C. , April 1914 The trophy comes in three parts -- the cup itself , plus a lid and a base . There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented . The original trophy , known as the `` little tin idol '' , was 18 inches high and made by Martin , Hall & Co . It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered , and so was replaced by an exact replica , used until 1910 . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners , Manchester United , made their own replica , leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright . This new , larger design was by Fattorini and Sons , and was used from 1911 . In order to preserve this original , from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica , although this had to be replaced after just over two decades , after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras . This third replica , first used in 2014 , was built heavier to withstand the increased handling . Of the four surviving trophies , only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership . The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony . This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take 20 under normal conditions , although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match , and sketching the presumed winner . During the final , the trophy is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists , with the loser 's ribbons being removed at the end of the game . The tradition of tying ribbons started after Tottenham Hotspur won the 1901 FA Cup Final and the wife of a Spurs director decided to tie blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup . Traditionally , at Wembley finals , the presentation is made at the Royal Box , with players , led by the captain , mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box . At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch . The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London . Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock ( who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory ) . Portsmouth F.C. have the distinction of being the football club which has held the FA Cup trophy for the longest uninterrupted period - seven years . Portsmouth had defeated Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 1 in the 1939 FA Cup Final and were awarded the trophy as 1938 - 1939 FA Cup Champions . But with the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , the regular Football League and FA Cup competitions for the 1939 - 40 season were cancelled for the duration of the war . Portsmouth 's manager Jack Tinn was rumoured to have kept the FA Cup trophy ' safe under his bed ' throughout the duration of the war , but this is an urban myth . Because the naval city of Portsmouth was a primary strategic military target for German Luftwaffe bombing , the FA Cup trophy was actually taken ten miles to the north of Portsmouth , to the nearby Hampshire village of Lovedean , and there it resided in a quaint thatched roof country pub called The Bird in Hand for the seven years of the war . After the conclusion of World War II , the FA Cup trophy was presented back to the Football Association by Portsmouth F.C. in time for the 1946 FA Cup Final . Original design ( edit ) 1871 original ( edit ) The first trophy , the ' little tin idol ' , was made by Martin , Hall & Co at a cost of £ 20 It was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895 and was never seen again . Despite a £ 10 reward for information , the crime was never solved . As it happened while it was in their care , the FA fined Villa £ 25 to pay for a replacement . Just over 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry ( Harry ) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 . He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men , although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper ( the crime pre-dated written police reports ) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen , detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed . Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half - crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison . He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars . Released in 1961 , he died in 1964 . 1895 replica ( edit ) The second FA Cup trophy , used between 1896 and 1910 . After being rendered obsolete by the redesign , the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA 's long - serving president Lord Kinnaird . Kinnaird died in 1923 , and his family kept it in their possession , out of view , until putting it up for auction in 2005 . It was duly sold at Christie 's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £ 420,000 ( £ 478,400 including auction fees and taxes ) . The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia , surpassing the £ 254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997 . The successful bidder was David Gold , the then joint chairman of Birmingham City ; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country , Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation . Accordingly , Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006 , where it went on immediate public display . It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester . In November 2012 , it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers , after they beat Wanderers 7 -- 1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final . Current design ( edit ) 1911 original ( edit ) The redesigned trophy first used in 1911 was larger at 61.5 cm ( 24.2 inches ) high , and was designed and manufactured by Fattorini 's of Bradford , coincidentally being won by Bradford City in its first outing . On the 27 March 2016 episode of the BBC television programme Antiques Roadshow , this trophy was valued at £ 1 million by expert Alastair Dickenson , although he suggested that , due to the design featuring depictions of grapes and vines , it may not have been specifically produced for the FA , but was instead an off - the - shelf design originally meant to be a wine or champagne cooler . A smaller , but otherwise identical , replica was also made by Fattorini , the North Wales Coast FA Cup trophy , and is contested annually by members of that regional Association . 1992 replica ( edit ) The current design of the FA Cup ( 1992 replica pictured ) The 1992 replica was made by Toye , Kenning and Spencer . A copy of this trophy was also produced , in case anything happened to the primary trophy . 2014 replica ( edit ) The 2014 replica was made by Thomas Lyte , handcrafted in sterling 925 silver over 250 hours . A weight increase to increase durability has taken it to 6.3 kilograms ( 14 lb ) . Medals ( edit ) Each club in the final receives 40 winners or runners - up medals to be distributed among players , staff , and officials . Sponsorship ( edit ) Pre-match ceremony of 2010 FA Cup Final showing sponsorship by E. ON See also : English football sponsorship Since the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , the FA Cup has been sponsored . However , to protect the identity of the competition , the sponsored name has always included ' The FA Cup ' in addition to the sponsor 's name , unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word ' cup ' is preceded by only the sponsor 's name . Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E. ON -- one - year extensions may be agreed . Emirates Airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ' The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ' The FA Cup in association with E. ON ' and ' The FA Cup with Budweiser ' . Period Sponsor Name 1871 / 72 -- 1993 / 94 No main sponsor The FA Cup 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 Littlewoods The FA Cup sponsored by Littlewoods 1998 / 99 -- 2001 / 02 AXA The AXA sponsored FA Cup ( 1998 -- 99 ) The FA Cup sponsored by AXA ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2002 / 03 -- 2005 / 06 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2006 / 07 -- 2010 / 11 E. ON The FA Cup sponsored by E. ON 2011 / 12 -- 2013 / 14 Budweiser The FA Cup with Budweiser 2014 / 15 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2015 / 16 -- 2017 / 18 Emirates The Emirates FA Cup From August 2006 to 2013 , Umbro supplied match balls for all FA Cup matches . Since March 2013 , Nike has supplied the official match ball . Records and statistics ( edit ) See also : Football records in England Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 , joint record : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Manchester United ( 1909 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2016 , 2018 ) Most consecutive / uninterrupted years as FA Cup Champions : 7 , Portsmouth F.C. , ( 1939 - 1946 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , joint record : Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Manchester United ( 1957 , 1958 , 1976 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2007 , 2018 ) Individual ( edit ) Ian Rush , the former Liverpool striker and record goalscorer in FA Cup final history Ashley Cole won a record seven FA Cup Finals Most wins by player : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most wins by manager : 7 , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) , Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1874 -- 75 , 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) ( 2 in 1986 , 2 in 1989 , 1 in 1992 ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 1 each in 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days ( 2004 ) Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days ( 1983 ) Oldest player : Billy Hampson ( Newcastle United ) , 41 years and 257 days ( 1924 ) All rounds ( edit ) Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) Highest attendance at Wembley : 126,047 ( official ) up to 300,000 ( estimate ) at the `` White Horse Final '' ( Bolton Wanderers v. West Ham United , 28 April 1923 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , November 6 / 9 / 15 / 17 / 20 / 22 1971 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , for : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 1st Qualifying Round , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( First Round , 1884 through Second round , replay , 1886 . Won two FA Cups . ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( Third Round Proper , 2009 through Fourth Round Proper , replay , 2013 . Won three FA Cups . ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , Preliminary Round , August 1995 ) Most career goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( for Notts County in 12 tournaments from 1877 -- 78 to 1888 -- 89 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 -- 88 . Preston outscored opponents 50 -- 5 over 7 matches , including `` Biggest win '' shown above . ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 11 -- 0 defeat of Margate , First Round Proper , 20 November 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , 3rd Qualifying Round , 10 October 1987 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , Preliminary Round , 3 September 2011 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years and 66 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , First Round Proper , 12 November 2011 ) Cup runs and giant killings ( edit ) The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition in what is known as a `` giant killing '' , is much anticipated by the public . Such upsets are considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , and the attention gained by giant - killing teams can be as great as that for winners of the cup . Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant - killing act in its history . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat , or where the giant - killer is a non-league club , i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League . One analysis of four years of FA Cup results showed that it was 99.85 per cent likely that at least one team would beat one from its next higher division in a given year . The probability drops to 48.8 per cent for a two - division gap , and 39.28 per cent for a three - division gap . Early years ( edit ) The Football League was founded in 1888 , 16 years after the first FA Cup competition . Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant - killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners - up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next strongest football league -- the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division ( as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . ) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League : Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 ( champions of the Football Alliance , a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division , which it formally became in 1892 -- Wednesday being let straight into the First Division ) , and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 ( in which years they were also Southern League champions , proving the strength of that league : again , they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time , but Southampton 's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division . ) Non-league giant killings ( edit ) The most recent examples of a non-league team ( Levels 5 to 10 ) beating a Level 1 opponent are National League side Lincoln City 's away victory over Premier League side Burnley in the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup and Conference Premier side Luton Town 's away victory over Level 1 Premier League 's Norwich City in the 2012 -- 13 Fourth Round Proper . Prior to that game , the last time a non-league side defeated a Level 1 club was in 1989 when Sutton United claimed a 2 -- 1 victory at home over Coventry City , who had won the FA Cup less than two years prior . In the 1971 -- 72 FA Cup , a non-league side achieved a Level 1 giant killing that was voted `` best FA Cup tie ever '' in a 2007 poll by The Observer newspaper . Non-league Hereford United was trailing First Division Newcastle United 0 -- 1 with less than seven minutes left in the Third Round Proper replay , when Hereford 's Ronnie Radford scored the equalizer -- a goal still shown regularly when FA Cup fixtures are broadcast . Hereford finished the shocking comeback by defeating Newcastle 2 -- 1 in the match . Some small clubs gain a reputation for being `` cup specialists '' after two or more giant killing feats within a few years . Yeovil Town holds the record for the most victories over league opposition as a non-league team , having recorded 20 wins through the years before it achieved promotion into The Football League . The record for a club which has never entered The Football League is held by Altrincham , with 17 wins against league teams . Non-league Cup runs ( edit ) See also : List of non-league clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 For non-league teams , reaching the Third Round Proper -- where all Level 1 sides now enter -- is considered a major achievement . In the 2008 -- 09 FA Cup , a record nine non-league teams achieved this feat . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , only nine non-league teams have reached the Fifth Round Proper ( final 16 ) since 1945 , and only Lincoln City have progressed to the Sixth Round ( final 8 ) , during the 2016 -- 17 edition of the tournament . Prior to Lincoln 's run , Kidderminster Harriers were the last team to reach the 5th round , in 1994 , where they had a chance to inflict a giant - killing of their own against a Premier League side . They were drawn at home against West Ham United in Round 5 but lost 0 - 1 in a close game at Aggborough . Chasetown , while playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest - ranked team to ever play in the Third Round Proper ( final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season ) . Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands ( a lower level within the Southern Football League ) , when they lost to Football League Championship ( Level 2 ) team Cardiff City , the eventual FA Cup runners - up that year . Their success earned the lowly organisation over £ 60,000 in prize money . Giant killings between League clubs ( edit ) In games between league sides , one of the most notable results was the 1992 victory by Wrexham , last in the previous season 's league , over reigning league champion Arsenal . Another similar shock was when Shrewsbury Town beat Everton 2 -- 1 in 2003 . Everton finished 7th in The Premier League and Shrewsbury Town were relegated to the Football Conference that same season . Winners and finalists ( edit ) Main article : FA Cup Final See also : List of FA Cup Finals Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 8 2018 20 Chelsea 8 1970 2018 5 2017 13 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . Consecutive winners ( edit ) Four clubs have won consecutive FA Cups on more than one occasion : Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 and 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 and 1890 , 1891 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 , 1962 and 1981 , 1982 ) and Arsenal ( 2002 , 2003 and 2014 , 2015 ) . Winning managers ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup winning managers The record for most winner 's medals for a manager is held by Arsène Wenger , who has won seven titles with Arsenal ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . Doubles / trebles ( edit ) Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End ( 1889 ) , Aston Villa ( 1897 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 ) , Arsenal ( 1971 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Liverpool ( 1986 ) , Manchester United ( 1994 , 1996 , 1999 ) and Chelsea ( 2010 ) . In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals . Liverpool ( in 2001 ) and Chelsea ( in 2007 ) have since repeated this feat . In 2012 , Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League . In 1998 -- 99 , Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble . Two years later , in 2000 -- 01 , Liverpool won the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble . Outside England ( edit ) The FA Cup has only been won by a non-English team once . Cardiff City achieved this in 1927 when they beat Arsenal in the final at Wembley . They had previously made it to the final only to lose to Sheffield United in 1925 and lost another final to Portsmouth in 2008 . Cardiff City is also the only team to win the national cups of two different countries in the same season , having also won the Welsh Cup in 1927 . The Scottish team Queen 's Park reached and lost the final in both 1884 and 1885 . Outside the top Division ( edit ) Since the creation of the Football League in 1888 , the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division , and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight : Notts County ( 1894 ) ; Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 ) ; Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 1908 ) ; Barnsley ( 1912 ) ; West Bromwich Albion ( 1931 ) ; Sunderland ( 1973 ) , Southampton ( 1976 ) and West Ham United ( 1980 ) . With the exception of Tottenham , these clubs were all playing in the second tier ( the old Second Division ) -- Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908 , meaning they are the only non-League winners of the FA Cup since the League 's creation . Other than Tottenham 's victory , only 24 finalists have come from outside English football 's top tier , with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners - up : and none at all from the third tier or lower , Southampton ( 1902 , then in the Southern League ) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers . Sunderland 's win in 1973 was considered a major upset , having beaten Leeds United who finished third in the top flight that season. , as was West Ham 's victory over Arsenal in 1980 as the Gunners were in their third successive FA Cup Final and were also the cup holders from the previous year as well as just having finished 4th in the First Division , whereas West Ham had ended the season 7th in Division 2 . This also marked the last time ( as of 2017 - 18 ) a team from outside the top division won the FA cup . Uniquely , in 2008 three of the four semi-finalists ( Barnsley , Cardiff City and West Bromwich ) were from outside the top division , although the eventual winner was the last remaining top - flight team , Portsmouth . West Bromwich ( 1931 ) are the only team to have won the FA Cup and earned promotion to the top flight in the same season ; whereas Wigan Athletic ( 2013 ) are the only team to have won the Cup and been relegated from the top flight in the same season . Media coverage ( edit ) Domestic broadcasters ( edit ) See also : English football on television The FA Cup Final is one of 10 events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio . The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 . The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full . The following season 's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC . When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television , during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off . Nowadays , this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all - day broadcasts from Wembley , but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off . The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988 , when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports . From 1988 to 1997 , the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup , the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal . From 1997 to 2001 , ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day . From 2002 to 2008 , BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two . From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them . ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season , including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition , plus one semi-final exclusively live . The final is also shown live on ITV . Under the same 2008 contract , Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five , two quarter - finals , one semi-final and the final . The channel also broadcast ITV 's matches exclusively to Scotland , after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland , STV , decided not to broadcast FA Cup games . Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta 's deal to broadcast FA - sanctioned competitions and England internationals . As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009 -- 10 season with between three and four matches per round , all quarter finals , semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time . ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK . In October 2009 , The FA announced that ITV would show an additional match in the First and Second Rounds on ITV , with one replay match shown on ITV4 . One match and one replay match from the first two rounds will broadcast on The FA website for free , in a similar situation to the 2010 World Cup Qualifier between Ukraine and England . The 2009 -- 10 First Round match between Oldham Athletic and Leeds United was the first FA Cup match to be streamed online live . Many expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009 -- 10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final . ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010 -- 11 season . The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN ( who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D ) and ITV . Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season . BBC Radio 5 Live and Talksport provides radio coverage including several full live commentaries per round , with additional commentaries broadcast on BBC Local Radio . Until the 2008 -- 09 season , the BBC and Sky Sports shared television coverage , with the BBC showing three matches in the earlier rounds . Some analysts argued the decision to move away from the Sky and , in particular , the BBC undermined the FA Cup in the eyes of the public . The early rounds of the 2008 -- 09 competition were covered for the first time by ITV 's online service , ITV Local . The first match of the competition , between Wantage Town and Brading Town , was broadcast live online . Highlights of eight games of each round were broadcast as catch up on ITV Local . Since ITV Local closed , this coverage did not continue . ITV lost the rights to the FA Cup beginning with the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup , terrestrial rights will return to BBC Sport , with the final being shown on BBC One while BT Sport hold the pay TV rights . Under this deal , the BBC will show around the same number of games as ITV and still having the first pick for each round . Matches involving Welsh clubs are sometimes exclusively broadcast on Welsh language channel S4C , which is also available to view across the rest of the United Kingdom on satellite and cable television , and through the channel 's website . A similar arrangement is shared with BBC Cymru Wales from 2014 -- 15 , potentially giving the BBC an extra match per round . Overseas broadcasters ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup broadcasters The FA sells overseas rights separately from the domestic contract . Territory Current broadcaster ( s ) Former broadcaster ( s ) Australia First Round to the Semi-finals are broadcast exclusively by ESPN Australia ; final co-broadcast with SBS . Due to Australian anti-siphoning laws , the FA Cup Final is on a list of sporting events , that must first be offered to national television broadcasters and commercial free - to - air television broadcasters before rights can be acquired by a subscription television broadcaster . Africa Supersport , since 2015 -- 16 Albania Tring Sport , since 2009 -- 10 Belgium Eleven Sports Network , since 2015 -- 2016 Prime , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 Canada Sportsnet World , since 2011 -- 12 Setanta Sports , 2008 -- 09 -- 2010 -- 11 Denmark SBS Discovery Channel ( Kanal 5 , 6'eren , 7'eren ) , since 2012 -- 13 France beIN Sport , since 2012 -- 13 Canal+ , 2007 -- 08 , France Télévisions , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 India Sony Six & Sony ESPN , since 2012 -- 13 Italy Fox Sports , since 2013 -- 14 SKY Italia , 2003 -- 04 -- 2011 -- 12 , Mediaset Premium , 2012 -- 13 Netherlands FOX Sports , since 2010 -- 11 Russia Match TV , since 2015 -- 16 Spain Teledeporte , since 2016 -- 17 Movistar+ , 2008 -- 2012 Sweden TV10 , since 2013 -- 14 United States From 2012 -- 13 , Fox Sports will feature FA Cup games split between Fox Sports 1 , Fox Sports 2 , Fox Soccer Plus and the broadcast Fox network , with the Final being on Fox . English football portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oldest football cup ' not for sale ' '' . BBC News . 2014 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rules of The FA Cup for season 2015 -- 16 '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Complete Record of The FA Cup . p. 878 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 19 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : The greatest goal from the last 50 years voted by you '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's FA Cup catastrophe '' . BBC News . 27 July 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I regret Manchester United 's FA Cup pull - out : Fergie '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Tommy ( 29 October 1999 ) . `` United underline Cup withdrawal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Guernsey Press ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Lions in FA Cup '' . www.thisisguernsy.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` No Replays in the 2017 Emirates FA Cup Quarter - Finals '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Tarnished FA Cup needs a Manchester derby 's drama '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` No escape for 2012 FA Cup final from date clash with Premier League '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Hammers nail Fulham '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty shoot - out makes English FA Cup history '' . New Straits Press . Kuala Lumpur . 28 November 1991 . p. 44 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` FA Cup quarter - final replays to be scrapped from next season '' . Sky Sports . Sky UK . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who qualifies to play in Europe ? '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Premier League , 3 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Direct '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Magazine . October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup : Greg Dyke says semi-finals will stay at Wembley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football supporters hail FA Cup semi-final decision '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Paul ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup semi-finals : should they be played at Wembley ? -- poll '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Wembley Stadium to open next year '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 3G pitches allowed in all rounds of FA Cup from 2014 -- 15 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial pitches given go - ahead for FA Cup qualifying rounds '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maidstone United 2 -- 1 Stevenage '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup reborn for 2014 final as new trophy is cast '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup given top Antiques Roadshow value of more than £ 1m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City boss buys FA Cup '' . BBC News . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmet Smith -- FA Cup engraver '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2007 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Up for the Cup ! Historic FA Cup on Display at Stoke Park '' . www.surreyfa.com . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennox , Doug ( 1 June 2009 ) . Now You Know Soccer . Dundurn . ISBN 9781770706132 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 4 October 2010 ) . Firsts , Lasts & Onlys of Football : Presenting the most amazing football facts from the last 160 years . Octopus . p. 1878 . ISBN 9780600622543 . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ( 29 May 2013 ) . The Victorian Football Miscellany . Superelastic . p. 63 . ISBN 9780956227058 . Jump up ^ http://www.lovedeanbirdinhand.co.uk/?BIHrequestID=4C55838218D9D39854D199BD64BA29 Jump up ^ `` The Trophies '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : Did this OAP really steal the famous FA Cup ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Midlands. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest FA Cup presented to museum '' . BBC . 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , H.R. `` North Wales Coast Football League history '' . Welsh Soccer Archive . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toye trophies page '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Mark . `` The history of the FA Cup trophy '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RULES OF THE FA CHALLENGE CUP COMPETITION '' . The Football Association . p. 25 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup get first title sponsor following deal with Emirates Airline '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F.A. Cup Soccer Gets A Sponsor '' . The New York Times . 2 September 1994 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axa wins FA Cup '' . BBC News . 23 July 1998 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FA announces new Cup sponsorship '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NotFound '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser up for Cup in £ 8m a year deal '' . The Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The harder they fall '' . ESPN.co.uk . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant - killing not a tall order in FA Cup '' . The Times . 8 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC Sport , 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` It 'll never happen '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Twenty to tackle answers '' . 23 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Anna ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` Non-league presence in third round of FA Cup breaks all - time record '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 8 '' . BBC News . 7 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 -- 1 Lincoln City '' . BBC News . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasetown 1 -- 3 Cardiff . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Shocks do happen '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FA face Setanta shortfall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup to be broadcast Free - to - Air '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Latics to face Leeds in Cup '' . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` ESPN secures rights to show FA Cup matches from next season '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's 3D coverage of 2011 FA Cup Final to be available on Sky 3D '' . Sky TV . London . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT Group acquires ESPN 's UK and Ireland television channels business '' ( Press release ) . BT Group . 25 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The FA Cup online '' . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cup tie live online '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` BBC to show live matches from 2014 -- 15 season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S4C to broadcast live coverage of Wrexham 's FA Cup clash '' . S4C . Sianel Pedwar Cymru. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrexham v Stevenage or Maidstone live on BBC Wales '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teledeporte emite la Emirates FA Cup '' . RTVE.es. 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` FOX to Broadcast FA Cup Final and Arsenal - Spurs FA Cup Match on Over-the - Air Network '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 1920 , when the Football League expanded to three divisions , no club from outside the top two divisions has reached the final . Since 1914 , when QPR reached the fourth round proper ( the last eight / quarter - final stage ) , the only non-league club to have reached that stage is Lincoln City in 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FA Cup . The FA Cup Archive -- England 's official Football Association site , all results with dates , including all qualifying rounds The official FA Cup website Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup -- manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies FA Cup going under the hammer -- BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy FA Supporters -- Independent FA Cup Supporters Club FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do the winners of the fa cup qualify for	[ "Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Chelsea are the current holders, having beaten Manchester United 1–0 in the 2018 final. Arsenal are the most successful club with 13 titles. Arsenal's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won.", "Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Chelsea are the current holders, having beaten Manchester United 1–0 in the 2018 final. Arsenal are the most successful club with 13 titles. Arsenal's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won." ]	[ "the Europa League", "the FA Community Shield match" ]
7637993181050445568	World's largest airlines	World 's largest Airlines - wikipedia World 's largest Airlines Jump to : navigation , search The world 's largest airlines can be defined in several ways . American Airlines Group is the largest by its fleet size , revenue , profit , passengers carried and revenue passenger mile . Delta Air Lines is the largest by assets value and market capitalization . Lufthansa Group is the largest by number of employees , FedEx Express by freight tonne - kilometers , Ryanair by number of international passengers carried and Turkish Airlines by number of countries served . Contents ( hide ) 1 By airline companies revenue 2 By passengers carried ( thousands ) 3 By scheduled passenger - kilometres flown ( millions ) 4 By scheduled freight tonne - kilometres ( millions ) 5 By fleet size 6 By number of countries served 7 See also 8 References By Airline Companies revenue ( edit ) American Airlines is the largest by fleet size , revenue , profit , passengers carried and RPK Lufthansa is the largest by number of employees Forbes ' World 's Biggest Public Companies Rank Airline Country Revenue ( US $ B ) Profit ( US $ B ) Assets ( US $ B ) Market cap . ( US $ B ) Employees American Airlines Group United States 40.99 7.61 48.41 22.1 118,500 Delta Air Lines United States 40.5 4.7 53.3 34.4 80,000 United Continental Holdings United States 37.5 7.1 40.9 17.1 83,000 Lufthansa Group Germany Switzerland Austria Belgium 35.5 1.9 36.3 7.3 120,652 5 Air France - KLM France Netherlands 28.9 0.131 25.3 2.7 96,417 6 International Airlines Group United Kingdom Spain 25.3 1.7 30.7 15.4 60,862 7 Southwest Airlines United States 20.2 22.2 30.2 49,600 8 China Southern Airlines China 17.7 0.620 28.7 8.4 87,202 9 China Eastern Airlines China 14.9 0.730 30.1 10.9 71,033 10 All Nippon Airways Japan 14.7 0.497 19.1 9.9 33,719 Note that Emirates is a government - owned company and is thus not included in this list of public companies . Its 2014 - 2015 revenue was DH 88.819 billion ( US $ 24.2 billion ) , profit DH 4.555 billion ( US $ 1.24 billion ) , and assets DH 111.362 billion ( US $ 30.34 billion ) with 56,725 employees . By passengers carried ( thousands ) ( edit ) Rank Airline Country 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 American Airlines United States 198,700 146,530 87,830 86,823 86,335 86,042 Delta Air Lines United States 183,700 138,842 129,433 120,636 116,726 113,731 Southwest Airlines United States 151,800 144,575 129,087 115,323 112,234 110,587 United Airlines United States 143,200 95,384 90,439 90,161 92,619 50,473 5 Ryanair Ireland 119,800 101,401 86,370 81,395 79,649 76,422 6 China Southern Airlines China 84,900 109,301 100,683 91,504 86,277 80,545 7 China Eastern Airlines China 80,900 75,139 66,174 62,653 79,611 8 easyJet United Kingdom Switzerland Austria 73,100 70,232 62,309 58,410 9 Turkish Airlines Turkey 62,800 60 198 10 Lufthansa Germany Switzerland Austria Belgium 62,400 59,850 63,273 64,393 63,012 Air China China 58,661 54,674 LATAM carried 67.833 million passengers in 2014 , more than China Eastern , and Turkish Airlines 54.675 , more than Air China . These reports are not given by the IATA and could be from multiple air operator 's certificates . By scheduled passenger - kilometres flown ( millions ) ( edit ) Airline holding groups Rank Group Country 2016 American Airlines Group United States 359,574 Delta Air Lines United States 342,860 United Continental Holdings United States 338,388 The Emirates Group United Arab Emirates 276,608 5 International Airlines Group United Kingdom Spain 243,474 6 Air France - KLM France Netherlands 238,183 7 Lufthansa Group Germany 226,633 8 China Southern Airlines China 206,092 9 Southwest Airlines United States 200,964 10 Air China China 188,137 Individual airlines Rank Airline Country 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 American Airlines United States 320,044 320,813 208,046 206,551 203,336 203,485 Delta Air Lines United States 308,088 302,512 290,862 277,560 271,567 269,724 United Airlines United States 299,080 294,970 287,547 286,802 288,282 160,270 Emirates United Arab Emirates 270,797 251,190 230,855 209,377 180,880 153,264 5 Southwest Airlines United States 200,848 189,097 162,445 145,124 137,708 134,918 6 China Southern Airlines China 205,720 189,186 166,074 147,841 135,021 121,944 7 Lufthansa Germany 149,702 145,904 143,403 144,236 142,512 140,972 8 British Airways United Kingdom 144,028 140,780 137,204 130,129 124,318 116,864 9 Ryanair Ireland 142,740 125,194 10 China Eastern China 138,042 By scheduled freight tonne - kilometres ( millions ) ( edit ) FedEx Express by freight tonne - kilometers Rank Airline Country 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 FedEx Express United States 15,712 15,799 16,020 16,127 16,108 15,939 Emirates SkyCargo United Arab Emirates 12,270 12,157 11,240 10,459 9,319 8,132 UPS Airlines United States 11,264 10,807 10,936 10,584 10,416 10,566 Cathay Pacific Cargo Hong Kong 9,947 9,935 9,464 8,241 8,433 9,109 5 Qatar Airways Cargo Qatar 9,221 7,660 5,997 4,972 5 Korean Air Cargo South Korea 7,666 7,761 8,079 7,666 8,144 8,974 7 Lufthansa Cargo Germany 7,384 6,888 7,054 7,218 7,175 7,674 8 Cargolux Luxembourg 6,878 6,309 5,753 5,225 9 Singapore Airlines Cargo Singapore 6,345 6,083 6,019 6,240 6,694 7,118 10 Air China Cargo China 6,089 5,718 By fleet size ( edit ) Delta Air Lines is the largest by assets value and market capitalization Rank Airline Country Fleet ( June 2016 ) American Airlines United States 1,556 Delta Air Lines United States 1,330 United Airlines United States 1,229 Southwest Airlines United States 720 5 FedEx Express United States 688 6 China Southern Airlines China 515 7 China Eastern Airlines China 429 8 Air Canada Canada 404 9 Air China China 384 10 Ryanair Ireland 349 ^ Jump up to : Includes aircraft operated by regional partners By number of countries served ( edit ) As of February 2017 Turkish Airlines now serves 120 different countries . Rank Airline Country Countries served ( March 2013 ) Turkish Airlines Turkey 106 Lufthansa Germany 83 Air France France 78 British Airways United Kingdom 78 5 Qatar Airways Qatar 73 6 Delta Air Lines United States 71 7 Emirates United Arab Emirates 70 8 KLM Netherlands 66 8 Egyptair Egypt 66 10 United Airlines United States 60 See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Companies portal Transport portal Lists portal List of largest airlines in North America List of largest airlines in Europe List of largest airlines in Central America & the Caribbean List of largest airlines in Africa List of largest airlines in Asia List of largest airlines in South America List of largest airlines in Oceania Flag carrier List of the busiest airports in Africa by passenger traffic List of the busiest airports in Asia by passenger traffic List of the busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic List of busiest airports in Latin America by passenger traffic List of airline holding companies List of the busiest airports List of busiest airports by passenger traffic List of busiest airports by aircraft movements List of busiest passenger air routes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Global 2000 Leading Companies '' . Forbes . May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines group '' . World 's Biggest Public Companies . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Rankings '' . Flight Global . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Air Traffic & Top Airlines 2016 ( IATA ) '' . IMM International . 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passengers Carried '' . World Air Transport Statistics 59th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passengers Carried '' . World Air Transport Statistics 58th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passengers Carried '' . World Air Transport Statistics 57th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passengers Carried '' . World Air Transport Statistics 56th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of passenger and freight traffic '' ( PDF ) . World Air Transport Statistics . IATA. 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of passenger and freight traffic '' ( PDF ) . World Air Transport Statistics . IATA. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passenger - Kilometres Flown '' . World Air Transport Statistics 59th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passenger - Kilometres Flown '' . World Air Transport Statistics 58th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passenger - Kilometres Flown '' . World Air Transport Statistics 57th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Passenger - Kilometres Flown '' . World Air Transport Statistics 56th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Freight Tonne - Kilometres '' . World Air Transport Statistics 59th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Freight Tonne - Kilometres '' . World Air Transport Statistics 58th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Freight Tonne - Kilometres '' . World Air Transport Statistics 57th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Freight Tonne - Kilometres '' . World Air Transport Statistics 56th Edition . IATA . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 World 's Largest Airlines '' . AirportSpotting. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Airlines that flies to the most countries in the world continues to contribute to Turkey 's tourism by launching its direct flights between Antalya and Algeria '' . 19 Feb 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunnar Garfors ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` These Airlines Fly to Most Countries '' . ( hide ) Aviation statistics Airports worldwide Busiest airports By aircraft movements By cargo traffic By passenger traffic International City airport systems by passenger traffic Busiest airports by continent and country Africa Algeria Morocco South Africa Asia China India Indonesia Iran Japan Malaysia Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Greece Hungary Republic of Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador By region Arab states of Persian Gulf Balkans Baltic British Isles Caribbean Central America Ireland Latin America Nordic countries Post-Soviet states Ex-Yugoslavia Airlines World 's largest airlines Airline holding companies Africa Asia Europe North America Central America and the Caribbean Oceania South America Routes Busiest passenger air routes Busiest air routes in Australia by passenger traffic International General aviation in Europe United Kingdom Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre ( JACDEC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World%27s_largest_airlines&oldid=812142186 '' Categories : Lists of largest airlines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Башҡортса Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 06 : 06 . About Wikipedia	who has the most aircraft in the world	[ "The world's largest airlines can be defined in several ways. American Airlines Group is the largest by its fleet size, revenue, profit, passengers carried and revenue passenger mile. Delta Air Lines is the largest by assets value and market capitalization. Lufthansa Group is the largest by number of employees, FedEx Express by freight tonne-kilometers, Ryanair by number of international passengers carried and Turkish Airlines by number of countries served." ]	[ "American Airlines Group" ]
-3819226073532789550	The Wanderer (Dion song)	The Wanderer ( Dion song ) - wikipedia The Wanderer ( Dion song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Wanderer '' US single cover Single by Dion from the album Runaround Sue A-side `` The Majestic '' Released November 1961 ( 1961 - 11 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Rhythm and blues pop rock and roll Length 2 : 51 Label Laurie Songwriter ( s ) Ernie Maresca Producer ( s ) Gene Schwartz Dion singles chronology `` Runaround Sue '' ( 1961 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1961 ) `` Lovers Who Wander '' ( 1962 ) `` Runaround Sue '' ( 1961 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1961 ) `` Lovers Who Wander '' ( 1962 ) `` The Wanderer '' is a song written by Ernie Maresca and originally recorded by Dion . The song , with a 12 - bar blues - base verse and an eight - bar bridge , tells the story of a travelling man and his many loves . The song is ranked number 243 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 History 2 Cover versions 3 In popular culture 4 Charts 4.1 Dion version 4.2 Status Quo version 4.3 Eddie Rabbitt version 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Maresca had co-written Dion 's previous number - one hit , `` Runaround Sue '' , but originally intended `` The Wanderer '' to be recorded by another group , Nino and the Ebb Tides . They passed on it in favor of another Maresca song , so Dion was given it as the B - side of his follow - up single , `` The Majestic '' , a song which his record company had chosen for him . The record was turned over by radio DJs who preferred `` The Wanderer '' , which duly entered the US charts in December 1961 and rose to number 2 in early 1962 ( behind `` Duke of Earl '' by Gene Chandler ) . It also reached number 10 in the UK and number one in Australia . The song was recorded with an uncredited background vocal group , the Del - Satins , in a rockier style than Dion 's earlier hits with the Belmonts . The Del - Satins were an established doo - wop group led by Stan Ziska ( later known as Stan Sommers ) , who at the time were also contracted to Laurie Records , and who later formed the core of Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge . Musicians on the original recording included Bobby Gregg , Bucky Pizarelli and Johnny Falbo on guitars , Jerome Richardson on alto sax , Buddy Lucas on tenor sax , and Panama Francis and Sticks Evans on drums . Dion said of `` The Wanderer '' : At its roots , it 's more than meets the eye . `` The Wanderer '' is black music filtered through an Italian neighborhood that comes out with an attitude . It 's my perception of a lot of songs like `` I 'm A Man '' by Bo Diddley or `` Hoochie Coochie Man '' by Muddy Waters . But you know , `` The Wanderer '' is really a sad song . A lot of guys do n't understand that . Bruce Springsteen was the only guy who accurately expressed what that song was about . It 's `` I roam from town to town and go through life without a care , I 'm as happy as a clown with my two fists of iron , but I 'm going nowhere . '' In the Fifties , you did n't get that dark . It sounds like a lot of fun but it 's about going nowhere . However , on Maresca 's original demo of the song , the lyrics were `` with my two fists of iron and my bottle of beer '' , and the change to `` with my two fists of iron but I 'm going nowhere '' in fact seems to have been at the record company 's insistence . The song has been categorized as rock and roll , rhythm and blues and pop . Cover versions ( edit ) `` The Wanderer '' Single by Eddie Rabbitt from the album I Wanna Dance with You B - side `` Workin ' Out '' Released April 1988 Format 7 '' Recorded December 1987 Genre Country Length 3 : 22 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Ernie Maresca Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Eddie Rabbitt singles chronology `` I Wanna Dance with You '' ( 1988 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1988 ) `` We Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' ( 1988 ) `` I Wanna Dance with You '' ( 1988 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1988 ) `` We Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' ( 1988 ) `` The Wanderer '' Single by Status Quo B - side `` Ca n't Be Done '' Released October 1984 Format 7 '' Length 3 : 28 Label Vertigo Records Songwriter ( s ) Ernie Maresca Status Quo singles chronology `` Going Down Town Tonight '' ( 1984 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1984 ) `` Rollin ' Home '' ( 1986 ) `` Going Down Town Tonight '' ( 1984 ) `` The Wanderer '' ( 1984 ) `` Rollin ' Home '' ( 1986 ) `` The Wanderer '' has been covered by many other popular singers and bands , including Bad Company , Status Quo , Dee Snider , Gary Glitter , The Beach Boys , Leif Garrett ( US number 49 in 1978 ) , Alvin and the Chipmunks , Arthur Alexander , Bruce Springsteen , Delbert McClinton , Ted Chippington , Dave Edmunds , The Alley Cats , Avenue D , by My Morning Jacket at Madison Square Garden on 31 December 2008 and more recently by Laurence Collyer / The Diamond Family Archive . Status Quo covered the song twice , once as a complete version , and once again as part of their Anniversary Waltz , Pt. 1 . Status Quo 's version was a number seven hit in the UK and a number three hit in Ireland in 1984 ; it was later included on the 2006 reissue of Back to Back . Eddie Rabbitt 's version was a number one hit on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in mid-1988 . Mel Gibson sings a version in the animated movie Chicken Run . The Portuguese version by Renato e Seus Blue Caps & Erasmo Carlos was a huge hit in Brazil in the 1960s , changing the title to `` O Lobo Mau '' ( which translates as `` The Big Bad Wolf '' ) . The `` Big Bad Wolf '' in the Portuguese lyrics is somewhat like the wanderer , riding in his car and getting all the girls . Another cover version can be found on Kidsongs video and DVD , `` A Day with the Animals '' . The French version `` Le Vagabond '' ( which tells the same story as the original ) was a hit in French - speaking countries by Richard Anthony . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Wanderer '' is played before all Bolton Wanderers and Western Sydney Wanderers home matches . `` The Wanderer '' is sung by Rocky the rooster in Chicken Run . `` The Wanderer , '' sung by Dion , appears in the 1961 film Twist Around the Clock . Featured prominently in the 1979 film The Wanderers . NYC Rockabilly band The Stray Cats have used `` The Wanderer '' as their live intro music since their initial run in the early 1980s . It is the song usually played loudly over the house PA as the lights dim just before the band appears onstage and begins to play . In Brian Azzarello 's Watchmen prequel comic Comedian , the song is featured twice , in small but pivotal scenes . The song was used in a 1995 ad for Black And Decker 's `` Snake Light '' . Actor Ray Sharkey sings part of `` The Wanderer '' in the 1993 movie Cop and a Half . In the Canadian Showcase series Lost Girl , the song is featured prominently and repeatedly in seasons 3 and 4 as a callout to a character referred to by the same name , including an arrangement performed by Merry - Go - Round Instrumentation . The TV show The West Wing uses the song in Season 4 , Episode 2 `` 20 Hours in America : Part 2 '' . In the movie Behind Enemy Lines the song was also used . The song is featured very prominently in the 2015 Bethesda video game Fallout 4 . It is used in the revelatory trailer and is included in the game as part of the Diamond City Radio station , accessed through the Pip - Boy . The trailer is the subject of a federal lawsuit filed by DiMucci . Charts ( edit ) Dion version ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 Status Quo version ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Eddie Rabbitt version ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks See also ( edit ) Travelin ' Man References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dion , ' The Wanderer ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dion DiMucci '' , The Pop History Dig . Retrieved 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Original Wanderer : Ernie Maresca '' , Ace Records . Retrieved 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . Dion - The Wanderer at AllMusic . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Hatch ; Stephen Millward ( 1 January 1987 ) . From Blues to Rock : An Analytical History of Pop Music . Manchester University Press . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 1489 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brock Helander ( 1999 ) . Rocking Sixties . Schirmer Books . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 864873 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Leif Garrett , `` The Wanderer '' Chart Position `` . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 4 - The Wanderer Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fallout 4 ' Makers Sued for $1 Million Over Use of ' The Wanderer ' in ' Repugnant ' Ads '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Status Quo -- The Wanderer '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The Wanderer '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 50 , 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Status Quo -- The Wanderer '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Status Quo -- The Wanderer '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 279 . External links ( edit ) Chords and lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dion DiMucci Albums Born to Be with You Streetheart Singles `` Lonely Teenager '' `` Runaround Sue '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Lovers Who Wander '' `` Little Diane '' `` Love Came to Me '' `` Ruby Baby '' `` Sandy '' `` Come Go with Me '' `` Donna the Prima Donna '' `` Drip Drop '' `` I 'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man '' `` Shout '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` Purple Haze '' `` And the Night Stood Still '' `` Sea Cruise '' Book : Dion DiMucci Eddie Rabbitt Studio albums Eddie Rabbitt Rocky Mountain Music Rabbitt Variations Loveline Horizon Step by Step Radio Romance The Best Year of My Life Rabbitt Trax I Wanna Dance with You Jersey Boy Ten Rounds Beatin ' the Odds Songs from Rabbittland Notable singles `` Drinkin ' My Baby ( Off My Mind ) '' `` Rocky Mountain Music '' `` Two Dollars in the Jukebox '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' `` We Ca n't Go On Living Like This '' `` Hearts on Fire '' `` You Do n't Love Me Anymore '' `` I Just Want to Love You '' `` Every Which Way But Loose '' `` Suspicions '' `` Pour Me Another Tequila '' `` Gone Too Far '' `` Drivin ' My Life Away '' `` I Love a Rainy Night '' `` Step by Step '' `` Someone Could Lose a Heart Tonight '' `` I Do n't Know Where to Start '' `` You and I '' ( with Crystal Gayle ) `` You Ca n't Run from Love '' `` You Put the Beat in My Heart '' `` Nothing Like Falling in Love '' `` B-B-B - Burnin ' Up with Love '' `` The Best Year of My Life '' `` Warning Sign '' `` She 's Comin ' Back to Say Goodbye '' `` A World Without Love '' `` Repetitive Regret '' `` Both to Each Other ( Friends and Lovers ) '' ( with Juice Newton ) `` Gotta Have You '' `` I Wanna Dance with You '' `` The Wanderer '' `` We Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' `` That 's Why I Fell in Love with You '' `` On Second Thought '' `` Runnin ' with the Wind '' `` It 's Lonely Out Tonite '' `` American Boy '' Related articles Discography `` Kentucky Rain '' `` Pure Love '' Leif Garrett Albums Leif Garrett Feel the Need The Leif Garrett Collection Singles `` Come Back When You Grow Up '' `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' `` Runaround Sue '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` The Wanderer '' `` I Was Made for Dancin ' '' `` Sheila '' `` Feel the Need '' `` When I Think of You '' Dave Edmunds Studio albums Rockpile Subtle as a Flying Mallet Get It Tracks on Wax 4 Repeat When Necessary Twangin ... D.E. 7th Information Riff Raff Closer to the Flame Plugged In Live albums I Hear You Rockin ' Singles `` I Hear You Knocking '' `` Blue Monday '' `` Promised Land '' `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Where or When '' `` I Knew the Bride '' `` Girls Talk '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Almost Saturday Night '' `` The Race Is On '' with Stray Cats `` Slipping Away '' `` Do You Want to Dance '' `` The Wanderer '' Related articles Love Sculpture Nick Lowe Rockpile `` And the Night Stood Still '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wanderer_(Dion_song)&oldid=866176556 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1961 singles 1978 singles Songs written by Ernie Maresca Dion DiMucci songs Leif Garrett songs Eddie Rabbitt songs The Beach Boys songs Status Quo ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Richard Landis Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Records singles Laurie Records singles Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song i'm a wanderer	[ "\"The Wanderer\" is a song written by Ernie Maresca and originally recorded by Dion. The song, with a 12-bar blues-base verse and an eight-bar bridge, tells the story of a travelling man and his many loves. The song is ranked number 243 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[1]\n" ]	[ "Dion" ]
-4836994640873812767	CN Tower	CN Tower - Wikipedia CN Tower This article is about the tower in Toronto . For the tower in Edmonton , see CN Tower ( Edmonton ) . CN Tower Tour CN CN Tower is the world 's 9th tallest free - standing structure . Location within Toronto Alternative names Canadian National Tower , Canada 's National Tower Record height Tallest in the world from 1975 to 2007 Preceded by Ostankino Tower Surpassed by Burj Khalifa General information Status Complete Type Mixed use : Observation , telecommunications , attraction , restaurant Location 301 Front Street West Toronto , Ontario M5V 2T6 Coordinates 43 ° 38 ′ 33.36 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.56 '' W / 43.6426000 ° N 79.3871000 ° W / 43.6426000 ; - 79.3871000 Coordinates : 43 ° 38 ′ 33.36 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.56 '' W / 43.6426000 ° N 79.3871000 ° W / 43.6426000 ; - 79.3871000 Construction started 1973 Completed 1976 Opening June 26 , 1976 Cost CDN $ 63,000,000 Owner Canada Lands Company Height Antenna spire 553.3 m ( 1,815.3 ft ) Roof 457.2 m ( 1,500.0 ft ) Top floor 446.5 m ( 1,464.9 ft ) Technical details Floor count Equivalent of a 147 story building Lifts / elevators 9 Design and construction Architect WZMH Architects : John Andrews , Webb Zerafa , Menkes Housden Website www.cntower.ca References The CN Tower ( French : Tour CN ) is a 553.3 m - high ( 1,815.3 ft ) concrete communications and observation tower located in Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Built on the former Railway Lands , it was completed in 1976 . Its name `` CN '' originally referred to Canadian National , the railway company that built the tower . Following the railway 's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company 's privatization in 1995 , it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company , a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development . The CN Tower held the record for the world 's tallest free - standing structure for 32 years until 2007 and was the world 's tallest tower until 2009 being overtaken by Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower , respectively . It is now the ninth tallest free - standing structure in the world and remains the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere . In 1995 , the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers . It is a signature icon of Toronto 's skyline , and attracts more than two million international visitors annually . Contents 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.1. 1 Phases of construction 1.1. 2 Architects 1.2 Opening 2 Events 3 Structure 3.1 EdgeWalk 3.2 Falling ice danger 3.3 Safety features 4 Lighting 5 Height comparisons 5.1 Height distinction debate 5.1. 1 `` World 's Tallest Tower '' title 5.1. 2 Height records 6 Use 6.1 Television broadcasters 6.2 Radio 6.3 Cellular and paging providers 6.4 Communications 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The CN Tower illuminated , as seen from the Toronto Islands The original concept of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area , as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular . These plans evolved over the next few years , and the project became official in 1972 . The tower would have been part of Metro Centre ( see CityPlace ) , a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands , a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city . Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer ; John Andrews Architects ; Webb , Zerafa , Menkes , Housden Architects ; Foundation Building Construction ; and Canron ( Eastern Structural Division ) . As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s , multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core , most notably First Canadian Place . The reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new , higher antennas that were at least 300 m ( 980 ft ) tall . At the time , most data communications took place over point - to - point microwave links , whose dish antennae covered the roofs of large buildings . As each new skyscraper was added to the downtown , former line - of - sight links were no longer possible . CN intended to rent `` hub '' space for microwave links , visible from almost any building in the Toronto area . The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora , Ontario , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the north . It is also viewable to the naked eye from 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Toronto in Oshawa , several points along the Niagara Escarpment west of Toronto in Hamilton , Ontario , and 48 km ( 30 mi ) to the south from Fort Niagara State Park in the U.S. state of New York . The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical `` pillars '' linked at various heights by structural bridges . Had it been built , this design would have been considerably shorter , with the metal antenna located roughly where the concrete section between the main level and the SkyPod lies today . As the design effort continued , it evolved into the current design with a single continuous hexagonal core to the SkyPod , with three support legs blended into the hexagon below the main level , forming a large Y - shape structure at the ground level . The idea for the main level in its current form evolved around this time , but the Space Deck ( now named SkyPod ) was not part of the plans until some time later . One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for , and the costs in terms of construction were not prohibitive . It was also some time around this point that it was realized that the tower could become the world 's tallest structure , and plans were changed to incorporate subtle modifications throughout the structure to this end . Construction Map showing the location of the CN Tower and nearby buildings and structures Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6 , 1973 , with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation . By the time the foundation was complete , 56,000 t ( 61,729 short tons ; 55,116 long tons ) of earth and shale were removed to a depth of 15 m ( 49.2 ft ) in the centre , and a base incorporating 7,000 m ( 9,156 cu yd ) of concrete with 450 t ( 496 short tons ; 443 long tons ) of rebar and 36 t ( 40 short tons ; 35 long tons ) of steel cable had been built to a thickness of 6.7 m ( 22.0 ft ) . This portion of the construction was fairly rapid , with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top . To create the main support pillar , workers constructed a hydraulically raised slipform at the base . This was a fairly unprecedented engineering feat on its own , consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) per day as the concrete below set . Concrete was poured continuously by a team of 1,532 people until February 22 , 1974 , during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada , surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury , which was built using similar methods . In total , the tower contains 40,500 m ( 52,972 cu yd ) of concrete , all of which was mixed on - site in order to ensure batch consistency . Through the pour , the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form 's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it , observed by small telescopes from the ground . Over the height of the tower , it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm ( 1.1 in ) . Skycrane `` Olga '' lifting antenna segment In August 1974 , construction of the main level commenced . Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower , twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised , ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position . These forms were used to create the brackets that support the main level , as well as a base for the construction of the main level itself . The Space Deck ( currently named SkyPod ) was built of concrete poured into a wooden frame attached to rebar at the lower level deck , and then reinforced with a large steel compression band around the outside . The antenna was originally to be raised by crane as well , but during construction the Sikorsky S - 64 Skycrane helicopter became available when the United States Army sold one to civilian operators . The helicopter , named `` Olga '' , was first used to remove the crane , and then flew the antenna up in 36 sections . The flights of the antenna pieces were a minor tourist attraction of their own , and the schedule was printed in the local newspapers . Use of the helicopter saved months of construction time , with this phase taking only three and a half weeks instead of the planned six months . The tower was topped - off on April 2 , 1975 , after 26 months of construction , officially capturing the height record from Moscow 's Ostankino Tower , and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t ( 130,073 short tons ; 116,136 long tons ) . Two years into the construction , plans for Metro Centre were scrapped , leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light - industrial space . This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower . Ned Baldwin , project architect with John Andrews , wrote at the time that `` All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset , '' and that `` Under such ludicrous circumstances Canadian National would hardly have chosen this location to build . '' Phases of construction Constructing the base , July 1973 Brackets being raised , August 1974 Helicopter lifting part of antenna , March 1975 Main pod construction , April 1975 Nearing completion , December 1975 Two months after opening , August 1976 Architects WZMH Architects John Hamilton Andrews Webb Zerafa Menkes Housden with the help of E.R. Baldwin Opening View of Toronto 's Financial District from the CN Tower in 2008 The CN Tower opened to the public on June 26 , 1976 . The construction costs of approximately CA $ 63 million ( $264 million in 2017 dollars ) were repaid in fifteen years . Canadian National Railway sold the tower prior to taking the company private in 1995 , when it decided to divest all operations not directly related to its core freight shipping businesses . From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s , the CN Tower was practically the only development along Front Street West ; it was still possible to see Lake Ontario from the foot of the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time . As the area around the tower was developed , particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 ( renamed Rogers Centre in 2005 ) , the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area . Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989 , which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station , and , in turn , to the city 's PATH underground pedestrian system . By the mid-1990s , it was the centre of a thriving tourist district . The entire area continues to be an area of intense building , notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century , as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley 's Aquarium by the base of the tower . Events Fireworks display on the CN Tower during the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . While still under construction , the CN Tower officially became the world 's tallest free - standing structure on March 31 , 1975 . When the CN Tower opened in 1976 , there were three public observation points : the SkyPod ( then known as the Space Deck ) that stands at 447 m ( 1,467 ft ) , the Indoor Observation Level ( later named Indoor Lookout Level ) at 346 m ( 1,135 ft ) , and the Outdoor Observation Terrace ( at the same level as the Glass Floor ) at 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) . One floor above the Indoor Observation Level was the Top of Toronto Restaurant , which completed a revolution once every 72 minutes . Stuntman Dar Robinson jumped off of the CN Tower on two occasions in 1979 and 1980 . The first was for a scene from the movie Highpoint , in which Robinson received $250,000 for the stunt . The second was for a personal documentary . Both stunts used a wire decelerator attached to his back . On June 26 , 1986 , the ten - year anniversary of the tower 's opening , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin , in a sponsored publicity event , used his hands and feet to climb the outside of the tower , a feat he performed twice on the same day . Following both ascents , he used multiple rappels to descend to the ground . The Glass Floor , at an elevation of 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) , opened to the public on June 26 , 1994 . From 1997 to January 2004 , TrizecHahn Corporation managed the tower and instituted several expansion projects including a C $ 26 million entertainment expansion and revitalization that included the 1997 addition of two new elevators ( to a total of six ) and the consequential relocation of the staircase from the north side leg to inside the core of the building , a conversion that also added nine stairs to the climb . TrizecHahn also owned the Willis Tower ( Sears Tower at the time ) in Chicago approximately at the same time . In 2007 , light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights replaced the incandescent lights that lit the CN Tower at night , the reason cited that LED lights are more cost and energy efficient than the incandescent lights . The colour of the LED lights can change , compared to the constant white colour of the incandescent lights . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , then under construction , surpassed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure . In 2008 , glass panels were installed in one of the CN Tower elevators , which established a world record ( 346 m ) for highest glass floor panelled elevator in the world . The CN Tower was closed during the G20 summit on June 26 -- 27 , 2010 , for security reasons , given its proximity to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre . In 2011 , EdgeWalk ( where at an elevation of 356 metres ( 1,168 ft ) , visitors tethered to an overhead rail system can walk on the roof of the main pod ) opened to the public . On July 10 , 2015 , the CN Tower was incorporated into the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . A pre-recorded segment featured Bruny Surin passing the flame to Donovan Bailey on the EdgeWalk and parachuting into Rogers Centre . A fireworks display off the tower served as the ceremony 's finale . On July 1 , 2017 , as part of the nationwide celebrations for Canada 150 , fireworks were once again shot from the tower , in a five - minute display coordinated with the tower lights and music broadcast on a local radio station . Structure Play media Elevator going up Play media View from 360 Restaurant This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2018 ) The CN Tower consists of several substructures . The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections . The Tower 's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower 's hexagonal shape ( two elevators per angle ) . Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass , allowing for views of the city as the glass - windowed elevators make their way through the Tower . The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles ( the one facing north ) , but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower ; the Tower 's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell . On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a 102 - metre ( 334.6 ft ) tall metal broadcast antenna , carrying TV and radio signals . There are three visitor areas : the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace which are both located at an elevation of 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) , the Indoor Lookout Level ( formerly known as `` Indoor Observation Level '' ) located at 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) , and the higher SkyPod ( formerly known as `` Space Deck '' ) at 446.5 metres ( 1,465 ft ) , just below the metal antenna . The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas ; however , below the main deck , three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod . The main deck level is seven storeys , some of which are open to the public . Below the public areas -- at 338 m ( 1,108.9 ft ) -- is a large white donut - shaped radome containing the structure 's microwave receivers . The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at 342 metres ( 1,122.0 ft ) . The glass floor has an area of 24 m ( 258 sq ft ) and can withstand a pressure of 4,100 kilopascals ( 595 psi ) . The floor 's thermal glass units are 64 mm ( 2.5 in ) thick , consisting of a pane of 25 - millimetre ( 1.0 in ) laminated glass , 25 mm ( 1.0 in ) airspace and a pane of 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) laminated glass . Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground 342 m ( 1,122.0 ft ) below . In 2008 , one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel , believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature . The Horizons Cafe and the lookout level are at 346 metres ( 1,135.2 ft ) . The 360 Restaurant , a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation once every 72 minutes , is at 351 m ( 1,151.6 ft ) . When the tower first opened , it also featured a disco named Sparkles ( at the Indoor Observation Level ) , billed as the highest disco and dance floor in the world . The SkyPod was once the highest public observation deck in the world until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008 . A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps , and the SkyPod 100 m ( 328 ft ) above after 2,579 steps ; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth . These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public , except for twice per year for charity stair - climb events . The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome , but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy , an Ontario Provincial Police officer . In 2002 , Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair . The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower ( facing north ) , with a glass view , but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core . Top climbs on the new , windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes . Inside 360 Restaurant Main Pod Cross-section of Main Pod Standing on glass floor View though glass floor EdgeWalk The EdgeWalk On August 1 , 2011 , the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk , an amusement in which thrill - seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at 356 m ( 1,168.0 ft ) , which is directly above the 360 Restaurant . It is the world 's highest full - circle , hands - free walk . Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN Tower 's main pod above the 360 Restaurant on a 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) metal floor . The attraction is closed throughout the winter season and during periods of electrical storms and high winds . One of the notable guests who visited EdgeWalk includes Canadian comedian Rick Mercer , as featured on his CBC Television news satire show , Rick Mercer Report . He was accompanied by Canadian pop singer Jann Arden . Falling ice danger Looking east at the CN Tower from the Gardiner Expressway A freezing rain storm on March 2 , 2007 , resulted in a layer of ice several centimetres thick forming on the side of the tower and other downtown buildings . The sun thawed the ice , and winds of up to 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) blew some of it away from the structure . There were fears that cars and windows of nearby buildings would be smashed by large chunks of ice . In response , police closed some streets surrounding the tower . During morning rush hour on March 5 of the same year , police expanded the area of closed streets to include the Gardiner Expressway 310 metres ( 1,017 ft ) away from the tower , as increased winds blew the ice farther away , as far north as King Street , 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) away , where a taxicab window was shattered . Subsequently , on March 6 , 2007 , the Gardiner Expressway reopened after winds abated . On April 16 , 2018 , falling ice from the CN Tower punctured the roof of the nearby Rogers Centre , causing the Toronto Blue Jays to postpone the game that day to the following day as a doubleheader . On April 20 , the CN Tower reopened . Safety features In August 2000 , a fire broke out at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow killing three people and causing extensive damage . The fire was blamed on poor maintenance and outdated equipment . The failure of the fire - suppression systems and the lack of proper equipment for firefighters allowed the fire to destroy most of the interior and spark fears the tower might even collapse . The Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower , and is only 13 m ( 43 ft ) shorter . The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy . However , Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is `` highly unlikely '' that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower , as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower . Specifically , officials cited : the fireproof building materials used in the tower 's construction , frequent and stringent safety inspections , an extensive sprinkler system , a 24 - hour emergency monitoring operation , two 68,160 - litre ( 15,000 - imperial gallon ; 18,006 - US gallon ) water reservoirs at the top , which are automatically replenished , a fire hose at the base of the structure capable of sending 2725 litres ( 600 imperial gallons ; 720 US Gallon ) a minute to any location in the tower , a ban on natural gas appliances anywhere in the tower ( including the restaurant in the main pod ) , an elevator that can be used during a fire as it runs up the outside of the building and can be powered by three emergency generators at the base of the structure ( unlike the elevator at the Ostankino Tower , which malfunctioned ) . Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record , although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16 , 2017 -- the tower 's first fire . Moreover , other supertall structures built between 1967 and 1976 -- such as the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) , the World Trade Center ( until its destruction on September 11 , 2001 ) , the Fernsehturm Berlin , the Aon Center , 875 North Michigan Avenue ( formerly the John Hancock Center ) , and First Canadian Place -- also have excellent safety records , which suggests that the Ostankino Tower accident was a rare safety failure , and that the likelihood of similar events occurring at other supertall structures is extremely low . Panoramic view from the CN Tower . The Toronto Islands and the island airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image while buildings of Toronto 's Financial District are visible on the right . Lighting The CN Tower illuminated in the colours of the French flag in memoriam to the November 2015 Paris attacks The CN Tower was originally lit at night with incandescent lights , which were removed in 1997 , because they were inefficient and expensive to repair . In June 2007 , the tower was outfitted with 1,330 super-bright LED lights inside the elevator shafts , shooting over the main pod and upward to the top of the tower 's mast to light the tower from dusk until 2 a.m. The official opening ceremony took place on June 28 before the Canada Day holiday weekend . The tower changes its lighting scheme on holidays and to commemorate major events . After the 95th Grey Cup in Toronto , the tower was lit in green and white to represent the colours of the Grey Cup champion Saskatchewan Roughriders . From sundown on August 27 , 2011 , to sunrise the following day , the tower was lit in orange , the official colour of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , to commemorate the death of federal NDP leader and leader of the official opposition Jack Layton . When former South African president Nelson Mandela died , the tower was lit in the colours of the South African flag . When former federal finance minister under Stephen Harper 's Conservatives Jim Flaherty died , the tower was lit in green to reflect his Irish Canadian heritage . On the night of the attacks on Paris on November 13 , 2015 , the tower displayed the colours of the French flag . Programmed from a desktop computer with a wireless network interface controller in Burlington , Ontario , the LEDs use less energy to light than the previous incandescent lights ( 10 % less energy than the dimly lit version and 60 % less than the brightly lit version ) . The estimated cost to use the LEDs is $1,000 per month . During the spring and autumn bird migration seasons , the lights would be turned off to comply with the voluntary Fatal Light Awareness Program , which `` encourages buildings to dim unnecessary exterior lighting to mitigate bird mortality during spring and summer migration . '' Date Colour Occasion Ongoing Red and White Top of the hour CN Tower light show January 26 Light Blue and Yellow World Alzheimer Day February 4 Orange and Blue World Cancer Day February 14 Red Valentine 's Day March 17 Green Saint Patrick 's Day March 21 -- June 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during spring bird migration September 23 -- December 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during autumn bird migration December Red and Green Season 's Greetings December 1 Red World AIDS Day December 6 Purple White Ribbon Day December 10 Yellow Human Rights Day December 21 Blue and White First Day of Winter December 31 Countdown to 2019 and Light Show New Year 's Eve Height comparisons CN Tower as seen from its base . Burj Khalifa , Dubai CN Tower , Toronto Willis Tower , Chicago Comparison of the CN Tower with the world 's seven tallest towers The CN Tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere . As of 2013 , there are only two other freestanding structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m ( 1,640.4 ft ) in height ; the Willis Tower in Chicago , which stands at 527 m ( 1,729.0 ft ) when measured to its pinnacle ; and the topped - out One World Trade Center in New York City , which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m ( 1,776.0 ft ) , or approximately 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . Due to the symbolism of the number 1776 ( the year of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence ) , the height of One World Trade Center is unlikely to be increased . The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower , but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession , and was eventually cancelled in 2010 . Height distinction debate `` World 's tallest Tower '' title Guinness World Records has called the CN Tower `` the world 's tallest self - supporting tower '' and `` the world 's tallest free - standing tower '' . Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading `` tallest building '' at least once , it has also listed it under `` tallest tower '' , omitting it from its list of `` tallest buildings . '' In 1996 , Guinness changed the tower 's classification to `` World 's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure '' . Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure on land , and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building , thereby awarding the title of world 's tallest building to Taipei 101 , which is 44 metres ( 144 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa , then under construction , exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 ( see below ) . Although the CN Tower contains a restaurant , a gift shop and multiple observation levels , it does not have floors continuously from the ground , and therefore it is not considered a building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) or Emporis . CTBUH defines a building as `` a structure that is designed for residential , business , or manufacturing purposes . An essential characteristic of a building is that it has floors . '' The CN Tower and other similar structures -- such as the Ostankino Tower in Moscow , Russia ; the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai , China ; the Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA ; and the Eiffel Tower in Paris , France -- are categorized as `` towers '' , which are free - standing structures that may have observation decks and a few other habitable levels , but do not have floors from the ground up . The CN Tower was the tallest tower by this definition , until 2010 ( see below ) . Taller than the CN Tower are numerous radio masts and towers , which are held in place by guy - wires , the tallest being the KVLY - TV mast in Blanchard , North Dakota , USA at 628 metres ( 2,060 ft ) tall , leading to a distinction between these and `` free - standing '' structures . Additionally , the Petronius Platform stands 610 metres ( 2,001 ft ) above its base on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico , but only the top 75 metres ( 246 ft ) of this oil and natural gas platform are above water , and the structure is thus partially supported by its buoyancy . Like the CN Tower , none of these taller structures are commonly considered buildings . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , which is a hotel , residential and commercial building in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , and was formerly known as Burj Dubai before opening , passed the CN Tower 's 553.33 - metre height . The CN Tower held the record of tallest free - standing structure on land for over 30 years . After Burj Khalifa had been formally recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world 's tallest freestanding structure , Guinness re-certified CN Tower as the world 's tallest freestanding tower . The tower definition used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as ' a building in which less than 50 % of the construction is usable floor space ' . Guinness World Records editor - in - chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower . CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar ( in 360 Restaurant ) at 351 metres , highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres ( Horizons Restaurant ) , and tallest free - standing concrete tower during Guinness 's recertification . The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou , China , which stands at 604 metres ( 1,982 ft ) tall , as the world 's tallest tower ; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011 , which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 metres ( 2,080.1 ft ) in height . The CN Tower , as of 2018 , stands as the ninth - tallest free - standing structure on land , remains the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere , and is the third - tallest tower . Height records The CN Tower as seen from the interior of the Rogers Centre stadium Since the construction of the tower had been completed , it has gained the following world height records : Record Owner Value Time period Succeeded by World 's tallest free - standing structure CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) March 31 , 1975 to September 12 , 2007 Burj Khalifa World 's tallest tower CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) 1975 to 2009 Canton Tower World 's highest public observation gallery SkyPod 447 metres ( 1,467 ft ) World 's highest glass floor paneled elevator CN Tower 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) 2008 to present -- World 's longest metal staircase CN Tower 2,579 steps World 's highest glass floor CN Tower 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) 2008 to July 2 , 2009 Willis Tower World 's highest and largest revolving restaurant 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) World 's highest bar Horizons Restaurant 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) September 21 , 2009 to present -- World 's highest wine cellar 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) Use This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) Main Pod and broadcast antennas The CN Tower has been and continues to be used as a communications tower for a number of different media and by numerous companies . Television broadcasters VHF UHF Virtual Callsign Affiliation Branding 9 -- 9.1 CFTO - DT CTV CTV Toronto -- 19 19.1 CICA - DT TVOntario TVO -- 20 5.1 CBLT - DT CBC Television CBC Toronto -- 25 25.1 CBLFT - DT Ici Radio - Canada Télé ICI Toronto -- 40 40.1 CJMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 2 -- 41 41.1 CIII - DT - 41 Global Global Toronto -- 44 57.1 CITY - DT Citytv City Toronto -- 47 47.1 CFMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 1 Radio There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower . The FM antennas are situated 421 metres ( 1,381 ft ) above ground . Frequency kW Callsign Branding Notes 91.1 MHz 40 CJRT JAZZ. FM91 94.1 MHz 38 CBL CBC Music 97.3 MHz 28.9 CHBM boom 97.3 98.1 MHz 44 CHFI 98.1 CHFI 99.9 MHz 40 CKFM Virgin Radio 99.9 FM 100.7 MHz CHIN CHIN Radio Primarily in Italian and Portuguese 102.1 MHz 35 CFNY 102.1 the Edge 104.5 MHz 40 CHUM 104.5 CHUM FM 107.1 MHz 40 CILQ Classic Rock Q 107 Cellular and paging providers Bell Mobility Motorola Rogers Wireless Communications Bell Canada Toronto Transit Commission Amateur radio repeaters `` 2 - Tango '' ( VHF ) and `` 4 - Tango '' ( 440 / 70 cm UHF ) -- owned and operated by the Toronto FM Communications Society , under callsign VE3TWR In popular culture The CN Tower has been featured in numerous films , television shows , and video games , as well as having its own official mascot , which resembles the tower itself . Highpoint is a Canadian 1982 action film starring Richard Harris , Christopher Plummer and Beverly D'Angelo . It features a shot of stuntman Dar Robinson jumping off of the Toronto CN Tower in 1979 . Views is a 2016 studio album released on April 29 , 2016 by Canadian rapper Drake . The cover artwork for , which features Drake sitting atop the CN Tower in Toronto . Drake appeared significantly larger than life - size on the cover , and CN Tower 's Twitter account later confirmed it to be photo edited . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to CN Tower . Architecture of Toronto List of tallest buildings in Toronto List of tallest structures in Canada List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest towers List of tallest buildings and structures List of tallest structures Architecture portal Toronto portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Data : Results '' . The Skyscraper Center . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower retains world record as tallest ' tower ' '' . Toronto Star . September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tower , according to Guinness World Records '' . CN Tower . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower no longer world 's tallest '' . Toronto Star . September 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . ^ Jump up to : CN Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and visitor information on the CN Tower in Canada '' . The World Federation of Great Towers . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's Wonder of the World '' . CN Tower . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's tallest structures through history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modern World Wonders - CN Tower '' . www.theworldwonders.com . Jump up ^ Mollins , Julie ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floored lift not for faint - hearted '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton Tower , Guangzhou '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Seven Wonders of the World '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Kevin ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` The CN Tower is Dead . Long Live The CN Tower ! '' . The Torontoist . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ CN Tower celebrates 30th birthday , Broadcast News / canada.com , June 26 , 2006 Archived June 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` World Wonders and Facts at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . CN Tower . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : TrizecHahn . `` A Brief Overview of the CN Tower '' . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fulford , Robert ( March 13 , 1996 ) . Accidental city : the transformation of Toronto . MacFarlane , Walter & Ross . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0395773079 . Jump up ^ Botelho - Urbanski , Jessica ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` CN Tower celebrates 40 years as a tourist magnet and lightning rod '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada . `` Consumer Price Index , historical summary '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . CANSIM , table ( for fee ) 326 - 0021 and Catalogue nos. 62 - 001 - X , 62 - 010 - X and 62 - 557 - X . And `` Consumer Price Index , by province ( monthly ) ( Canada ) '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . CN Tower . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kupferman , Steve ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Man Jumps From CN Tower With No Parachute ( Thirty Years Ago ) '' . Torontoist . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Dan . `` Dan Goodwin 's Building Climbs '' . Skyscraperdefense.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building '' . CBC News . September 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Skyscraper Source Media . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floor elevator aims for record '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Both linked pages include a video of the elevator with glass floor in operation . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Andrew . `` A New High for Disco in Toronto 's Tower '' , The New York Times , October 10 , 1979 . Accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai World Financial Center '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man climbs CN Tower steps in wheelchair '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 18th Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF Canada '' . World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) Canada . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ferenc , Leslie ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Corporate climbers ready to step up for charity '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF - Canada '' . WWF . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New CN Tower attraction offers a walk on the outside '' . Toronto Star . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's Most Extreme Attraction '' . CN Tower . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . It is the world 's highest full circle hands - free walk on a 5 ft ( 1.5 metres ) wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower 's main pod , 356m / 1168ft ( 116 storeys ) above the ground . Jump up ^ `` Season 9 - Episode 1 '' . Rick Mercer Report . CBC. April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Falling CN Tower Ice '' . CITY - DT . March 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower , closed since Monday due to falling ice concerns , reopens '' . cbc.ca. 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Womackin , Helen ( August 29 , 2000 ) . `` Fire in 1,800 ft TV tower adds to Russians ' feeling of doom '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` What if the CN Tower Caught Fire ? '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 10 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brennan ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire crews tackle smouldering fire at CN Tower antenna '' . Toronto Star . The Canadian Press . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Amara ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire inside broadcasting antenna atop CN Tower now extinguished '' . CBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Codi ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` CN Tower open for business after early morning fire in antenna mast '' . CTV Toronto News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the CN Tower -- Testing of Innovative Illumination Technology Begins Early June 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . CN Tower . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Layton 's ' passion , civility ' honoured at funeral '' . CBC News . August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Black , Debra ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Come Canada Day , CN Tower will once again light up the night '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower in Toronto receives LED lighting treatment '' . LEDs Magazine . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calatrava Dances onto a New Stage '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Norris ( 1981 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1982 . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 704 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 0225 - 8 . OCLC 7902975 . Reference is on page 275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of World Records 2005 -- Science and Technology < < Buildings '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Tall Building Database '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daubs , Katie ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` CN tower now the ' world 's tallest freestanding tower ' '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower remains world 's tallest tower , Guinness says '' . National Post . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower still world 's tallest : Guinness '' . CBC News . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Owen , James ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` World 's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` Where Is The Largest Tower In The World ? '' . worldatlas.com. 4 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AM Query & AM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query & FM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto ARES Channels '' . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fearon , Emily ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A new mascot for the CN Tower is a mini CN Tower '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's towering view of The 6 Toronto Star '' . thestar . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower / La Tour CN on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links CBC Archives -- CN Tower opens to the public . ( Multimedia ) Official CN Tower Website Edgewalk The Design , Engineering and Construction of the CN Tower -- 1972 through to 1976 A visual construction history of the CN Tower -- at 40th year anniversaries Records Preceded by Ostankino Tower World 's tallest free - standing structure 553.33 m ( 1,815 ft 5 in ) 1975 -- 2007 Succeeded by Burj Khalifa Landmarks in Toronto Sports venues BMO Field Coca - Cola Coliseum Maple Leaf Gardens Rogers Centre Scotiabank Arena Woodbine Racetrack Cultural Art Gallery of Ontario Canada 's Walk of Fame Canadian Broadcasting Centre CBC Museum Casa Loma Hockey Hall of Fame Italian Walk of Fame Ontario Science Centre Ripley 's Aquarium Riverdale Farm Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Zoo Amusement Canada 's Wonderland Canadian National Exhibition Centreville Amusement Park CN Tower Exhibition Place Ontario Place Sunnyside Amusement Park Parks and squares Guild Park and Gardens High Park Rouge National Urban Park Toronto Islands Nathan Phillips Square 3D Toronto sign Yonge - Dundas Square Shopping Eaton Centre Harbourfront Centre Kensington Market St. Lawrence Market Yorkdale Shopping Centre Yorkville Institutional and infrastructure City Hall Old City Hall Ontario Legislative Building Union Station By type Attractions National Historic Sites Oldest buildings Museums Parks Ravine system Shopping centres Skyscrapers Italics indicate structures now defunct or demolished . Toronto skyscrapers and towers Over 150 metres ( by height ) CN Tower First Canadian Place The Adelaide Hotel Scotia Plaza Aura TD Canada Trust Tower One Bloor Commerce Court East Harbour Plaza East ICE East Harbour Plaza West Toronto Dominion Tower Bay Adelaide Centre West Shangri - La Ritz - Carlton Bay Wellington Tower L Tower 88 Scott Four Seasons Hotel and Residences West ICE West Bay Adelaide Centre East EY Tower Maple Leaf Square North RBC Centre Casa II U Condominiums 2 Royal Trust Tower Royal Bank Plaza South INDX Tower One King West Hotel & Residence Maple Leaf Square South Success Tower 1 44 Charles Street West Karma Condos Quantum 2 Hullmark Centre Tower Success Tower 2 Residences of College Park North One York Street Lago at the Waterfront X2 FIVE Condos Burano The Uptown Residences Delta Toronto Hotel 300 Front Street West Theatre Park Festival Tower TD Waterhouse Tower West One Harbourview Estates 2 Montage U Condominiums Under 150 metres ( alphabetically ) Casa Condominio Residenza Canada Life Building Canada Permanent Trust Building Continental Bank of Canada Building Exchange Tower Fairmont Royal York Hudson Bay Centre Imperial Oil Building Metro Hall Murano One Yonge Street Palace Pier Pantages Tower Royal Bank Plaza North Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel Simcoe Place Simpson Tower Spire Sun Life Centre TELUS Harbour The Met The New Residences of Yorkville Plaza Toronto City Hall Two Bloor West World Trade Centre X Condominium Proposed or under construction Massey Tower Mirvish + Gehry The One Cancelled or never built John Maryon Tower Sapphire Tower Other List of tallest buildings in Toronto Supertall structures Italics indicate structures under construction Towers Almaty Tower Aspire Tower Bailong Elevator Baku TV Tower Berliner Fernsehturm Canton Tower China Central Radio & TV Tower CN Tower Colombo Lotus Tower Dragon Tower Eiffel Tower Emley Moor transmitting station Europaturm Fazilka TV Tower Gerbrandy Tower Jaisalmer TV Tower Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower Katanga TV Tower KCTV Tower Kiev TV Tower Kuala Lumpur Tower Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower Liberation Tower Macau Tower Milad Tower Mumbai Television Tower Oriental Pearl Tower Ostankino Tower Pitampura TV Tower Rameswaram TV Tower Riga Radio and TV Tower Saint Petersburg TV Tower Samatra TV Tower Sint - Pieters - Leeuw Tower Sky Tower Stratosphere Las Vegas Sydney Tower Taipei 101 Tallinn TV Tower Tashkent Tower Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Tokyo Skytree Tokyo Tower Torreta de Guardamar Tortoise Mountain TV Tower Turner Broadcasting tower Vilnius TV Tower Vinnytsia TV Mast West Pearl Tower WHDH - TV tower WITI TV Tower WSB - TV tower Yerevan TV Tower Zhongyuan Tower Bridges Millau Viaduct ( 343 m ) Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ( 322 m ) Russky Bridge ( 321 m ) Sutong Yangtze River Bridge ( 306 m ) Dams Shuangjiangkou Dam ( 312 m ) Jinping - I Dam ( 305 m ) Nurek Dam ( 300 m ) Electricity pylons Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie ( 370 m ) Yangtze River power line crossings ( 346.5 m ) Oil platforms Petronius ( 610 m ) Baldpate Platform ( 579.7 m ) Bullwinkle ( 529.1 m ) Pompano ( 477 m ) Troll A platform ( 472 m ) BBLT ( 390m ) Gullfaks C ( 380 m ) Tallest structures Tallest buildings and structures Tallest freestanding structures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CN_Tower&oldid=864787627 '' Categories : Towers completed in 1976 Buildings and structures in Toronto Towers with revolving restaurants Canadian National Railway facilities Communication towers in Canada Observation towers in Canada Towers in Ontario Modernist architecture in Canada Stairways Transmitter sites in Canada Tourist attractions in Toronto WZMH Architects buildings Railway Lands 1976 establishments in Ontario Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 13 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the cn stand for in the cn tower	[ "CN Tower\nTour CN\n CN Tower is the world's 9th tallest free-standing structure.[1][2]\nLocation within TorontoAlternative names\nCanadian National Tower, Canada's National TowerRecord height\nTallest in the world from 1975[3] to 2007[4][I]Preceded by\nOstankino TowerSurpassed by\nBurj KhalifaGeneral informationStatus\nCompleteType\nMixed use: Observation, telecommunications, attraction, restaurantLocation\n301 Front Street WestToronto, OntarioM5V 2T6Coordinates\n43°38′33.36″N 79°23′13.56″W / 43.6426000°N 79.3871000°W / 43.6426000; -79.3871000Coordinates: 43°38′33.36″N 79°23′13.56″W / 43.6426000°N 79.3871000°W / 43.6426000; -79.3871000Construction started\n1973[5][6]Completed\n1976Opening\nJune 26, 1976Cost\nCDN $ 63,000,000[6]Owner\nCanada Lands CompanyHeightAntenna spire\n553.3 m (1,815.3 ft)Roof\n457.2 m (1,500.0 ft)Top floor\n446.5 m (1,464.9 ft)Technical detailsFloor count\nEquivalent of a 147 story buildingLifts/elevators\n9[7]Design and constructionArchitect\nWZMH Architects: John Andrews, Webb Zerafa, Menkes Housden[7]Website\nwww.cntower.caReferences\n[5][6][7]" ]	[ "Canadian National" ]
3106830659960558091	BMW 1 Series	BMW 1 Series - wikipedia BMW 1 Series Jump to : navigation , search BMW 1 Series Overview Manufacturer BMW Production 2004 -- present Body and chassis Class Subcompact executive car ( C ) Chronology Predecessor BMW 3 Series Compact Successor BMW 2 Series ( for coupé / convertible ) The BMW 1 Series is a range of subcompact executive cars manufactured by BMW since 2004 . It is the successor to the BMW 3 Series Compact and is currently in its second generation . The first generation was produced in hatchback , coupe and convertible body styles . Since the second generation ( introduced in 2013 ) , the coupé and convertible models have been marketed as the 2 Series , therefore the 1 Series range no longer includes these body styles . A sedan model became available for the Chinese market in 2017 . The 1 Series is BMW 's entry level of model range . Unusually for a small car , the 1 Series range is mostly rear - wheel drive , ( except for the F52 sedan , which is front - wheel drive ) with optional all - wheel drive being available on some models . An M version was produced for the first generation : the BMW 1 Series M Coupe , which was succeeded by the BMW M2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Generation ( E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 ; 2004 -- 2013 ) 2 Second Generation ( F20 / F21 ; 2011 -- present ) 3 Chinese market 1 Series sedan ( F52 ; 2017 -- present ) 4 References First generation ( E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 ; 2004 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) E87 5 - door hatchback E82 2 - door coupe Main article : BMW 1 Series ( E87 ) The BMW E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 is the first generation of the 1 Series , which was produced from 2004 to 2013 . It replaced the 3 Series Compact as the smallest and most affordable vehicle in the BMW range . The body styles consist of a 3 - door hatchback ( E81 ) , 5 - door hatchback ( E87 ) , 2 - door coupe ( E82 ) and 2 - door convertible ( E88 ) . The engines available were four - cylinder diesel and four - and six - cylinder petrol , in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged forms . Unlike most hatchback competitors , the E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 uses rear - wheel drive ( instead of front - wheel drive ) . The 1 Series accounted for nearly one - fifth of the total BMW sales in 2008 . Second generation ( F20 / F21 ; 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : BMW 1 Series ( F20 ) F20 5 - door hatchback F21 3 - door hatchback The F20 / F21 is the second generation of the 1 Series , which was released in 2011 . The body styles of the F20 / F21 range are a 3 - door hatchback ( model code F21 ) and a 5 - door hatchback ( model code F20 ) . For the second generation of 1 Series , the coupe and convertible models were spun off to create the BMW 2 Series range . The F20 / F21 was initially powered by four - cylinder petrol , four - cylinder diesel and six - cylinder petrol engines . In 2015 , three - cylinder petrol and diesel engines were added to the model range . All engines are turbocharged . Unlike most hatchback competitors , the F20 / F21 uses a longitudinally - mounted engine and rear - wheel drive ( instead of front - wheel drive ) for most models . The F20 / F21 is the first 1 Series to offer an optional all - wheel drive ( called `` xDrive '' by BMW ) . Chinese market 1 Series sedan ( F52 ; 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) F52 4 - door sedan - front F52 4 - door sedan - rear Main article : BMW 1 Series ( F52 ) The 1 Series ( F52 ) is a four - door sedan that began production in 2017 in China for the Chinese market . It is made by BMW Brilliance , a joint venture between BMW and Brilliance Auto . The F52 uses the front - wheel drive UKL platform shared with the X1 and Mini Hatch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BMW 1 Series SE review '' . www.carbuyer.co.uk . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Series - E87 ( 2004 - ... ) '' . www.bmwheaven.com . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2008 '' ( PDF ) . BMW Group . March 2009 . p. 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BMW Group PressClub Global '' . press.bmwgroup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Horatiu Boeriu ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` BMW 1 Series Sedan makes world debut at Auto Guangzhou 2016 '' . BMWBLOG . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefan Ogbac ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` 2017 BMW 1 Series Sedan Revealed for Chinese Market '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMW 1 Series . ( hide ) `` previous -- BMW cars : 2000s to 2010s Series 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 1 Series E87 F20 E82 F52 2 Series F22 F45 3 Series < < E46 E90 F30 4 Series F32 5 Series < < E39 E60 F10 G30 6 Series E63 F12 G32 7 Series < < E38 E65 F01 G11 8 Series Z Series < < Z3 E85 E89 < < Z8 i3 I01 i8 I12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_1_Series&oldid=842033069 '' Categories : BMW vehicle series Compact cars Convertibles Coupés Euro NCAP small family cars Hatchbacks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the bmw 1 series change shape	[ "The first generation was produced in hatchback, coupe and convertible body styles. Since the second generation (introduced in 2013), the coupé and convertible models have been marketed as the 2 Series, therefore the 1 Series range no longer includes these body styles. A sedan model became available for the Chinese market in 2017." ]	[ "2013" ]
-4835894777539164565	Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)	Black Widow ( Natasha Romanova ) - Wikipedia Black Widow ( Natasha Romanova ) For other Marvel Comics characters of the same name , see Black Widow ( Marvel Comics ) . Black Widow Black Widow # 1 ( April 2010 ) . Cover art by Daniel Acuña . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) Created by Stan Lee Don Rico Don Heck In - story information Alter ego Natalia Alianovna Romanova Team affiliations S.H.I.E.L.D. Avengers Champions KGB Marvel Knights Mighty Avengers Lady Liberators Thunderbolts Secret Avengers Heroes for Hire Partnerships Captain America Daredevil Hawkeye Winter Soldier Notable aliases Natalie Rushman , Laura Matthers , Mary Farrell , Natasha Romanoff , Oktober , Yelena Belova Abilities Expert tactician , hand - to - hand combatant and secret agent Slowed aging , and enhanced immune system Expert marksman and mastery of various other weapons via gauntlets : grappling hook knock out gas taser explosives tear gas pellets radio transmitter Natalia Alianovna Romanova ( Russian : Наталья Альяновна `` Наташа '' Романова ; alias : Natasha Romanoff ; Russian : Наташа Романофф ) , colloquial : Black Widow ( Russian : Чёрная Вдова ; transliterated Chyornaya Vdova ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by editor and plotter Stan Lee , scripter Don Rico , and artist Don Heck , the character debuted in Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) . The character was introduced as a Russian spy , an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man . She later defected to the United States , becoming an agent of the fictional spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , and a member of the superhero team the Avengers . Scarlett Johansson portrays the character Black Widow ( Natasha Romanoff ) in films as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 Limited series and specials 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 The Avengers 2.3 S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil 2.4 The Champions 2.5 21st century 2.6 Civil War / Initiative 2.7 Thunderbolts 2.8 Heroic Age 2.9 Fear Itself 2.10 Ends of the Earth 2.11 Secret Wars 2.12 Secret Empire 2.13 Clone of Natasha Romanova 3 Powers and abilities 3.1 Equipment 4 Supporting characters 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Motion comics 6.5 Live performances 6.6 Novels 7 Reception 8 Collected editions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) , the debut of Black Widow . Cover art by Jack Kirby and Paul Reinman The Black Widow 's first appearances were as a recurring , non-costumed , Russian - spy antagonist in the feature `` Iron Man '' , beginning in Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) . Five issues later , she recruits the besotted costumed archer and later superhero Hawkeye to her cause . Her government later supplies her with her first Black Widow costume and high - tech weaponry , but she eventually defects to the United States after appearing , temporarily brainwashed against the U.S. , in the superhero - team series The Avengers # 29 ( July 1966 ) . The Widow later becomes a recurring ally of the team before officially becoming its sixteenth member many years later . The Black Widow was visually updated in 1970 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 86 ( July 1970 ) reintroduced her with shoulder - length red hair ( instead of her former short black hair ) , a skintight black costume , and wristbands which fired spider threads . This would become the appearance most commonly associated with the character . In short order , The Black Widow starred in her own series in Amazing Adventures # 1 -- 8 ( Aug. 1970 -- Sept. 1971 ) , sharing that split book with the feature Inhumans . The Black Widow feature was dropped after only eight issues ( the Inhumans feature followed soon , ending with issue 10 ) . Immediately after her initial solo feature ended , the Black Widow co-starred in Daredevil # 81 -- 124 ( Nov. 1971 -- Aug. 1975 ) , of which # 93 - 108 were cover titled Daredevil and the Black Widow . Daredevil writer Gerry Conway recounted , `` It was my idea to team up Daredevil and the Black Widow , mainly because I was a fan of Natasha , and thought she and Daredevil would have interesting chemistry . '' Succeeding writers , however , felt that Daredevil worked better as a solo hero , and gradually wrote the Black Widow out of the series . She was immediately recast into the super-team series The Champions as the leader of the titular superhero group , which ran for 17 issues ( Oct. 1975 -- Jan. 1978 ) . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the Black Widow appeared frequently as both an Avengers member and a freelance agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. She starred in a serialized feature within the omnibus comic - book series Marvel Fanfare # 10 -- 13 ( Aug. 1983 -- March 1984 ) , written by George Pérez and Ralph Macchio , with art by penciller Perez . These stories were later collected in the oversized one - shot Black Widow : Web of Intrigue # 1 ( June 1999 ) . The Widow guest - starred in issues of Solo Avengers , Force Works , Iron Man , Marvel Team - Up , and other comics . She had made frequent guest appearances in Daredevil since the late 1970s . She starred in a three - issue arc , `` The Fire Next Time '' , by writer Scott Lobdell and penciller Randy Green , in Journey into Mystery # 517 -- 519 ( Feb. -- April 1998 ) . A new ongoing Black Widow comic title debuted in April 2010 . The first story arc was written by Marjorie Liu with art by Daniel Acuna . Beginning with issue # 6 ( Sept. 2010 ) , the title was written by Duane Swierczynski , with artwork by Manuel Garcia and Lorenzo Ruggiero . Black Widow appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010 -- 2013 Secret Avengers series , from issue # 1 ( July 2010 ) through its final issue # 37 ( March 2013 ) . Black Widow appears in the 2013 Secret Avengers series by Nick Spencer and Luke Ross . Black Widow appears in a relaunched ongoing series by writer Nathan Edmondson and artist Phil Noto . The first issue debuted in January 2014 . In October 2015 , it was announced that Mark Waid and Chris Samnee would be launching a new Black Widow series for 2016 as part of Marvel 's post-Secret Wars relaunch . The first issue was released in March 2016 . Limited series and specials ( edit ) Aside from the arcs in Marvel Fanfare and Journey into Mystery , the Black Widow has starred in four limited series and four graphic novels . The three - issue Black Widow ( June - Aug. 1999 ) , under the Marvel Knights imprint , starred Romanova and fully introduced her appointed successor , Captain Yelena Belova , who had briefly appeared in an issue of the 1999 series Inhumans . The writer for the story arc , `` The Itsy - Bitsy Spider '' was Devin K. Grayson while J.G. Jones was the artist . The next three - issue , Marvel Knights mini-series , also titled Black Widow ( Jan . - March 2001 ) featured both Black Widows in the story arc `` Breakdown '' , by writers Devin Grayson and Greg Rucka with painted art by Scott Hampton . Romanova next starred in another solo miniseries titled Black Widow : Homecoming ( Nov. 2004 - April 2005 ) , also under the Marvel Knights imprint and written by science fiction novelist Richard K. Morgan , with art initially by Bill Sienkiewicz and later by Sienkiewicz over Goran Parlov layouts . A six - issue sequel , Black Widow : The Things They Say About Her ( Nov. 2005 -- April 2006 ; officially Black Widow 2 : The Things They Say About Her in the series ' postal indicia ) , by writer Morgan , penciller Sean Phillips , and inker Sienkiewicz , picks up immediately where the previous miniseries left off , continuing the story using many of the same characters . She starred in the solo graphic novel Black Widow : The Coldest War ( April 1990 ) , and co-starred in three more : Punisher / Black Widow : Spinning Doomsday 's Web ( Dec. 1992 ) ; Daredevil / Black Widow : Abattoir ( July 1993 ) ; and Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty ( June 1995 ) , also co-starring Marvel UK 's Night Raven . Black Widow is also featured in the short story Love Is Blindness in I Heart Marvel : Marvel Ai ( 2006 ) # 1 ( April 2006 ) , where she instigates a humorous fight with Elektra over Daredevil 's affections . The comic is stylized to look like Japanese animation and uses images , not words , inside the speech and thought bubbles to convey what the characters are saying / thinking . In 2010 , the year in which the character , called only Natasha Romanoff , made her film debut in Iron Man 2 , the Black Widow received two separate miniseries . Black Widow and the Marvel Girls was an all - ages , four - issue series that chronicled her adventures with various women of the Marvel Universe , including Storm , She - Hulk , the Enchantress , and Spider - Woman . It was written by Paul Tobin , with art by Salvador Espin and Takeshi Miyazawa . The second four - issue miniseries , Black Widow : Deadly Origin , was written by Paul Cornell , and featured art by Tom Raney and John Paul Leon . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) First costume ( and bouffant hairdo ) . From The Avengers # 36 ( Jan. 1967 ) , art by Don Heck . Natasha was born in Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) , Russia . The first and best - known Black Widow is a Russian agent trained as a spy , martial artist , and sniper , and outfitted with an arsenal of high - tech weaponry , including a pair of wrist - mounted energy weapons dubbed her `` Widow 's Bite '' . She wears no costume during her first few appearances but simply evening wear and a veil . Romanova eventually defects to the U.S. for reasons that include her love for the reluctant - criminal turned superhero archer , Hawkeye . First hints to Natalia Romanova 's childhood come by Ivan Petrovich , who is introduced as her middle - aged chauffeur and confidant in the Black Widow 's 1970s Amazing Adventures . The man tells Matt Murdock how he had been given custody of little Natasha by a woman just before her death during the Battle of Stalingrad in autumn 1942 . He had consequently felt committed to raise the orphan as a surrogate father and she had eventually trained as a Soviet spy , being eager to help her homeland . In another flashback , set in the fictional island of Madripoor in 1941 , Petrovich helps Captain America and the mutant Logan , who would later become the Canadian super-agent and costumed hero Wolverine , to rescue Natasha from Nazis . A revised , retconned origin establishes her as being raised from very early childhood by the U.S.S.R. 's `` Black Widow Ops '' program , rather than solely by Ivan Petrovitch . Petrovitch had taken her to Department X , with other young female orphans , where she was brainwashed , and trained in combat and espionage at the covert `` Red Room '' facility . There , she is biotechnologically and psycho - technologically enhanced -- an accounting that provides a rationale for her unusually long and youthful lifespan . During that time she had some training under Winter Soldier , and the pair even had a short romance . Each Black Widow is deployed with false memories to help ensure her loyalty . Romanova eventually discovers this , including the fact that she had never , as she had believed , been a ballerina . She further discovers that the Red Room is still active as `` 2R '' . Natasha was arranged by the KGB to marry the renowned Soviet test pilot Alexei Shostakov . However , when the Soviet government decided to make Alexei into their new operative , the Red Guardian , he is told that he can have no further contact with his wife . Natasha is told that he had died and is trained as a secret agent separately . The Avengers ( edit ) Romanova grew up to serve as a femme fatale . She was assigned to assist Boris Turgenov in the assassination of Professor Anton Vanko for defecting from the Soviet Union , which served as her first mission in the United States . Natasha and Turgenov infiltrated Stark Industries as part of the plan . She attempted to manipulate information from American defense contractor Tony Stark , and inevitably confronted his superhero alter ego , Iron Man . The pair then battled Iron Man , and Turgenov steals and wears the Crimson Dynamo suit . Vanko sacrificed himself to save Iron Man , killing Turgenov in the process , using an unstable experimental laser light pistol . Romanova later meets the criminal archer Hawkeye and sets him against Iron Man , and later helped Hawkeye battle Iron Man . Natasha once more attempted to get Hawkeye to help her destroy Iron Man . The pair almost succeeded , but when Black Widow was injured , Hawkeye retreated to get her to safety . During this period , Romanova was attempting to defect from the Soviet Union and began falling in love with Hawkeye , weakening her loyalty to her country . When her employers learned the truth , the KGB had her gunned down , sending her to a hospital , convincing Hawkeye to go straight and seek membership in the Avengers . The Red Room kidnaps and brainwashes her again , and with the Swordsman and the first Power Man , she battles the Avengers . She eventually breaks free from her psychological conditioning ( with the help of Hawkeye ) , and does successfully defect , having further adventures with Spider - Man , with Hawkeye and with Daredevil . She ultimately joins the Avengers as a costumed heroine herself . S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil ( edit ) Promotional art for Black Widow : The Things They Say About Her # 1 ( Nov. 2005 ) , by Bill Sienkiewicz . Later still , she begins freelancing as an agent of the international espionage group S.H.I.E.L.D. She is sent on a secret S.H.I.E.L.D. mission to China by Nick Fury . There , with the Avengers , she battles Col. Ling , Gen. Brushov , and her ex-husband the Red Guardian . For a time , as writer Les Daniels noted in a contemporaneous study in 1971 , ... her left - wing upbringing was put to better use , and she has lately taken to fighting realistic oppressor - of - the - people types . She helps young Puerto Ricans clean up police corruption and saves young hippies from organized crime ... ( The splash page of Amazing Adventures # 3 ( Nov. 1970 ) ) reflects the recent trend toward involving fantastic characters in contemporary social problems , a move which has gained widespread publicity for Marvel and its competitor , DC . During her romantic involvement with Matt Murdock in San Francisco , she operates as an independent superhero alongside Murdock 's alter ego , Daredevil . There she tries unsuccessfully to find a new career for herself as a fashion designer . Eventually , her relationship with Murdock stagnates , and after briefly working with Avengers finally breaks up with Murdock , fearing that playing `` sidekick '' is sublimating her identity . During a HYDRA attempt to take over S.H.I.E.L.D. , she is tortured to such an extent that she regresses back to an old cover identity of schoolteacher Nancy Rushman , but she is recovered by Spider - Man in time to help Nick Fury and Shang - Chi work out what had happened and restore her memory , with `` Nancy '' developing an attraction to Spider - Man before her memory is restored during the final fight against Madam Viper , Boomerang and the Silver Samurai . She later returns to Matt Murdock 's life to find he is romantically involved with another woman , Heather Glenn , prompting her to leave New York . Natasha ultimately realizes that Matt still only thinks of her in platonic terms , and elects to restrain herself from any advances . The Champions ( edit ) After their breakup , the Widow moves to Los Angeles and becomes leader of the newly created and short - lived super team known as The Champions , consisting of her , Ghost Rider ( Johnny Blaze ) , Hercules ( with whom she has a brief romance ) , and former X-Men Angel and Iceman . Her friends usually call her `` Natasha '' , the informal version of `` Natalia '' . She has sometimes chosen the last - name alias `` Romanoff '' -- evidently as a private joke on those who are not aware that Russian family names use different endings for males and females . She has been hinted to be a descendant of the deposed House of Romanov and a relation to Nicholas II of Russia . 21st century ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Natasha crosses Daredevil 's ( Matt Murdock ) path again when he attempts to slay an infant he believes to be the Anti-Christ while under the influence of mind - altering drugs . After Daredevil 's one - time love , Karen Page , dies protecting the child , Natasha reconciles with Murdock , revealing she still loves him , but noting that he is too full of anger to commit to a relationship with her . Natasha is challenged by Yelena Belova , a graduate from the training program through which Natasha herself was taught the espionage trade , who is the first to ever surpass Natasha 's marks and considers herself the rightful successor to the `` Black Widow '' mantle . Natasha refers to her as `` little one '' and `` rooskaya ( meaning `` Russian '' ) , and encourages her to discover her individuality rather than live in blind service , asking her `` why be Black Widow , when you can be Yelena Belova ? '' After several confrontations , Natasha subjects Yelena to intense psychological manipulation and suffering in order to teach her the reality of the espionage business , and an angry but disillusioned Yelena eventually returns home and temporarily quits being a spy . Although Matt Murdock is appalled by the cruelty of Natasha 's treatment of Yelena , Nick Fury describes the action as Natasha 's attempt at saving Yelena 's life . After bringing the Avengers and the Thunderbolts together to overcome Count Nefaria , Natasha supported Daredevil 's short - lived efforts to form a new super-team to capture the Punisher , originally believed to be Nick Fury 's murderer . Despite recruitment endeavors , however , this vigilante group folded shortly after she and her teammate Dagger fought an army of renegade S.H.I.E.L.D. androids ; ironically , she soon afterward worked with both Daredevil and Punisher against the European crime syndicate managed by the Brothers Grace . Months later , her pursuit of war criminal Anatoly Krylenko led to a clash with Hawkeye , whose pessimism regarding heroic activities now rivaled her own . Shortly after the Scarlet Witch 's insanity seemingly killed Hawkeye , and again disbanded the Avengers , Natasha , weary of espionage and adventure , travelled to Arizona but was targeted . Andrea discovers that other women had been trained in the Black Widow Program , and all are now being hunted down and killed by the North Institute on behalf of the corporation Gynacon . Natasha 's investigations led her back to Russia , where she was appalled to learn the previously unimagined extent of her past manipulation , and she discovered the Widows were being hunted because Gynacon , having purchased Russian biotechnology from Red Room 's successor agency 2R , wanted all prior users of the technology dead . Natasha finds and kills the mastermind of the Black Widow murders : Ian McMasters , Gynacon 's aging CEO , who intended to use part of their genetic structure to create a new chemical weapon . After killing McMasters , she clashed with operatives of multiple governments to help Sally Anne Carter , a girl Natasha had befriended in her investigations , whom she rescued with help from Daredevil and Yelena Belova . She soon returned the favor for Daredevil by reluctantly working with Elektra Natchios to protect his new wife , Milla Donovan , from the FBI and others , although Yelena proved beyond help when she agreed to be transformed into the new Super-Adaptoid by A.I.M. and HYDRA . Civil War / initiative ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the Superhero Civil War , Natasha becomes a supporter of the Superhuman Registration Act and a member of the taskforce led by Iron Man . Afterward , the registered Natasha joins the reconstituted Avengers . S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury is presumed killed , and deputy director Maria Hill incapacitated , so Natasha assumes temporary command of S.H.I.E.L.D. as the highest - ranking agent present . Later , Tony Stark assigns Natasha to convey the late Captain America 's shield to a secure location , but is intercepted by her former lover , Bucky Barnes , the Winter Soldier , who steals the shield . Natasha and the Falcon then rescue Barnes from the Red Skull 's minions , and bring him to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier , where Stark convinces Bucky to become the new Captain America . Afterward , Natasha accompanies Bucky as his partner for a brief time until she is called back by S.H.I.E.L.D. She later rejoins him and Falcon for the final confrontation with the Red Skull , helping to rescue Sharon Carter . She and Bucky have restarted their relationship . She later plays an important role in the capture of Hercules . However , due to her respect of the Greek god , she let him go . Soon Natasha , along with the rest of the Avengers , gets involved in the current Skrull invasion . Afterwards , she stayed as Bucky 's partner . She also assists former director Maria Hill in delivering a special form of data to Bucky . Thunderbolts ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Norman Osborn discovered Yelena Belova breaking into an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. facility , and offered her the position of field leader of the new Thunderbolts . On her first mission , she and Ant - Man take control of Air Force One with the Goblin , Doc Samson , and the new President aboard . It was suggested she faked her apparent death ( as the Adaptoid ) but it is never explained how . A conversation with the Ghost implies that Yelena is working as a mole for someone else and that she may even be someone else disguised as Yelena . She is later seen talking privately through a comm - link to Nick Fury . Osborn orders Yelena to lead the current Thunderbolts to kill former Thunderbolt , Songbird . Fury orders `` Yelena '' to rescue and retrieve Songbird , for the information she might possess about Osborn and his operations . Yelena finds Songbird , and reveals to her that she was really Natasha Romanova in disguise . She tries delivering Songbird to Fury , but the Thunderbolts have also followed them . The trio are captured as Osborn reveals he had been impersonating Fury in messages all along to set Natasha up in order to strengthen the Thunderbolts and lead him to Fury . She and Songbird are brought to be executed but manage to escape when Ant - Man , Headsmen and Paladin turn on the rest of the Thunderbolts and let them go . Heroic Age ( edit ) At the start of the `` Heroic Age , '' Natasha is recruited by Steve Rogers into a new black - ops wing of the Avengers , dubbed the Secret Avengers . She travels to Dubai with her new teammate , Valkyrie , where they steal a dangerous artifact which the Beast then studies , noting that it seems like a distant cousin of the Serpent Crown . In the story `` Coppelia '' , she encounters a teenage clone of herself , code named `` Tiny Dancer '' , whom she rescues from an arms dealer . Fear Itself ( edit ) During the `` Fear Itself '' storyline , Black Widow and Peregrine are sent on a mission to free hostages being held in a Marseille cathedral by Rapido . He and a group of mercenaries are trying to exploit the panic over the events in Paris to steal France 's nuclear arsenal . Ends of the Earth ( edit ) During the `` Ends of the Earth '' storyline , involving one of Doctor Octopus ' schemes , Natasha is one of only three heroes left standing after the Sinister Six defeat the Avengers , joining Silver Sable and Spider - Man to track the Six ( albeit because she was closest to Sable 's cloaked ship after the Avengers were defeated rather than for her prowess ) . She is later contacted by the Titanium Man to warn her and her allies about Doctor Octopus ' attempt to rally other villains against Spider - Man . She is knocked out along with Hawkeye by Iron Man during a battle against the Avengers when they were temporarily under Octavius ' remote control . Secret Wars ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the incursion event between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , Natasha is involved in the final battle between the Marvel Universe 's superheroes and the Ultimate Universe 's Children of Tomorrow . She pilots a ship holding a handpicked few to restart humanity after the universe ends , copiloted by Jessica Drew . Her ship is shot down during the battle though , and she is killed in the ensuing explosion . As the evacuation of Earth - 616 begins in light of the fact that Earth - 1610 is about to come crashing down as part of the `` Last Days '' storyline , Black Widow is seen standing atop a building with Captain America who gives her a list of people to save and bring aboard the lifeboat . As she tells Sam she ca n't save them all , Sam explains it 's Natasha 's job to assist in the effort to save as many people as possible before Earth as they know it is destroyed . As she leaves , her mind transitions to Cold War Russia , where a young Natasha ( here called Natalia ) speaks with two Russian functionaries in the infamous `` Red Room '' . She is given her first mission : travel to Cuba and locate a family called the Comienzas , who are at risk from Raúl Castro 's regime and who may have information of vital importance to Russia . She is told to rendezvous with another agent , her classmate Marina , and befriend the family under the guise of a Russian businesswoman . Natasha assures them of her competency and leaves . When one of the officers questions her youth , the other assures him , `` she 's a killer . She will not disappoint . '' Natasha meets Marina in Cuba and the two friends catch up before meeting with the Comienzas that night at a local bar . Using her talent for deception , she casually and politely convinces the husband and wife that she 's seeking inside information to help her import various goods into the country . The Comienzas explain they ca n't reveal said information , prompting Natasha to later explain to Marina that the family might need `` a little push '' . Not too soon she effectively began terrorizing the family into desperation . First , she plants an American flag on their doorstep to mimic someone accusing them of defecting to the United States . Later after meeting with one of the Russian officers from the Red Room to report her progress , she detonated a car bomb outside their home when the first attempt did n't make them `` nearly desperate enough '' . Following the car bomb explosion , Natasha declares the family is indeed desperate enough to reproach for information . Before letting Natasha go , the officer announces she has one additional task before her mission is over : Marina has become too much enamored with her civilian guise , and is now a security risk . Natasha will have to eliminate her . Flipping to the present , Black Widow is saving as many people as she can , but she quickly flashback to Havana . Natasha and her then Red Room partner Marina are trying to help a family defect . Natasha 's orders are simple : Kill the parents and make it public . When Natasha asks if she should kill the child too , her boss looks horrified that she would be so OK with that and tells her no . Having no problem following orders she sets up a meet and using a sniper rifle she takes out the pair without blinking . Next she shoots Marina 's boyfriend then Marina herself . Next she shoots Marina 's cat . Flipping back to the present , Black Widow is back saving people from the incursion as the reason that triggered Natasha 's flashback is revealed ... a man she saved is holding his cat . This dark , heartless side of the Black Widow shows why she is trying so hard to do good today . Secret Empire ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Black Widow appears as a member of the underground resistance at the time when most of the United States has been taken over by Hydra and Captain America who was brainwashed by Red Skull 's clone using the powers of the sentient Cosmic Cube Kobik into believing that he was a Hydra sleeper agent . While Hawkeye assembles a strike force of Hercules and Quicksilver to find the Cosmic Cube fragments , Black Widow sets off to kill Rogers herself reasoning that even if Rick 's theory is true , the man Rogers was would prefer to die than be used in this manner . She finds herself followed by the Champions as she establishes her version of the Red Room . While preparing to shoot Captain America with a sniper rifle , she rushes to prevent Miles Morales from killing him as predicted by Ulysses , and is struck by his shield , breaking her neck and killing her . Despite the return of the real Steve Rogers and the downfall of Hydra , Natasha 's death , along with other casualties , remains . Clone of Natasha Romanova ( edit ) However , while observing a dictator who recently rose to power due to his support of Hydra , Bucky witnesses the man being assassinated in such a manner that he believes only Natasha could have pulled off the kill , and believes he sees the Black Widow depart from her chosen vantage point . It was later discovered that Black Widow was actually cloned by the Black Widow Ops Program following her death . It 's member Ursa Major bribed Epsilon Red to let him add her current memories while secretly disposing of the bad programming . The Black Widow Ops Program tasked the clone into taking out the remnants of Hydra and S.H.I.E.L.D. She revealed herself to Winter Soldier and Hawkeye while also killing Orphan Maker . To keep them from interfering , the Black Widow clone locked Winter Soldier and Hawkeye in a safe room within the Red Room . The Black Widow clone rose to the ranks of the Red Room while secretly persuading the recruits to turn against their masters . When Winter Soldier and Hawkeye arrived at the Red Room , the Black Widow clone dropped her cover where she began to kill her superiors , liberate the recruits , and destroy all the clones and Epsilon Red . When the authorities arrived , Black Widow left the Red Room where she left a note for Hawkeye to stop following her and for Winter Soldier to join her in ending the Red Room . During the `` Infinity Countdown '' storyline , the Black Widow clone traced a dead drop signal left by a revived Wolverine in Madripoor . She discovered that Wolverine had left the Space Infinity Gem in her care . The Black Widow clone meets up with Doctor Strange who wants to dispose of the Space Stone . Doctor Strange did not want to take it as he knows what would happen if they are in the same proximity . She is among the Infinity Gem holders who are contacted by Doctor Strange stating that they need to reform the Infinity Watch in order to safeguard the Infinity Gems from such calamities like Thanos . Powers and abilities ( edit ) The Black Widow has been enhanced by biotechnology that makes her body resistant to aging and disease and heals at an above human rate ; as well as psychological conditioning that suppresses her memory of true events as opposed to implanted ones of the past without the aid of specially designed system suppressant drugs . The white blood cells in her body are efficient enough to fight off any microbe , foreign body and others from her body , keeping her healthy and immune to most , if not all infections , diseases and disorders . Her agility is greater than that of an Olympic gold medalist . She can coordinate her body with balance , flexibility , and dexterity easily . Romanova has a gifted intellect . She displays an uncanny affinity for psychological manipulation and can mask her real emotions perfectly . Like Steve Rogers , she possesses the ability to quickly process multiple information streams ( such as threat assessment ) and rapidly respond to changing tactical situations . The Black Widow is a world class athlete , gymnast , acrobat , aerialist capable of numerous complex maneuvers and feats , expert martial artist ( including Jiu jitsu , Aikido , Boxing , Judo , Karate , Savate , Ninjutsu , various styles of Kung Fu and Kenpo ) , marksman and weapons specialist as well as having extensive espionage training . She is also an accomplished ballerina . Romanova is an expert tactician . She is a very effective strategist , tactician , and field commander . She has led the Avengers and even S.H.I.E.L.D. on one occasion . Equipment ( edit ) The Black Widow uses a variety of equipment invented by Soviet scientists and technicians , with later improvements by S.H.I.E.L.D. scientists and technicians . She usually wears distinctively shaped bracelets which fire the Widow 's Bite electro - static energy blasts that can deliver charges up to 30,000 volts , as well as `` Widow 's Line '' grappling hooks , tear gas pellets , and a new element introduced during her ongoing series during the `` Kiss or Kill '' arc called the `` Widow 's Kiss '' -- an aerosol instant knock - out gas she has modified . She wears a belt of metallic discs ; some are disc - charges containing plastic explosives , while others have been shown to be compartments for housing other equipment . Her costume consists of synthetic stretch fabric equipped with micro-suction cups on fingers and feet , enabling her to adhere to walls and ceilings . In the 2006 `` Homecoming '' mini-series , she was seen using knives , unarmed combat , and various firearms , but she has since begun using her bracelets again . While in disguise as Yelena Belova , when infiltrating the then Osborn - sanctioned Thunderbolts during `` Dark Reign '' , she used a specialized multi-lens goggle / head - carapace that demonstrated various technical abilities enhancing vision and communication . Later , she has used a modified gun based on her Widow 's Bite wrist cartridge , during her adventures alongside the new Captain America . Supporting characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Widow characters Other versions ( edit ) Main article : Alternative versions of Black Widow In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Black Widow was to be paired with Daredevil in a proposed live - action 1975 series created by and starring Angie Bowie as Black Widow with Ben Carruthers as Daredevil . However , the series never got past the development stage as no studio would take on the project . Black Widow appeared in the Iron Man portion of The Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Peg Dixon . Black Widow appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode `` Deadly is the Black Widow 's Bite '' , voiced by Lena Headey . Black Widow appeared in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Vanessa Marshall . Black Widow appears in Iron Man : Armored Adventures , voiced by Ashleigh Ball . Black Widow appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors , with Laura Bailey reprising the role . She appears in the episodes `` Avenging Spider - Man , Part 1 and 2 '' and `` Contest of Champions , Part 2 '' . Black Widow appears in the anime series , Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers . Agent Carter features Dottie Underwood ( Bridget Regan ) , a 1946 precursor to Black Widow who is an operative of Leviathan . Black Widow appears in the television special Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in the Spider - Man episode `` Spider - Island '' Part 2 , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Film ( edit ) Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2 In 2004 , Lionsgate Entertainment announced that a Black Widow motion picture , featuring the Natasha Romanova version , was in the script stage by screenwriter - director David Hayter . Lionsgate subsequently dropped the project . The Ultimate version of Black Widow appears in the Ultimate Avengers animated direct - to - video movie and its sequel , Ultimate Avengers 2 , voiced by Olivia d'Abo . Scarlett Johansson portrays Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning in 2010 . Johansson made her debut appearance in Iron Man 2 . She was cast after a scheduling conflict forced Emily Blunt to drop out of the part . Johansson reprised the role in The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and will do so again for Infinity War 's untitled 2019 sequel . Feige indicated interest in doing a solo Black Widow film in September 2010 and in February 2014 , development work had begun on it , with Jac Schaeffer hired in January 2018 to write the script . That July , Cate Shortland was hired to direct . Previously , director Neil Marshall had expressed interest in directing the film . Black Widow appears in the 2013 direct - to - video anime film Iron Man : Rise of Technovore , voiced by Clare Grant . Black Widow teams up with The Punisher in the anime film Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher , voiced by Jennifer Carpenter . Video games ( edit ) Black Widow appears in the 2005 Punisher video game . She appears in one level as a non-playable character ( NPC ) who fights alongside the Punisher . Black Widow was voiced by Saffron Henderson . Black Widow appears in the video game Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by Nika Futterman . She is an exclusive character in the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) version , and in all other versions of the game as a non-playable character ; a sub-plot in the game has various heroes investigating the possibility that she is a traitor , although Fury later confirms that she was just conducting a discreet investigation into Doctor Doom 's plans . A mod available for the PC version of the game unlocks her as a playable character . Black Widow appears in Spider - Man : Web of Shadows , voiced by Salli Saffioti . Nika Futterman reprises her role in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , appearing as a boss if the player chooses to fight for the anti-Registration side . Black Widow appears in the Iron Man 2 video game , voiced by Catherine Campion . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet video game , voiced by Grey DeLisle . Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Black Widow appears as a Heroes vs Heralds card in Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 . If Hawkeye defeats Street Fighter 's Crimson Viper , he 'll say , `` Black Widow you ai n't . '' Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions , and was granted to every player for participation in the Ultron tie - in quests . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the 2012 fighting game Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth . Black Widow is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet as part of `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Black Widow is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Julianne Buescher . Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes voiced by Laura Bailey . She serves as one of the main story characters . Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics . Black Widow appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes and Disney Infinity 3.0 , again voiced by Laura Bailey . Four variants of Black Widow appear in the mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest , the most recent of which being added to the game in September 2016 . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Scarlett Johansson . A teenage version of Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by Alison Brie . Black Widow appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite . Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Powers United VR , again voiced by Laura Bailey . Motion Comics ( edit ) Black Widow appears in the Spider - Woman motion comics voiced by JoEllen Anklam . During this appearance she is masquerading as Yelena Belova . Live performances ( edit ) Black Widow appears in Marvel Universe : LIVE ! as a member of the Avengers . Novels ( edit ) There are two Black Widow books in the Black Widow YA series , by Margaret Stohl . Black Widow : Forever Red ( 2015 ) Black Widow : Red Vengeance ( 2016 ) Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic The Death of Captain America . Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic Civil War . Black Widow appears in Avengers : Everybody Wants To Rule The World which is a tie - in to Avengers : Age of Ultron . Reception ( edit ) The Black Widow was ranked as the 176th greatest comic book character in Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked her as the 74th greatest comic book character stating that wherever conspiracy and treachery are afoot , you can expect the Black Widow to appear to save the day , and as # 42 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . She was ranked 31st in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Collected editions ( edit ) # Title Material Collected Publication Date ISBN Black Widow vol. 1 : Homecoming Black Widow vol. 2 , # 1 -- 6 May 11 , 2005 0 - 7851 - 1493 - 9 Black Widow vol. 2 : The Things They Say About Her Black Widow vol. 3 , # 1 -- 6 June 7 , 2006 0 - 7851 - 1768 - 7 Black Widow : The Sting of the Widow Tales of Suspense # 52 , The Amazing Spider - Man # 86 , Amazing Adventures vol. 2 # 1 -- 8 , and Daredevil # 81 September 2 , 2009 0 - 7851 - 3794 - 7 Black Widow : Deadly Origin Black Widow : Deadly Origin # 1 -- 4 March 17 , 2010 0 - 7851 - 4301 - 7 Black Widow : Web of Intrigue Marvel Fanfare # 10 -- 13 , Bizarre Adventures # 25 , and Black Widow : The Coldest War April 7 , 2010 0 - 7851 - 4474 - 9 Black Widow & The Marvel Girls Black Widow & The Marvel Girls # 1 - 4 April 21 , 2010 978 - 0785146995 Black Widow : The Name of the Rose Black Widow vol. 4 # 1 -- 5 and material from Enter the Heroic Age one - shot January 5 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 4354 - 8 Black Widow : Kiss or Kill Black Widow vol. 4 # 6 -- 8 and material from Iron Man : Kiss and Kill one - shot August 10 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 4701 - 2 Hawkeye & Mockingbird / Black Widow : Widowmaker Solo Avengers # 16 -- 18 , Widowmaker # 1 -- 4 April 20 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 5205 - 9 Black Widow : The Itsy - Bitsy Spider Black Widow vol. 1 , # 1 -- 3 ; Black Widow vol. 2 , # 1 -- 3 November 16 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 5827 - 8 Marvel 's the Avengers : Black Widow Strikes Marvel 's the Avengers : Black Widow Strikes # 1 - 3 September 19 , 2012 978 - 0785165682 Captain America and Black Widow Captain America and Black Widow 636 - 640 February 26 , 2013 978 - 0785165286 Volume 5 The Finely Woven Thread Black Widow Vol. 5 # 1 - 6 , All - New Marvel Now ! Point One July 29 , 2014 978 - 0785188193 The Tightly Tangled Web Black Widow Vol. 5 # 7 - 12 , The Punisher ( 2014 ) # 9 February 3 , 2015 978 - 0785188209 Last Days Black Widow Vol. 5 # 13 - 20 October 13 , 2015 0785192530 Volume 6 SHIELD 's Most Wanted Black Widow Vol. 6 # 1 - 6 136 November 8 , 2016 978 - 0785199755 No More Secrets Black Widow Vol. 6 # 7 - 12 May 9 , 2017 978 - 0785199762 See also ( edit ) List of Russian superheroes List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolverine : Origins # 16 ( Sept. 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Carson , Lex ( December 2010 ) . `` Daredevil and the Black Widow : A Swinging Couple of Crimefighters '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 45 ) : 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Walker , Karen ( July 2013 ) . `` ' We 'll Keep on Fighting ' Til the End ' : The Story of the Champions '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 65 ) : 17 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for April 2010 '' . 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'' ( Updated with Photos ) - Comic Book Resources `` . comicbookresources.com . Jump up ^ `` Avenging Spider - Man , Part 1 '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 3 . Episode 1 . June 7 , 2014 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL 'S AGENT CARTER EXCLUSIVE : SHOWRUNNERS REVEAL WHO DOTTIE WORKS FOR '' by Eric Goldman , IGN.com , January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled '' . Lego Marvel Super Heroes . November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Island : Part 2 '' . Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 20 . February 4 , 2018 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ https://news.marvel.com/tv/89419/okoye-works-to-help-save-shuri-in-new-lego-marvel-super-heroes-black-panther-trouble-in-wakanda-short/ Jump up ^ `` Lions Gate press release ( March 2 , 2004 ) '' . Movies.about.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stax ( June 5 , 2006 ) . `` IGN.com ( June 5 , 2006 ) : `` The Word on Black Widow '' `` . IGN . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Another Iron Man 2 Deal '' . Nikki Finke 's Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` ' Iron Man 2 ' : Scarlett Johansson to replace Emily Blunt as Black Widow ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel - ous Star Wattage : Actors Assemble For Comic - Con Panel Including ' The Avengers ' , ' Captain America ' , & ' Thor ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Five Actresses Testing For ' Captain America 2 ' Role ; Black Widow Might Drop By As Well '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' To Feature Lots More Black Widow And Hawkeye '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson flaunts curves in new magazine photo shoot , reveals details on ' The Avengers ' sequel '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civill War ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking the Avengers : Infinity War , Makeovers , From Captain America 's Beard to Blonde Black Widow '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Black Widow Heads to Japan in Avengers 4 Set Photos '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Black Widow : The Movie ? '' . IGN . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Feige : Black Widow 's Past to be Explored in Avengers 2 and Possible Solo Film '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Standalone ' Black Widow ' Movie Gains Momentum With Jac Schaeffer Writing '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Widow ' Movie Finds Director in Cate Shortland ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/neil-marshall-black-widow/ Jump up ^ `` Marvel and Sony Announce New IRON MAN Animated Feature '' . Newsarama . Jump up ^ `` Punisher and Black Widow to Star in New Marvel Animated Film - Spinoff Online - TV , Film , and Entertainment News Daily '' . Spinoff Online - TV , Film , and Entertainment News Daily . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher ' : See the trailer here ! EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Pro : Actress / Voiceover Artist Catherine Campion '' . Your Industry Insider . October 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow joins Marvel Heroes '' . Gazillion Entertainment . May 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice of Black Widow - Marvel Universe franchise Behind The Voice Actors '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources Jump up ^ `` LEGO Marvel Super Heroes On the Way '' . Marvel.com . January 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity Characters - Marvel '' . Disney Infinity . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest : Black Widow '' . News.marvel.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena and Colton Haynes Lend Voices to `` Marvel Avengers Academy '' `` . Comicbookresources.com . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Vs. Capcom : Infinite DLC Characters Announced , Include Venom And Monster Hunter '' . Gamespot.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Images Reveal The Superheroines Of ' Marvel Universe Live ! ' '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Forever Red ' by Margaret Stohl : EW Review '' . EW.com. 2015 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Hikari ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) . `` YA author Margaret Stohl helps create new Marvel superhero in ' Black Widow : Forever Red ' '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow : Taking Red Vengeance '' . News.marvel.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( November 18 , 2014 ) . The Death Of Captain America Prose Novel . Marvel . ISBN 978 - 0785189978 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Moore , Stuart ( March 15 , 2016 ) . Civil War Illustrated Prose Novel . Marvel . ISBN 978 - 0785195863 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Paul ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers : Everybody Wants to Rule the World - Coming in 2015 '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard 's top 200 characters . External link consists of a forum site summing up the top 200 characters of Wizard Magazine since the real site that contains the list is broken '' . Wizard magazine . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow is number 74 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 27 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Black Widow at Marvel.com Richard Morgan on Black Widow in an interview by Francesco Troccoli , August 2008 `` Richard K. Morgan Talks Marvel 's Black Widow '' , Comic Book Resources , November 16 , 2004 Black Widow at Comics2Film Black Widow at the Grand Comics Database Natasha Romanova at the Marvel Directory Natasha Romanova at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Natasha Romanova at the Comic Book DB Black Widow Characters Claire Voyant Natasha Romanoff Yelena Belova Supporting characters Iron Man Captain America Crimson Dynamo Daredevil Nick Fury Hawkeye Maria Hill Mockingbird Winter Soldier Falcon Teams Avengers Mighty Secret Champions Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Red Room S.H.I.E.L.D. Thunderbolts Enemies A.I.M. Black Spectre Damon Dran HYDRA Femizons Red Guardian Snapdragon Viper ( Madame Hydra ) Publications Amazing Adventures Marvel Fanfare Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty The Twelve Widowmaker In other media Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Related articles Alternative versions of Black Widow Red Room Category Related topics Hawkeye Stan Lee Don Heck Characters Kate Bishop Bullseye Supporting characters Avengers Black Widow Dominic Fortune Falcon Lucky the Pizza Dog Mockingbird Nick Fury S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies A.I.M. Albino Barney Barton Crossfire Death - Throws HYDRA Javelynn Swordsman Trick Shot Publications Solo Avengers Hawkeye & Mockingbird Widowmaker Hawkeye : Blindspot Related articles Alternative versions Wyatt McDonald Cross Technological Enterprises Goliath The Hawkeye Initiative Ronin Trick arrows World Counter-terrorism Agency Captain America Joe Simon Jack Kirby Universe Alter egos Steve Rogers Isaiah Bradley William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker James Buchanan Barnes Sam Wilson Supporting characters Avengers Rikki Barnes Battlestar Black Widow Bucky Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Demolition Man ( D - Man ) Diamondback Falcon Jack Flag Free Spirit Golden Girl Howling Commandos Hulk Invaders Iron Man Nick Fury Redwing Rick Jones Nomad Jack Monroe S.H.I.E.L.D. Maria Hill Spider - Man Thor Wolverine Antagonists Core antagonists Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Crossbones Doctor Faustus Madame Hydra MODOK Red Skull Serpent Society Sin Taskmaster Arnim Zola Group enemies A.I.M. Circus of Crime Death - Throws Femizons Femme Fatales Hydra Secret Empire Serpent Squad Sleeper Watchdogs Snake - themed adversaries Anaconda Asp Black Mamba Black Racer Boomslang Bushmaster Coachwhip Cobra Constrictor Copperhead Cottonmouth Death Adder Diamondback Eel Fer - de-Lance Princess Python Puff Adder Rattler Rock Python Sidewinder Slither Viper Other supervillains Armadillo Baron Blood Blackwing Cutthroat Doughboy Dredmund the Druid Everyman Flag - Smasher Hate - Monger Jack O'Lantern Kingpin Aleksander Lukin Machinesmith Mister Hyde MODAM Mother Night Nefarius Nightshade Nuke Porcupine Protocide Scarecrow Slug Superia Tumbler Vermin Whirlwind Anti-hero rivals Grand Director Punisher Scourge of the Underworld Winter Soldier Media Publications Captain America Captain America ( vol. 5 ) Captain America : Reborn Captain America and the Falcon Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America Truth : Red , White & Black Tales of Suspense Adventures of Captain America Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Storylines `` Captain America : The Captain '' `` Civil War '' `` The Death of Captain America '' In other media Film Captain America ( 1944 ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger soundtrack Captain America : The Winter Soldier soundtrack Captain America : Civil War soundtrack Television The Marvel Super Heroes Captain America ( 1979 ) Captain America II : Death Too Soon `` The Capture of Captain America '' Video games Captain America in : The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann The Amazing Spider - Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom 's Revenge ! Captain America and The Avengers Captain America : Super Soldier Miscellanea Alternative versions Ultimate Captain America Captain America 's shield Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. Iron Patriot Book Category Portal Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Universe Characters Supporting Avengers Black Widow Bethany Cabe Captain America Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Nick Fury Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan Hulk Edwin Jarvis Pepper Potts S.H.I.E.L.D. Howard Stark Maria Stark Thor War Machine Riri Williams Ho Yinsen Antagonists Main enemies A.I.M Blizzard Controller Crimson Dynamo Dreadknight Fin Fang Foom Ghost Justin Hammer Iron Monger Living Laser Madame Masque Mandarin Melter MODOK Spymaster Zeke Stane Temugin Titanium Man Ultimo Unicorn Whiplash Other enemies Blood Brothers Crimson Cowl Aldrich Killian Detroit Steel Kearson DeWitt Firebrand Firepower Sasha Hammer Hypnotia Magneto Mallen Technovore Sunset Bain Media Comic books Iron Man and Sub-Mariner Iron Man ( vol. 4 ) Enter the Mandarin Infamous Iron Man The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man vs. Whiplash Storylines `` Demon in a Bottle '' `` Doomquest '' `` Armor Wars '' `` Extremis '' `` Civil War '' `` Civil War II '' Ultimate Marvel series Ultimate Iron Man Ultimate Human Ultimate Comics : Armor Wars Ultimate Comics : Iron Man In other media Films Marvel Cinematic Universe Tony Stark / Iron Man Iron Man soundtrack Iron Man 2 soundtrack Iron Man 3 soundtrack Marvel Animated Features Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Television The Marvel Super Heroes Iron Man episodes Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes Marvel Anime Video games Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Attraction Iron Man Experience Alternative versions Iron Man 2020 Mainframe Ultimate Iron Man Incarnations Related articles Avengers Mansion Force Works Iron Man 's armor other media War Machine in other media Iron Patriot Roxxon Energy Corporation S.H.I.E.L.D. Stark Industries Stark Tower Iron Man : The Armored Avenger Book Category Portal Daredevil Stan Lee and Bill Everett Supporting characters Black Widow Blindspot The Chaste Stick Stone Defenders Big Ben Donovan Milla Donovan Echo Elektra Gladiator Iron Fist Jessica Jones Luke Cage Master Izo Brett Mahoney Jack Murdock Maggie Murdock Moon Knight Foggy Nelson Dakota North Karen Page Punisher Blake Tower Ben Urich White Tiger Antagonists Common antagonists Bullseye Gladiator The Hand Jester Elektra Kingpin Mister Fear Owl Purple Man Stilt - Man Typhoid Mary Group enemies Ani - Men Emissaries of Evil Enforcers Wildboys Other supervillains Blackwing Black Tarantula Bullet Bushwacker Crusher Damon Dran Electro Fancy Dan Kirigi Lady Bullseye Leap - Frog Machinesmith Man - Bull Masked Marauder Matador Mister Hyde Montana Nuke Ox Shock Stunt - Master Synapse Tombstone Turk Barrett Other media Daredevil ( film ) soundtrack ) Daredevil ( video game Elektra ( film ) Daredevil ( TV series ) season 1 characters Publications Daredevil Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Daredevil / Bullseye : The Target Daredevil : End of Days Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra Ultimate Elektra Daredevil : Reborn The Daredevils Storylines `` Born Again '' `` Guardian Devil '' `` Without Fear '' `` Return of the King '' `` Shadowland '' `` Daredevil : Ninja '' `` Daredevil : Chinatown '' Related articles Alternative versions of Daredevil Category Avengers Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Organizations A.I.M. 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Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Rick Stoner Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Norman Osborn Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 6 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category Nick Fury Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Nick Fury Jr . Punisher Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Jasper Sitwell Maria Hill Iron Man Captain America Bucky Barnes Black Widow Hawkeye Wolverine Clay Quartermain Falcon Mockingbird Avengers Enemies A.I.M. Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Centurius Doctor Doom Hate - Monger Hydra Madame Hydra Viper Mitchell Carson Red Skull Scorpio Super-Patriot Werner von Strucker Teams Howling Commandos S.H.I.E.L.D. Team White Comics Ongoing Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Secret Warriors Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Nick Fury Miniseries and storylines Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the role of natasha in avengers	[ "Scarlett Johansson portrays the character Black Widow (Natasha Romanoff) in films as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\n" ]	[ "Scarlett Johansson" ]
814739081704118069	Santa Claus's reindeer	Santa Claus 's reindeer - wikipedia Santa Claus 's reindeer This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Santa Claus and seven of his reindeer in a parade in Toronto 2007 In traditional festive legend , Santa Claus 's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve . The commonly cited names of the eight reindeer are Dasher , Dancer , Prancer , Vixen , Comet , Cupid , Donner , and Blitzen . They are based on those used in the 1823 poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( commonly called `` The Night Before Christmas '' ) , arguably the basis of the reindeers ' popularity . The enduring popularity of the Christmas song `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' has led to Rudolph often joining the list , bringing the number of Santa Claus 's reindeer up to nine . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of reindeer 2 Origins 2.1 Single reindeer 2.2 Eight reindeer 2.3 Rudolph ( the red - nosed reindeer ) 2.4 In comics 2.5 In film 2.6 In literature 2.7 In music 2.8 In television 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading List of reindeer ( edit ) In traditional lore , Santa Claus 's sleigh is led by eight reindeer : Dasher , Dancer , Prancer , Vixen , Comet , Cupid , Dunder ( variously spelled Donder and Donner ) , and Blixem ( variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen ) , with Rudolph being a 20th - century inclusion . The names Dunder and Blixem derive from Dutch words for thunder and lightning , respectively . Origins ( edit ) Single reindeer ( edit ) Illustration to verse 1 of Old Santeclaus with Much Delight , 1821 The first reference to Santa 's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in Old Santeclaus with Much Delight , an illustrated children 's poem published in New York in 1821 . The names of the author and the illustrator are not known . The poem , with eight colored lithographic illustrations , was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled The Children 's Friend : A New - Year 's Present , to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve . Eight reindeer ( edit ) `` A Visit From St. Nicholas '' , handwritten manuscript by Clement C. Moore The 1823 poem by Clement C. Moore `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( also known as `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' ) is largely credited for the contemporary Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer . The relevant segment of the poem reads : When , what to my wondering eyes should appear , but a miniature sleigh , and eight tiny rein - deer , with a little old driver , so lively and quick , I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick . More rapid than eagles his coursers they came , And he whistled , and shouted , and call 'd them by name : `` Now , Dasher ! Now , Dancer ! Now , Prancer , and Vixen ! `` On , Comet ! On , Cupid ! On , Dunder and Blixem ! `` To the top of the porch ! to the top of the wall ! `` Now dash away ! dash away ! dash away all ! '' As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly , When they meet with an obstacle , mount to the sky ; So up to the house - top the coursers they flew , In An American Anthology , 1787 -- 1900 , Edmund Clarence Stedman reprints the 1844 Clement C. Moore version of the poem , including the German spelling of `` Donder and Blitzen , '' rather than the original 1823 version using the Dutch spelling , `` Dunder and Blixem '' . Both phrases translate as `` Thunder and Lightning '' in English , though German for `` thunder '' is now spelled Donner , and the Dutch words would now be spelled Donder and Bliksem . Rudolph ( the Red - Nosed reindeer ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Rudolph 's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939 , and published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time . According to this story , Rudolph 's glowing red nose made him a social outcast among the other reindeer . Santa Claus 's worldwide flight one year was imperiled by severe fog . Visiting Rudolph 's house to deliver his presents , Santa observed Rudolph 's glowing red nose in the darkened bedroom and decided to use him as a makeshift lamp to guide his sleigh . Rudolph accepted Santa 's request to lead the sleigh for the rest of the night , and he returned home a hero for having helped Santa Claus . Rudolph 's story is a popular Christmas story that has been retold in numerous forms , most notably a popular song , a stop motion television special and an animated feature film . The television special departed significantly from Robert L. May 's original story , depicting Rudolph as Donner 's son , who lived among Santa Claus 's reindeer from birth . In 1998 , a film titled Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie was released that depicted Rudolph as Blitzen 's son . In comics ( edit ) The comic strip Over the Hedge ( which debuted in 1995 ) , added a character named Ralph , the Infrared Nosed Reindeer , who is Rudolph 's brother and has a nose that emits infrared radiation . In film ( edit ) The feature film , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) , introduces Mitzi as Rudolph 's mother and Blitzen 's wife ( as opposed to the Rankin / Bass version , wherein Donner is Rudolph 's father and his mother is unnamed ) . It also features two other reindeer Rudolph 's love interest Zoey and his cousin and rival Arrow , the latter of whom is Cupid 's son . The animated movie Annabelle 's Wish tells the story of a young calf who dreams to fly after meeting Santa and his reindeer . Many years later in her old age she is granted her wish , and is transformed into a reindeer herself as she leads Santa 's team . Chet is a young reindeer in training who is introduced in the 2002 feature film , The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) . In the film Blizzard ( 2003 ) , the title character is Blitzen 's daughter . The film also includes Delphi , Blitzen 's mate and Blizzard 's mother . In the 2011 film Arthur Christmas , Arthur along with his grandfather Grandsanta use a team of reindeer who are the great - great - grandchildren of the original eight , to pull Grandsanta 's old sleigh . In literature ( edit ) L. Frank Baum 's story The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus ( 1902 ) includes a list of ten reindeer , none of which match the names of the versions found in `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' . Flossie and Glossie are Santa 's principal reindeer in Baum 's story . Claus gathers eight more reindeer , named in rhyming pairs : Racer and Pacer , Fearless and Peerless , Ready and Steady , Feckless and Speckless . In music ( edit ) `` Run Rudolph Run '' ( 1958 ) , recorded by Chuck Berry a popular Christmas - rock song about Rudolph `` Shadrack The Black Reindeer '' , was recorded by Loretta Lynn for a 1974 Christmas single . Joe Diffie 's album Mr. Christmas ( 1995 ) features the song `` Leroy the Redneck Reindeer '' . Australian trio Tripod wrote the song Fabian for their album Fegh Maha ( 2004 ) , about an arrogant and self - serving reindeer . The song begins with a list of the reindeer : `` You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen , Comet and Cupid and ... Chopper and Nixon . '' In television ( edit ) The stop - motion animated TV special Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 ) features Fireball , son of Blitzen , as one of several reindeer trying out for the sleigh team . Another reindeer is said to be the son of Dasher and struggles at flying , along with two other reindeer fawns of the same age . A young fawn named Clarice is also featured and eventually becomes Rudolph 's love interest . Donner is portrayed as Rudolph 's father , while his mother is left unnamed . A stop - motion animated sequel , Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 ) , features an additional antagonist reindeer named Scratcher . In the animated television special Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) , the Grinch disguises his dog Max as a reindeer . `` Lightning '' , from the Sesame Street Christmas special , `` Elmo Saves Christmas '' 1996 ) , is a reindeer - in - training . In the TV special Robbie the Reindeer ( 1999 ) , the eponymous Robbie is ostensibly assumed to be the son of Rudolph . His special feature is his nose , which has supernatural powers that allow him to jump and fly farther and faster than most reindeer . The South Park Christmas special `` Red Sleigh Down '' ( 2002 ) , Santa 's sleigh is shot down over Iraq , killing the eight famous reindeer . The protagonists go to rescue him with Santa 's backup team : Steven , Fluffy , Horace , Chantel , Skippy , Rainbow , Patches and Montel . In the TV special Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ( 2006 ) , Rusty is said to be Rudolph 's younger brother . Unlike the other reindeer , Rusty is flightless , so instead assists Santa and the other reindeer from air traffic control . The TV series , My Friends Tigger & Pooh , introduced a special Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) that included Vixen 's husband Frost and daughter Holly . The television special , The Flight Before Christmas ( 2008 ) , features Niko , a wild reindeer whose mother Oona claims he was fathered by one of Santa 's team . After a falling out with his herd , he runs away to try to meet his father , learning to fly in the process . His father turns out to be Prancer . A sequel titled Little Brother , Big Trouble : A Christmas Adventure was released and featured Niko gaining a stepbrother named Jonni , after Oona marries a reindeer named Lenni . Thrasher is a top - secret , oversized reindeer introduced in the Disney TV special Prep & Landing ( 2009 ) . He leads the titular `` prep and landing '' team of elves in a sleigh ahead of Santa Claus ' main sled and is Dasher 's second cousin . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Claus 's reindeer . Folklore Christmas Mountains Six White Boomers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Clement C. ( 2 December 1823 ) . `` An Account of A Visit from St. Nicholas '' . Troy Sentinel . p. 2 . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeffers , Harry Paul ( 2001 ) . Legends of Santa Claus . Minneapolis : Lerner Publications . p. 85 . ISBN 9780822549833 . Jump up ^ Triefeldt , Laurie ( 2008 ) . People & Places : A Special Collection . Sanger , CA : Quill Driver Books . p. 77 . ISBN 9781884956713 . Jump up ^ Bowler , Gerry ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1531 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bowler , Gerry ( 2005 ) . Santa Claus : a biography . McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1668 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` A New - Year 's present , to the little ones from five to twelve '' . The Children 's Friend . Broadway , New York , : Gilley , William B. III . 1821 . Jump up ^ Siefker , Phyllis ( 1997 ) . Santa Claus , Last of the Wild Men : The Origins and Evolution of Saint Nicholas , Spanning 50,000 Years . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0246 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wook Kim ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs ( With holiday cheer in the air , TIME takes a closer look at some of the weird stories behind our favorite seasonal tunes ) '' . Time . -- `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( p. 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn - Shadrack the Black Reindeer / Let 's Put the Christ Back in Christmas ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Mr. Christmas - Joe Diffie - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB4tQLncmaw Further reading ( edit ) Puckett , Catherine & Landis , Ben ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` The Other 364 Days of the Year : The Real Lives of Wild Reindeer Categories : Biology and Ecosystems '' . U.S. Geological Survey . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. May Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer&oldid=821391783 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1823 Fictional deer and moose Fictional organizations Christian folklore Santa 's helpers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 05 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	whats the name of santa's 9 reindeer	[ "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]", "In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner), and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]" ]	[ "Dasher", "Dancer", "Prancer", "Vixen", "Comet", "Cupid", "Dunder", "Blixem", "Rudolph" ]

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